Acid mine waste pollution abatement Sand Coulee Creek, Montana
by George Morris McArthur
A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE in Civil Engineering
Montana State University
© Copyright by George Morris McArthur (1970)
Abstract:
A study of field conditions, a literature search, and laboratory tests were performed to determine
suitable methods for acid mine drainage pollution abatement in the Sand Coulee Creek drainage area.
All mines in the area are abandoned. Most of the pollution comes from nine mines located in a
24-square-mile area. No Name Creek contributes about 75 percent of the acid load in Sand Coulee
Creek. About 25 miles of Sand Coulee Creek and its tributaries are seriously affected by acid mine
drainage.
The literature search revealed 22 abatement methods potentially suitable for acid mine drainage
treatment or prevention. Laboratory tests indicated mine flooding or neutralization using lime or native
limestone could substantially improve the. water quality in the Sand Coulee Creek area.
In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of mine flooding and limestone neutralization on a full scale
basis, facilities are proposed for installation at two locations on No Name Creek. Total costs were
estimated at $0.44 per 1,000 gallons ($9,310 per year) for the limestone facility and $0.069 per 1,000
gallons ($1,800 per year) for the mine flooding facility. Other abatement methods were considered but
were shown to have a substantially greater estimated cost.
Studies to determine the economic and social impact of improving the water quality in the Sand Coulee
Creek area are recommended. S ta te m e n t
of P e rm issio n
to
C opy
In p r e s e n tin g t h i s t h e s i s in p a r t i a l f u lf il lm e n t o f th e r e q u ir e ­
m e n ts f o r an a d v a n c e d d e g r e e a t M o n ta n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , I a g r e e t h a t
t h e L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t
fre e ly a v a ila b le for in sp e c tio n .
I fu rth e r
a g r e e t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y in g o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y
p u r p o s e s may b e g r a n t e d by my m a j o r p r o f e s s o r , o r , i n h i s a b s e n c e , by
th e D ire c to r of L ib r a r ie s .
c a tio n of t h is
I t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t any c o p y in g o r p u b l i ­
t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a in s h a l l n o t b e a llo w e d w ith o u t
my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n .
S ig n a tm
D a te
r
W
ACID MINE WASTE POLLUTION ABATEMENT
SAND COULEE CREEK, MONTANA
by
-/z
GEORGE MORRIS McARTHUR
A t h e s i s s u b m itte d to th e G ra d u a te F a c u lty in p a r t i a l
f u l f i l l m e n t of th e req u irem e n ts fo r th e d eg ree
.o f
MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
C iv il E n g in e erin g
C h a i r m a n , E x a m in in g C o m m ittee
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
B ozem an, M ontana
D ec e m b e r, 1970
1
rI
ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I.
INTRODUCTION................................................................ ... .........................■ . ■.
GENERAL STATEMENT
..................................................................................
I
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
..................................................................................
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
II.
III.
.........................................................................
3
ACID MINE DRAINAGE - CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY...............................
5
ACID FORMATION............................................................................................
5
EFFECT ON STREAMS
. . .........................................................................
7
........................................................................................................
8
STUDY AREA
. . .
MINING H IST O R Y .......................................................... ....
IV.
. ....................
8
POPULATION......................................................................................................
11
SITE S U R V E Y .......................................................................................................
14
MINE LOCATION AND D E S C R I P T I O N ................................................
.
F i e l d I n s p e c t i o n ........................................................................
D i s c h a r g i n g M ines
.................................. ' .........................................
AREAS AFFECTED BY ACID WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S t r e a m s ..............................................................................'.......................
Land S u r f a c e Above S t r e a m s ..................................................... .
MINE OWNERSHIP.................................................
V.
]_
14
14
15
15
15
17
17
HYDROLOGY OF STUDY A R E A ..........................................................................
22
STREAM FLOW G A U G IN G ..............................................................................
22
MINE DISCHARGE. FLOWS..............................................................................
25
PRESENT WATER U S E ............................. •...................................................
27
Iv
V I.
HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA . ............................................
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
.............................................................................
RELATIONSHIP OF GROUND WATER TO MINE DRAINAGE
V II.
. . . .
WATER AND WASTE SAMPLING ANDA N A L Y S I S ...........................................
PROCEDURES
..................................................................................
30
30
34
36
36
A n a l y s i s ......................................
36
STREAM A N A L Y S I S .......................................................................................
39
MINE WASTE A N A L Y S I S ..............................................................................
42
STREAM SEDIMENT ANALYSIS....................... ............................................
45
WASTE QUANTITIES .............................................................................................
48
V
V III.
ACID WASTE QUANTITIES
IX .
X.
. .
............................... .......................
ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTIONABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY
. .'.
48
53
LITERATURE S E A R C H ..........................................................
53
ABATEMENT M E T H O D S ..................................................................................
53
ABATEMENT METHODS CONSIDERED FOR SAND COULEE
CREEK A R E A ............................................ .... . ............................................
54
LABORATORY STUDIES OF SELECTED ABATEMENT METHODS . . . .
57-
MINE FLOODING SIMULATION T E S T ............................................■ . .
57
A p p a r a t u s and P r o c e d u r e
.......................................................
R e s u l t s an d D i s c u s s i o n .............................................................
58
62
NEUTRALIZATION T E S T S .......................................................... ....
. . .
64
T i t r a t i o n s .................................................................................................
B a t c h T e s t s ............................................................................................
C o n t i n u o u s T e s t s u s i n g L i m e s to n e ............................................
64
68
71
V
SETTLING TESTS ............................................................................................
T r e a t e d W a te r Q u a l i t y
X I.
..........................................................
78
PROPOSED F A C I L I T I E S ..................................................................................
80
PROPOSED NEUTRALIZATION FACILITY . . .......................................
82
D e sc rip tio n
............................................................... . . . . . .
E s t i m a t e d C o s t . ; .........................................................................- .
82
84
PROPOSED MINE FLOODING FACILITY
X II.
. . .......................................
84
D e s c r i p t i o n ............................................................................................
E s t i m a t e d C o s t ..........................
84
88
ANTICIPATED EFFECTS OF PROPOSED FACILITIES ........................
88
ALTERNATE S O L U T I O N S .........................'.
... ................................................
89
CONVENTIONAL LIME OR LIMESTONE TREATMENT .............................
89
D e s c r i p t i o n ............................. '..............................................................
E s t i m a t e d C o s t .......................................................................................
89
91
OTHER M E T H O D S .............................................................................
X III.
XIV.
76
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
...........................................
93
. . . . . .
. . . ...................................................................................
LITERATURE C I T E D .....................................................
94
97
98
APPENDIX A, COAL MINE FIELD S U R V E Y ...............................................................
103
APPENDIX B , DESCRIPTION OF CONTINUOUSLY D ISHARPING MINES
107
. . .
APPENDIX C, STREAM SAMPLE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS....................
Ill
APPENDIX D, MINE DISCHARGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
.......................................
122
.................................................
131
APPENDIX E , COST ESTIMATION COMPUTATIONS
' '-I
' •'
' ' ' ‘
LIST OF TABLES
T ab le
Page
1.
MAJOR MINES IN THE SAND COULEE CREEK A R EA ..................................
10
2.
1907 WATER ANALYSIS - STOCKETT S P R IN G ............................................
12
3.
ESTIMATED POPULATION TO 1988 OF TOWNS IN THE SAND
COULEE CREEK 'AREA
..........................................................................................
13
4.
SAMPLE ANALYSIS METHODS AND EQUIPMENT . .......................................
38
5.
SAND COULEE CREEK WATER A N A L Y S I S ..................................................... -
40
6.
MINE DISCHARGE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . .
43
7.
TOTAL AND FERROUS IRON CONCENTRATIONS........................
44
■8 .
MINE DRAINAGE CLASSIFICATIONS ...............................................................
46
9.
STREAM SEDIMENT A N A L Y S E S ......................................................
47
10.
IRON AND ACID WASTE LOADS FROM INDIVIDUAL M I N E S ....................
51
11.
ACID CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SAND COULEE CREEK TRIBUTARIES . .
52
12 .
ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT METHODS
55
13.
MINE FLOODING SIMULATION TEST RESULT SUMMARY
14.
CONTINUOUS LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION TEST
RESULT SUMMARY.......................................................................................
............................................
. . . . . .
63
74
15.
WATER QUALITY AFTER NEUTRALIZATION AND SETTLING . . . . .
79
16.
ESTIMATED COSTS OF LIME OR LIMESTONE TREATMENT....................
92
17.
COAL MINE FIELD SURVEY SUMMARY
18.
SAMPLE POINT NO. I
19.
SAMPLE POINT NO. 2
‘ v , ...
■
20 .
SAMPLE POINT NO. 3
........................
103
..............................................................
Ill
......................................................................................
112
......................................................................... -. . .
113
v ii
T a b le
Page
21.
SAMPLE POINT NO. 4 . . . .
......................................................................
22 .
SAMPLE POINT NO. 5 ............................................................................................
23.
SAMPLE POINT NO. 6 . . .
24 .
SAMPLE POINT NO. 7 ............................................................................................
117
25 .
SAMPLE POINT NO. 8 .............................................................................................
118
26.
SAMPLE POINT NO. 9 ........................................................................................
27.
SAMPLE POINT NO. 10
. . . ■........................................................................
120
28.
SAMPLE POINT NO. 1 1 .......................................................................................
121
29 .
MINE NO. 6 - 1 ........................................................................
30.
MINE NO. 7 - 2 ...........................................................................
31.
MINE NO. 7 - 9 ....................................................................................
32.
MINE NO. 1 3 - 3 ..............................................................................................
33.
MINE NO. 1 4 - 1 .................................. ’ ............................................................
34.
MINE NO. 1 4 - I G .....................................................................................................
12
35.
MINE NO. 2 3 - 5 .....................................................................................................
128
36.
MINE NO. 2 3 - 6 .....................................................................................................
129
37 .
MINE NO. 3 6 - 2 .......................................................... ' ..................................
....................................... ' ..............................
114
115
H 6
Hg'
1
12
124
125
126
130
7
v iii
L I S T OF FIGURES
F ig u re
Page
1.
POLLUTED STREAM NEAR SAND COULEE, MONTANA
.............................
2
2.
INDEX MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF SAND COULEE DRAINAGE
A R E A .........................................................................................................................
9
3.
MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF STREAMS RECEIVING ACID WASTE
4.
MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF ACID PRODUCING MINES AND
S E E P S ....................................................................
18
WASTE DISCHARGE FROM MINE 1 4 - IG AND WASTE DUMPS NEAR
SAND COULEE, MONTANA .................................. . . . . . . . . . .
19
6.
WASTE DISCHARGE FROM MINES 2 3 -2 and 36-2 . . . . . . . .
20
7.
WEIR IN S T A L L A T IO N S .............................................................................
8.
DRY WEATHER FLOW VARIATION DURING TYPICAL D A Y ..........................
24
9.
STREAM FLOW AT WEIRS I AND 2 , JULY 26 TO DECEMBER 2 1 ,
1969
26
10;
MINE DISCHARGE FLOW R A T E S ........................................................................
28
11.
GENERALIZED GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION
31
12.
MAP SHOWING STREAM SAMPLING POINT AND WEIR LOCATIONS
13.
WATER QUALITY PROFILE - GIFFEN TO MISSOURI RIVER, '
SEPTEMBER 2 7 , 1969
41
14.
MINE DISCHARGE FLOW RATE AND ACIDITY RELATIONSHIP . . . .
49
15.
MINE FLOODING SIMULATION TEST - FREE DRAINING CONDITION .
59
16.
MINE FLOODING SIMULATION TEST - FLOODED CONDITION
. . . .
61
17.
TITRATION CURVES FOR ACID DRAINAGE FROMMINE 7-2
. . .
18.
TITRATION CURVES FOR ACID DRAINAGE FROMMINE 2 3 -6
. . . .
5.
. .
.
.
............................................
.
.
.,
16
23
37
66
67
ix
F ig u re
'
P ag e
19 .
NEUTRALIZATION TESTS USING L I M E ...........................................................
69
20.
NEUTRALIZATION BATCH TESTS USING LIMESTONE
70
21 .
CONTINUOUS LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION TESTAPPARATUS . . .
72
22.
RESULTS OF CONTINUOUS NEUTRALIZATION TESTS USING
LIMESTONE...............................................................................................................
75
23.
SETTLING CURVES FOR LIME AND LIMESTONE SLUDGE................... ' . .
77
24.
REVOLVING DRUM FACILITY NEAR MINE 2 3 - 6 ........................................
83
25.
REVOLVING DRUM FOR LIMESTONE A P P L I C A T IO N ...................................
85
26.
PROPOSED MINE FLOODING F A C I L IT Y ......................... ...........................
86
27.
DAM FOR FLOODING MINE 1 4 - 1 ..................................................................
28.
CONVENTIONAL LIME OR LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATIONPROCESS
V-.-
..............................
.
. .
87
90
ABSTRACT
A s t u d y o f f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s , a l i t e r a t u r e s e a r c h , and l a b o r a ­
t o r y t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d t o d e t e r m i n e s u i t a b l e m e th o d s f o r a c i d m ine
d r a i n a g e p o l l u t i o n a b a t e m e n t i n t h e S and C o u le e C re e k d r a i n a g e a r e a .
A l l m in e s i n t h e a r e a a r e a b a n d o n e d . Most o f t h e p o l l u t i o n
comes fro m n i n e m in e s l o c a t e d i n a 2 4 - s q u a r e - m i l e a r e a .
No Name C re e k
c o n t r i b u t e s a b o u t 75 p e r c e n t o f t h e a c i d l o a d i n Sand C o u le e C r e e k .
About 25 m i l e s o f Sand C o u le e C re e k an d i t s t r i b u t a r i e s a r e s e r i o u s l y
a f f e c t e d by a c i d m in e d r a i n a g e .
The l i t e r a t u r e s e a r c h r e v e a l e d 22 a b a te m e n t m e th o d s p o t e n t i a l l y
s u i t a b l e f o r a c i d m in e d r a i n a g e t r e a t m e n t o r p r e v e n t i o n .
L ab o rato ry
t e s t s i n d i c a t e d m ine f l o o d i n g o r n e u t r a l i z a t i o n u s i n g l i m e o r n a t i v e
l i m e s t o n e c o u l d s u b s t a n t i a l l y im p r o v e the. w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t h e Sand
C o u le e C re e k a r e a .
I n o r d e r t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f m ine f l o o d i n g and
l i m e s t o n e n e u t r a l i z a t i o n on a f u l l s c a l e b a s i s , f a c i l i t i e s a r e p r o ­
p o s e d f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n a t two l o c a t i o n s on No Name C r e e k . T o t a l c o s t s
w e r e e s t i m a t e d a t $ 0 .4 4 p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s ( $ 9 ,3 1 0 p e r y e a r ) f o r t h e
l i m e s t o n e f a c i l i t y and $ 0 ,0 6 9 p e r I ,O00 g a l l o n s ( $ 1 , 8 0 0 p e r y e a r ) f o r
t h e m in e f l o o d i n g f a c i l i t y .
O t h e r a b a te m e n t m ethods w e r e c o n s i d e r e d
b u t w e r e shown t o h a v e a s u b s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r e s t i m a t e d c o s t .
S t u d i e s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e c o n o m ic and s o c i a l i m p a c t o f i m p r o v in g
t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k a r e a a r e recom m ended.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL STATEMENT
The i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a t i o n and i n d u s t r i a l d e v e lo p m e n t h a v e
p l a c e d a h e a v y demand upon b o t h s u r f a c e - w a t e r and g r o u n d - w a t e r
r e s o u r c e s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and many p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d .
The
e f f e c t o f a c i d w a s t e s on t h e s e r e s o u r c e s r e p r e s e n t s one o f t h e m ost
s e r i o u s p o l l u t i o n p ro b le m s.
An e s t i m a t e d 1 0 ,5 1 6 m i l e s o f s t r e a m s i n t h e e a s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s
A p p a l a c h i a a r e a a r e p o l l u t e d fro m c o a l m in e d r a i n a g e
(I).
T h is d r a in ­
a g e i s a c i d i c and i s d i s c h a r g e d fro m b o t h w o r k i n g a n d a b a n d o n e d m i n e s .
A c id m in e d r a i n a g e i s a l s o a p r o b le m i n M o n ta n a .
S i l v e r Bow
C r e e k n e a r B u t t e , Sand C o u le e C re e k n e a r G r e a t F a l l s , and B e l t C re e k
n e a r M o n a r c h , M o n ta n a a r e t h e m o s t s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t e d s t r e a m s .
O th er
a f f e c te d a re a s a re lo c a te d n e a r J e f f e r s o n C ity , L in c o ln , P h ilip s b u r g ,
an d Red Lodge ( 2 ) .
S t r e a m s p o l l u t e d w i t h a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e w h ic h p a s s t h r o u g h
p o p u late d a re a s o fte n re c e iv e a d d itio n a l p o l l u t a n t s .
T h is can be w i t ­
n e s s e d by t h e t r a s h and a s s o r t e d r e f u s e i n t h e a c i d p o l l u t e d s t r e a m
n e a r Sand C o u l e e , M o n ta n a ( F i g .
m ore p o l l u t i o n .
I).
A p o llu te d
c o n d it io n h as le d to
W ith t h e a b a te m e n t o f a c i d mine d r a i n a g e i n a c e r t a i n
a r e a , i t w o u ld b e r e a s o n a b l e t o e x p e c t a d e c r e a s e d p o l l u t i o n l o a d from
—2 —
FIGURE I .
POLLUTED STREAM NEAR SAND COULEE, MONTANA
—3—
o th e r causes.
. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y was t o d e f i n e t h e p r o b le m o f a c i d m ine
d r a i n a g e i n t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k a r e a and t o d e t e r m i n e a f e a s i b l e
m eth o d f o r i t s
so lu tio n .
The s t u d y i n c l u d e s :
1.
A d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e a r e a l e x t e n t , c o n c e n t r a t i o n , and
vo lu m e o f t h e a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e .
2.
A summary o f a v a i l a b l e g e o l o g i c a l and g r o u n d - w a t e r
in fo rm a tio n .
3.
A d i s c u s s i o n o f a c i d m in e d r a i n a g e t e c h n o l o g y r e v e a l e d
by a l i t e r a t u r e s e a rc h .
4.
An i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f s e l e c t e d a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e
a b a t e m e n t m e th o d s by l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s .
5.
A d e s c rip tio n of f a c i l i t i e s
f o r t h e p r o p o s e d a b a te m e n t
m eth o d s.
E conom ic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e f i n a n c i n g o f a b a te m e n t
f a c i l i t i e s by m in e o w n e r s , l o c a l r e s i d e n t s , o r g o v e r n m e n t a l a g e n c i e s
w ere n o t in c lu d e d as a p a r t of t h i s s tu d y .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
T h i s t h e s i s i s t h e r e s u l t o f a s t u d y made p o s s i b l e t h r o u g h t h e
j o i n t e f f o r t s o f t h e M o n ta n a S t a t e B o a rd o f H e a l t h , M o n ta n a S t a t e
-4 -
U n i v e r s i t y , and M o n ta n a C o l l e g e o f M i n e r a l S c i e n c e and T e c h n o lo g y .
F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t was p r o v i d e d by t h e M o ntana S t a t e B o a rd o f H e a l t h
an d M o n ta n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y .
G r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w le d g e d i s t h e a s s i s t a n c e t h a t was p r o v i d e d by
P r o f e s s o r M. K. B o tz o f M ontana C o l l e g e o f M i n e r a l S c i e n c e and
T e c h n o lo g y i n p r e p a r i n g t h e s e c t i o n s on h y d r o g e o l o g y and g e o lo g y and
c h em ical a n a l y s i s of f i e l d sa m p le s.
Many c i t i z e n s o f t h e Sand C o u le e C r e e k and s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a w e r e
v e r y c o o p e r a t i v e i n s u p p l y i n g n e e d e d i n f o r m a t i o n and i n c l u d e d Mr. Kent
H o l t z ; Mr. R. F e n t o n , Mr. A. K o r i n , and Mr. G. P e j k o .
T h anks a r e du e Mr. C. W. B r i n c k and Mr. D. G. W ille m s o f t h e
■Montana S t a t e D e p a r tm e n t o f H e a l t h f o r t h e i r s u p p o r t d u r i n g t h e s t u d y .
■ F i n a l l y , t h a n k s a r e d u e D r. R. L. Sanks and P r o f e s s o r T. T.
W i l l i a m s o f t h e D e p a r tm e n t o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g , and D r. K. L. Tem ple
o f t h e D e p a r tm e n t o f B o ta n y and M i c r o b i o l o g y a t M ontana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
f o r t h e i r g u id an ce.
CHAPTER T I
. _
ACID MINE DRAINAGE - CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY
The m ec h a n ism s o f a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e f o r m a t i o n h a v e b e e n i n ­
t e n s e l y s t u d i e d i n t h e p a s t by e n g i n e e r s , c h e m i s t s , and m i c r o b i o l o g i s t s
U n f o r tu n a t e l y , a co m p le te e x p la n a ti o n o f th e p r o c e s s e s has n o t been
fo rm u la te d .
The g e n e r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s
o f m o st v a r i a b l e s i n t h e p r o c e s s
h o w e v e r, h a v e been e s t a b l i s h e d w ith g e n e r a l agreem ent ( I , 3 , 4 , 5 ) .
F o l l o w i n g i s a d e s c r i p t i o n , a s now g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d , o f t h e mecha­
n is m s o f a c i d m in e d r a i n a g e f o r m a t i o n , a l o n g w i t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f
e f f e c t s on r e c e i v i n g s t r e a m s .
ACID FORMATION
The n a t u r a l g e o l o g i c d e p o s i t s o f i r o n d i s u l f i d e s
(FeSz) a r e
u s u a l l y f o u n d i n t h e c r y s t a l l i n e fo rm a s p y r i t e o r m a r c a s i t e .
T h e se
d e p o s i t s c a n b e f o u n d i n v a r y i n g am ounts i n many m e t a l o r e and c o a l
d e p o sits.
I f t h e d i s u l f i d e s a r e e x p o s e d t o oxygen and w a t e r t h e y d e ­
c o m p o se , a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n E q u a t i o n ■I :
2FeS2
+
2H20
+
7 0 2 -> 2FeS0q
+ 2H2S0q
(I)
P y r i t e -> F e r r o u s S u l f a t e + S u l f u r i c A cid
The f e r r o u s s u l f a t e p r o d u c t fro m t h i s r e a c t i o n c a n b e o x i d i z e d t o
f e r r i c s u l f a t e by c h e m i c a l o r b i o l o g i c a l r e a c t i o n s a s i n E q u a t i o n s 2
and 3.
“ 6-
AFeSO4.
+
O2
ZFeSO4
+
0
+
+
ZH2SO4
H2SO4
->
ZFe2 (SO4) 3
+
b a c te ria
->
F e 2 (SO4) 3
ZHgO
+
H2 O
(Z)
(3)
The b a c t e r i a r e f e r r e d t o i n E q u a t i o n 3 a r e Thiobaoillus ferro-
oxidans ( 4 ) .
These b a c t e r i a a c c e l e r a t e o x id a tio n of th e f e r r o u s io n
( 4 , 6) .
The f e r r i c s u l f a t e p r o d u c e d c a n t h e n s e r v e a s an o x i d i z i n g a g e n t ,
o x i d i z i n g a d d i t i o n a l s u l f i d e s , r e p r e s e n t e d by E q u a t i o n 4.
F e 2 (SO4) 3
+
FeS2
-*
3FeS04
+
ZS
(4)
The e l e m e n t a l s u l f u r r e l e a s e d c a n b e u t i l i z e d b y t h e b a c t e r i a
Thiobacillus thiooxidans a s an e n e r g y s o u r c e p r o d u c i n g m ore a c i d w i t h
■the r e a c t i o n i l l u s t r a t e d
S
+
30
+
i n E q u a t i o n 5.
H2O
b a c te ria
The f e r r i c s u l f a t e p r o d u c e d ,
2h+
+
SO4
(5)
( E q u a t i o n s 2 and 3 ) , c a n a l s o b e
h y d r o l y z e d t o f o rm s p a r i n g l y s o l u b l e f e r r i c h y d r o x i d e a n d r e l e a s e
a d d itio n a l a c id .
F e 2 (SO4) 3
+
GH2O
ZFe(OH) 3
+
SH2SO4
( 6)
S e p a r a te ly o r i n c o m b in a tio n , ch em ical or b a c t e r i a l o x id a tio n
i n d i c a t e d by t h e s e r e a c t i o n s p r o d u c e s a c i d i c w a t e r .
u s u a l l y flo w s th ro u g h g e o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s ,
The a c i d i c w a t e r
d i s s o l v in g m in e r a ls to
v a r y in g d e g r e e s , th e r e b y ad d in g c o n s t i t u e n t s to th e s tr e a m lo a d .
M ine d r a i n a g e i s n o t a lw a y s a c i d i c .
t o low s u l f i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
I n some c a s e s , p r o b a b l y due
t h e d r a i n a g e r e s e m b l e s g r o u n d w a t e r fo u n d
-7 -
o u t s i d e t h e a f f e c t e d a r e a ( 7 , 8)..
EFFECT ON STREAMS
The e f f e c t o f d i s c h a r g i n g a c i d m ine w a s t e i n t o a s t r e a m i s
d e p e n d e n t on t h e r e l a t i v e f l o w i n t h e two s t r e a m s .
