1,
6.551J/HST714J
Lecture
A'
ACOUSTICS OF SPEECH AND HEARING
/ay V/ *
2
Features for consonants in English
p
t
k
b
d
g
cont
strid.
lips
blade
body
ant
nas
voic
+
+
+
+
+
+
f
+
V
S
z
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
I
s
z
+
+
+
+
+
+I +
-/+
0
6
m
n
ju
-'+
+
±
+
+
I-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
_
+
+
+
_
+
+
+
Table 1. Articulator-free features for some consonants in English
t,d
continuant
s,z
0,6
+
+
+
sonorant
strident
+
1
n
+
w
Y
J. Acoust. Sc. An
Stevens, K.N.:Distinctive Features
67
Table 2. Seven articulators and the features that specify phonetic distinctions that can be made with
each articulator. The articulators are divided into three groups: those that can form a constriction in
the oral cavity, those that control the shape of the airway in the laryngeal and pharyngeal regions,
and the aspect of vocal-fold adjustment relating to stiffness.
lips
[round]
tongue blade
[anterior]
[distributed]
[lateral]
[rhotic]
tongue body
[high]
[low]
[back]
-
soft palate
[nasal]
pharynx
[advanced tongue root]
glottis
[spread glottis]
[constricted glottis]
vocal folds
[stiff vocal folds]
Th
voicing:
+: bdgv6zij
-: ptkfOsc
coronal (blade)
+: tdOszszcjn
-: pkbgfvmj
strident
+: szizjfv
-: tdgjO
6mnpkb
English plural
az
kiss
bush
fez
rouge
church
judge
s
hat
cake
cap
cuff
z
cab
cad
cog
cave
quay
eye
ham
hen
Nasal Assimilation
land
lamp
laik
Suffix /jan/
commune
hell
communion
confess + jan
deride
contrite
Egypt
divide
confession
derision
contrition
Egyptian
division
hellion
million
J. Acoust. Sc. Arn
Stevens, K.N.:Distinctive Features
73
Table 5. Lexical representations for the words help, debate and wagon. The syllable structure of
each word is schematized at the top ((5 = syllable, o = onset, r = rime).
r
a
r
oar
r),O/
r
0
d
a
vowel
b
e
+
t
ae
w
+
g
+
glide
n
o
+
+
+
stressed
-
reducible
+
p
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
+
+
consonant
h
+
-
+
-
continuant
sonorant
-
-
+
+
strident
lips
+
tongue blade
+
+
+
tongue body
+
+
+
+
+
round
+
anterior
+
+
lateral
+
high
+
-
low
-
-
back
-
-
+
+
+
adv. tongue root
+
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
spread glottis
+
nasal
stiff vocal folds
+
-
-
+
-
+
A
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RATIO IN OCaELS
-K,.tLO-NOISE
Figure 2: Dependence of word identification score on speech to noise ratio for keywords
spoken in sentences (five per sentence) and for the same words spoken in isolation (from
Miller, Heise, and Lichten, 1951).
SIGNAL-TO-NOtSE RATIO
TI&L la2taWitr o =o0o0ylabk a a&
IN DEGBLI
d AlJe
Wat-g
ob
t
soawdwr
a)
as
Figure 1: Dependence of intelligibility on the number of items (monosyllabic words) in the
test vocabulary (from Miller, Heise, and Lichten, 1951).
S n
\
1 P,5:
IU -e A Ce, o
IV
iC,0 A
eA-~
·
I
I
~-1'
1
P~p1
F- 75
U
w
PH/
I
I
I
0
50 I
I
I
-
Z
W
I
U
Ia
w
25
I
I
I
II
*
0
I-
0
w
U
a:
W
S/N RATIO (dB)
FIG. 4. PH and PL scores versus S/N ratio for the original 10
test forms (250 items of each type), for normally hearing young
and old listeners.
.&Mp les:
PF: -The boatcXct
PFL:
WewerFe tk
accs
-&bbq
boL ut th1i
v
CoSwloY matibCts FDOnr.YI!Ot)Yl
ti
in
slabkes
TABLE V. Confusion matrix for S/N- +6 db and frequency response of 200-6500 cps.
p
t
k
p
I
162
8
38
10
270
6
55
14
171
5
5
1
1
I
2
2
f
*
k
5S
f
b
t
d
f
V
s
3
5
3
m
.
1
1
207
71
1
S
57
142
3
7. 232
1
1
b
d
t
3
2
239
2
214
206
64
14
194
3
3
3
2
4
10
4
m
n
1
11
I
'5
1
2
1
14
2
I
2
31
12
9
4
205
55
2
39
179
20
1
2
2
1
5
22
198
2
2
3
215
I
217
2
3
285
2
2
3
TABLE II. Confusion matrix for S/N- -6 db and frequency response of 200-6500 cps.
p
p
A
f
e
5
f
80
71
66
43
64
84
55
76 107
18
19
8
1
12
17
S
6
1
b
d
9
16
4
3
17
5
12
rs
S
6
3
9
2
8
4
I
11
32
107
29
1
7
45
195
7
5
4
2
4
2
3
1
5
3
2
6
1
8
136
5
3
10
80
63
9
45
66
47
11
3
48
31
7
1
5
6
20
26
5
17
27
18
14
9
8
175
48
104
64
23
39
4 .6
$
4
4
2
g
2
16
a
3
2
6
I
I
1
b
1
M
a
d
1
4
I
4
g
3
tS
1
2
2
4
1
5
3
2
16
20
19
6
20
37
2
26
56
145
86
16
3
45
58
28
8
12
21
94
45
5
44
129
4
2
7
3
1
2
5
1
I
6
1
1
5
1
4
3
4
6
4
2
177
47
46
163
TALZE II. Confusion matrix for S/IN- -12 db and frequency response 200-6500 cp.
p
d
g
65
74
62
22
20
22
19
24
18
6
22
16
11
14
.11
2
2
4
3
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
3
2
2
I
1
S
1
31
26
16
23
22
22
15
32
28
25
16
20
85
63
33
14
34
45
24
27
15
27
53
25
II
12
48
I1S
3
6
3
I
5
9
5
4
3
6
5
8
11
3
3
8
9
1
3
3
6
6
2
2
3
4
3
3
2
1
2
1
1
18
4
1
7
7
4
7
4
5
1
11
7
60
18
20
18
48
38
18
35
29
44
16
16
25
24
29
14
26
29
I
1
1
2
1
4
2
2
12
17
2
I
5
2
6
4.
3
14
6
5
2
8
7
37
53
23
7
20
31
29
30
23
25
27
23
71
50
24
9
16
33
19
7
I
I
1
11
2
3
2
6
6
8
7
I1
1
I
I
#
5
b
3
57
42
6
3
k
's
S5
51
64
50
I
I
m
8
5
4
3
7
S
1
2
4
2
1
2
6
14
38
20
9
10
10
12
9
14
23
40
39
4
S
26
77
14
13
3
5
9
6
6
14
1
1
9
109
84
60
145
immpile
M a
/0
ErSpeFigure2pol
Figure 2
Discrete Output
tinuous Gestures
Sound Output
/1
Figure 4
Universal component
.
.
Phonological
Representations
Mo
!
16!
Language specific
component
N1
PI
-
I
discrete
4- -
-
A
- - - - - -& 4 -
el)!C, eI
li LU ii
continuous
epresentation
Overlap
Vocal Tract
m
Sound output