U su a lly , th e a c id
w a ste p ro d u ce s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c y e llo w p r e c i p i t a t e ,
( ir o n h y d ro x id e s)
some o f . w h i c h s e t t l e s .
The a l k a l i n i t y
of th e r e c e iv in g stre a m d e c re a s e s ,
w h ile t h e i r o n and s u l f a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c r e a s e s .
ta in s
I f th e stre a m con­
s u f f i e n t a l k a l i n i t y t o m a i n t a i n a pH above 4 . 5 , m o st o f t h e i r o n
is p re c ip ita te d .
I n th e ' c a s e w h e r e s u f f i c i e n t a l k a l i n i t y i s n o t p r e s e n t
i n t h e r e c e i v i n g s t r e a m t o m a i n t a i n t h i s pH, h y d r o l y s i s o f f e r r i c s u l ­
f a t e can o c c u r , i n c r e a s i n g th e a c i d i t y
( I ) ..
The f l o r a and f a u n a n o r m a l l y f o u n d i n u n p o l l u t e d s t r e a m s a r e n o n ­
e x i s t e n t i n a s t r e a m p o l l u t e d w i t h a h e a v y l o a d o f a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e
( 8)."
CHAPTER I I I
STUDY AREA
The s t u d y a r e a i s l o c a t e d s o u t h e a s t o f G r e a t F a l l s , M o n ta n a , '
in th e v i c i n i t y
o f t h e c o m m u n itie s o f Sand C o u l e e , T r a c y , and S t o c k e t t ,
a s shown i n F i g u r e 2.
T h is a r e a i s i n th e w e s te rn p o r t i o n of th e
G r e a t F a l l s - L e w i s t o w n c o a l f i e l d and i s t o t a l l y w i t h i n t h e Sand C o u le e
C reek d r a in a g e ( 9 ) .
The a r e a o f t h e Sand C o u le e C r e e k d r a i n a g e i s
e s t i m a t e d t o b e 190 s q u a r e m i l e s .
MINING HISTORY
The N e ls o n m ine e a s t o f Sand C o u l e e , op e n e d a b o u t 1 880, was t h e
f i r s t m ine i n t h e a r e a ( 1 0 ) .
i n 1888.
The r a i l r o a d t o Sand C o u le e was c o m p le te d
S u b s e q u e n t l y , a few m a j o r m i n e s , named i n T a b l e I ,
s m a l l m in e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d .
and many
The C o ttonw ood m ine i s r e p o r t e d t o h a v e
p r o d u c e d a b o u t 1 ,8 0 0 t o n s o f c o a l p e r d a y , w i t h a t o t a l o f 5 . 4 m i l l i o n
t o n s i n 15 y e a r s
(9 ).
The G i f f e n m ine was a p p a r e n t l y t h e l a r g e s t and
h a d e q u ip m e n t f o r 6 ,0 0 0 t o n s p e r day p r o d u c t i o n
(1 1 ).
o f t h e c o a l was u s e d f o r r a i l r o a d l o c o m o t i v e f u e l .
A m ajo r p o r tio n
P ro d u c tio n reco rd s
f o r o t h e r m in e s i n t h e a r e a w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e .
By s h o r t l y a f t e r W orld War I I ,
a l l o f t h e m in e s h a d c l o s e d , a l ­
t h o u g h some i n d i v i d u a l s m in e d c o a l f o r d o m e s t i c u s e .
t i m e 01970)
At t h e p r e s e n t
c o a l m i n i n g , even f o r d o m e s t i c u s e , i s n o t e v i d e n t .
Great Falls
soffrf Coli
T rocy
S a n d Coul ee
T 19 N.
Centervillej
a f Stoc
' Giffen
R.4 E
S T A T E
, OF
I. 18 N.
R.5E.
MONTA N A
L i t t l e Belt
M ou ntains
Scale
FIGURE 2 .
INDEX MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF SAND COULEE DRAINAGE AREA
—1 0 -
TABLE I
a/
MAJOR MINES IN THE SAND COULEE CREEK AREA-
L o c a tio n :
T19N, R4E
S e c tio n
Y e a r opened
(ap p ro x im a te )
N e l s on
13
1880
C o ttonw ood
36
1890
Gerb e r
23
1890
Dahn
13
1890
M o u n t-O re g o n
14
1902
G iffe n
14
1928
M ine name
a./ C o m piled from r e f e r e n c e
re sid e n ts.
(10) a n d i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d fro m l o c a l
-1 1 -
I n 1 9 0 8 , a s u r v e y o f t h e w a t e r r e s o u r c e s i n t h e Sand C o u le e a r e a
was c o n d u c t e d b y C. A. F i s h e r o f t h e U. S. G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y ( 1 2 ) .
No
m e n t io n was made o f a c i d m in e d r a i n a g e p o l l u t e d w a t e r i n t h e a r e a .
M e n tio n was made o f o p e r a t i o n s a t one m in e w h ic h u s e d m in e w a t e r f o r
pow er p l a n t b o i l e r s .
A ch em ical a n a ly s i s o f s p rin g w a te r n e a r S to c k e tt
made d u r i n g t h a t s u r v e y i s shown i n T a b l e 2 and i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h i s
w a t e r s o u r c e was u n p o l l u t e d .
A f t e r 27 y e a r s ,
(1880 t o 1907) a c i d m ine
d r a i n a g e h a d a p p a r e n t l y n o t a p p e a r e d t o any g r e a t e x t e n t .
The y e a r
a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e a p p e a r e d i n t h e Sand C o u le e C r e e k a r e a was n o t
a sc e rta in e d .
POPULATION
The p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e s t u d y a r e a h a s i n c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y o v e r t h e
l a s t 10 y e a r s , a n d i s e x p e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o i n c r e a s e ( 1 3 ) .
Popu­
l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e m a j o r tow ns i n t h e a r e a a r e s h o w n .i n T a b l e 3.
T h e s e tow ns a r e p o p u l a t e d p r i m a r i l y w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s who commute t o
G reat F a l l s .
V - .-.
-1 2 TABLE 2
1907 WATER ANALYSIS - STOCKETT SPRING
L o c a t i o n : T18N, R4E, S e c t i o n 15
A n a ly sis
C o n c e n t r a t i o n , ppm
Iro n
0
C olor
0
H ardness
A lk a lin ity
S u lfa te
C h lo rid e
75
(CaCO3)
279
207
19
-1 3 TABLE 3
ESTIMATED POPULATION TO 1988 OF TOWNS
IN THE SAND COULEE CREEK AREA—
Town
1960
C ensus
1968
1988
T racy
170
200
320
Sand C o u le e
300
350
565
S to c k ett
400
475
755
C e n te rv ille
85
90
150
T o ta ls
955
1115
1790
a / D a t a fro m R e f e r e n c e 13.
CHAPTER IV
SITE SURVEY
The s i t e s u r v e y c o n s i s t e d o f f i e l d i n s p e c t i o n s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
l o c a t i o n o f m ine d r a i n a g e s o u r c e s an d l o c a t i o n s f o r s t r e a m f lo w g a u g in g
sta tio n s.
I n a d d i t i o n , s t r e a m s w e r e e x a m in e d f o r e v i d e n c e o f a c i d
d r a i n a g e and p u b l i c do c u m e n ts w e r e i n s p e c t e d t o i d e n t i f y m in e o w n e r s .
MINE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION
F ie ld In sp e c tio n .
B etw een J u l y 2 2 , 19-69 and A u g u s t 1 0 , 1 9 6 9 , a
f i e l d i n s p e c t i o n o f t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k d r a i n a g e a r e a was m ade.
Each
m in e e n t r a n c e was i n s p e c t e d , l o c a t e d on a USGS q u a d r a n g l e map, g i v e n
a n um ber, and d e s c r ib e d .
N o te was made o f t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e m ine
e n t r a n c e , amount o f w a t e r d i s c h a r g i n g fro m t h e m in e , and f o l i a g e i n
th e a re a .
A d e s c r i p t i o n o f e a c h m in e i n s p e c t e d i s su m m a riz e d i n
A p p e n d ix A.
A t o t a l o f 112 m ine e n t r a n c e s w e r e l o c a t e d and e x a m in e d .
T w e n ty -
two m in e s w e r e d i s c h a r g i n g a c i d w a t e r h a v i n g a pH l e s s t h a n 3 . 7 .
An
a d d i t i o n a l 19 m in e s show ed e v i d e n c e o f p a s t a c i d w a t e r d i s c h a r g e .
E v i­
d e n c e o f a c i d w a t e r d i s c h a r g e was c o n s i d e r e d t o b e g r a s s k i l l im m e d i a te ­
l y b e lo w t h e m in e e n t r a n c e .
A l l o t h e r m ine e n t r a n c e s w e r e d r y .
The
w a t e r fro m two o f t h e d i s c h a r g i n g m in e s was d a r k y e l l o w , w h i l e t h e
w a t e r f ro m t h e o t h e r 20 m in e s was c l e a r .
I
-1 5 E n t r a n c e s t o 89 m in e s w e r e c o m p l e t e l y c a v e d , 12 e n t r a n c e s w e r e
p a rtia lly
rep a ir.
c a v e d , b u t p a s s a b l e , and 11 w e r e open b u t u s u a l l y i n b a d
Only two o f t h e p a s s a b l e m in e e n t r a n c e s w e r e l o c k e d .
\
D is c h a rg in g M in e s.
d isc h a rg e.
By m i d - S e p t e m b e r , o n l y 9 m in e s c o n t i n u e d t o
A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e c o n t i n u o u s l y d i s c h a r g i n g m in e s
i s p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d ix B.
AREAS AFFECTED BY'ACID WASTE
S tream s.
M a jo r s t r e a m s i n t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k d r a i n a g e a r e a
s h o w in g a y e l l o w d e p o s i t o r s u s p e n s i o n , w e r e l o c a t e d i n t h e f i e l d
3).
A bout 2 4 .9 m i l e s o f s t r e a m s a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s
c a te g o ry .
(F ig .
Such
a s t r e a m p a s s e s t h r o u g h o r n e a r e a c h community i n t h e d r a i n a g e a r e a .
A long t h e b a n k s o f t h e s e s t r e a m s , p l a n t g ro w th a p p e a r e d t o b e n o r m a l .
P l a n t g r o w th i n t h e s t r e a m i t s e l f was n o t i n e v i d e n c e , e x c e p t f o r
scattere d
c a tta ils.
Unnamed c r e e k s a r e h e r e i n c a l l e d by t h e name o f t h e c o u l e e i n
w h ic h t h e y f l o w .
The c r e e k n e a r t h e town o f Sand C o u le e was named
No-Name C r e e k t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e i t
fro m t h e Sand C o u le e C r e e k .
No Name
C re e k d r a i n s an a r e a o f 13 s q u a r e m i l e s .
D u r i n g s p r i n g r u n o f f , Sand C o u le e C re e k and No-Name C re e k o f t e n
o v e r f l o w low b a n k s .
Such a r e a s a r e l o c a t e d i m m e d i a t e l y n o r t h o f Sand
C o u l e e , and t h r e e m i l e s n o r t h o f T r a c y .
little
o r no g r o w t h .
C rops i n t h e s e a r e a s show
-1 6 -
LEGEND
Normal stream
Reci eving s t r e a m
Numbers indicate
approximate distance
(miles) from confluence
with the Missouri River
5 Miles
Scale
FIGURE 3 .
MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF STREAMS RECEIVING ACID WASTE
-1
-1 7 -
Sand C o u le e C re e k f lo w s i n t o t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r a t a p o i n t
a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e m i l e s u p s t r e a m fro m t h e i n t a k e f o r t h e G r e a t F a l l s
w ater tre a tm e n t p l a n t .
A c c o r d in g t o o p e r a t o r s a t t h i s p l a n t , Sand
C o u le e C r e e k w a t e r h a s r e a c h e d t h e i n t a k e by f l o w i n g on t o p o f t h e
r i v e r i c e d u rin g e x te n d e d c o ld p e r i o d s .
T hrough t h e s e p e r i o d s , an
e x c e p t i o n a l l y h i g h c o a g u l a t i o n c h e m i c a l d o s e was r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n .
p roper tre a tm e n t.
L and S u r f a c e Above S t r e a m s .
The l a n d s u r f a c e i n c e r t a i n a r e a s
h a s a l s o b e e n a f f e c t e d by t h e r u n o f f o f a c i d w a s t e .
In a d d itio n to
s p e c i f i c d i s c h a r g e s fro m m in e o p e n i n g s , s e e p a g e fro m w a s t e dumps,
t a i l i n g s , a n d g e o l o g i c a l s t r a t a c o n t r i b u t e an i n d e t e r m i n a t e q u a n t i t y
of a c id w aste.
Shown on F i g u r e 4 a r e t h e l o c a t i o n s o f t h e m in e s and
se ep s p ro d u c in g a c id w a s te , d e te rm in e d by f i e l d i n s p e c t i o n .
P h o to ­
g r a p h s o f w a s t e dumps an d a c i d w a s t e f lo w s o f some m a j o r c o n t r i b u t o r s
a r e shown i n F i g u r e 5 .
F i g u r e 6 shows p h o t o g r a p h s o f an a c i d w a s t e
e m a n a t i n g fro m a c o a l seam and t h e c o n f l u e n c e o f an a c i d w a s t e s t r e a m
w ith a sm all c re e k .
MINE OWNERSHIP
P u b l i c r e c o r d s on f i l e i n t h e C l e r k and R e c o r d e r ' s o f f i c e o f
C a s c a d e County w e r e e x a m in e d i n an e f f o r t t o i d e n t i f y
th e p rese n t
ow ners o f t h e m a j o r m in e s i n t h e Sand C o u le e a r e a .
- ^Land d e s c r i p t i o n s fro m t h e d e e d s on f i l e w e r e p l o t t e d on a t o p o ­
g r a p h i c m ap i - a l o n g w i t h l o c a t i o n s o f known m ine o p e n i n g s .
One p r o p e r t y
-1 8 R 4 E_________________________
R 5 E
I
I
—
36
itelope Creek
31
%
O OO
Sd nd Coulee Cre
r
I
—
T -
,
Hr9
^7-8
TRACYv V
u\
"
SAND
COUl
13No-N 7/n e Creek
7-7 ond 7- 3
"i
Weir
°o
18-5
A°
l^-fS
Kl 3-2
23-5
19-6 H r
Weir No. 2j
20-1
CENTEF VI L LE
-2
o
T
Sa nd CouU e Creek
-
-%
3 6 -6 +
TOCKETT -
36-3
31
36-2
x^Number ,r /V e
Creek
I
Co t t on wood
Creek
>
I
I:
LEGEND
23-e\
^
3 6 - 3V
\
T
O
FIGURE 4 .
sI
Mine producing acid waste
in I er m i t t e nt l y
W
reos with evidence of acid
oste flow in the post
* J4
T
ownship corner
O
'/ z
0
G
ine producing acid waste
a ) n l i n uously during study
P eriod
A
I
2 Mi l es
SCALE
MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF ACID PRODUCING MINES AND SEEPS
-1 9 -
(a)
W a ste d i s c h a r g e from Mine
14-1G ( G i f f e n ) . Flow r a t e :
300 gpm ( a p p r o x . ) .
N o te
t i p p l e and w a s t e dumps i n
background.
( J u n e , 1970)
(b)
W a ste dumps h m i l e s o u t h o f
Sand C o u l e e , M o n ta n a . N o te
w aste stre a m i n th e fo reg ro u n d
from Mines 2 3 -5 and 2 3 - 6 .
( J u n e , 1970)
FIGURE 5 . WASTE DISCHARGE FROM MINE 1 4 - IG AND WASTE DUMPS NEAR SAND
COULEE, MONTANA
—2 0 “
(a)
E n t r a n c e t o M ine 2 3 - 2 show ing
c a v e d e n t r a n c e and w a s t e d i s ­
charge.
N ote t h e g r e e n g ro w th
in th e s tre a m .
(A u g u st 2 ,
1969)
(b)
W aste d i s c h a r g e fro m Mine
36 -2 ( c e n t e r - r i g h t ) e n t e r i n g
s t r e a m . N o te good s t r e a m g ro w th
( l o w e r - l e f t ) and y e l l o w p r e ­
c ip ita te (u p p er-ce n ter).
FIGURE 6 .
WASTE DISCHARGE FROM MINES 2 3 - 2 and 36-2
—2 1 —
d e e d (1 4 ) d e s c r i b e d an a r e a w hich i n c l u d e d a l l m in e s i n t h e s t u d y
a r e a w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f a few m in e s a l o n g Sand C o u le e C re e k b e tw e e n
C e n t e r v i l l e and T r a c y .
w ere n o t lo c a te d .
s
D eeds f o r t h e s e m in e s a l o n g Sand C o u le e C re e k
CHAPTER' V
HYDROLOGY OF STUDY AREA
S t r e a m flo w i n t h e s t u d y a r e a i s
C reek and s e v e r a l o f i t s
trib u ta rie s;
c o n t r i b u t e d by Sand C o u le e
C ottonw ood C r e e k , Number F iv e
C r e e k , No-Name C r e e k , an d A n t e l o p e C r e e k .
The h e a d w a t e r s o f Sand
C o u le e C re e k a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e L i t t l e B e l t M o u n ta in s a b o u t 28 m i l e s
s o u th o f G reat F a l l s .
The f i r s t 25 m i l e s o f t h i s s t r e a m flo w g e n e r a l l y
n o r th th ro u g h d e e p ly i n c i s e d to p o g ra p h y .
Only t h e f i r s t
few m i l e s a r e
i n t i m b e r l a n d ; t h e r e m a i n d e r i s i n op en g r a s s l a n d .
STREAM.FLOW GAUGING
On J u l y 2 5 , 1 9 6 9 , two w e i r s w e r e i n s t a l l e d t o m e a s u r e s u r f a c e
r u n o f f fro m t h e s t u d y a r e a .
W e ir No. I ,
l o c a t e d on No Name C re e k
b e tw e e n Sand C o u le e an d T r a c y , was a plyw ood s t r u c t u r e w i t h a 3 - f o o t
re c ta n g u la r c o n tra c te d n o tch .
Weiir No. 2 , on Sand C o u le e C re e k a t
C e n t e r v i l l e , was a ply w o o d s t r u c t u r e w i t h a 5 - f o o t r e c t a n g u l a r c o n ­
tra c te d n o tch .
7.
P h o to g rap h s of th e s e i n s t a l l a t i o n s
a r e shown i n F i g u r e
W a te r s t a g e r e c o r d e r s w e r e o p e r a t e d c o n t i n u o u s l y t o d e t e r m i n e f lo w
v a r i a t i o n s d u r i n g t h e s t u d y p e r i o d fro m J u l y 26 t o D e c e m b e r, 1969.
T y p i c a l d i u r n a l f lo w v a r i a t i o n s a t b o t h w e i r l o c a t i o n s a r e shown i n
F ig u re 8 .
-23-
(a)
W e ir No. I on No Name C reek
b e tw e e n Sand C o u le e and T r a c y
M o n ta n a .
Flow r a t e :
450 gpm
(A u g u s t 2 , 1969)
(b)
W eir No. 2 on Sand C o u le e
C re e k n e a r C e n t e r v i l l e ,
M o n ta n a , Sand C o u le e C re e k
e n te rin g a t upper l e f t ,
C ottonw ood C r e e k a t u p p e r
rig h t.
Flow r a t e : 1050 gpm.
FIGURE 7.
WEIR INSTALLATIONS
-2 4 -
Weir no. 2
Sqnd Coulee Creek
1200
Flow, g pm
IOOO
Weir no. I
No-Name Creek
Noon
9/9/69
Noon
9 /8/69
Ti me of day
FIGURE 8 .
DRY WEATHER FLOW VARIATION DURING TYPICAL DAY
-2 5 -
The a v e r a g e d a i l y f l o w s , e s t i m a t e d from t h e w a t e r s t a g e r e c o r d s ,
a r e shown i n F i g u r e 9.
P r e c i p i t a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n ts w e r e made w i t h a
r a i n g a g e l o c a t e d n e a r W e ir No. I .
The t o t a l f lo w i n Sand C o u le e
C r e e k , d e t e r m i n e d b y a d d i n g t h e f lo w s f r o m W e irs I and 2 , v a r i e d from
5 ,0 0 0 gpm on J u l y 2 6 , 1 9 6 9 , t o z e r o f lo w i n December 1 969.
W e ir 2
was l o c a t e d a b o u t 1 . 9 m i l e s u p s t r e a m fro m t h e c o n f l u e n c e s o f t h e
s t r e a m m e a s u r e d by W e ir I .
From F i g u r e 9 i t
can b e s e e n t h a t t h e s t r e a m f lo w v a r i a t i o n a t
W e ir No. 2 i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r t h a n a t W e ir No. I .
m e a s u r e d a t W e ir No. I i s
The f lo w
d e r i v e d p r i m a r i l y from t h e m ine d i s c h a r g e s
u p s t r e a m , w h e r e a s f lo w a t W eir No. 2 i s d e r i v e d fro m b o t h m ine d i s c h a r g e s
i n C o tto n w o o d and F i v e M il e C re e k and r u n o f f i n Sand C o u le e C re e k .
D u r i n g m id -D e c e m b e r 1 9 6 9 , t h e s u r f a c e f lo w i n Sand C o u le e C re e k
had c o m p le te ly s to p p e d .
The m ine d i s c h a r g e s c o n t i n u e d , b u t h a d s e e p e d
i n t o t h e b a n k s o f t h e s t r e a m s a b o v e Sand C o u le e C r e e k , a s i c e accumu­
l a t i o n p r e v e n t e d movement d o w n s tre a m .
H igh w a t e r m ark s ,a l o n g t h e b a n k s o f Sand C o u le e C re e k i n d i c a t e d
t h a t s p r i n g r u n o f f flo w s w e r e 2 t o 3 t i m e s t h e maximum f lo w m e a s u re d
( 5 , 0 0 0 gpm) d u r i n g t h e s t u d y p e r i o d .
MINE DISCHARGE FLOWS
A t o t a l o f 9 m in e s w e r e d i s c h a r g i n g a c i d w a s t e t h r o u g h o u t t h e
stu d y p e r io d .
irrig a tio n
Flow r a t e s w e r e m e a s u r e d p e r i o d i c a l l y u s i n g a c a n v a s
dam t o c o l l e c t t h e s t r e a m f lo w and m e a s u r i n g t h e tim e
5000
4000
T o t a l flow, Weir no. I S 2
Flow, Weir no. 2
Flow, Weir no. I
E s t i m a t e d flow
o> 2000
IOOO
I
July 2 6 Aug I
r
r
I
I
Sept I
O ct I
Nov I
Decl
D at e , 1 9 6 9
FIGURE 9 .
STREAM FLOW AT WEIRS I AND 2 , JULY 26 TO DECEMBER 2 1 , 1969
- -------------------------------- ^
DecZI
-2 7 -
re q u ire d to f i l l a 5 -g a llo n c o n ta in e r.
R e s u l t s o f t h e s e m e a s u re m e n ts
f o r 8 o f t h e 9 c o n t i n u o u s l y d i s c h a r g i n g m in e s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 10.
A long w i t h t h e s e d a t a , t h e m o n th l y p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s show n.
Mine 14-1G
( n e a r G i f f e n ) m a i n t a i n e d a flo w r a t e o f a b o u t 300 gpm d u r i n g t h e s t u d y
p e rio d
( n o t shown i n F i g . 1 0 ) .
M ine d i s c h a r g e s g e n e r a l l y d e c r e a s e d from S e p t e m b e r , 1969 u n t i l
May, 1 9 7 0 .
The s u b s e q u e n t i n c r e a s e i n f lo w r a t e i s p r o b a b l y due t o
s p r i n g r a i n s a n d snow m e l t p e r c o l a t i o n i n t o t h e g ro u n d w a t e r , w i t h l a g
t i m e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 45 d a y s ( e s t i m a t e d t i m e b e tw e e n maximum m o n th ly
p r e c i p i t a t i o n an d p e a k m in e d i s c h a r g e f l o w ) .
Most o f t h e s t r e a m b e d s b e lo w d i s c h a r g i n g m in e s w e r e c o v e r e d w i t h
a g r e e n , v e l v e t - l i k e g ro w th .
M i c r o s c o p i c e x a m i n a t i o n showed a v e r y
d e n s e p o p u l a t i o n o f g r e e n , m o t i l e o r g a n i s m s , e a c h a b o u t 100 m ic r o n s
lo n g a n d 10 m i c r o n s i n d i a m e t e r .
The a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e s e o r g a n i s m s was
s i m i l a r t o Eugr
Iena mutabi-ti-s , w h ic h a r e o f t e n fo u n d i n a c i d i c s t r e a m s
(20).
PRESENT WATER USE
At t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , w a t e r i n Sand C o u le e C r e e k d o w n s tre a m from
C e n te r v ille i s put to lim ite d u se.
i r r i g a t i o n w ith l i t t l e
success.
L o c a l r e s i d e n t s h a v e a t t e m p t e d law n
L i v e s t o c k h a v e consum ed t h e c r e e k
w a t e r on o c c a s i o n , b u t o n l y when more s u i t a b l e s u p p l i e s w e r e l i m i t e d .
A c c o rd in g t o l o c a l r e s i d e n t s , crop i r r i g a t i o n has n o t b e e n a tte m p te d .
-28-
23-6
13- 3
X x
23-2
July
Aug
July
Aug
Great Falls Airport Weather Station
1 9 3 1 - 1 9 6 9 mean
1969-1970
Aug
FIGURE"TO.
Sept
Dec
Jan
MINE DISCHARGE FLOW RATES
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
-2 9 -
Some dug w e l l s f o r d o m e s t i c w a t e r u s e h a v e b e e n a b a n d o n e d due to
in flo w o f b ra c k is h w a te r.
W e ll s a r e u s u a l l y d r i l l e d 100 t o 150 f e e t
deep t o a v o id such c o n ta m in a tio n .
CHAPTER VI
HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
G e ology and h y d r o l o g y o f p o r t i o n s o f t h e Sand C o u le e d r a i n a g e
h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n num erous p r e v i o u s r e p o r t s
1 8 ,.1 9 ).
B edrock fo rm a tio n s o f im p o rta n c e a r e
(7 , 9 , 10, 15, 16, 17,
(fro m o l d e s t t o y o u n g e s t )
t h e M i s s i o n Canyon F o r m a t io n o f M i s s i s s i p p i a n a g e , t h e S w i f t S a n d s to n e
a n d M o r r i s o n F o r m a t i o n o f J u r a s s i c a g e , and th e . K o o t e n a i F o r m a t io n o f
C re ta c e o u s age.
Sand C o u le e C r e e k , a b o u t 2h m i l e s n o r t h o f T r a c y ,
e n t e r s an a n c i e n t c h a n n e l o f t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r , t h e n f lo w s w e s tw a rd
a lo n g t h i s
o ld ch an n el to th e M isso u ri R iv e r.
I n Sand C o u le e and
Number F i v e C o u l e e , a l l u v i u m o f Q u a t e r n a r y age o v e r l i e s t h e b e d r o c k .
F i g u r e 11 i s a c r o s s s e c t i o n s h o w in g t h e g e o l o g i c a l s t r a t a i n t h e a r e a .
B edrock f o rm a tio n s d ip g e n tly
(3 t o 6 d e g r e e s ) t o t h e n o r t h , b u t
s m a l l f o l d s and dome s t r u c t u r e s h a v e c r e a t e d l o c a l d i p s up t o 15 d e g r e e s
i n m a g n i t u d e , w i t h d i r e c t i o n s - t h a t v a r y a s much as 180 d e g r e e s from t h e
r e g io n a l d ip .
The o l d e s t f o r m a t i o n e x p o sed , i n t h e d r a i n a g e i s
Canyon F o r m a t i o n .
It
c o n s i s t s o f t h i c k l a y e r s o f l i m e s t o n e an d d o l o ­
m ite t h a t o u tcro p n e a r S t o c k e t t , so u th of C e n t e r v i ll e ,
F iv e C ou lee.
t h e M is s i o n
and i n Number
A few f e e t t o a maximum o f a b o u t 200 f e e t o f M i s s i o n
Canyon i s e x p o s e d i n t h e d r a i n a g e .
The u p p e r few h u n d r e d f e e t o f t h e
—3 1 -
Land s u r f a c e
Kootenai Format i on
Sandstone overlain with
mudstone, claystone, siltstone
Mo r r i s o n F ormation
Claystone, sandstone, siltstone
S w i f t S a n d s t on e
Coulee b o t t o m
Mi s s i on Canyon F o r m a t i o n
L i m e s t o n e and do l omi t e, layered
A l l u vi um
No s c al e
FIGURE 11.
GENERALIZED GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION
-3 2 -
M i s s i o n Canyon F o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n s c a v e r n o u s z o n e s .
Such z o n e s can
s t o r e a n d t r a n s m i t l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f g ro u n d w a t e r .
O v e r l y i n g t h e M i s s i o n Canyon F o r m a t i o n i s a f i n e t o medium­
g r a i n e d , w e l l s o r t e d , m a ssiv e s a n d s to n e c a l l e d th e S w ift S an d sto n e .
The S w i f t i s
e x p o s e d i n N u m b e r-F iv e C o u l e e , C ottonw ood C r e e k , and Sand
C o u le e C re e k s o u t h o f C e n t e r v i l l e .
The S w i f t r a n g e s i n t h i c k n e s s from
a few f e e t t o 30 t o 40 f e e t and i s a b s e n t l o c a l l y .
The S w i f t i s f r a c ­
t u r e d a n d j o i n t e d and w i l l t r a n s m i t and s t o r e s m a l l t o m o d e r a t e
q u a n t i t i e s o f ground w a te r.
The M o r r i s o n F o r m a t i o n , c o n s i s t i n g o f a b o u t 120 t o 180 f e e t o f
c l a y s t o n e , s a n d s t o n e , an d s i l t s t o n e ,
F o rm a tio n .
c o n f o r m a b l y o v e r l i e s t h e S w if t
The M o r r i s o n o u t c r o p s a l o n g a l l t h e m a j o r d r a i n a g e s i n t h e
a r e a , and due t o i t s
low r e s i s t a n c e t o e r o s i o n , form s g e n t l e s l o p e s .
Coal d e p o s i t s i n t h e S to c k e tt- S a n d C oulee a r e a a r e i n t h e u p p er p a r t o f
t h e M o rriso n and g e n e r a l l y c o n s i s t o f one to f o u r b e n c h e s .
b e n c h i n t h e seam i s u s u a l l y t h e t h i c k e s t
The m i d d l e
(4 t o 7 f e e t ) a n d was t h e
p r i n c i p a l p ro d u cin g h o riz o n in th e c o a l m in e s .
T h i s b e n c h i s commonly
o v e r l a i n b y t h i n n e r b e n c h e s and s e v e r a l f e e t o f s h a l e and s i l t s t o n e .
The s h a l e an d s i l t s t o n e
l a y e r s a r e c o n s id e r e d to r e p r e s e n t th e top of
th e M o rriso n F o rm a tio n .
C o a l fro m S t o c k e t t - S a n d C o u le e a r e a i s r a n k e d a s s u b b i t u m i n o u s B
to h ig h v o l a t i l e C b itu m in o u s
(9 ).
The c o a l c o n t a i n s 2 t o 3 p e r c e n t
s u l f u r 'Th t h e fo rm o f p y r i t e n o d u l e s o r " s u l f u r b a l l s " t h a t r a n g e i n
d i a m e t e r fro m a p i n h e a d t o a b o u t 4 i n c h e s .
F ish er
(I) d e scrib es a
-3 3 -
num ber o f m in e s i n t h e S t o c k e t t —Sand C o u le e a r e a and f r e q u e n t l y men­
tio n s th e p resen ce of " s u lf u r b a l l s " .
From h i s d e s c r i p t i o n , t h e
p y r i t e n o d u l e s seem t o b e d i s s e m i n a t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o a l and a r e n o t
c o n c e n t r a t e d i n any p a r t i c u l a r h o r i z o n .
The M o r r i s o n F o r m a t i o n i s n o t u t i l i z e d a s a s o u r c e o f g ro u n d
w a t e r i n t h e Sand C o u le e d r a i n a g e .
The c o a l - b e a r i n g p o r t i o n o f t h e
M o r r i s o n h a s a low p e r m e a b i l i t y and a c t s a s a b a r r i e r t o g r o u n d - w a t e r
m ovem ent.
O v e r l y i n g t h e M o r r i s o n F o r m a t i o n on an e r o s i o n a l u n c o n f o r m i t y i s
th e K o o te n a i F o rm a tio n .
The K o o t e n a i , w h e r e u n a f f e c t e d by e r o s i o n , i s
a b o u t 325 t o 450 f e e t t h i c k .
I n t h e Sand C o u le e d r a i n a g e , t h e K o o t e n a i
h a s u n d e r g o n e c o n s i d e r a b l e e r o s i o n .and v a r i e s i n t h i c k n e s s from z e r o
t o a b o u t 250 f e e t . .
The K o o t e n a i i s p r e s e n t a t t h e g r o u n d s u r f a c e i n
m o st o f t h e d r a i n a g e .
The b a s a l u n i t o f t h e K o o t e n a i i s a medium t o
c o a r s e - g r a i n e d s a n d s t o n e a b o u t 10 t o 30 f e e t t h i c k .
O v e rly in g th e
b a s a l s a n d s t o n e i s a b o u t 40 t o 70 f e e t o f r e d - c o l o r e d m u d s t o n e , c l a y s t o n e , a n d s i l t s t o n e c o n t a i n i n g l i m e s t o n e and s a n d s t o n e l e n s e s .
u n it is
i n t u r n o v e r l a i n by 50 t o 80 f e e t o f s a n d s t o n e .
T his
I n t h e Sand
C o u le e a r e a , t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e K o o t e n a i F o r m a t io n h a s b e e n rem oved
by e r o s io n .
M ost u n i t s o f t h e K o o t e n a i a r e f r a c t u r e d and j o i n t e d and
c a n s t o r e a n d t r a n s m i t s m a l l t o m o d e r a t e q u a n t i t i e s o f g ro u n d w a t e r .
S a n d s t o n e l a y e r s i n t h e K o o t e n a i s u p p l y w a t e r t o many w e l l s i n t h e
area.
'
V-
V
-3 4 -
The y o u n g e s t d e p o s i t - o f i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e Sand C o u le e d r a i n a g e
i s u n c o n s o l i d a t e d a l l u v i u m a l o n g Sand C o u le e C re e k and Number F i v e
C o u lee.
The a l l u v i u m c o n s i s t s o f m i x t u r e s and l a y e r s o f s a n d , s i l t ,
and c l a y an d r a n g e s i n t h i c k n e s s fro m a few f e e t t o o v e r 150 f e e t .
N o r t h o f t h e com m unity o f Sand C o u l e e , t h e a l l u v i u m b r o a d e n s i n w i d t h
fro m a few h u n d r e d f e e t t o a s much a s a m i l e .
C o u le e C r e e k i s p r o b a b l y u n d e r l a i n by s i l t
a n c ie n t channel of th e M isso u ri R iv e r.
T h i s p a r t o f t h e Sand
and c l a y d e p o s i t e d i n t h e
A l lu v iu m a l o n g Sand C o u le e
C r e e k s u p p l i e s some w a t e r t o w e l l s b u t i s n o t e x t e n s i v e l y u s e d as a
s o u rc e o f ground w a te r .
Some w e l l s d r i l l e d t o t h e a l l u v i u m h a v e e n ­
c o u n te re d poor q u a lity w a te r th a t has p ro b ab ly p e rc o la te d in to th e
s u b s u r f a c e fro m Sand C o u le e C r e e k .
x)\
The q u a n t i t y o f g r o u n d w a t e r f l o w i n g
i n a l l u v i u m b e n e a t h S and C o u le e C r e e k i s unknown b u t i s p r o b a b l y m i n o r .
RELATIONSHIP OF GROUND WATER TO MINE DRAINAGE
W a te r e m a n a ti n g fro m m in e s i n t h e Sand C o u le e d r a i n a g e i s m ost
p r o b a b l y d e r i v e d fro m t h e K o o t e n a i F o r m a t i o n .
c i p i t a t i o n in th e a re a p ro b ab ly i n f i l t r a t e s
p e r c o l a t e s downward a l o n g j o i n t s
son F o rm a tio n .
A p o rtio n of th e p re ­
i n t o t h e K o o t e n a i and
and f r a c t u r e s t o t h e u n d e r l y i n g M o r r i ­
The u p p e r l a y e r s o f t h e M o r r i s o n r e t a r d t h e downward
m ovem ent, and g r o u n d w a t e r i s f o r c e d t o move l a t e r a l l y
a lo n g th e M o rriso n -K o o te n a i c o n t a c t .
t o fo rm s p r i n g s
A num ber o f s u c h s p r i n g s a r e
p r e s e n t i n t h e Sand C o u le e d r a i n a g e a t t h e M o r r i s o n - K o o t e n a i c o n t a c t .
Mine w o r k i n g s i n t h e M o r r i s o n a c t a s d r a i n s t o t h e o v e r l y i n g s a n d s o f
-3 5 -
t h e K o o t e n a i F o r m a t i o n and c o n c e n t r a t e t h e flo w o f g r o u n d w a t e r i n t o
t h e m in e w o r k i n g s .
A lth o u g h i t i s r e a s o n a b ly c e r t a i n t h a t t h i s
is th e
p a t h o f g r o u n d - w a t e r f lo w i n t h e a r e a , no d e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f
t h i s p o s t u l a t e d f lo w s y s t e m h a v e b e e n made.
G round w a t e r i s u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o b e d e v o i d o f d i s s o l v e d
o x y g e n , an d i t i s
assum ed t h a t w a t e r i n t h e K o o t e n a i F o r m a t io n c o n t a i n s
no d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n .
W a te r fro m n a t u r a l s p r i n g s e m e r g in g a t t h e
M o r r i s o n - K o o t e n a i c o n t a c t a p p e a r s t o b e o f good q u a l i t y , s u g g e s t i n g
t h a t e i t h e r d i s s o l v e d oxygen i s a b s e n t i n th e ground w a t e r o r t h e r e i s
no c o n t a c t b e tw e e n t h e g r o u n d w a t e r and p y r i t e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i n t h e
M o rriso n .
d rain a g e i s
The p o o r q u a l i t y w a t e r f l o w i n g from m in e s i n t h e Sand C o u le e
a p p a r e n tly th e d i r e c t r e s u l t of p e r c o l a t i n g ground w a te r
e n t e r i n g t h e m in e w o r k i n g s , w h e re p y r i t e n o d u l e s a r e e x p o s e d t o
a tm o s p h e ric oxygen.
CHAPTER V II
WATER AND WASTE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
S am ples w e r e t a k e n a t s t r a t e g i c l o c a t i o n s on t h e a f f e c t e d s t r e a m s
and a t t h e c o n t i n u o u s l y d i s c h a r g i n g m in e s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e x t e n t o f
a re a s b e in g p o llu te d .
12.
S t r e a m s a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n s a r e shown on F i g u r e
The m in e s d i s c h a r g i n g c o n t i n u o u s l y a r e shown i n F i g u r e 4.
PROCEDURES
S am ples f o r l a b o r a t o r y a n a l y s i s w e r e s t o r e d and t r a n s p o r t e d i n
300 ml p l a s t i c c o n t a i n e r s .
A ll sam ples w ere th e " g ra b " ty p e .
C a re was
t a k e n t o m in i m i z e c o n t a m i n a n t s i n t h e s a m p le b y r i n s i n g t h e c o n t a i n e r
t h r e e tim e s w ith t h e w a te r to be sam pled.
A n a ly sis.
S a m p le s c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g e a c h day w e r e t r a n s p o r t e d t o
t h e l a b o r a t o r y f o r a n a l y s i s , w i t h t h e a n a l y s i s p e r f o r m e d a s soon as
p o s s i b l e , u s u a l l y w i t h i n 48 h o u r s .
The m e th o d s u s e d f o r l a b o r a t o r y
a n a l y s i s o f t h e s a m p le s a r e shown i n T a b l e 4 . / "
A n a l y s e s o f f e r r o u s i r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e re d e t e r m i n e d b o t h
i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y and t h e f i e l d , u s i n g p r e p a r e d r e a g e n t s fro m Hach
C h e m ic a l Company.
T h is m e th o d was c a l i b r a t e d a g a i n s t t h e I ,
10
P h e n a n t h r o l i n e m ethod p r e s e n t e d i n S t a n d a r d M ethods (2 1 ) u s i n g a
B a u sc h and Lomb S p e c t r o n i c 20 c o l o r i m e t e r .
-3 7 -
Greol Falls
y Sample pt. no. 8
Sam pie pt. no. 9
e £>££*
----------- \
s a nd C o ^
Sample pt. no.
Weir no. I and
sample pt. no.7
Tr a c y
S a n d Coulee
Sample
y
Weir no. 2 and
sample pt. no. 2
Ce nt e r vi lie
Sample pt. no. 3
Pt. no. 5
Sampl e pt. no.4
Sample
pt. no. 6
,Glffen
Sample pt. no.
IO and Il
Mi l es
S c a Ie
FIGURE 12.
MAP SHOWING STREAM SAMPLING POINT AND WEIR LOCATIONS
-3 8 -
TABLE 4
SAMPLE ANALYSIS METHODS AND EQUIPMENT
A n a ly sis
M ethod a n d E q u ip m e n t
S ilic a
T o ta l iro n ( a c id ifie d )
M anganese
C a lc iu m
M agnesium
Sodium
P o tassiu m
Aluminum
C o p p er
Molybdenum
A to m ic A b s o r p t i o n U n i t
V a r i a n T e c h t r o n Model AA 4
B ic a rb o n a te
C a rb o n a te
C h lo rid e
A lk a lin ity
A c id ity
S t a n d a r d M e th o d s , 1 2 t h E d i t i o n
S u lfa te
USGS WSP 1454
F lu o rid e
N itra te
S p e c if i c Ion E le c tro d e
O r i o n M odel 404
S p e c i f i c co n d u c ta n c e
L a b - L i n e L e c t r o M ho-M ethr Mark IV
H ardness
Computed u s i n g C a lc iu m and Magnesium
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s fro m A to m ic A b s o r p t i o n
M e a s u re m e n ts
pH
B e c k m a n M o d e l H -2
(21)
-39-
I
STREAM ANALYSIS
The q u a l i t y o f Sand C o u le e C re e k w a t e r d e t e r i o r a t e s as i t
t r a v e l s to w ard th e M is s o u r i R i v e r , a p ronounced change o c c u r r in g a t
t h e c o n f l u e n c e w i t h C o tto n w o o d C re e k a t C e n t e r v i l l e and a g a i n a t t h e
c o n f l u e n c e o f No-Name C re e k n e a r T r a c y .
Shown i n T a b l e 5 a r e a n a l y s e s
o f s a m p l e s t a k e n t h e same day a t v a r i o u s p o i n t s a l o n g Sand C o u le e C r e e k .
Sand C o u le e C r e e k , s o u t h o f C e n t e r v i l l e , i s s e e n to h a v e e s s e n ­
tia lly
t h e sam e q u a l i t y a s t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r n e a r G r e a t F a l l s .
A fter
j o i n i n g C o tto n w o o d C re e k a t C e n t e r v i l l e , h o w e v e r , m o st d i s s o l v e d con­
stitu e n ts
i n c r e a s e d by a f a c t o r o f a b o u t 2 .
The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e s e
i
f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d d o w n s tre a m by a f a c t o r o f 2 t o 350.
im p o rta n t i s th e d e c re a se in a l k a l i n i t y
a c id ity .
The n a t u r a l a l k a l i n i t y
P a rtic u la rly
t o z e r o and t h e i n c r e a s e i n
o f Sand C o u le e C re e k was n o t s u f f i c i e n t
t o n e u t r a l i z e t h e a c i d l o a d fro m t h e t r i b u t a r y s t r e a m s .
S i n c e Sand C o u le e C re e k a b o v e C e n t e r v i l l e a p p e a r e d t o b e u n a f ­
f e c te d by a c id d ra in a g e ,
t h e s t u d y was f o c u s e d on t h e t r i b u t a r i e s
e n t e r i n g a t C e n t e r v i l l e a n d t h e m a i n s t r e a m r e c e i v i n g a c i d w a s t e down- ■
s t r e a m i n c l u d i n g p o r t i o n s o f C o tto n w o o d , Number F i v e ,
C reeks.
The m o s t s o u t h e r l y p o i n t a t w h ic h w a s t e s e n t e r i n g t h e s e c r e e k s
o c c u r s n e a r G i f f e n on Number F i v e C r e e k .
as i t
and No Name
The q u a l i t y o f t h i s s t r e a m
f lo w s t o Sand C o u le e C re e k and t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r i s shown
g r a p h i c a l l y i n F i g u r e 13.
—4 0 -
TABLE 5
SMD COULEE CREEK WATER ANALYSISSam pled S e p te m b e r 6 , 1969
S am ple No.
,,
Sam ple P t . No.—
G eneral lo c a tio n
A n a ly sis
T o t a l i r o n , m g/1 Fe
C a l c iu m , m g/1 Ca
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SOtt
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
A l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
Aluminum, mg/ I CaCO3
S p e c . c o n d . , pm hos/cm @ 20°C
PH
a/
W
23
2
C en terv ille ,
so u th
C en terv ille ,
n o rth
0 .2
55
91
11
159
<•1
470
8 .0
d
102
407
9
6
< .l
784
6 .5
F o r a d d i t i o n a l a n a l y s i s s e e A p p e n d ix C
F o r l o c a t i o n s e e F i g u r e 11
$J S am pled S e p te m b e r 2 7 , 1969
d
21
3
A n a ly s is n o t perfo rm ed
\
25
24
I
8
N ear
M issouri
R iv er
3 m ile s
n o rth of
T racy
d
118 '
1940
1420
0
172
2940 •
2.6
’
36-^/
9
M issouri
R iv er
87
154
1915
1280
0
170
< .l
2779
2 .8
333
38
48
7
123
< .l
7 .1
Cottonwood
Number Five Cr.
Sample points
Mine 14-IG
Acidity, mg/I as CaCO3
Alkalinity
Alkalinity, mg/I as CaCO
Sand Coulee Creek
Miles u p s t r e a m from confluence with Missouri River
FIGURE 13.
WATER QUALITY PROFILE - GIFFEN TO MISSOURI RIVER, SEPTEMBER 2 7 , 1969
—4 2 —
T h e s e d a t a a g a i n show t h e e f f e c t s o f a c i d w a s t e c o n t r i b u t i o n s
on s t r e a m c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
The u p p e r r e a c h e s o f F i v e M ile
C reek a r e a c i d i c , w ith a c i d i t y d e c r e a s in g as t h i s s tr e a m a p p ro ach es
C o ttonw ood C r e e k .
At C ottonw ood C re e k an a d d i t i o n a l a c i d l o a d i s
im p o s e d , d e c r e a s i n g t h e pH.
A su b s ta n tia l n e u tra liz in g .e ffe c t is
p r o d u c e d b y Sand C o u le e C r e e k , r a i s i n g t h e pH and d e c r e a s i n g t h e
a c i d i t y o f C o ttonw ood C r e e k .
A c o n c u rre n t decrease in a l k a l i n i t y
and pH o c c u r s i n Sand C o u le e C r e e k .
C re e k ! a c i d i t y i s
F u r t h e r d o w n s tre a m , Sand C o u le e
i n c r e a s e d by t h e f lo w fro m No-Name C r e e k .
The r e ­
m a i n d e r o f Sand C o u le e C r e e k f lo w s t o t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r w i t h a h i g h
a c i d i t y and low pH ( 2 . 6 - 2 . 8) .
MINE WASTE ANALYSIS
The c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e d i s c h a r g e s f ro m t h e
c o n t i n u o u s l y d i s c h a r g i n g m in e s v a r i e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y .
o f t h e c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s a r e shown i n T a b l e 6 .
The - c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
S p e c if ic a n a ly se s
o f e a c h m in e d i s c h a r g e a r e p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d ix D.
On J u l y 7 , 1 9 7 0 , a s e r i e s o f s a m p le s w e r e a n a l y z e d t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e t o t a l an d t h e f e r r o u s i r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a t e a c h m in e and s e l e c t e d
stre a m l o c a t io n s .
The r e s u l t s
a r e p r e s e n t e d . i n T a b l e 7.
A l l b u t two
o f t h e m in e s w e r e d i s c h a r g i n g 70 p e r c e n t o r more o f t o t a l i r o n as
ferro u s iro n .
The s t r e a m s a m p l e s , h o w e v e r , a l l c o n t a i n e d l e s s t h a n 54
p e rc e n t^ , f e r r o u s i r o n .
-43-
TABLE 6
6
MINE DISCHARGE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
■(9 MINES)
Range
A n a ly sis
High
A v e ra g e
(A rith m e tic )
Low
F e r r o u s i r o n , m g/1 Fe
1 ,8 3 0
3
740
T o t a l i r o n , mg/ I Fe
2 ,4 0 0
54
950
164
19
85
1 3 ,2 0 0
162
4 ,0 0 0
0
0
0
8 ,8 1 0
1 ,3 9 3
4 ,5 3 0
775
3
317
C a l c iu m , m g/1 Ca
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SO4
A l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
Spec.
c o n d . , pmhos
Alum inum , m g/1 Al
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
A c id ity ,
a/
M edian
(pH)
1 2 ,7 0 0 .
2 .2
174
3 .7
3 ,7 7 0 '
2 . 6- /
-4 4 ta b l e
7
TOTAL AND FERROUS IRON CONCENTRATIONS
FOR JULY 7 , 1970
S am ple . P o i n t
No. —7
T o ta l iro n
m g/1 Fe
F errous iro n
m g/1 Fe
P ercen tag e
ferro u s iro n
I
4
5
6
7
140
91
33
75
940
54
5
0 .1
15
510
39
5 .5
0 .3
20
54
1 ,2 2 0
2 .6
95 '
940
350
180
1 ,3 2 0
1 ,1 2 0
450
84
.4 .8
79
70
87
90
74
89
' 19
M ine num ber
6 -1
7 -2
7-9
13-3 •
1 4 -1
14-1G
2 3 -2
36-2-/
a./
b/
1 ,4 6 0
54
120
1 ,3 4 0
400
200
1 ,7 9 0
1 ,2 6 0
2 ,4 0 0
F o r s a m p le p o i n t l o c a t i o n s , s e e F i g u r e 12
Sam ple t a k e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 400 y a r d s d o w n s tre a m fro m m ine
V-
-4 5 -
A c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f m in e d r a i n a g e a c c o r d i n g t o q u a l i t y h a s b e e n
d e v i s e d b y t h e F e d e r a l W a te r Q u a l i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
On t h e b a s i s o f t h i s
C lass I ,
( s e e T a b l e 8) .
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m , t h e m ine d i s c h a r g e s a r e i n
an d t h e s t r e a m s a r e i n C l a s s 2 , e x c e p t f o r No Name C re e k
(S a m p le P o i n t 7 ) , w h ic h i s C l a s s I .
STREAM SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
S a m p le s o f d e p o s i t s on t h e b a n k o f Sand C o u le e C r e e k and t h e
s t r e a m fro m M ine 1 4 - 1 w e re a n a l y z e d t o d e t e r m i n e , m a j o r m e t a l l i c con­
stitu e n ts.
A summary o f t h e s e a n a l y s e s i s shown i n T a b l e 9.
The sam ples- w e r e t a k e n fro m t h e t o p two i n c h e s o f t h e d e p o s i t .
T o t a l d e p t h o f d e p o s i t s i n t h e a r e a s s a m p le d was fro m o n e - h a l f t o
e ig h t in ch es.
C o l o r s w e r e y e l l o w t o r e d w i t h one a r e a
(Mine 1 4 - 1 ,
s tr e a m b o tto m ) p re d o m in a n tly w h i t e .
The h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f i r o n
alum inum (up t o 1 4 . 1 p e r c e n t )
i n d i c a t e some n e u t r a l i z a t i o n and s e t t l i n g
o f t h e a c i d m in e w a s t e h a d o c c u r r e d .
v
(up t o 1 9 .5 p e r c e n t ) and
-46TABLE 8
MINE DRAINAGE CLASSIFICATIONS (5)
A n a ly s i s
pH
A c id ity ^ /
M g /I (CaCO )
F erro u s iro n
Mg/1
F e rric iro n
Mg/1
Aluminum
Mg/1
S u lfa te
Mg/1
a/
C lass I
A cid
d isch arg es
C lass 2
P a rtia lly
o x id iz e d
a n d /o r
n e u tra liz e d
< 3 .5
3 .5 -6 .5
1 , 0 0 0 - 1 0 , 0 0 0 ' ( - 5 0 ) - 1 ,0 0 0
5 0 0 - 1 0 ,0 0 0
0
0-
100
5 0 0 - 1 0 ,0 0 0
C lass 3
O x i d i z e d and
n e u tra liz e d
a n d /o r
a lk a lin e
C lass 4
N e u tra liz e d
and n o t
o x id iz e d
> 6 .5
> 6 .5
> (0)
(0)
500
0
0 - 1 ,0 0 0
0
0
0 -
0
0
0 -
20
500 - 1 0 , 0 0 0
A n e g a tiv e a c id ity in d ic a te s a lk a l in i ty
5 0 0 - 1 0 ,0 0 0
5 0 - 1 ,0 0 0
5 0 0 - 1 0 ,0 0 0
-4 7 -
TABLE 9
STREAM SEDIMENT ANALYSES
Sam pled S e p te m b e r 1 0 , 1970
-
c/
C o n s t i t u e n t , ppm—
S am ple P o i n t
a/
No. S2"
C a l­
cium
Magne­
siu m
A lu m i­
num
Iron
C opper
M olyb­
denum
S tre a m
bank
750
4 ,0 5 0
1 0 1 ,5 0 0
7 7 ,0 0 0
66
5
S tr e a m
bank
200
2 ,5 8 0
1 5 ,2 0 0
1 8 0 ,0 0 0
12
61
M ine 1 4 - l ^ S t r e a m
bank
50
380
1 3 ,6 5 0
1 9 5 ,0 0 0
12
56
3 ,7 0 0
1 ,9 5 0
1 4 1 ,0 0 0
7 ,0 0 0
68
25
No. 7
M ine 1 4 - 1
S tream
b o tto m
a/
—' F o r l o c a t i o n , s e e F i g u r e 11
. £
—^ F o r l o c a t i o n , s e e F i g u r e 4
—c / ppm e q u a l s p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n , 1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm e q u a l s I p e r c e n t
CHAPTER V III
WASTE QUANTITIES
ACID WASTE QUANTITIES
4;
The q u a n t i t y o f a c i d w a s t e s p r o d u c e d by a m in e i s d e p e n d e n t on
t h e q u a n t i t y o f t h e w a t e r f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e m ine and t h e s u r f a c e a r e a
o f t h e o x i d i z i n g p y r i t e s w i t h i n t h e m in e .
I n t h e c a s e o f s m a l l m ines
w i t h l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f f l o w i n g w a t e r , m o st o f t h e a c i d p r o d u c e d i s
w ashed o u t as i t i s p ro d u c e d .
An i n c r e a s e i n flo w w o u ld t h e n d i l u t e
t h e a c i d p r o d u c e d , a l t h o u g h t h e t o t a l q u a n t i t y o f a c i d p r o d u c e d may n o t
s u b s t a n t i a l l y change.
H o w e v er, a l a r g e r m in e w i t h a s m a l l e r flo w may
a c cu m u la te th e a c id s a l t s
produced, l a t e r to be flu s h e d o u t w ith la r g e r
flo w s, th ere b y m a in ta in in g or in c r e a s in g a c id ic le v e ls in th e d is c h a rg e .
M ine d i s c h a r g e f l o w r a t e s w i t h c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c i d i t y m e a s u re m e n ts
a r e shown i n F i g u r e 14 .
C u rv e s f o r M ines 7 - 2 , 1 4 - 1 , an d 2 3 - 6 show a
s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n t o t a l a c i d i t y w i t h i n c r e a s i n g f lo w r a t e s , w h e r e a s
c u r v e s f o r M ines 6 - 1 an d 1 3 -3 show a d e c r e a s e .
n o t e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e l a r g e r m in e s
I t is
i n t e r e s t i n g to
( 7 - 2 , 1 4 - 1 , 2 3 - 6 ) , p r o d u c e d more
a c i d w i t h i n c r e a s e d f lo w w h i l e t h e s m a l l e r m in e s p r o d u c e d l e s s t o t a l
a c id w ith i n c r e a s e d flo w .
A d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e m e n ts w o u ld b e r e q u i r e d t o
v e r i f y t h e t r e n d s i n d i c a t e d by t h e s e few d a t a p o i n t s .
. On S e p te m b e r 6 , 1 9 6 9 , i r o n , a c i d i t y ,
- ...
o b t a i n e d for- -the n i n e d i s c h a r g i n g m i n e s .
and flo w m e a s u r e m e n ts w e r e
B a se d on t h e s e m e a s u r e m e n ts ,
-4 9 -
Symbol
Mine no.
•
6 -I
O
7-2
&
13-3
8000
14 - I
23-6
Acidity, mg /I as Ca CO
6000
4000
2000
Mine d i s c h a r g e flow, gpm
FIGURE 14.
MINE DISCHARGE FLOW RATE AND ACIDITY RELATIONSHIP
—5 0 —
w a s t e l o a d s w e r e computed, f o r t h e s e m in e s and S a m p le P o i n t No. I
( d o w n s tr e a m f ro m a l l known a c i d c o n t r i b u t i o n ) .
The r e s u l t s a r e shown
i n T a b l e 10 .
The com puted t o t a l w a s t e l o a d as i r o n , fro m a l l n i n e d i s c h a r g e s ,
w as 6 , 6 4 3 p o u n d s p e r . day a s c o m pared w i t h 5 ,6 5 0 p o u n d s p e r day u s i n g
t h e m e a s u r e m e n ts fro m S am ple P o i n t No. I .
Some p r e c i p i t a t i o n and d e ­
p o s i t o f i r o n .p r o b a b l y o c c u r r e d b e tw e e n t h e m in e d i s c h a r g e s and t h e
d o w n s tre a m s a m p le p o i n t , p o s s i b l y e x p l a i n i n g t h e d e c r e a s e .
t o t a l w a s te lo a d in term s o f a c i d i t y
m i n e s , was 2 5 ,4 2 0 p o u n d s p e r d a y .
The com puted
as CaCOg fro m a l l d i s c h a r g i n g
The com puted a c i d l o a d was 2 6 ,8 0 0
p o u n d s p e r day a t S am ple P o i n t No. I .
The d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e s e two
q u a n t i t i e s was c o n s i d e r e d n e g l i g i b l e .
The
i n d i v i d u a l w a s t e l o a d s fro m
e a c h m ine was com puted and a d d e d
a c co rd in g
t o t h e s t r e a m i n w h ic h t h e y
d isc h a rg ed
seen th a t
o v e r 75 p e r c e n t o f t h e a c i d
lo ad i s
S i n c e t h e w a s t e f l o w s f ro m
a t sim ila r ra te s
(T a b le 1 1 ).
i t can b e
c a r r i e d by No-Name C r e e k .
i n d i v i d u a l m in e s i n c r e a s e a n d d e c r e a s e
( s e e F i g u r e 1 0 ) , an d t h e a c i d i t y o f e a c h o f t h e s e
flo w s v a r i e s o n ly s l i g h t l y , th e r e l a t i v e a c i d i c c o n t r i b u t i o n o f each
. t r i b u t a r y i s e x p e c t e d t o r e m a in a b o u t t h e s a m e .
-51TABLE 10
IRON AND ACID WASTE LOADS FROM INDIVIDUAL MINES
S e p te m b e r 6 , 19-69
W a ste l o a d , p o u n d s p e r day
M ine Number
T o ta l iro n
(Fe)
A c i d i t y (CaCOg)
F lo w , gpm
6-1
570
1 ,9 7 0
25
7-2
35
630
60
1 3 -3
700
3,460
45
1.4-1
165
1 ,4 1 0
55
14-1G
540
1 ,6 2 0
300
23-2 .
860
3 ,7 0 0
40
23-5
920
2 ,9 5 0
45
2 3 -6
2 ,4 4 0
8 ,6 5 0
160
36-2
400
2,280
15
6 ,6 3 0
2 6 ,6 7 0
745
S u b to ta l
C o n t r i b u t i o n a t S am ple P o i n t 3 (S and C o u le e C re e k )
13
TOTAL
Sam ple P o i n t I
(S a n d C o u le e C r e e k )
—
a/
-1 ,2 5 0 -
700
. 6,643
2 5 ,4 2 0
1 ,4 4 5
5 ,6 5 0
2 6 ,8 0 0
1 ,5 0 0 ^ /
N e g a tiv e a c i d i t y e q u a ls a l k a l i n i t y
—/ S a n d ' C o u le e C r e e k a v e r a g e f l o w , S e p te m b e r 6 , 1969
■
-5 2 -
TABLE 11
ACID CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SAND COULEE
CREEK TRIBUTARIES
T rib u ta ry
M ines
c o n trib u tin g
131423 -2
2 3 -5
2 3 -6
No-Name C re e k
T o tal
C o tto n w o o d C re e k
T o tal
D i r e c t l y t o Sand
C o u le e C re e k
3 ,4 6 0
1 ,4 1 0
3 ,7 0 0
2 ,9 5 0
8 ,6 0 0
2 0 ,1 7 0
6-1
36-2
F i v e M ile C re e k
T o tal
3
1
A c id ity lo a d ,
pounds p e r day
a s CaCO^
14-1G
7 -2
P o rtio n
of t o t a l ,
percen t
I Z .* ?
1 3 *
IM
JiZ , I
7 5 .5
1 ,9 7 0
2 ,2 8 0
4 ,2 5 0
1 6 .0
1 ,6 2 0
6 .1
630
2 .4
( O v r b e C s )
CHAPTER IX
ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION
ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY
LITERATURE SEARCH
The l i t e r a t u r e d e a l i n g w i t h a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e i s e x t e n s i v e .
More t h a n 1 ,3 0 0 p u b l i c a t i o n s
and r e p o r t s h a v e b e e n p r o d u c e d s i n c e 1910
w h ic h d e a l w i t h t h e c a u s e s , e f f e c t s , and t r e a t m e n t m e th o d s o f a c i d m in e
d r a in a g e ( 22) .
R esearch e f f o r t s
i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a v e p r o v i d e d new i n s i g h t s i n t o
t h e m ec h a n ism s o f a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e f o r m a t i o n ( 3 , 6 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 2 5 ) .
L a b o r a t o r y a n d f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e h e l p e d d e f i n e t r e a t m e n t m e th ­
ods and c o s t s
( 4 , 5 , 2 6 , 2 7 , 2 8 , 2.9, 3 0 , 3 1 , 3 2 , 33 , 3 4 ) .
The m ost
c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e p o r t f o u n d d u r i n g t h e l i t e r a t u r e s e a r c h was e n t i t l e d
" A c id M ine D r a i n a g e i n A p p a l a c h i a " , b y t h e A p p a l a c h i a n R e g i o n a l Com­
m is s io n
(26).
T h is r e p o r t , p u b lis h e d i n 1969, in c lu d e s c o n s id e r a tio n
o f t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l , e c o l o g i c a l * and e c o n o m ic a s p e c t s o f t h e a c i d
m in e d r a i n a g e p r o b le m .
ABATEMENT METHODS
An a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e a b a te m e n t m eth o d can b e p l a c e d i n one o f
two g e n e r a l c a t e g o r i e s :
p rev e n tio n or tre a tm e n t.
The p r e v e n t i o n c a t e ­
g o ry i n c l u d e s t h o s e m e th o d s w h ic h r e d u c e o r s t o p t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a c i d
...
■
m ine d r a i n a g e .
M ethods u s e d t o m o d ify o r im p ro v e t h e p h y s i c a l o r
-5 4 -
c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e w o u ld b e i n t h e
tre a tm e n t c a te g o ry .
A lso in c lu d e d u n d er th e tr e a tm e n t c a te g o ry a re
t h o s e m e th o d s w h ic h w o u ld p r o v i d e d i s p o s a l o f t h e w a s t e s p r o d u c e d
d u rin g tr e a tm e n t.
The m e th o d s c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e some p o t e n t i a l f o r a b a t e m e n t o f
a c i d m in e d r a i n a g e a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 1 2 .
M ost o f t h e s e m eth o d s h a v e
b e e n t e s t e d by o t h e r s i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y o r i n t h e f i e l d .
e x c e p t i o n o f n e u t r a l i z a t i o n and s t r e a m f lo w r e g u l a t i o n
W ith t h e
(d ilu tio n ),
n o n e o f t h e m e th o d s l i s t e d a r e u s e d t o any g r e a t e x t e n t a t t h e p r e s e n t
tim e .
ABATEMENT METHODS CONSIDERED FOR SAND
COULEE, CREEK AREA
D u r i n g e a r l y s t a g e s o f t h i s s t u d y , t h e a b a t e m e n t 'm e t h o d s a b o v e
w e re c o n s i d e r e d w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e i r a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o t h e p r o b le m i n
t h e Sand C o u le e C r e e k a r e a .
Due t o t h e n a t u r a l l i m e s t o n e d e p o s i t s i n
t h e a r e a , t h e n e u t r a l i z a t i o n m ethod a p p e a r e d t o h a v e t h e h i g h e s t
p o t e n t i a l o f th e tre a tm e n t m eth o d s.
As m o st o f t h e d i s c h a r g i n g m in e s
w e r e l o c a t e d i n c o u l e e s w i t h s t e e p s l o p e s , t h e m ine f l o o d i n g m e t h o d ,
u s i n g dam s, was c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h e b e s t s u i t e d o f t h e p r e v e n t i o n
m eth o d s.
The o t h e r a b a t e m e n t m e th o d s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e l e s s s u i t e d
because th e p h y s ic a l c h a r a c te r is t ic s
m in e d a r e a )
(i.e.,
lo c a tio n , s lo p e , e x te n t of
o f t h e m in e s a r e unknow n, and a c c e s s t o a c i d p r o d u c i n g
-5 5 -
TABLE 12
ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT METHODS
C ateg o ry
M ethod'
P rev en tio n
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
T reatm en t
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12 .
13 .
14.
I n e r t gas b la n k e tin g
G r o u t i n g and s e a l i n g
In te rn a l sealin g
Mine e n t r y s e a l i n g
M ine f l o o d i n g
S urface w ater d iv e rsio n
S te riliz a tio n .
M ic ro b io lo g ic a l c o n tro l
R e v e r s e o s m o s is
Ion exchange
E le c tro d ia ly sis
E v a p o ra tio n
N e u tra liz a tio n
S tr e a m f lo w r e g u l a t i o n and impoundment
P erm an g en ate i r o n rem oval
Ozone i r o n r e m o v a l
S u l f i d e i r o n rem oval
M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l i r o n and s u l f u r re m o v a l
D is p o s a l i n deep w e lls
D i s p o s a l i n a b a n d o n e d m in e s
D i s p o s a l i n s tr e a m s , a t h i g h w a t e r s t a g e
R e c l a m a t i o n ( t o p s o i l and s e e d )
-5 6 -
s u r f a c e s w i t h i n t h e m in e s i s l i m i t e d by c a v i n g .
On t h e b a s i s o f t h e s t u d y o f t h e m eth o d s l i s t e d
i n T a b l e 12,
n e u t r a l i z a t i o n and m ine f l o o d i n g m e th o d s w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r l a b o r a t o r y
s t u d i e s .V
V 1' - .
CHAPTER X
LABORATORY STUDIES OF SELECTED
ABATEMENT METHODS
The l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e s e c t i o n s f o l l o w i n g w e re
u n d e r t a k e n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f two s e l e c t e d a b a te m e n t
m e th o d s ':
n e u t r a l i z a t i o n and m in e f l o o d i n g .
In clu d ed in th e n e u tr a li z a t i o n s tu d ie s a re t i t r a t i o n
t e s t s u sin g
s o d iu m h y d r o x i d e and h y d r a t e d l i m e ; b a t c h t e s t s u s i n g h y d r a t e d l i m e
and l i m e s t o n e
( f r o m t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k a r e a ) , and c o n t i n u o u s t e s t s
u s i n g l i m e s t o n e , c h i p s i n a r e v o l v i n g drum .
F o r t h e m o st p a r t , n e u t r a l i z a t i o n t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g a c i d
w a s t e fro m M ine 2 3 - 6 .
The. c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h i s a c i d w a s t e w e r e ‘c l o s e ’
to th e av erag e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
stu d y a re a
o f t h e m ine w a s t e s e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e
( s e e T a b l e 6) .
S i n c e t h e n e u t r a l i z a t i o n a b a t e m e n t m ethod u s u a l l y i n c l u d e s p r o ­
v i s i o n s f o r p r e c i p i t a t e rem o v a l, s e t t l i n g
t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d on t h e
n e u t r a l i z e d m in e w a t e r fro m t h e b a t c h t e s t s .
The s e t t l e d e f f l u e n t s
w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r q u a l i t y im p ro v e m e n t.
MINE FLOODING SIMULATION TEST
The p u r p o s e o f t h i s t e s t was t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c h a n g e i n a c i d
w a s t e p r o d u c t i o n t h a t c o u l d b e e x p e c t e d i f a m ine p r o d u c i n g a c i d w a s t e
was f l o o d e d t o s u b m e rg e a l l e x p o s e d i r o n s u l f i d e s .
-5 8 F e e d w a t e r was f i r s t t r i c k l e d o v e r a column o f c o a l and i r o n
s u lf id e s to produce a f r e e d ra in in g a c id ic e f f l u e n t .
of th is
At t h e c o n c l u s i o n
t e s t , t h e colum n o f c o a l was s u b m e rg e d by f e e d w a t e r c o n t a i n i n g
1 .8 to 3 .1 m illig ra m s p e r l i t e r d is s o lv e d oxygen.
The e f f l u e n t from
t h e colum n was m o n i t o r e d d a i l y t o d e t e r m i n e q u a l i t y c h a n g e s .
A p p a r a t u s an d P r o c e d u r e .
c o n s is te d of a p l a s t i c
The a p p a r a t u s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 15
c y lin d e r,
3 .7 5 i n c h e s i n s i d e d i a m e t e r and 24
i n c h e s h i g h , f i l l e d w i t h 2 ,8 0 0 gm o f h a l f - i n c h n o m in a l s i z e c o a l .
Two
h u n d r e d e i g h t y gram s o f h a l f - i n c h n o m in a l s i z e s u l f i d e p a r t i c l e s w e r e
r a n d o m ly d i s t r i b u t e d t h r o u g h t h e c o a l .
B o th t h e c o a l and s u l f i d e s w e r e
s a m p le d fro m M ine 14-1G.
The f e e d w a t e r was s u p p l i e d t h r o u g h a s i p h o n t o a d e v i c e t o p r o ­
v id e d i s t r i b u t i o n over th e s u rfa c e of th e c o a l.
o f a p l a s t i c c y li n d e r f i l l e d w ith p l a s t i c ch ip s
T h is d e v ic e c o n s is t e d
(3 /8 " X 1 /2 " X 1 /8 ")
a n d h a d a p l a s t i c b o t t o m w i t h 18 h o l e s e a c h 3 /1 6 i n c h i n d i a m e t e r .
In
e a c h h o l e was p l a c e d a t e e - s h a p e d p i e c e o f p l a s t i c w i t h t h e l e g o f t h e
t e e e x t e n d i n g down t h r o u g h t h e h o l e t o a p o i n t a b o u t 3S - i n c h above t h e
coal bed.
A i r was pumped t o t h e b o t t o m o f t h e c y l i n d e r and t h e f e e d s t o r a g e
b o t t l e to e n s u re a e r o b ic c o n d itio n s th ro u g h o u t th e sy ste m .
The, c o a l
column was p l a c e d i n a r e f r i g e r a t o r w i t h a c o n t r o l l e d t e m p e r a t u r e o f
6 t o 10 d e g r e e s C e n t i g r a d e .
Aluminum f o i l was w r a p p e d a r o u n d t h e
colum n t o m i n i m i z e l i g h t e f f e c t s .
-59-
Feed r i p h on
Feed solut ion
Air d i f fus er
Control valve
Scale
Cool and iron
sulf ides
Cotton f ilter
A l umi num foil
cover
P l a s t i c column
Air compressor
Cooler enc l os ur e
E f f l u e n t to sample bottles
SCHEMATIC
FIGURE 15 .
DI AGRAM
MINE FLOODING SIMULATION TEST - FREE DRAINING CONDITION
—
60 —
The s o l u t i o n f e e d was w e ig h e d a t s u i t a b l e i n t e r v a l s a s a ch e ck
on t h e s a m p l e v o lu m e s and p r o v i d e d a means t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f e e d r a t e .
The f e e d r a t e t o t h e c o a l column was r e g u l a t e d t o m a i n t a i n a flo w o f
0 .5 to 1 .0 l i t e r s p e r day.
U s in g h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d , t h e f e e d s o l u t i o n
pH was a d j u s t e d t o 3 . 8 . .A n a n a l y s i s o f t h e s o l u t i o n f e e d w a t e r
pH a d j u s t m e n t )
(before
i s shown i n A p p e n d ix C, T a b l e 2 8 , Sam ple No. 34.
To p r o v i d e b a c t e r i a ,
t h e c o a l column was i n n o c u l a t e d w i t h 200 ml
o f a c i d w a t e r fro m M ine 2 3 - 6 .
A h . a u t o t r o p h i c medium f o r a c i d u r i c s p e c i e s
o f thiobaoillus (3 6 ) was i n n o c u l a t e d w i t h p a r t o f t h i s s a m p l e t o t e s t
f o r p re s e n c e of a c id u r ic o rg an ism s.
The e f f l u e n t s a m p l e s o b t a i n e d w e re
a n a ly z e d , f o r i r o n and pH.
F o r t h e f l o o d e d c o n d i t i o n , t h e a p p a r a t u s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e was m o d i­
f i e d t o s u b m e r g e t h e c o a l and i r o n s u l f i d e s
p la stic
te st.
c y lin d e r,
16).
The same
c o a l , and s u l f i d e s w e r e u s e d f o r t h i s p a r t o f t h e
The s o l u t i o n w a t e r was i n i t i a l l y
d isso lv e d g ases.
(see F ig .
h e l d u n d e r vacuum t o remove
H e liu m was t h e n s u p p l i e d t o t h e s o l u t i o n f e e d b o t t l e
a n d t h e t o p o f t h e c o a l column t o m i n i m i z e t h e e n t r a n c e o f a i r .
' S o l­
u t i o n w a t e r was f e d a t t h e same r a t e u s e d w i t h t h e f r e e d r a i n i n g c o n ­
d itio n
( 0 .5 to 1 .0 l i t e r s
p e r day).
The e f f l u e n t l i n e was r a i s f e d t o . p r o v i d e c o n s t a n t s u b m e rg e n c e o f
th e c o a l.
A t e e open t o a t m o s p h e r e was i n s t a l l e d a t t h e h i g h p o i n t i n
t h i s l i n e to p re v e n t sip h o n in g .
Random d i s s o l v e d oxy g en m e a s u r e m e n ts
w e r e made on t h e w a t e r a b o v e t h e c o a l a n d t h e e f f l u e n t s a m p l e s .
—6 1 -
Feed siphon
Helium
Feed solution
Control valve
Pla stic hood
Open tee
//////////////,
Helium
Effluent to
sa mpl e bottles
Coal a nd iron
sulfides
A l umi nu m foil
cover
Plast ic column
Cooler enclosure
SCHEMATIC
FIGURE 16.
DIAGRAM
MINE FLOODING SIMULATION TEST - FLOODED CONDITION
Helium
supply
-6 2 -
R e s u l t s and D i s c u s s i o n .
The t e s t was r u n f o r 42 d a y s i n t h e
f r e e d r a i n i n g c o n d i t i o n and 15 d a y s i n t h e f l o o d e d c o n d i t i o n . ' The
a v e r a g e f e e d w a t e r f lo w r a t e was 0 . 5 2 l i t e r s p e r day w i t h a r a n g e o f
0 .1 to 1 .1 l i t e r s p e r day.
T e m p e r a t u r e was h e l d b e tw e e n 4 and IO0C
and a v e r a g e d 7°C.
The pH and i r o n m e a s u r e m e n ts o f t h e e f f l u e n t f o r b o t h t h e f r e e
d r a i n i n g an d f l o o d e d c o n d i t i o n s a r e su m m a riz e d i n T a b l e 13.
It
can b e
s e e n t h a t t h e e f f l u e n t pH f o r b o t h t e s t c o n d i t i o n s was l e s s t h a n t h e
f e e d w a t e r , and b o t h h a d g r e a t e r i r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .
U nder t h e f r e e
d ra in in g c o n d itio n , th e e f f lu e n t w a te r had th e l e a s t d e s ir a b le q u a li ti e s
( l o w e r pH an d h i g h e r i r o n ) , a s m ig h t b e e x p e c t e d due t o t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d
a c c e s s t o oxygen b y t h e o x i d i z i n g s u r f a c e s arid b a c t e r i a .
The f l o o d e d c o n d i t i o n , w h i l e r e s t r i c t i n g a c c e s s t o a t m o s p h e r i c
o x y g e n , was n o t an a n e r o b i c s y s t e m , as i n d i c a t e d by t h e d i s s o l v e d o x y ­
gen m e a s u r e m e n ts t a k e n on t h e w a t e r j u s t a b o v e t h e c o a l .
Three m easure­
m e n ts w e r e t a k e n on s e p a r a t e d a y s an d a lw a y s i n d i c a t e d a d i s s o l v e d
oxy g en c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a t l e a s t 1 . 8 m g /1 .
under th is
su lts
The p r e s e n c e o f f r e e oxygen
c o n d itio n p rec lu d es th e p o s s i b i l i t y
of u sin g th e s e t e s t r e ­
a s a b a s i s f o r c o n c l u d i n g t h a t f l o o d i n g a m ine w i l l p r o h i b i t t h e
fo rm a tio n of a c id w a s te .
H o w e v e r, t h e s e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e . a r e l a t i o n ­
s h i p e x i s t s b e tw e e n o x ygen a v a i l a b i l i t y t o t h e i r o n s u l f i d e s and t h e
p ro d u c tio n r a t e of a c id w a s te .
T h is a g re e s w ith th e c o n c lu s io n s
a r r i v e d a t by o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s who h a v e shown t h a t t h e d i s s o l u t i o n
TABLE 13
MINE FLOODING SIMULATION TEST
RESULT SUMMARY
A n a ly sis
pH ,M edian
Range
T o t a l i r o n , mg/ I
A verage
Range
F e r r o u s i r o n , m g/1
A v e ra g e
Range
Feed w a te r
Free d ra in in g
c o n d itio n
e fflu e n t
F lo o d e d
c o n d itio n
efflu en t
3 .8
3 .5 -3 .9
. 2 .4
2 .2 -3 .3
3 .3 ■
2 .7 -3 .5
0 .1
“
1 1 .5
4 .1 -5 5 .0
5 .6
4 .2 -5 3 .0
7 .8
3 .0 -2 3 .
3 .1
2 .1 -4 .3
0
—
—6 4—
of s u lf id e m a te ria ls
c o n d itio n s
(p y rite )
i s m a r k e d ly i n c r e a s e d u n d e r a e r o b i c
(6) .
NEUTRALIZATION TESTS
T itra tio n s.
The p u r p o s e o f t h e t i t r a t i o n
t e s t s was t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e e f f e c t s on pH c h a n g e s o f two d i f f e r e n t n e u t r a l i z i n g a g e n t s
(so d iu m
h y d r o x i d e a n d c a l c i u m h y d r o x i d e ) d u r i n g n e u t r a l i z a t i o n o f a c i d m ine
d rain ag e.
I n a d d i t i o n , c o n s i d e r a t i o n was g i v e n t o e f f e c t s o f r a p i d
o x id a tio n d u rin g t i t r a t i o n .
T i t r a t i o n s w e r e p e r f o r m e d on 300-m l s a m p le s w i t h s t i r r i n g
v id e d by a m a g n e tic m ix e r.
The s o d iu m h y d r o x i d e and c a l c i u m h y d r o x i d e
t i t r a n t s o l u t i o n s w e r e I N and 0 . 0 5 N r e s p e c t i v e l y .
o f t h e c a lc iu m h y d ro x id e s o l u t i o n
u sed t o m in im ize s e t t l i n g
pro­
The low n o r m a l i t y
( n e a r t h e l i m i t o f s o l u b i l i t y ) was
of u n d is s o lv e d c a lc iu m h y d r o x id e d u rin g
titra tio n .
To p r o v i d e r a p i d o x i d a t i o n o f t h e f e r r o u s i r o n , two o f t h e t e s t s
w e re p e r f o r m e d w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e
(30 p e r c e n t )
and
w e re b o i l e d 5 m i n u t e s b e f o r e t i t r a t i o n b e g a n .
D u r in g p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s ,
i t was n o t e d t h a t t h e pH o f t h e s a m p le
b e i n g t i t r a t e d w o u ld s o m e tim e s s l o w l y d e c r e a s e a f t e r a d d i n g t i t r a n t .
T h i s was p r o b a b l y c a u s e d by o x i d a t i o n o f f e r r o u s i r o n a n d s u b s e q u e n t
r e l e a s e o f m in e r a l a c i d i t y d u rin g t i t r a t i o n .
m o d ifie d to a c c o u n t f o r t h i s
The p r o c e d u r e was t h e n
e f f e c t by a d d in g t i t r a n t o n l y a f t e r no
-6 5 -
d i s c e r n a b l e c h a n g e i n pH o c c u r r e d f o r 10 s e c o n d s .
The r e s u l t s
of th e t i t r a t i o n
te sts
f o r a c i d w a s t e fro m Mine
7 -2 u s i n g c a l c i u m h y d r o x i d e and s o d iu m h y d r o x i d e a r e shown i n F i g u r e
17 .
The s a m p le h a d an a c i d i t y o f 825 m g/1 as CaCOg u s i n g t h e c a lc iu m
h y d r o x i d e c u r v e an d an e n d p o i n t pH o f 8 . 3 .
The s o d iu m h y d r o x i d e
c u r v e i n d i c a t e s an a c i d i t y o f 885 m g/1 as CaCO3 .
The t i t r a t i o n s
o f Mine 2 3 -6 a c i d w a t e r , shown i n F i g u r e 1 8 ,
i n c l u d e t h e c u r v e s o b t a i n e d a f t e r 0 . 5 ml and 1 . 0 ml o f h y d r o g e n
p ero x id e
(30 p e r c e n t s o l u t i o n ) w e r e a d d e d .
The a c i d i t y d e t e r m i n e d
fro m t h e s e c u r v e s f o r Mine 2 3 -6 i s b e t w e e n 4 ,5 0 0 and 4 ,8 5 0 m g/1 as
CaCO3 .
The d e f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s i n pH l e v e l s w i t h e q u i v a l e n t am ounts o f
d i f f e r e n t c h e m i c a l s i n i d e n t i c a l s a m p l e s can b e e x p l a i n e d i n p a r t by
th e presence of ferro u s iro n .
th is
As d i s c u s s e d i n p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n s o f
r e p o r t , th e o x id a tio n of f e r r o u s ir o n r e s u l t s i n th e fo rm a tio n of
s u lf u r ic a c id .
As t h e pH o f t h e s a m p le i s i n c r e a s e d ,
o x id a tio n r a te in c re a s e s
fe rro u s iro n
( a t e n f o l d i n c r e a s e i n r a t e f o r e a c h u n i t pH
i n c r e a s e , a b o v e pH 4 . 0 ) , c o n t i n u i n g t o r e l e a s e a c i d u n t i l t h e f e r r o u s
iro n has been d e p le te d
(3 ).
'I f
a d e q u a te o x id a tio n i s p r o v id e d , th e
a c i d i t y m e a s u r e m e n ts s h o u l d b e t h e sa m e , i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e t i t r a n t
c h em ical.
T he b u f f e r i n g e f f e c t a s shown on t h e t i t r a t i o n
c u r v e s by a g e n t l e
s l o p e h a s b e e n shown f o r o t h e r a c i d m in e w a s t e s i n W est V i r g i n i a t o b e
- 6 6 -
MI NE NO. 7 - 2
S a m p l e no.57
2.0 — Q'
Q
Ca(OH)2 Titrant
O
NaOH
Total tit r a n t , me/I
FIGURE 17.
TITRATION CURVES FOR ACID DRAINAGE FROM MINE 7-2
Titrant
- 6 7-
12 r
Raw s a m p l e :
Mine 2 3 - 6
Total Iron = 1260 mg/I
IO -
F e r r o u s Iron = 1120 m g / I
ph
= 2. 9
I
o.
/f
M
Symbol Titront Temperature
°
NoOH
25° C
+
CoOH2
25° C
O
NaOH
-SO0C
(withO.5 ml
H2O2 )
X
NaOH
( w i t h 1.0 ml
H2O2 )
50
75
100
T i t r a n t per I i t e r of s a m p l e , me/I
FIGURE 18,
TITRATION CURVES FOR ACID DRAINAGE FROM MINE 2 3 -6
~ 90° C
—6 8 —
c a u s e d p r i m a r i l y by t h e f o r m a t i o n o f f e r r i c h y d r o x i d e ( 3 7 ) .
The v a r i a t i o n i n a c i d i t y m e a s u r e m e n ts d e s c r i b e d a b o v e p o i n t t o
th e need f o r a d d itio n a l t e s t i n g to e s ta b l is h a s ta n d a rd iz e d procedure
w h ic h w o u ld p r o v i d e r e p r o d u c i b l e r e s u l t s .
B atch T e s t s .
The p u r p o s e o f t h e b a t c h t e s t s was t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e c h a n g e i n pH a n d f e r r o u s i r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h t i m e a s a f f e c t e d
b y a e r a t i o n and t h e a d d i t i o n o f l i m e o r l i m e s t o n e as n e u t r a l i z i n g
c h em icals.
A l l b a t c h t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g a c i d w a s t e fro m Mine 2 3 - 6 .
T w o - l i t e r s a m p le s w e r e p l a c e d i n e a c h o f f o u r j a r s .
r e f r i g e r a t e d u n t i l t e s t s w ere s t a r t e d .
The t e s t w a t e r was
A s t o i c h i o m e t r i c dose of
r e a g e n t g r a d e , p o w d e re d l i m e was p r e p a r e d f o r two o f t h e j a r s
s i m i l a r d o s e o f l i m e s t o n e , f o r t h e o t h e r two j a r s .
and a
The l i m e s t o n e ,
c o n t a i n i n g 8 5 . 3 p e r c e n t CaCO3 , was g r o u n d s o t h a t 100 p e r c e n t p a s s e d
t h e No. 100 s c r e e n a n d 100 p e r c e n t was r e t a i n e d on t h e No. 200 s c r e e n .
One j a r f o r e a c h o f t h e c h e m i c a l s u s e d was e q u ip p e d w i t h a f r i t t e d
g l a s s d i f f u s e r d e l i v e r i n g a i r a t 2 ,5 0 0 m i l l i l i t e r s
p e r m in u te .
The
c o n t e n t s o f a l l j a r s w e r e m ixed u s i n g a j a r t e s t a p p a r a t u s s e t a t 100
rpm.
S a m p le s w e r e t a k e n a t f r e q u e n t t i m e i n t e r v a l s
f o r t o t a l and
f e r r o u s i r o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s , w i t h s i m u l t a n e o u s pH m e a s u r e m e n ts .
C u rv e s i n d i c a t i n g t h e c h a n g e i n pH and f e r r o u s i r o n w i t h tim e
a f t e r a d d i t i o n o f c h e m i c a l s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e s 19 and 20 f o r
l i m e and l i m e s t o n e r e s p e c t i v e l y .
It
can b e s e e n t h a t l im e i n c r e a s e d
7
6
T
IOOOr
- -
5 --
I
CL
O'
VO
I
4 --
3 --
60
90
T im e , minutes
FIGURE 19.
NEUTRALIZATION TESTS USING LIME
120
150
180
I
O
I
FIGURE 20.
NEUTRALIZATION BATCH TESTS USING LIMESTONE
-71-
t h e pH and d e c r e a s e d t h e f e r r o u s i r o n a t a h i g h e r r a t e t h a n d i d t h e
lim e sto n e .
A e r a t i o n p r o v i d e d a d e f i n i t e a d v a n t a g e f o r t h e lim e t e s t
i n d e c r e a s i n g t h e f e r r o u s i r o n , b u t h a d o n ly a s l i g h t e f f e c t d u r i n g
th e lim esto n e t e s t .
The r e l a t i v e l y s lo w r e a c t i o n w i t h l i m e s t o n e c o u l d b e e x p l a i n e d
by t h e l a r g e r g r a i n s i z e t e s t e d and i t s
lo w e r s o l u b i l i t y .
I t is
r e c o g n i z e d t h a t a s m a l l e r l i m e s t o n e g r a i n s i z e w o u ld h a v e p r o d u c e d
b e tte r n e u tra liz in g
c h a ra c te ristic s.
Some p a r t i c l e s
of lim esto n e
a p p e a r e d t o b e c o a t e d w i t h r e d p r e c i p i t a t e , w h ic h w o u ld d e c r e a s e i t s
re a c tiv ity .
in le s s
The r e a c t i o n r a t e i n b o t h c a s e s s u b s t a n t i a l l y d e c r e a s e d
t h a n 15 m i n u t e s a f t e r c h e m i c a l a d d i t i o n .
L im e , u n d e r t h e s e t e s t c o n d i t i o n s , u n q u e s t i o n a b l y p r o v i d e d more
n e a r l y co m p lete n e u t r a l i z a t i o n .
C o n tin u o u s T e s ts u s in g L im e s to n e .
fo rm e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y
C ontinuous t e s t s w ere p e r ­
o f a r e v o l v i n g drum c o n t a i n i n g
l i m e s t o n e c h i p s as a m eth o d o f n e u t r a l i z i n g a c i d m ine w a s t e s .
The r e v o l v i n g drum was c o n s t r u c t e d fro m a p l a s t i c c y l i n d e r ( s e e
F ig u re 21).
The h o r i z o n t a l drum was r o t a t e d on an a x l e o f h a l f - i n c h
g l a s s . t u b i n g and d r i v e n w i t h a v a r i a b l e s p e e d e l e c t r i c m o t o r .
A sin g le
h o l e was b lo w n i n t h e w a l l o f t h e a x l e and was l o c a t e d i n s i d e t h e drum.
The drum was p e r f o r a t e d on a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - i n c h c e n t e r s .
S tiff
p l a s t i c s t r i p s w ere p la c e d in o n e -h a lf of th e s e h o le s p ro tr u d in g i n s id e
t h e drum t o p r e v e n t t h e l i m e s t o n e fro m s l i d i n g i n s i d e t h e drum.
-7 2 p H el ectrode
S t r i p char t
recorder
P l a s t i c str ip
Con t o iner
Reservoir
L im es tone
pH me t er
T reoted
water
Feed d i s c h a r g e
Container
Variable s p e e d
drive
/
Z
Grease
s eal
Re se r v o i r
'(I gallon con)
Li m estone
chips
SECTION
A-A
30 gallon
drum, acid
water
Sigmomotor pump
SCHEMATIC
FIGURE 21 .
DI AGRAM
CONTINUOUS LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION TEST APPARATUS
—7 3 —
T e s t w a t e r was f e d t h r o u g h a s m a l l g l a s s t u b e s e t I n s i d e t h e
a x le .
The drum c o n t a i n i n g t h e l i m e s t o n e was r o t a t e d o n e - h a l f s u b ­
m e rg e d i n a r e s e r v o i r .
A sh arp c r e s te d r e c ta n g u la r w e ir c o n tr o lle d
th e w a te r le v e l in th e r e s e r v o ir .
A fte r d isc h a rg in g over th e w e ir,
t h e t r e a t e d w a t e r was c o l l e c t e d i n a sump f o r pH m e a s u r e m e n t i
lim e s to n e u se d c o n ta in e d ab o u t 8 5 .3 p e r c e n t c a lc iu m c a r b o n a te .
The
A ll
t e s t s w e re p e r f o r m e d u s i n g w a t e r fro m Mine 2 3 - 6 .
The f o u r c o n d i t i o n s t e s t e d a r e l i s t e d
th e r e s u l t s .
i n F i g u r e 22.
in T a b le 14, a lo n g w ith
The pH m e a s u r e m e n ts r e c o r d e d d u r i n g e a c h t e s t a r e shown
It
c a n b e s e e n fro m F i g u r e 21 t h a t T e s t N os. I and 4
p r o d u c e d an e f f l u e n t w i t h a pH o f 4 . 6 and 4 . 3 r e s p e c t i v e l y , w h e r e a s
T e s t N os. 2 an d 3 p r o d u c e d o n ly a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n e f f l u e n t pH.
The
e f f l u e n t fro m t h e t e s t s p r o d u c i n g t h e h i g h e r pH c o n t a i n e d l a r g e f l o e ,
w h ereas th e o t h e r t e s t e f f l u e n t s w ere c lo u d y .
The pH o f e f f l u e n t
s a m p l e s f r o m e a c h t e s t d e c r e a s e d a f t e r s t a n d i n g 30 m i n u t e s , i n d i c a t i n g
in co m p le te n e u t r a l i z a t i o n .
. L i q u i d s u r f a c e t e n s i o n a p p e a r e d t o r e d u c e t h e a b r a s i o n o f I im e 1s t o n e c h i p s on one a n o t h e r , l i k e l y r e d u c i n g t h e r e m o v a l o f a c c u m u la t e d
p re c ip ita te s
from t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e c h i p s .
W ith t h e u s e o f l a r g e r
l i m e s t o n e p i e c e s , p r e c i p i t a t e r e m o v a l fro m t h e s u r f a c e s s h o u l d im p r o v e .
A l t h o u g h t h e i n c r e a s e i n pH o f t h e t e s t w a t e r was m o d e r a t e , t h e
a c i d i t y was d e c r e a s e d b y a f a c t o r o f a b o u t tw o, b a s e d on t h e p H - a c i d i t y
re la tio n sh ip
shown by t h e t i t r a t i o n
c u r v e s i n F i g u r e 18.
-74TABLE 14
CONTINUOUS LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION
TEST RESULT SUMMARY
Feed r a t e ^
m illilite rs
p e r m in u te
Test
No.
I
2
3
4
T o t a l ru n
tim e.
m in u tes
R e a c to r d e te n t i o n tim e ,
m in u tes
330
235
95
215
38
19
38
38
50
100
50
50
Feed w a te r
tem p eratu re.
°C
22
24
25
26
L im esto n e
C h a rg e
siz e k /
-h,
- 3S,
-h,
-4 ,
a/
b/
cl
d/
+4
+4
+4
+8
C h a rg e i n
re a c to r,
gram s
T est
No.
‘500
100
200
500
I
2
3
4
Drum
speed
fpm
Maximum
e fflu en t
pHS/
5
5
5
5
4 .6
3 .2
3 .1
4 .3 .
pH i n 30
m in u tes^ /
4 .4
3 .1
2. 9
4 .1
W a te r fro m M ine 2 3 -6
S t a n d a r d U. S . S i e v e S i z e , m inus d e n o t e s p a s s i n g , p l u s d e n o t e s
r e ta in e d ; fo r s p e c i f ic sie v e s iz e
Raw t e s t , w a t e r pH was 2 . 7
A f te r end o f t e s t
f
6 n
Feed wat er — Mine 2 3 - 6
Tot al iron — 7 9 5 mg/I
F e r r o u s iron — 4 6 5 mg /I
(D - Test n u mb e r — See Table 14 for details
5-
X
CL
i
4
^xJ
Ln
I
3 -
O
a
IOO
200
Ti me, m i n u t e s
FIGURE 22 .
RESULTS OF CONTINUOUS NEUTRALIZATION TESTS USING LIMESTONE
300
—7 6 -
SETTLING TESTS
The s e t t l i n g
c h a ra c te ristic s
o f lim e s to n e slu d g e s have been r e ­
p o r te d to b e s u b s t a n t i a l l y b e t t e r th a n lim e s lu d g e ( I ,
w ere p e rfo rm e d to v e r i f y t h i s
5).
These t e s t s
f o r t h e s l u d g e p r o d u c e d fro m Mine 2 3 -6
u s i n g l im e and n a t i v e l i m e s t o n e a s n e u t r a l i z i n g a g e n t s .
T w o - l i t e r s a m p le s
( r e f r i g e r a t e d a t IO 0C5 t o s i m u l a t e w i n t e r co n ­
d i t i o n s ) w e r e d o s e d w i t h t h e s t o i c h i o m e t r i c w e i g h t o f l i m e and l i m e ­
s t o n e , m ix e d and a e r a t e d f o r 30 m i n u t e s u s i n g t h e same p r o c e d u r e
p re v io u s ly d e s c rib e d f o r th e b a tc h n e u t r a l i z a t i o n t e s t s .
The s a m p le s
w ere th e n p la c e d in t w o - l i t e r g r a d u a t e s , r e c o rd in g th e s lu d g e i n t e r f a c e
h e ig h t w ith tim e .
The s l u d g e i n t e r f a c e h e i g h t was com puted as a p e r ­
c e n t a g e o f t h e t o t a l s a m p l e h e i g h t an d p l o t t e d a g a i n s t t i m e
(F ig u re 2 3 ).
The l i m e s t o n e s l u d g e d i d n o t fo rm a d e f i n i t e i n t e r f a c e f o r t h e
firs t
15 m i n u t e s o f s e t t l i n g .
When i t
46 p e r c e n t o f t h e l i m e s l u d g e h e i g h t .
d i d f o r m , h o w e v e r , t h e h e i g h t was
A fter s e tt li n g
200 m i n u t e s ,
th e
l i m e s t o n e s l u d g e h e i g h t was 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e lim e s l u d g e h e i g h t and 12
p e rc e n t of th e t o t a l h e ig h t.
A f t e r a f u l l day o f s e t t l i n g
( n o t shown on F i g u r e 2 3 ) , t h e l im e
an d l i m e s t o n e s l u d g e h e i g h t s w e r e 19 an d 9 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y . ■
S e ttlin g te s ts
c a r r i e d o u t b y o t h e r s on s i m i l a r w a s t e s p r o d u c e d v a l u e s
of 1 2 .0 and 2 .6 r e s p e c t i v e l y
(38).
The t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e t e s t s a m p l e s i n c r e a s e d fro m IO0C t o room
t e m p e r a t u r e ( a b o u t 2 5 ° C) d u r i n g t h e t e s t .
T h is c h a n g e i n t e m p e r a t u r e
-7 7 -
Lime sl udge interface
Limestone sludge interface
Settling t i me , minutes
FIGURE 23 .
SETTLING CURVES FOR LIME AND LIMESTONE SLUDGE
-7 8 -
coul,'. h a v e p r o d u c e d d e n s i t y c u r r e n t s i n t h e s a m p l e s , d e c r e a s i n g t h e
net se ttlin g
r a t e s , e x p l a i n i n g t h e g r e a t e r s l u d g e volum e shown i n
th e se t e s t s .
From t h e s e r e s u l t s , i t c a n b e s e e n t h a t t h e l i m e s t o n e p r o d u c e s
a slu d g e w ith b e t t e r s e t t l i n g
T r e a t e d W a te r Q u a l i t y .
c h a ra c te ristic s.
As p a r t o f t h e s e t t l i n g t e s t ,
th e su p e r­
n a t a n t w as a n a l y z e d a f t e r two h o u r s o f s e t t l i n g t o d e t e r m i n e t h e w a t e r
q u a l i t y t h a t m ig h t b e e x p e c t e d fro m t h e l im e and l i m e s t o n e n e u t r a l i z i n g
processes.
The r e s u l t s
a r e su m m a riz e d i n T a b l e 15.
W ith a pH o f 4 . 4 , t h e l i m e s t o n e - t r e a t e d w a t e r r e t a i n e d r e l a t i v e l y
h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f i r o n and alu m in u m .
s u l f a t e r e m a in e d e s s e n t i a l l y
The t u r b i d i t y
Due t o i t s h i g h s o l u b i l i t y ,
t h e same f o r b o t h l im e a n d l i m e s t o n e t e s t s .
r e s u l t i n g fro m t h e l i m e s t o n e t e s t
th e o r ig i n a l w a te r t u r b i d i t y
(25 JTU) was h i g h e r t h a n
(10 JTU) . - A v e r y f i n e y e l l o w p r e c i p i t a t e
i n t h e s u p e r n a t a n t was o b s e r v e d , w i t h a low s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y and l i t t l e
ap p aren t c o a g u la tio n .
These t e s t s
W ith l i m e , t h e s u p e r n a t a n t was c l e a r
(3 JTU) .
i n d i c a t e t h a t a h i g h e r w a t e r q u a l i t y can b e a t t a i n e d w ith
th e u se o f lim e.
-7 9 -
TABLE 15
WATER QUALITY AFTER NEUTRALIZATION
AND SETTLING - BATCH TEST
A n a ly sis
Iro n , ferro u s1
mg/ I as Fe
Iro n , to ta l
m g/1 a s Fe
Aluminum
m g/1 a s Al
S u lfa te
m g/1 a s SO4
T u rb id ity
JTU
pH
Raw
w ater
b efo re
test
A fter
.
l i m e s t o n e —'
a d d itio n
.
and s e t t l i n g —
A fter ,
lim e a d d itio n
.
and s e t t l i n g —
980
40
0
1340
82
22
410
5
2
5390
5500
5420
10
25
3
2 .6
4 .4
6 .9
a/
S t o i c h i o m e t r i c d o s e ; s a m p le m ixed 30 m i n u t e s , w i t h a e r a t i o n
b/
Two h o u r s i n two l i t e r g r a d u a t e , s a m p le t a k e n fro m s u r f a c e
CHAPTER XI
PROPOSED F A C IL IT IE S
The f u n d a m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e m o st s u i t a b l e
a b a t e m e n t m e t h o d ( s ) a r e f e a s i b i l i t y , c o s t s , and b e n e f i t s
so c ia l),
(e c o n o m ic and
The f e a s i b i l i t y and c o s t o f c o n v e n t i o n a l n e u t r a l i z a t i o n m e th ­
ods i s w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d as d i s c u s s e d i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r .
The b e n e f i t s ,
h o w e v e r , m u st b e d e t e r m i n e d on t h e b a s i s o f l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s .
I n v ie w o f t h e c o s t s f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l n e u t r a l i z a t i o n and o t h e r
f e a s i b l e m eth o d s, f a c i l i t i e s
a r e p r o p o s e d .to d e t e r m i n e t h e c o s t s o f two
m eth o d s t h a t h o l d p r o m i s e f o r s u b s t a n t i a l s a v i n g s .
A d e m o n s t r a t i o n p r o j e c t c o n s i s t i n g o f a m in e f l o o d i n g f a c i l i t y
and r e v o l v i n g drum i n s t a l l a t i o n
c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k
a r e a i s p ro p o se d t o d e te rm in e th e a c t u a l c o s t o f th e s e m ethods.
On t h e
b a s is of e x p e rie n c e w ith f u l l - s c a l e o p e ra tio n of th e s e f a c i l i t i e s ,
a b le c o s t e s t i m a t e s and r e a l i s t i c b e n e f i t s
re li­
c o u ld b e d e t e r m i n e d .
The f a c t o r s c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e a m a j o r b e a r i n g on t h e s e l e c t i o n
o f s u i t a b l e a b a te m e n t m eth o d s f o r t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k a r e a a r e
su m m a riz e d a s f o l l o w s :
L o c a l Flo o d C o n tro l P r o j e c t :
D u rin g 1 9 6 9 , p l a n s w e r e b e i n g
f o r m u l a t e d by l o c a l r e s i d e n t s an d t h e U. S . S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n
- S e r v i c e t o e s t a b l i s h a f l o o d c o n t r o l d i s t r i c t f o r t h e Sand C o u le e
... •••••
C reek d ra in a g e a r e a .
P r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s by t h e S o i l
-81-
C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e i n c l u d e d t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f f i v e dam s i t e s
on Sand C o u le e C re e k and i t s
t r i b u t a r i e s , g e n e ra lly in th e a rea
of a c id w aste p ro d u cin g m in e s .
p ro p erly lo c a te d ,
A flo o d c o n tr o l r e s e r v o i r , i f
c o u l d s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e t h e p o l l u t i o n from
a c i d m in e w a s t e .
T reatm ent S i t e s :
tre a tm e n t p la n t s i t e s
Most o f t h e f l a t a r e a s s u i t a b l e f o r
a re p o p u late d .
S c a t t e r e d M ine L o c a t i o n s :
The c o n t i n u o u s l y d i s c h a r g i n g
m in e s a r e l o c a t e d i n a s c a t t e r e d f a s h i o n i n a n a r e a a b o u t 8 m i l e s
lo n g and 3 m ile s w id e .
C e n tra l tre a tm e n t f a c i l i t i e s se rv in g a l l
o f t h e m in e s w o u ld r e q u i r e e x t e n s i v e w a s t e c o n v e y in g s y s te m s co n ­
s is tin g of p ip e lin e s , d itc h e s,
an d p o s s i b l y pum ping s t a t i o n s .
. P i p e l i n e s and d i t c h e s a r e s u s c e p t i b l e t o f r e e z i n g d u r i n g w i n t e r .
Pum ping s t a t i o n s r e q u i r e s u b s t a n t i a l m a i n t e n a n c e , an d power c o s t s
w o u ld b e c o n t i n u o u s .
Local M a te ria ls:
The m e th o d s u t i l i z i n g
lo c a l resources
s u c h a s l i m e s t o n e o r e a r t h f i l l m a t e r i a l w ould l i k e l y h a v e a c o s t
a d v a n t a g e o v e r t h o s e m e th o d s t h a t u s e i m p o r t e d m a t e r i a l s .
S u rfa c e -W a te r R unoff:
stre a m .
Sand C o u le e C re e k i s a n i n t e r m i t t e n t
As d i s c u s s e d i n p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n s , t h i s
a b o u t once e v ery f i v e y e a r s .
s t r e a m d r i e s up
I n a d d i t i o n , h ig h flo w s o ccu r d u rin g
one o r two m o n th s i n t h e s p r i n g ,
an d s u b s t a n t i a l l y
o c c u r d u rin g th e rem a in d e r of th e y e a r .
lo w e r flo w s
U nder t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s
-82-
b e n e f i c i a l d i l u t i o n and n e u t r a l i z a t i o n o f a c i d w a s t e s by s u r f a c e
ru n o ff is se v e re ly lim ite d .
PROPOSED NEUTRALIZATION FACILITY
D e sc rip tio n .
The p r o p o s e d f a c i l i t y
c o n s i s t s o f two r e v o l v i n g
drums c o n t a i n i n g c r u s h e d l i m e s t o n e , p o w e re d by t h e a c i d w a s t e b e i n g
tre a te d .
A bout 200 y a r d s o f n a t u r a l open s t r e a m w o u ld s e p a r a t e t h e two
drums ( F i g u r e 2 4 ) .
U n t i l a l l o f t h e f e r r o u s i r o n i n th e a c id w a s te i s o x i d i z e d , o n ly
p a rtia l n e u tra liz a tio n
proposed.
can b e a t t a i n e d .
F o r t h i s r e a s o n , two drums a r e
The f i r s t drum w o u ld i n c r e a s e t h e pH o f t h e w a s t e , and c o n s e ­
q u e n tly in c r e a s e th e r a t e of f e rro u s iro n o x id a tio n .
The open s t r e a m
t o t h e s e c o n d drum w o u ld p r o v i d e some n a t u r a l o x i d a t i o n .
The s e c o n d
drum w o u ld i n c r e a s e t h e s t r e a m pH t o some v a l u e , d e p e n d i n g l a r g e l y on
th e e x te n t of th e fe rro u s iro n o x id a tio n .
The p r e c i p i t a t e p r o d u c e d
w o u ld b e c a r r i e d down t h e s t r e a m w i t h some d e p o s i t i o n .
At e a c h r e v o l v i n g d rum , a b y p a s s w o u ld b e c o n s t r u c t e d t o d i v e r t
h ig h w a te r flo w s i n t h e n a t u r a l s tre a m d u rin g s to rm s .
Each drum w o u ld c o n t a i n up t o 1 ,4 0 0 pounds o f I 3S - In c h c r u s h e d
lim e sto n e .
A d d i t i o n a l l i m e s t o n e a s n e e d e d w o u ld b e p l a c e d i n t h e drum
u s i n g a f r o n t end l o a d e r e q u i p p e d w i t h a s p e c i a l f u n n e l - s h a p e d b u c k e t .
The drum w o u ld b e a b o u t o n e - t h i r d s u b m e rg e d by i n s t a l l i n g a w e i r down­
stre a m .
T h i s w e i r c o u l d b e p e r i o d i c a l l y rem oved t o w ash a c c u m u la t e d
s o l i d s down t h e s t r e a m o r i n t o a s e t t l i n g p o n d .
M a jo r com ponents o f
-8 3 -
Town of Sand Coulee, I mile
High WOtcr^
bypass
Revolving drum no. 2
( See figure 25)
High water
bypa s s \
Revolving drum no.
( See figure 25 )
Diversion ditch and flume
MINE 2 3 - 6
P l o t plan
No scale
FIGURE 24 .
REVOLVING DRUM FACILITY NEAR MINE 23-6
-8 4 -
t h e r e v o l v i n g drum a r e shown i n F i g u r e 25 .
. The c o n f i g u r a t i o n shown was a d a p t e d fro m p l a n s o f a f u l l - s c a l e
drum t h a t was o p e r a t e d i n West V i r g i n i a ( 3 4 ) .
E stim ate d C o s t.
The t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t o f t h e r e v o l v i n g drum
f a c i l i t y was e s t i m a t e d t o b e $ 9 , 3 1 0 , i n c l u d i n g c h e m i c a l s , e q u i p m e n t ,
i n s t a l l a t i o n , o p e r a t i o n an d m a i n t e n a n c e .
$ 0 ,4 4 4 p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s o f w a t e r t r e a t e d .
T h is c o s t i s e q u i v a l e n t to
Cost e s ti m a t e c o m p u ta tio n s •
a r e shown i n A p p e n d ix E .
PROPOSED MINE' FLOODING FACILITY
D e sc rip tio n .
Mine 1 4 - 1 , n e a r t h e town o f Sand C o u l e e , was
s e l e c t e d as t h e m o st a m e n a b le t o f l o o d i n g du e t o i t s
rem ote l o c a t i o n
i n t e r m s o f e x i s t i n g u p s t r e a m d e v e lo p m e n t ( s e e F i g . 2 6 ) .
The c o u l e e ■
w h e r e t h i s m in e i s l o c a t e d i s n a r r o w w i t h s t e e p b a n k s and e x p o s e d r o c k
f o r m a t i o n s and a p p e a r s s u i t a b l e f o r a dam s i t e .
The p r o p o s e d f a c i l i t y
(se e F ig .
27) c o n s i s t s o f a s e a l e d e a r t h f i l l
dam l o c a t e d i m m e d i a t e l y d o w n s tre a m fro m t h e m in e , w i t h w a t e r s a m p l in g
p ip e s f o r m o n ito rin g , t h e sy ste m .
Local re s id e n ts
i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s h a f t o f t h i s m in e p r o c e e d s
g e n e r a l l y on a l e v e l c o u r s e fro m t h e e n t r a n c e .
by d r i l l i n g
te s t h o les,
T his sh o u ld be v e r i f i e d
t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e m ine w ould i n d e e d b e f l o o d e d
by t h e p r o p o s e d r e s e r v o i r .
The g e n e r a l a r e a b e lo w t h e dam i n and a r o u n d
t h e c o u l e e s h o u l d b e e x a m in e d f o r s e e p a g e t h a t may b e c a u s e d by t h e i n ­
c r e a s e d w a t e r p r e s s u r e a b o v e t h e dam.
—8 5-
Acid mine
Approxi mote
woter level
FRONT VI EW
No s c al e
FIGURE 25 .
S I DE
Vl EW
No scal e
REVOLVING DRUM FOR LIMESTONE APPLICATION
-
86
i
—
R.4 E.
Sec 14
Z e-I
SecIS
Dom site!
St c 24
I Mllt
CONTOUR I NTERVAL 2 0 F EE T
FIGURE 2 6 .
t
I
PROPOSED MINE FLOODING FACILITY
-87-
Existing ent rance of MI NE 14-1
Water seal
Proposed water level
Spi Ilway
Pipe protection
Existing water
level
Drain line
Section
No scale
FIGURE 27.
Sampling line
DAM FOR FLOODING MINE 14 -1
Coulee bottom
“ 88“
E stim ate d C o s t.
The t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t o f t h e m in e f l o o d i n g
f a c i l i t y was e s t i m a t e d t o b e $ 1 , 8 0 0 , i n c l u d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e
dam an d a p p u r t e n a n c e s , f o r an e q u i v a l e n t c o s t o f $ 0 ,0 6 9 p e r 1 ,0 0 0
g a llo n s of w ater tr e a te d
( s e e A p p e n d ix E ) .
ANTICIPATED EFFECTS OF PROPOSED FACILITIES
A 100 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n o f a c i d i t y from M ines 1 4 - 1 and 23 -6
w o u ld r e d u c e t h e a c i d i t y o f Sand C o u le e C re e k by a b o u t 37 p e r c e n t
( b a s e d on v a l u e s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 9 ) .
some r e s i d u a l a c i d s a l t s
The f l o o d e d m in e may c o n t a i n
t h a t w o u ld b e f l u s h e d o u t by p e r c o l a t i n g w a t e r .
I f t h e w a t e r f lo w i n t h e m in e i s
c o m p le te ly s to p p e d , th e a c id w a ste
w o u ld r e m a i n i n t h e m in e .
The r e v o l v i n g drum f a c i l i t y
c o u ld c o m p le te ly n e u t r a l i z e th e
w a s t e f r o m M ine 2 3 - 6 i f s u f f i c i e n t l i m e s t o n e i s d i s s o l v e d and i f a d e ­
q u a te a e r a ti o n i s p ro v id e d .
If th is
fa c ility
i s fo u n d t o b e a d e q u a t e
f o r n e u t r a l i z i n g t h e w a s t e , a s e t t l i n g pond s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d t o
rem ove p r e c i p i t a t e s .
CHAPTER X I I
ALTERNATE SOLUTIONS
D u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s s t u d y , a num ber o f a l t e r n a t e s o l u t i o n s ■
w ere i n v e s t ig a t e d .
The f a c i l i t i e s p r o p o s e d , a s d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p t e r
X I I I , a r e a r e s u l t o f e l i m i n a t i o n o f a l t e r n a t e s t h a t w e r e fo u n d e i t h e r
n o t f e a s i b l e o r u n eco n o m ical.
Some o f t h e a l t e r n a t e s t h a t w e r e c o n ­
s id e r e d a re d e sc rib e d in th e fo llo w in g p a ra g ra p h s.
CONVENTIONAL LIME OR LIMESTONE TREATMENT
A c o n v e n tio n a l lim e o r lim e s to n e n e u t r a l i z a t i o n p ro c e s s is
f e a s i b l e f o r t r e a t m e n t o f t h e a c i d w a s t e s i n t h e Sand C o u le e a r e a , a s
i n d i c a t e d by t h e l a b o r a t o r y t e s t r e s u l t s d e s c r i b e d i n p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n s .
The p r o c e s s i s e s s e n t i a l l y
D e sc rip tio n .
t h e same u s i n g e i t h e r l i m e o r l i m e s t o n e .
A l im e o r p u l v e r i z e d l i m e s t o n e s l u r r y i s f e d i n t o
a t a n k an d m ix e d w i t h t h e a c i d w a s t e ( F i g .
28).
A i r i s b lo w n t h r o u g h
th e a c id w a ste in t h i s tan k or a s e p a r a te ta n k to o x id iz e th e f e r r o u s
iro n .
The w a s t e
(now n e u t r a l i z e d )
is
s e t t l e d i n a pond o r ta n k to r e ­
move t h e p r e c i p i t a t e p r o d u c e d d u r i n g n e u t r a l i z a t i o n .
Tlie c l a r i f i e d
l i q u i d i s draw n o f f t h e u p p e r p o r t i o n o f t h e s e t t l i n g
t a n k an d d i s ­
ch arged to th e r e c e iv i n g s tre a m .
The s e t t l e d p r e c i p i t a t e
draw n o f f f o r t h i c k e n i n g i n a n o t h e r pond o r t a n k .
h a s b e e n e s t i m a t e d a t 3 p e r c e n t o f p l a n t flo w ( 3 7 ) .
w o u ld h a v e a volum e o f a b o u t one h a l f t h i s a m ount.
(slu d g e) i s
Lime s l u d g e volum e
L i m e s to n e s l u d g e
-9 0 -
ACI D M I N E WA T E R
'
HOLDI NG
TANK
.
(OPTIONAL)
L I ME OR
PULVERI ZED
LI MESTONE
STORAGE
REACTOR
S L UDGE
R E C I R C UL AT I ON
(OPTIONAL )
OXI Dl Z A T I O N
C AT AL YS T
(OPTIONAL)
A E R AT OR
C O A G U L A N T Al D
. (OPTIONAL)
S E T T L I NG
T A N K OR
P OND
SLUDGE!
THICKENING r
T R E A T E D WA T E R
> TO R E C E IVING
STREAM
S UP E R NAT ANT
SLUDGE
DI SPOSAL
S CHE MAT I C
FIGURE 28 .
DI AGRAM
CONVENTIONAL LIME OR LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION PROCESS
-9 1 -
E stim ate d C o s t.
C o s ts f o r t r e a t i n g t h e a c i d m in e w a s t e i n the-
Sand C o u le e a r e a w e r e e s t i m a t e d u s i n g d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e
(I,
37, 3 8 ).
A d ju stm en ts to th e s e d a ta f o r th e v a r io u s o p e r a t io n s o f
a l i m e s t o n e p r o c e s s a r e s u m m a riz e d i n T a b l e 16 .
The c o s t s a r e b a s e d on
a p l a n t s i z e o f a b o u t I MGD ( m i l l i o n g a l l o n s p e r d a y ) .
F o r t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k a r e a a c i d w a s t e s , l i m e o r l i m e s t o n e
t r e a t m e n t w o u ld c o s t an e s t i m a t e d $ 0 ,7 1 0 and $ 0 ,5 5 7 p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s ,
re sp e c tiv e ly .
On t h i s b a s i s ,
t r e a t m e n t o f t h e s e w a s t e s w o u ld c o s t
$780 p e r day u s i n g l i m e , $612 p e r day u s i n g l i m e s t o n e , b a s e d on t h e
fo llo w in g a ssu m p tio n s:
1.
Flow o f '750 g a l l o n s p e r m i n u t e ( 1 . 1 MGD) t o t a l f lo w from a l l
d i s c h a r g i n g m in e s
2.
W a ste a c i d i t y o f 3 ,8 0 0 m g/1 ( a s CaCO )
3.
S l u d g e d i s p o s a l by l a g o o n s
• 4.
A s in g le ,
c e n tr a lly lo c a te d tre a tm e n t p la n t
The a c t u a l c o s t s w o u ld b e s u b s t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r t h a n show n, due t o
t h e n e e d f o r e x t e n s i v e p i p i n g t o b r i n g a l l t h e a c i d w a s t e t o one t r e a t ­
m ent s i t e .
S e v e ra l tre a tm e n t p la n ts
th e tre a tm e n t c o s ts .
a t s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o n s w o u ld a l s o i n c r e a s e
Due t o t h e c o m p a r i t i v e l y h i g h c o s t s in v o lv e d ,, t h i s
a l t e r n a t e was n o t g i v e n f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
-9 2 -
TABLE 16
ESTIMATED COSTS OF LIME OR LIMESTONE TREATMENT,
DOLLARS PER 1 , 0 0 0 GALLONS
1967 c o s t s fro m
a/
lite ra tu re L im e ^ /
I te m
1970 c o s t s f o r Sand
C o u le e Creek—^
c/
L i m e s to n e —
Lime
L i m e s to n e
0 .0 7 3
0 .0 7 3
0 .2 6
0 .0 5
' d/
0 .1 1 5 -
0 .3 2 5 S-/
G .2 1 8 ^
P l a n t co stJ-/
0 .0 8 5
0 .0 8 5 ^ /
0 .1 2 4 .
0 .1 2 4
S lu d g e s e t t l i n g
0 .0 7
0 .0 3 5
0 .1 0 2
0 .0 5 1
R ep air
0 .0 3
0 .0 2 5
0 .0 4 3
0 .0 3 7
M isc e lla n eo u s
0 .0 3
0 .0 3
0 .0 4 3
0 .0 4 3
Labor
0 .0 5
C h e m ic a l
Pow er f o r m i l l
T o ta l c o st,
$ / 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s
—
—
0 .5 2 5
0 .0 1 1
0 .3 5 1
—
0 .7 1 0
.
Oi o n —^
0 .5 5 7
C o s t s b a s e d on 1967 E n g i n e e r i n g N ew s, R e c o rd I n d e x o f 1070 (26)
—/ R e f e r e n c e (37) f o r 0 . 9 MGD p l a n t w i t h a c i d i t y 2 8 0 0 - 4 0 0 0 mg/1 and
l i m e c o s t $24 p e r t o n , b a g g e d
—
R eference
( I ) a n d (38) f o r 1 . 0 MGD p l a n t w i t h a c i d i t y o f 2000 mg/ I
—
B a s e d on l i m e s t o n e c o s t o f $3 p e r t o n
— ! Assumed same a s l i m e , w i l l a c t u a l l y b e somewhat h i g h e r b e c a u s e o f
tu b e m il l c o sts
JL/ C o s t s a d j u s t e d t o J u n e 1970 ENR I n d e x o f 1 369, u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e n o t e d
ia/ A d j u s t e d f o r l i m e c o s t o f $30 p e r t o n
—/ A d j u s t e d f o r w a s t e a c i d i t y o f 3800 m g/1 as CaCOg
A / N ot a d j u s t e d
( b a s e d on 1 . 5 c e n t s p e r k i l o w a t t h o u r )
J-/ I n t e r e s t r a t e a n d f i n a n c i n g p e r i o d i n f o r m a t i o n n o t a v a i l a b l e
-9 3 -
OTHER METHODS
O p e r a t i n g c o s t s o f a I MOD, r e v e r s e o s m o s i s , d i s t i l l a t i o n ,
e le c tro d ia ly sis
o r io n exchange p l a n t have been e s tim a te d to be in
t h e r a n g e o f $ 0 .9 0 t o $ 1 .5 0 p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s f o r t r e a t i n g h i g h l y
a c i d w a s t e s s i m i l a r t o t h e Sand C o u l e e C re e k a r e a m in e w a s t e s
35).
(5 ,
T h e s e m e th o d s w e r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d f u r t h e r s i n c e t h e t o t a l c o s t
w o u ld b e a b o u t t w i c e t h e c o s t o f t h e l im e o r l i m e s t o n e t r e a t m e n t
m eth o d s.
CHAPTER X I I I
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A c id m ine d r a i n a g e i s a w a t e r p o l l u t i o n p r o b le m i n s e v e r a l a r e a s
o f t h e S t a t e o f M o n ta n a .
Sand C o u le e C r e e k , n e a r G r e a t F a l l s , i s on e
o f t h e m o st s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t e d s t r e a m s i n t h e ' s t a t e .
Abandoned c o a l
m in e s i n t h i s a r e a p r o d u c e a c i d d r a i n a g e w h ic h p o l l u t e s a b o u t 25 m i l e s
o f Sand C o u le e C re e k and i t s
trib u ta rie s.
A c id m ine d r a i n a g e i s fo rm e d by o x i d a t i o n o f p y r i t i c m a t e r i a l .
S e c o n d a ry r e a c t i o n s t a k e p l a c e w i t h n e a r b y g e o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s .
The
w a te r p roduced ( a c id w a s te ) i s h ig h in d is s o lv e d s o l i d s , has a h ig h
a c id ity ,
and a low pH.
S tre a m s r e c e i v i n g a c i d w a s t e a r e u s u a l l y
c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a r e d d is h -y e llo w p r e c i p i t a t e ,
o f w h ic h s e t t l e s .
( i r o n h y d r o x i d e ) , some
F l o r a and f a u n a g ro w th a r e s e v e r e l y r e s t r i c t e d .
The c o a l m in e s i n t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k a r e a a r e ab a n d o n ed and
a re s c a t t e r e d over a 2 4 -sq u a re -m ile a re a .
p e rio d ic a lly
A bout 41 o f t h e s e m in e s
c o n t r u b u t e t o t h e p o l l u t i o n l o a d , w i t h 9 o f them c o n t r i b ­
u tin g c o n tin u o u sly .
On S e p te m b e r 6 , 1 9 6 9 , Sand C o u le e C r e e k , w i t h a
f lo w o f 1 ,5 0 0 g a l l o n s p e r m i n u t e , r e c e i v e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 ,6 3 0 pounds
p e r day o f i r o n and 2 6 ,6 7 0 pounds o f a c i d i t y
( a s CaCOs)-
Sand C o u le e C re e k i s an i n t e r m i t t e n t f l o w i n g s t r e a m and h a s i n ­
s u f f i c i e n t c a p a c ity to n e u t r a l i z e th e a c id d rain ag e i t
re c e iv e s.
A
m a j o r ^ t r i b u t a r y , No-Name C r e e k , d i s c h a r g e s a b o u t 75 p e r c e n t o f t h e a c i d
-9 5 -
l o a d r e c e i v e d by Sand C o u le e C r e e k .
” A l i t e r a t u r e s e a r c h r e v e a l e d t h a t a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e h a s b e e n
s tu d ie d e x te n siv e ly .
Many m eth o d s f o r a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e a b a t e m e n t
have been t r i e d w ith g e n e ra lly l i t t l e
success.
Lime n e u t r a l i z a t i o n
i s t h e o n l y m eth o d now e x t e n s i v e l y u s e d .
L a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s - w e re made t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f
th e n e u t r a l i z a t i o n
th ese te s ts
R e su lts of
show t h a t n e u t r a l i z a t i o n w i t h l im e can p r o d u c e a good
q u a lity w ater.
tiv e .
an d m in e f l o o d i n g a b a te m e n t m e t h o d s .
N e u t r a l i z a t i o n w i t h n a t i v e l i m e s t o n e w as l e s s e f f e c ­
-Mine f l o o d i n g s i m u l a t i o n t e s t s
in d ic a te th a t a s u b s ta n tia l
r e d u c t i o n i n a c i d p r o d u c t i o n c o u l d b e e x p e c t e d b y c o m p l e t e l y s u b m e r g in g
a m in e u n d e r w a t e r .
B a s e d on t h e r e s u l t s o f l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s and l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s
i n t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k a r e a ,
fa c ilitie s
e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f two a b a te m e n t m e t h o d s :
a r e p ro p o se d to d e te rm in e th e
( I ) n e u t r a l i z a t i o n u sin g lim e ­
s t o n e i n a r e v o l v i n g d rum , an d ( 2 ) m ine f l o o d i n g u s i n g an e a r t h f i l l
dam.
T h e s e f a c i l i t i e s w o u ld a f f e c t two m ine d i s c h a r g e s now r e c e i v e d by NoName C r e e k .
C a p ita l p lu s o p e ra tin g c o s ts f o r th e s e i n s t a l l a t i o n s w ere
e s t i m a t e d t o b e $ 0 .4 4 p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s
s t o n e - r e v o l v i n g drum f a c i l i t y
y ear)
( $ 9 ,3 1 0 p e r y e a r )
and $ 0 . 0 6 9 . p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s
f o r th e lim e ­
( $ 1 ,8 0 0 p e r
f o r t h e m ine f l o o d i n g f a c i l i t y .
'
C o n v e n t i o n a l n e u t r a l i z a t i o n t r e a t m e n t m eth o d s w i t h l i m e o r l i m e ­
s t o n e w ould, c o s t $ 0 . 7 1 and $ 0 ,5 5 7 p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
—9 6—
b a s e d on e s t i m a t e s f o u n d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e ,
y e a r 1 970.
a d ju s te d to c o s ts in the
F o r t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k a r e a , a c o s t o f $ 0 ,5 5 7 p e r 1 ,0 0 0
g a l l o n s w o u ld b e e q u i v a l e n t t o $612 p e r day. ( $ 2 2 3 ,5 0 0 p e r y e a r ) , f o r
o n ly t h e c o n t i n u o u s l y d i s c h a r g i n g m i n e s .
th e co st of f a c i l i t i e s
T h is f i g u r e does n o t in c lu d e
t o convey t h e a c i d w a s t e s t o one p o i n t f o r
tre a tm e n t.
O th e r tr e a tm e n t m eth o d s, such as r e v e r s e o s m o s is , d i s t i l l a t i o n ,
e le c tro d ia ly sis,
and i o n e x c h a n g e , w e r e c o n s i d e r e d .
C o sts u s in g th e s e
m e th o d s a s r e v e a l e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e w o u ld v a r y fro m $ 0 .9 0 t o $ 1 .5 0
p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s .
T h i s i s m ore t h a n t w i c e t h e e s t i m a t e d c o s t s f o r
t h e p ro p o se d m ethods.
CHAPTER XIV
RECOMMENDATIONS
The r e c o m m e n d a tio n s made a s a r e s u l t o f t h i s
s t u d y a r e as
fo llo w s:
1.
A d e m o n s t r a t i o n p r o j e c t c o n s i s t i n g o f a m in e f l o o d i n g
f a c i l i t y and a l i m e s t o n e n e u t r a l i z a t i o n f a c i l i t y
sh o u ld be u n d e r­
ta k e n t o d e f i n e b e t t e r th e c o s ts and e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e s e
a b a te m e n t m eth o d s.
2.
A s t u d y s h o u l d b e made t o e s t a b l i s h t h e v a l u e t o
p o te n tia l users
(e c o n o m ic and s o c i a l ) o f i m p r o v in g t h e q u a l i t y
o f w a t e r i n Sand C o u le e .C re e k .
3.
A d d i t i o n a l d a t a s h o u l d b e o b t a i n e d on t h e c h e m i c a l
and p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f t h e a c i d m ine d r a i n a g e i n t h e
Sand C o u le e a r e a to . e s t a b l i s h y e a r l y v a r i a t i o n s f o r p u r p o s e s
o f d e s ig n in g c o m p le te ab a te m e n t f a c i l i t i e s .
4.
An i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h o u l d b e u n d e r t a k e n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f e x i s t i n g la w s o r t h e n e e d f o r new la w s r e g a r d i n g
t h e f i n a n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a c i d m in e d r a i n a g e a b a t e m e n t .
V:.-.
LITERATURE CITED
1.
A p p a l a c h i a n R e g i o n a l C o m m issio n , A c id Mine D r a i n a g e i n A p p a l a c h i a ,
W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . , U . S . G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 196 9 .
2.
W i l l e m s , D. G . , W r i t t e n c o m m u n ic a t io n , S t a t e o f Mont a n a , _ D e p a r t ­
m en t o f H e a l t h , 1 970.
3.
S i n g e r , P . C . , Stumm,, W ., " K i n e t i c s o f t h e O x i d a t i o n o f F e r r o u s
I r o n , " S eco n d Symposium on C o a l Mine D r a i n a g e R e s e a r c h , M e llo n
I n s t i t u t e , P i t t s b u r g h , P e n n s y l v a n i a , May, 1968.
4.
T e m p le , K. L . , K o e h l e r , W. A. ,- " D r a i n a g e from- B it u m i n o u s C oal
M i n e s , " West V i r g i n i a U n i v e r s i t y , E n g i n e e r i n g " E x p e r i m e n t
S t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n 2 5 , 1954.
5.
H i l l , R. D . , "M ine D r a i n a g e T r e a t m e n t - S t a t e o f t h e A r t and
R e s e a r c h N e e d s , " F e d e r a l W a te r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,
M ine D r a i n a g e A c t i v i t i e s , C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o , 1 968.
6.
B a k e r , R. A . , W i l s h i r e , A. G ., " M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l F a c t o r i n A cid
M ine D r a i n a g e F o r m a t i o n : A P i l o t P l a n t S t u d y , " E n v i r o n m e n t a l
S c i e n c e an d T e c h n o l o g y , May, 1 9 7 0 , V o l. 4 , No. 5.
7.
P e n n s y l v a n i a D e p a r tm e n t o f H e a l t h , "Lackaw anna V a l l e y Mine D r a i n ­
a g e P o l l u t i o n A b a te m e n t P r o j e c t ," B u re a u o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h ,
D i v i s i o n o f S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g , P u b l i c a t i o n No. 1 9 , 1967.
8.
D i n s m o r e , B . H . , "The A q u a t i c E c o lo g y o f Toms R u n , C l a r i o n C o u n ty ,
P e n n s y l v a n i a , P r e c e d i n g W a te r s h e d R e c l a m a t i o n , " P e n n s y l v a n i a
D e p a r tm e n t o f H e a l t h , B u r e a u o f S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g , P u b l i ­
c a t i o n No. 2 1 , 1 968.
9.
S i l v e r m a n , A. J . , H a r r i s , W. L . , " S t r a t i g r a p h y and Econom ic
G e o lo g y o f t h e G r e a t F a l l s - L e w i s t own Coal F i e l d , C e n t r a l
M o n t a n a ," M ontana B u r e a u of. M ines a n d G e o lo g y , B u l l e t i n 56 ,
1 967.
10.
F i s h e r , C . A . , " G e o lo g y o f t h e G r e a t •F a l l s C o a l F i e l d , " U. S .
G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y B u l l e t i n 3 5 6 , 1 909. 1
11.
T i l t o n , . H. F . , W r i t t e n c o m m u n ic a t io n , Long B e a c h , C a l i f o r n i a ,
1970.
-9 9 -
12.
||3 .
F i s h e r , C. A . , " G e o lo g y and W a te r R e s o u r c e s o f t h e G r e a t F a l l s
R e g i o n , " U. S . G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y B u l l e t i n 2 2 1 , 1909.
" C o m p r e h e n s iv e S tu d y o f S o l i d W a s te s D i s p o s a l , " G r e a t F a l l s
C i t y - C o u n t y P l a n n i n g B o a r d , 196 8 .
14.
C l e r k a n d R e c o r d e r , C a s c a d e C o u n ty , " Q u i t C la im D e e d ," G i f f e n
• C o a l M ines Company t o R u s s e l B . P a c e , J r . , R e e l 60 , Document
6 0 7 5 , R e c o r d e d O c t o b e r , 1969.
15.
W a l k e r , T. L . , W r i t t e n c o m m u n ic a t io n , 1 970.
16.
G o e r s , J . W ., " G e o lo g y and G r o u n d - w a te r R e s o u r c e s , S t o c k e t t S m ith R i v e r A r e a , .M o n t a n a , " M .S. T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f M o n ta n a ,
1964.
17 .
L em ke, R. W., M a u g h an , E . - K . , P r e l i m i n a r y Map o f T h i c k n e s s o f
S u r f i c i a l D e p o s its in th e C ity o f G reat F a l ls and V i c i n i t y ,
M o n ta n a , U. S . G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y u n p u b l i s h e d m ap , 195 4 .
18.
S i l v e r m a n , A. J . , H a r r i s , W. L . , "Econom ic G eology o f t h e G r e a t
F a l l s - L e w i s t o w n C o a l F i e l d , W est C e n t r a l M o n t a n a ," B i l l i n g s
G e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y G u i d e b o o k , 1 7 th A n nual F i e l d C o n f e r e n c e ,
1966.
19 .
F i s h e r , C. A . , " G r e a t F a l l s
B u l l e t i n 3 1 6 , 1 907.
20.
L a c k e y , J . B . , "T h e F l o r a and F a u n a o f S u r f a c e W a te r s P o l l u t e d by
A c id Mine D r a i n a g e , " P u b l i c H e a l t h R e p o r t s , Volume 5 3 , No. 3 4 ,
1938.
21.
S t a n d a r d M ethods f o r E x a m i n a t i o n o f W a te r and W a s t e w a t e r , 1 2 th
E d i t i o n , A m e ric a n P u b l i c H e a l t h A s s o c i a t i o n , New Y o r k , 1965.
22 .
B i t u m i n o u s C o a l R e s e a r c h , I n c . , "M ine D r a i n a g e A b s t r a c t s , " C oal
R esearch B o ard , H a r r is b u r g , P e n n s y lv a n ia , 1964-1969.
23.
H su , C . , R i c e , P . A . , " B i o l o g i c a l T r e a t m e n t o f A c id Mine W a t e r , "
u n p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t , S y r a c u s e , New Y o rk .
24.
B i t u m i n o u s C o a l R e s e a r c h , I n c . , " S u l f i d e T r e a t m e n t o f A c id Mine
D r a i n a g e , " F e d e r a l W a te r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,
R e s e a r c h S e r i e s DAST-2, 1969.
C o a l F i e l d , " U. S . G e o l o g i c a l S u rv e y
-1 0 0 -
25.
Ohio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y R e s e a r c h F o u n d a t i o n , "A S tu d y o f t h e
Sul f i d e - t o - S u l f a t e R e a c t i o n M e c h a n is m ," F e d e r a l W a te r P o l l u t i o n
C o n t r o l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , R e s e a r c h S e r i e s , P ro g ra m No. 14010 F P S ,
197 0 .
26 .
B i t u m i n o u s C o a l R e s e a r c h , I n c . , " S t u d i e s on L i m e s t o n e T r e a t m e n t o f
A c id Mine D r a i n a g e , " F e d e r a l W a te r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A d m in is ­
t r a t i o n , R e s e a r c h S e r i e s DAST-33, 1970.
27.
P u g s l e y , C. Y . , et at. 3 " A b a te m e n t o f Mine D r a i n a g e P o l l u t i o n i n
t h e Rocky M o u n t a i n s , " S t u d i e s i n t h e R e s t o r a t i o n o f t h e E n v i r o n ­
m ent , No. I , U n i v e r s i t y o f D e n v e r , 1970.
28.
P e n n s y l v a n i a D e p a r tm e n t o f H e a l t h , " N o r th B ra n c h o f t h e S u s q u e ­
h a n n a R i v e r M ine D r a i n a g e S t u d y , " B u r e a u o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h ,
D i v i s i o n o f S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g , P u b l i c a t i o n No. 5 , 1963.
29.
H i l l , R. D . , " E l k i n s Mine D r a i n a g e P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l D e m o n s t r a t i o n
P r o j e c t , " T h i r d Symposium i n C o a l Mine D r a i n a g e R e s e a r c h ,
P i t t s b u r g h , P e n n s y l v a n i a , 1970.
30.
P e n n s y l v a n i a D e p a r tm e n t o f H e a l t h , "On P o l l u t i o n o f S l i p p e r y Rock
C re e k ," B ureau o f E n v iro n m e n ta l H e a lth , D i v is io n o f S a n ita r y
E n g i n e e r i n g , P u b l i c a t i o n No. 1 7 , 1 967.
31.
W ilm o th , R. C . , S c o t t , R. B . , " N e u t r a l i z a t i o n o f H ig h F e r r i c I r o n
A c id Mine D r a i n a g e , " T h i r d Symposium on C oal M ine D r a i n a g e
R e s e a r c h ., P i t t s b u r g h , P e n n s y l v a n i a , 1970.
32 .
H i l l , R. D . , " R e c l a m a t i o n a n d R e v e g e t a t i o n o f S t r i p - M i n e d Lands
f o r P o l l u t i o n and E r o s i o n C o n t r o l , " A m erican S o c i e t y o f
A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g i n e e r s , C h i c a g o , I l l i n o i s , 1 969.
33.
B a k e r , R. A . , W i l s h i r e , A. G . , " A c id Mine D r a i n a g e - P i l o t P l a n t , "
A p p a l a c i a n R e g i o n a l C o m m issio n , P r o j e c t 4 4 4 7 , 1 968.
34.
Z u r b u c k , P . E . , " D i s s o l v i n g L i m e s t o n e from R e v o l v i n g Drums i n
F l o w i n g W a t e r , " A m e ric an F i s h e r i e s S o c i e t y , 9 2 ( 2 ) , 1 7 3 - 8 , 196-3.
35 .
A p p a l a c h i a R e g i o n a l C o m m issio n , " E n g i n e e r i n g Econom ic S tu d y o f
M ine D r a i n a g e C o n t r o l T e c h n i q u e s , " A p p e n d ix B t o A c id Mine
D r a i n a g e i n A p p a l a c h i a , 1963.
S k e rm a n , V. B . D . , A G u id e t o t h e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f B a c t e r i a ,
S e c o n d E d i t i o n , W i l l i a m and W i l k i n s C o ., B a l t i m o r e , 1967.
H o l l a n d , C. T . , et at.3 " F a c t o r s i n t h e D e s ig n o f an A c id Mine
D r a i n a g e T r e a t m e n t P l a n t , " S e c o n d Symposium on C o a l Mine
D r a i n a g e R e s e a r c h , P i t t s b u r g h , P e n n s y l v a n i a , 1968.
M ih o k , E . A . , et al.3 " L im e s to n e N e u t r a l i z a t i o n P r o c e s s , " U. S .
D e p t , o f I n t e r i o r , B u re a u o f M in e s , R e p o r t o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n
7 1 9 1 , 1 968.
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
COAL MINE FIELD SURVEY
TABLE 17
COAL MINE FIELD SURVEY SUMMARY
S u rv e y D a t e s : J u l y 2 2 , 1969
t o A u g u s t 1 0 , 1969
D ra in M ine
‘ No
as* b /
a re a r -
E n tran ce
. E fflu e n t
c o n d i t i o n —' gpm!/
1-1
1-2
2 -1
3-1
cw
CW
NF
NF
C
C
C
C
. ^ 1 4 - IG
NF
C
14-2
14-3
I 14—4
NF
NF
NF
C
0
C
6-1
CW
C
6-2
CW
C
M
in
.
6-3
6 —4
6 -5
*
6 -6
7 -1
7 -2
7-3
7 -4
CW
CW
CW
CW
CW
CW
CW
CW
C
C
-c
C
C
C
C
C
1-2
on
1 2 -1
H
12-2
H Pi 1 3 - 1
SC
SC
NN
NN
NN
C
P
P
C
C
+
+
—
E fflu en t
d escrip ­
tio n ,
—
M
CO
I—I
.
2 0 0 -3 0 0
C lear
—
5 0 - 80
C lear
+
H
I I
is M
--
—
Remarks
S tr e a m b e lo w f lo w s
5 0 - 7 5 gpm ( e s t . )
L a r g e s t m ine i n
a re a (G iffen )
G rass k i l l
E fflu en t p a ra lle ls
road
L a r g e c a s i n g and
b o ile r
Some g r a s s k i l l
Some g r a s s k i l l
APPENDIX A , TABLE 1 7 — C o n t i n u e d
D ra in M ine ,
*8= b /
N o .-' area—
t f
ON
i—i <r
H
Pi
I i
E n tran ce
. E fflu e n t
c o n d i t i o n —' gpro^/
E fflu e n t
d escrip ­
tio n
Remarks
13- 2
NN
C
.1 0 - 15
C lear
G r a s s k i l l 150
f e e t n o rth
13- 3
NN
C
7 5 -1 0 0
C lear
P low s p a r a l l e l t o
h i l l 400 f e e t
1313131313-
4
5
6
7
8
NN
NN'
NN
NN
NN
C
C
0
C
C
—
13- 9
1 3 -1 0
13-11
1 3 -1 2
14- I
NN
NN
SC
SC
NN
O
P
C
C
0
—
—
--- ’
3
—
——
—
R ed,
re si­
due
23- I
NN
C
—
—
23- 2
NN
C
5 0 -1 0 0
2 3 - 3 • NN
C
5 - 10
23- 4
23- 5
NN
NN
C
C
—
2 4 - 40
23- 6
NN
C
1 5 0 -2 0 0
24252525252525-
CW
CW
SC
SC
SC
NE
NE
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
I
I
2
3
4
5
6
—
5 - 10
——
—
—
C lear
——
S p r i n g 150 f e e t
n o rth w/ v e g e ta tio n
—
—
"
—
—
C le a r,
a lg a e
Some g r a s s k i l l
S t r e a m b e lo w , 3 0 4 - gpm, e s t .
S u lfu r sm all
Y e llo w d e p o s i t ,
exposed co al
C l e a r , . G a rb a g e dump i n
a lg a e
t h i s c o u le e
—
C le a r,
a lg a e
C le a r,
a lg a e
S t r e a m a b o v e m in e ,
w ith v e g e ta tio n
—
"
—
—
—
—
—
——
—
—
Some g r a s s k i l l
-1 0 5 APPENDIX A , TABLE 1 7 — C o n t i n u e d
D ra in Mine
226 Vi /
No .-S./ a r e a —/
E n tran ce
E fflu e n t
c o n d i t i o n —/ gpm^./
25- 7
25- 8
25- 9
2 5 -1 0
35- I
35- 2
NE
NE
NE
CW
NE
NE
C
C
C
C
C
0
36- 3
CW
C
5 - 10
36- 4
CW
-CW
CW
NE
NE
C
C
C
C
C
---——
I
——
SC
SC
SC
—
—
'—
—
—
—
E fflu e n t
d escrip ­
tio n
——
---.
—
——
—
——
S m a ll dam down­
s t r e a m , dry
o\
t—I <1*
H Pd
36- 5
36- 6
36- 7
36- 8
t t
T—I LO
H Pd
AC
C
C
C
C
5- 5
AC
C
—
AC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
C
C
P
C
C
C
P
0
C
C
'—
'—
505■—
—
•—
105. 20-
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
C
C
P
C
C
5777777777-
6
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
7 -1 0
18- I
18- 2
18- 3
vI S - -4- •
C lear,
a lg a e
—
——
Red
——
Heavy r e d s t a i n s
S u b s ta n tia l grass
k ill
I
2
3
4
5555-
Remarks
—
—
—
—
15
10
30
——
——
—
C lear
C lear
--—
—
- C lear
C lear
C lear
—
1 0 - 15
—
—
——
—
C lear
—
---.
—
70
10
Some g r a s s k i l l
Some g r a s s k i l l
S lig h t grass k i l l
S m a ll pond a t e n tran ce
Some g r a s s k i l l
T i p p l e , some g r a s s
k ill
-106APPENDIX A, TABLE 17— C o n t i n u e d
7 #
D ra in Mine
N o .* / areaE /
t -I
. ,,
?/
-v
Ir'.
■A»
2 PT
O'
Lr
EH p:
11
I I
E n tran ce
E fflu e n t
c o n d i t i o n ^ / gpm^/
18- 5
SC
C
2
18- 6
18- 7
18- 8
18- 9
1 8 -1 0
18-11
1 8 -1 2
18-13
18-14
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
C
O
O
C
P
C
C
C
P
—
--
18-15
1 8 -1 6
1 8 -1 7
18-18
1 8 -1 9
1 8 -2 0
19- I
19- 2
19- 3
19- 4
19- 5
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
P
C
C
C
P
C
P
O
O
C
C
—
19- 6
19- 7
CW
CW
P
O
19- 8
SC
P
1920202031-
SC
SC '
SC
SC
CW
C
C
P
C
C
9
I
2
.3
I
■
■ E f flu e n t
d e scrip ­
tio n
Remarks
In te rSome g r a s s k i l l
m itte n t
—
—
—
—
—
■--------
—
—
—
Heavy r e d s t a i n
T ip le
—
——
—
— —
——
—
—
—
R e c e n t l y w orked
—
M a c h in e ry
—
.
■-------
------
.
.
--—
—
-
—
—
Some g r a s s k i l l
Some g r a s s k i l l
—
—
—
*---
—
—
--------
C o ld a i r
—
—
2
C lear
S e e p s i n t o g ro u n d
C lear
S tro n g odor
C o ld a i r
3-5
—
'
—
C old a i r ,
k ill
—
---------
3-5
-------- -
— —
—
—
C lear
—
grass
—
—
G rass k i l l
—
—
T ip p le , g rass k i l l
—a / F i r s t num ber i n d i c a t e s s e c t i o n num ber i n w h ic h m ine i s l o c a t e d , t h e ,
s e c o n d num ber i n d i c a t e s t h e s e q u e n c e o f f i e l d e x a m i n a t i o n
—/ NN=No-Name C r e e k ; NF=Numbe r F i v e C r e e k ; CW=Cottonwood C r e e k ; SC=Sand
C o u le e C r e e k ; A C = A ntelope C o u le e
—
C = caved; P = p a r t i a l l y c a v e d ; O=open
j /
—
E s t i m a t e d f lo w a t t i m e o f s u r v e y
APPENDIX B
DESCRIPTION OF CONTINUOUSLY
DISCHARGING MINES
J u l y , 1969 t o J u n e , 1970
M ine 6 - 1 (T. 18 N . , R. 5 E . , S e c . 6 )
T h i s m in e i s l o c a t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 y a r d s e a s t o f t h e g r a v e l
road so u th o f S t o c k e t t .
I t i s a b o u t 80 f e e t a b o v e t h e C ottonw ood C r e e k
s t r e a m b e d an d 40 f e e t a b o v e t h e . g r a v e l r o a d .
The a c i d w a t e r and s u r ­
f a c e d r a i n a g e i n t h e i m m e d i a te a r e a f lo w s i n a m an-made d i t c h p a r a l l e l
t o t h e r o a d , r e a c h i n g t h e r o a d d i t c h a b o u t 200 y a r d s n o r t h o f t h e m in e
e n tra n c e .
Thence i t
flo w s i n t h e ro a d d i t c h ab o u t I m il e to a c u l v e r t
and i n t o C o tto n w o o d C r e e k .
by t h e d e c r e a s i n g f lo w a s i t
Some s e e p a g e i n t o t h e g r o u n d i s e v i d e n c e d
a p p r o a c h e s C ottonw ood C r e e k .
The e n t r a n c e i s c o m p l e t e l y c a v e d .
An a b a n d o n e d h a u l r o a d i s
lo ­
c a t e d i m m e d i a t e l y d o w n s tre a m fro m t h e m in e e n t r a n c e .
M ine 7 - 2 ( T , 19 N . , R.' 5 E . , S e c .
7)
S i t u a t e d on t h e s o u t h s i d e o f t h e s m a l l c o u l e e w e s t o f T r a c y ,
t h i s m in e i s
a b o u t 30 f e e t a b o v e t h e c o u l e e b o t to m .
The e n t r a n c e i s
c o m p le te ly c a v e d , w i t h a c id w a te r d i s c h a r g i n g u n d e r an abandoned h a u l
r o a d 75 f e e t fro m t h e e n t r a n c e .
The a c i d w a t e r c a s c a d e s down a w a s t e p i l e to t h e c o u l e e ,
and
t h e r e t o a man-made d i t c h , f o l l o w s t h e edge o f a w h e a t f i e l d , f i n a l l y
-1 0 8 -
s e e p i n g i n t o t h e g ro u n d a b o u t o n e - h a l f m i l e fro m t h e m ine e n t r a n c e .
A sm a ll s p rin g
( 1 - 2 g p m ), l o c a t e d 50 f e e t w e s t ,
i s used fo r
w a te rin g sto c k .
M ine 7-9
(T. 19 N . , R. 5 E . , S e c .
7)
T h i s m in e i s l o c a t e d 40 f e e t a b o v e t h e Sand C o u le e C re e k f l o o d
p lain .
The e n t r a n c e i s c o m p l e t e l y c a v e d .
A cid w a t e r d i s c h a r g e s i n t o
a s m a l l man-made p o n d , o v e r t h e t o p o f the, c l a y c o v e r e d dam and down
a s lo p e in a m ean d erin g f a s h i o n ,
fin a lly
s e e p i n g i n t o t h e f i e l d s b e lo w .
S e v e ra l a c re s o f se ep a g e a re a have p re v e n te d th e use o f p a r t of th e
f i e l d f o r crops.
An a b a n d o n e d d i t c h i s l o c a t e d , j u s t b e lo w t h e dam , t e r m i n a t i n g a t
a p o in t o n e - h a lf m ile s o u th w e st o f th e e n tr a n c e , n e a r th e seepage a re a
f o r M ine 7 -2 ( d e s c r i b e d a b o v e ) .
M ine 1 3 - 3 (T. 19 N . , R. 4 E . , S e c . 13)
Mine 1 3 -3 i s l o c a t e d a b o u t 60 f e e t a b o v e No Name C r e e k , 50 y a r d s
s o u t h o f t h e p a v e d r o a d i n t h e town o f Sand C o u l e e .
c o m p le te ly caved.
The e n t r a n c e i s
A c id w a t e r d i s c h a r g i n g fro m t h e e n t r a n c e f lo w s s o u t h
i n a man-made d i t c h , down a w a s t e p i l e t o s m a l l s h a l l o w p o o l s , t o a
c u l v e r t u n d e r a p a v e d r o a d , i n t o .,No-Name C r e e k .
W aste p i l e s
te n s iv e in t h i s a re a , in c re a s in g th e p o t e n t i a l fo r seepage.
a re ex­
The d i t c h
was c o n s t r u c t e d t o d i v e r t flo w s away fro m homes i n t h e v i c i n i t y .
V '.-
-109Mine 1 4 - 1 (T. 19 N . , R. 4 E . , S e c .
T h i s m ine i s p a r t i a l l y
14)
f l o o d e d w i t h a n open e n t r a n c e .
A cid
w a t e r d i s c h a r g e i s f o u n d i n t h e c o u l e e i m m e d i a t e l y b e lo w t h e e n t r a n c e .
The e n t r a n c e i s o n l y a few f e e t a b o v e t h e c o u l e e b o t t o m and a b o u t 40
f e e t a b o v e No-Name C r e e k , 400 y a r d s a w a y :
M ine 14-1G ( T . 18 N . , R. 4 E , , S e c . 14)
T his r e p o r t e d l y i s
t h e l a r g e s t m ine i n t h e Sand C o u le e a r e a .
The u n d e r g r o u n d w o r k i n g s e x t e n d s o u t h and w e s t s e v e r a l m i l e s
(3 1 ).
The m a in e n t r a n c e l o c a t e d on t h e e a s t s l o p e o f F i v e M i l e C o u le e d i s ­
c h a r g e s t h e m a j o r p o r t i o n o f t h e a c i d w a t e r fro m t h i s m i n e .
e n t r a n c e i s a b o u t 20 f e e t a b o v e F i v e M il e C re e k .
The
Some d i s c h a r g e o c c u r s
i n t h e c o u l e e b o t t o m 200 t o 400 y a r d s s o u t h o f t h e e n t r a n c e .
An
a b a n d o n e d a i r s h a f t f o r t h i s m ine i s l o c a t e d a b o u t Ih m i l e s s o u t h w e s t
of th e e n tra n c e .
T h i s s h a f t i s o f t e n f l o o d e d w i t h s u r f a c e r u n o f f and
r e t a i n s w a te r th ro u g h o u t th e y e a r.
deep.
The s h a f t was o r i g i n a l l y
187 f e e t
S u b s t a n t i a l c a v in g i s in e v id e n c e .
The d i s c h a r g e f ro m t h e e n t r a n c e f l o w s i n a r o a d d i t c h a b o u t 400
y a r d s n o r t h t o F i v e M il e C r e e k .
Mine 2 3 -5 (T.
19 N , , R. 4 E . , S e c . ' .23)
L o c a t e d a b o u t 10 f e e t above and 30 f e e t e a s t o f No-Name C r e e k ,
t h i s m in e d i s c h a r g e s a c i d w a t e r d i r e c t l y
c o m p le te ly caved.
to th e creek .
The e n t r a n c e i s
-1 1 0 -
M ine 2 3 -6 ( T . 19 N . , R. 4 E . , S e c .
23)
T h i s m in e i s l o c a t e d a b o u t 400 y a r d s u p s t r e a m fro m Mine 2 3 - 5 .
The e n t r a n c e i s
c o m p l e t e l y c a v e d and d i s c h a r g e s a c i d w a t e r i n t o a man­
made d i t c h a b o u t 40 f e e t i n l e n g t h .
The a c i d w a t e r t h e n d r o p s v e r t i ­
c a l l y 15 f e e t i n t o F i v e M il e C r e e k .
Mine 3 6 -2 ( T . 19 N . , R. 4 E . , S e c . 36)
N e a r S t o c k e t t , t h i s m ine i s
G reek.
a b o u t 160 f e e t a b o v e C ottonw ood
A man-made d i t c h c a r r i e s t h e a c i d w a t e r d i s c h a r g e down t h e
c o u l e e s l o p e f o r a d i s t a n c e o f 500 t o 600 y a r d s t o a s m a l l t r i b u t a r y
c o u l e e o f C o tto n w o o d C r e e k .
I
APPENDIX C
STREAM SAMPLE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TABLE 18
SAMPLE POINT NO. I
L o c a tio n
Sand C o u le e C r e e k , J o h n s o n Farm
Sam ple No.
A n a ly sis
I
D a te s a m p le d
T e m p e r a t u r e , 0C
S i l i c a , mg/1 SiO 2
I r o n , m g/1 Fe ++
I r o n , m g/1 t o t a l Fe
M a n g a n e s e , mg/ I Mn
C a l c iu m , m g/1 Ca
M agnesium , m g/1 Mg
S odium , m g/1 Na
P o t a s s i u m , m g/1 K
B i c a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCO3
C a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCO3
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SOlf
C h l o r i d e , m g/1 Cl
F l u o r i d e , mg/ I F
N i t r a t e , m g/1 N03
H a r d n e s s , c a r b . , mg/ I CaCOg
H a r d n e s s , n o n c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
Sodium a b s o r p t i o n r a t i o
S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , pmhos
PH
Alum inum , mg/ I Al
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
8/ 3/69
18
14
203
1 .1
100
60
16
2 .5
0
0
1239
3 .3
0 .0
12
0
496
0
.3
1946
. 2 .9
100
—
24
76
9 / 6/69
118
74
0
0
1940
0
600
0
-
2940
2.6
172
1420
7/ 22/70
20
.
■
54
140
- ^
3 .9
-
-1 1 2 -
TABLE 19
SAMPLE PO IN T NO.
L o c a tio n
S and C o u le e C r e e k , b e tw e e n C e n t e r v i l l e and T r a c y
S am ple No.
A n a ly sis
2
2
D a t e S am pled
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
S i l i c a , m g/1 SiOg
I r o n , mg/ I Fe ++
I r o n , m g/1 t o t a l Fe
M a n g a n e s e , m g/1 Mn
C a l c iu m , m g /1 Ca'
M agnesium , mg/ I Mg „
S odium , m g/1 Na
P o t a s s i u m , m g/1 K
B i c a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCOg
C a r b o n a t e , mg/ I CaCOg
S u l f a t e , mg/ I SO4
C h l o r i d e , m g/1 Cl
F l u o r i d e , m g/1 F
N i t r a t e , m g/1 NOg
H a r d n e s s , c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
H a r d n e s s , n o n c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
Sodium a b s o r p t i o n r a t i o
S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , ymhos
pH
Aluminum, mg/ I Al
A c i d i t y , mg/ I CaCOg
8 /3 /6 9
23
9 /6 /6 9
3.1
9 /2 7 /6 9
20
5 .3
-
-
42
.2 1
—
—
82
38
16
3 .1
121
0
265
3
.6
20
99
265
99
.3
703
7.8
11
-
102
39
—
8
0
407
6
. 411
6
784
6 .5
< .l
9
115
41
0
0
500
0
-
880
4 .7
5
62
-1 1 3 -
TABLE 20
SAMPLE POINT NO. 3
L o c a tio n
Sand C o u le e C r e e k , a t C o ttonw ood C re e k
S a m p l e 'No.
A n a ly sis
3
D a t e s a m p le d
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
S i l i c a , mg/1 SiO 2
I r o n , m g /1 Fe -HI r o n , m g/1 t o t a l Fe
M a n g a n e s e , m g/1 Mn
C a l c iu m , m g/1 Ca
M agnesium , mg/ I Mg
S odium , m g/1 Na
P o t a s s i u m , m g/1 K
B i c a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCO3
C a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCO3
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SOlt
C h l o r i d e , m g/1 Cl
F l u o r i d e , m g/1 F
N i t r a t e , m g/1 NO3
H a r d n e s s , c a r b . , mg/ I CaCO3
H a r d n e s s , n o n c a r b . , m g/1 CaCO3
T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
Sodium a b s o r p t i o n r a t i o
S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , ymhos
pH
Alum inum , mg/ I Al
A c i d i t y , m g /1 CaCO3
8/ 3/69
24
6 .3
' 1 .5
0
57
25
9 .1
2 .3
207
4
78
2.2
.3
13
176
70
176
.2
462
8 .4
1.6
1
21
9 / 6/69
.2
55
26
193
0
91
—1
158
86
158
-
470
8 .0
<•1
11
TABLE 21
SAMPLE POINT NO. 4
L o c a tio n
C o tto n w o o d C r e e k , a t C e n t e r v i l l e
S am ple No.
A n a ly sis
4
D a t e s a m p le d
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
S i l i c a , m g/1 SiO 2
I r o n , mg/ I Fe ++
I r o n , m g/1 t o t a l Fe
M a n g a n e s e , m g/1 Mn
C a l c iu m , mg/ I Ca
M agnesium , m g/1 Mg
S o d iu m , m g/1 Na
P o t a s s i u m , ” m g/1 K
B i c a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCO3
C a r b o n a t e , m g /1 CaCO3
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SO1^
C h l o r i d e , m g/1 Cl
F l u o r i d e , m g/1 F
N i t r a t e , m g/1 NO3
H a r d n e s s , c a r b . , m g/1 CaCO3
H a r d n e s s , n o n c a r b . , m g/1 CaCO3
T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , m g /1 CaCO3
Sodium a b s o r p t i o n r a t i o
S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , pmhos
pH
Alum inum , mg/ I A l
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
22
8/ 3/69
9/ 6/69
21
7 .3
-
—
169
58
0
Q
841
0
661
0
-
9i
.7 5
113,
51
24
4
10
0
482
4 .6
.3
24
8
484
8
. .4
944 '
6 .5
24
-
1369
3 .6
3 7 .0
250
77
7/ 22/70
18
5
' 91
—
4 .6
-
-1 1 5 -
' TABLE 22
SAMPLE POINT NO. 5
L o c a tio n
Number F i v e C o u le e * a t C ottonw ood C re e k
Sam ple No.
5
A n a ly sis
D a te sa m p le d
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
S i l i c a , m g/1 SiOg
I r o n , m g/1 Fe -HI r o n , m g/1 t o t a l Fe
M a n g a n e s e , m g/1 Mn
C a l c iu m , m g/1 Ca
M agnesium , mg/ I Mg
Sodium , mg/1 Na
P o t a s s i u m , mg/1 K
B i c a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCOg
C a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCOg
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SOif
C h l o r i d e , m g/1 C l
F l u o r i d e , m g/1 F
N i t r a t e , m g/1 NOg
H a r d n e s s , c a r b . , mg/ I CaCOg
H a r d n e s s , n o n c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
Sodium a b s o r p t i o n r a t i o
S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , yrnhos
pH
Alum inum , mg/ I Al
A c i d i t y , m g /1 CaCOg
...
-
51
8/ 3/69
3 /2 3 /7 0
21
6 .0
.8 3
39
.4 3
115
5
177
--
48
29
4 .7
152
0
372
4 .2
.9
26
, 124
. 359
125
.5
924
8.2
4
,
—
52
0
665
8 .9
43
1500
7 .2
0
78
-
7/ 22/70
.18
0 .1
33
• —
- ,
7 .1
-
116-
TABLE 23
SAMPLE POINT NO.
L o c a tio n
C o tto n w o o d C re e k a t Number F i v e C o u le e
Sam ple No.
A n a ly sis
6
6
8/ 3/69
D a te s a m p le d
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
S i l i c a , m g/1 SiOg
I r o n , m g/1 Fe ++
I r o n , m g/1 t o t a l Fe
M a n g a n e s e , mg/ I Mn
C a l c iu m , mg/ I Ca
M agn esium , mg/ I Mg
S odium , m g/1 Na
P o t a s s i u m , m g/1 K
B i c a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCOg
C a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCOg
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SO4
C h l o r i d e , m g/1 Cl
F l u o r i d e , m g/1 F
N i t r a t e , m g /1 NOg
H a r d n e s s , c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
H a r d n e s s , n o n c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
Sodium a b s o r p t i o n r a t i o
S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , ymhos
pH
Aluminum, m g /1 Al
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
52
20
8
122
.3 5
95
53
16
2 .8
.
0
0
587
3 .9
.3
26
453
0
.3
1051
4 .2
43
■
3 /2 3 /7 0
5
- .
0 .0 6
- '
149
55
509
0
390
7 .0
•418
1420
7 .9
0
79
7/ 22/70
18
15
73
-•
4 .6
"
-117TABLE 24
SAMPLE POINT NO. 7
L o c a tio n
No Name G r e e k , W e ir No. I , b e tw e e n Sand C o u le e and T r a c y ’
S am ple No.
A n a ly sis
7
D a te s a m p le d
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
S i l i c a , m g/1 S iO 2
I r o n , m g /1 Fe ++
I r o n , mg/1 t o t a l Fe
M a n g a n e s e , m g/1 Mn
C a l c iu m , m g/1 Ca
M agnesium , m g /1 Mg
S odiu m , m g/1 Na
P o t a s s i u m ^ mg/1 K
B i c a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCOg
C a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCOg
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SO4
C h l o r i d e , m g/1 Cl
F l u o r i d e , m g/1 F
N i t r a t e , m g/1 NOg
H a r d n e s s , c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
H a r d n e s s , n o n c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , m g / 1 CaCOg
Sodium a b s o r p t i o n r a t i o
S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , pmhos
pH
Aluminum, mg/ I A l
A c i d i t y , mg’/ 1 CaCOg
'V
8/ 3/69
26
0
.3
5070
2 .7
2.6
405
595
4790
3.6
59
128
21
2 .1
0
0
5065
40
0 .1
’ 7 .6
-
677
75
9/ 27/69 10/ 18/69 7/ 22/70
__
46
112
0
0
5280
0
■ 5270
17
34
732
1180
38
28
-
3.2
70
283
5525
-
7920
3 .2
506
4780
510
940
- .
2 .7
-
-1 1 8 -
TABLE 25
SAMPLE POINT NO. 8
L o c a tio n
S and C o u le e C r e e k , n e a r M i s s o u r i R i v e r
S am ple No.
A n a ly sis
25
9/ 27/69
D a te s a m p le d
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
S i l i c a , m g/1 SiO2
I r o n , mg/1 Fe ++
I r o n , m g/1 t o t a l Fe ■
M a n g a n e s e , mg/ I Mn
C a lc iu m , m g / l Ca
M agnesiu m , m g / l Mg
S odium , m g / l Na
P o ta s s iu m , m g /l K
B i c a r b o n a t e , m g / l CaCO3
C a r b o n a t e , m g / l CaCO3
S u l f a t e , m g / l SO4
C h l o r i d e , m g / l Cl
F l u o r i d e , m g /l F
N i t r a t e , m g / l NO3
H a r d n e s s , c a r b . , m g / l CaCO3
H a r d n e s s , n o n c a r b . , m g / l CaCO3
T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
Sodium a b s o r p t i o n r a t i o
S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , pmhos
pH
Alum inum , m g/1 A l
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
—
87
154
82
.
-■
0 •
0
1915
0
' 2779
2 .8
170
1280
-119TABLE 26
SAMPLE POINT NO. 9
L o c a tio n
M i s s o u r i R i v e r , b e lo w Sand C o u le e C r e e k , h a l f - m i l e
S am ple No.
A n a ly sis
36
D a te s a m p le d
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
S i l i c a , m g/1 SiO 2
I r o n , m g/1 Fe ++
I r o n , m g/1 t o t a l Fe
M a n g a n e s e , m g/1 Mn
C a lc iu m , m g /1 Ca
M agnesium , mg/ I Mg
S odium , m g/1 Na
P o t a s s i u m , mg,/1 K
B i c a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCO3
C a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCO
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SO4
C h l o r i d e , m g/1 Cl
F l u o r i d e , mg/ I F
N i t r a t e , m g/1 NO3
H a r d n e s s , c a r b . , m g/1 CaCO3
H a r d n e s s , n o n c a r b . , m g/1 CaCO3
T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
Sodium a b s o r p t i o n r a t i o
S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , pmhos
PH
Aluminum, mg/ I A l
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
9 /2 7 /7 0
< .l
.0 1
38
13
19
151
0
48
8
.8
1 .8
123
24
123
•6
333
7 .1
< .l
7 .1
—
120
-
TABLE 27
SAMPLE POINT NO. 10
/ _____________ .
L o c a tio n
F i v e M il e C re e k a b o v e G i f f e n , Mine I 4 - IG ( S i n g l e s Ranch)
S am ple No.
A n a ly sis
35
D a t e s a m p le d
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
S i l i c a , m g/1 SiO^
I r o n , m g/1 Fe ++
I r o n , m g/1 t o t a l Fe
M a n g a n e s e , m g/1 Mn
C a lc iu m , m g/1 Ca
M agnesium , mg/ I Mg
S odiu m , mg/1 Na
P o t a s s i u m , m g/1 K
B i c a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCO3
C a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCO3
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SO14
C h l o r i d e , m g/1 Cl
F l u o r i d e , m g/1 F
N i t r a t e , m g/1 NO3
H a r d n e s s , c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
H a r d n e s s , n o n c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
Sodium a b s o r p t i o n r a t i o
S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , ymhos
pH
Aluminum, mg/ I A l
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
9 /2 7 /6 9
.
—
.0 2
.0
48
30
7 .7
257
0
32
3 .8
.5
26
210
35
210
.2
.454
7 .6
< .l
9 .0
—1 2 1 —
TABLE 28
SAMPLE POINT NO. 11
(D o m e s tic W e ll)
L o c a tio n
S i n g l e s Ranch ( a b o v e G i f f e n , Mine 1 4 - 1G)
Sam ple No.
A n a ly sis
D a t e s a m p le d
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
S i l i c a , m g/1 SiOg
I r o n , m g/1 Fe -HI r o n , m g/1 t o t a l Fe
M a n g a n e s e , m g/1 Mn
C a l c iu m , m g /1 Ca
M agnesium , m g/1 Mg
S odium , m g/1 Na
P o t a s s i u m , m g/1 K
B i c a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCOg
C a r b o n a t e , m g/1 CaCOg
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SO4
C h l o r i d e , m g/1 C l
F l u o r i d e , m g/1 F
N i t r a t e , m g/1 NOg
H a r d n e s s , c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
H a r d n e s s , n o n c a r b . , m g/1 CaCOg
T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
Sodium a b s o r p t i o n r a t i o
S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e , pmhos
pH
Aluminum, m g/1 Al
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
34
56
9 /2 7 /6 9
3 /2 3 /7 0
11
—
0 .0 3
0
60
24
7
10
0:. 0
63
19
-
227
653
0
71
3 .5
1 .2
0
51
3 .3
215
22
215
483
4 .8
<0 . 1
-
9.2
186
62
186
0 .1
481
6.8
<0 . 1
8.2
APPENDIX D
MINE DISCHARGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TABLE 29
MINE NO. 6 - 1
L o c a tio n :
T. 18 N . , R. 5 E . , S e c .
Sam ple No.
A n a ly sis
D a te s a m p le d
T e m p e r a t u r e , 0C
6
12
17
53
65
8/ 3/69
9 / 6/69
3/ 23/70
7/ 27/70
—
5
10
23
I r o n , f e r r o u s , mg/ I Fe
1830
-
-
1220
I r o n , t o t a l , m g/1 Fe
1918
-
-
1460
56
57
56
-
7360
7735
8250
-
0
0
0
-
6520
6170
6710 '
2 .4
2 .5
2 .7
C a l c iu m , m g/1 Ca
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SO^
A l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
Spec,
c o n d u c t a n c e , ymhos
PH
2 .7
Alum inum , m g/1 Al
449
564
HO
-
-
6580
6950
-
25
• 15
20
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
F lo w , gpm
.
-
-1 2 3 TABLE 30
MINE NO.
L o c a tio n :
T. 19 N . , R. 5 E . ,
7
66
13
37
57
9 / 6/69
1 0 /1 8 /7 0
3/ 23/70
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
-
10
I r o n , f e r r o u s , m g/1 Fe
-
-
-
I r o n , t o t a l , m g/1 Fe
—
-
-
118
122
140
-
1450
1380
2430
-
0
-
0
-
2380
2590
2450
-
.2 .7
2 .4
CO
Sam ple No.
Sec.
7 -2
2 .9
90
93
90
-
870
780
730
—
60
40
20
45
A n a ly sis
D a te s a m p le d
C a l c iu m , m g/1 Ca
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SOlt
A l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCOg
Spec,
c o n d u c t a n c e , ymhos
Aluminum, mg/1 Al
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
F low , gpm .
10
9 .
CN
pH
7/ 22/70
2 .6
.
54
-1 2 4 TABLE 31
MINE NO.
L o c a tio n :
T. 19 N . , R. 5 E . , S e c .
Sam ple No.
A n a ly sis
T e m p e ra tu re ,
D a te s a m p le d
0C
I r o n , f e r r o u s , m g/1 Fe
I r o n , t o t a l , mg/ I Fe
C a l c iu m , mg/ I Ca
7 -9
7
3
80
3/ 23/70
7/ 22/70
8
10
-
95
105
120
—
-
2620
-
0
-
2820
-
PH
2 .4
2 ,5
Alum inum , m g/1, Al
130
-
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
940
-
5
30
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SOlf
A l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
Spec,
c o n d u c t a n c e , pmhos
F lo w , gpm
V--.
-1 2 5 TABLE 32
MINE NO.
L o c a tio n :
T. 19 N . , R. 4 E . , S e c ,, 13
8
S am ple No.
A n a ly sis
D a t e s a m p le d
8/ 3/69
14
9/ 6/69
27
39
9 / 27/69
10/ 18/69
68
7/ 22/70
19
-
-
4
20
-
-
-
-
940
700
-
-
-
1340
93
32
• 23
46
-
2445
7135
6165
6275
-
0
0
0
-
-
c o n d u c t a n c e , pmhos 2813
5730-
5540
8634
-
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
I r o n , f e r r o u s , m g/1 Fe
I r o n , t o t a l , mg/1 Fe
C a l c iu m , m g/1 Ca
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SO^
A l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
Spec,
1 3 -3
PH
3 .7
2 .5
2 .5
2 .3
2 .6
Aluminum, mg/ I Al
184
602
625
523
-
-
6420
5930
5780
-
' -
45
-
40
25
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
F lo w , gpm
-1 2 6 TABLE 33
MINE NO.
L o c a tio n :
1 4 -1
T . 19 N . , R. 4 E . , S e c . 14
16
28
9/ 6/69
9/ 27/69
1 0 /1 8 /7 0
0C
-
-
4
8
20
f e r r o u s , m g/1 Fe
-
-
-
-
350
-
-
-
-
400
113
99
125
126
-
2900
3020
2855
2595
-
0
0
-
0
-
3600
39 70
5260
3400
-
pH '
2 .6
2 .6
2 .7
2 .7
4 .0
Alum inum , m g / 1 ' A l
272
238
298
1780
-
2130
2265
2054
1780
—
55
-
75
30
Sam ple No.
A n a ly sis
D a te s a m p le d
T e m p e ra tu re ,
Iro n ,
I r o n , t o t a l , m g/1 Fe
C a l c iu m , m g/1 Ca
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SOit
A l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
Spec,
c o n d u c t a n c e , pmhos
A c i d i t y , mg/ I CaCO3
F l o w , gpm
40
'
50
3 /2 3 /7 0
69
7/ 22/70
75
-1 2 7 TABLE 34
MINE NO. 1 4 -1 G
L o c a tio n :
T. 18 N . ,
S am ple No.
R. 4 E . , S e c .
11
20
14
33
54
46
70
A n a l y s i s D a t e s a m p le d 8 / 3 / 6 9 9 / 6 / 6 9 9 / 2 7 / 7 0 1 0 / 1 3 / 7 0 3 / 2 3 / 7 0 7 / 2 2 / 7 0
T e m p e r a t u r e , 0C
Iro n , fe rro u s ,
mg/ I Fe
10
-
-
10
-
-
-
—
-
180
-
-
-
-
200
'
8
Iro n , to ta l,
m g/1 Fe
127
C a lc iu m ,
m g/1 Ca
126
164
159
155
48
S u lfa te ,
mg/ 1 SO4
791
917
895
162
625
. 0
0
0
1393
1881
1820
3 .6
2 .8
16
A lk a lin ity ,
mg/ I CaCO3
S p e c i f i c conduc­
t a n c e , pmhos
pH
Aluminum, m g/1 Al
A d i d i t y , m g/1
CaCO3
F l o w , gpm
bJ
E stim ate d
V -
-
9
-
0
-
2060
1455
-
2 .8
2 .9
- 3 .1
3 .5
29
26
-
3
-
449.
390
303
174
—
30 O f /
-
-
.3 0 0 f /
300f/
500
-1 2 9 TABLE 36
MINE NO.
L o c a tio n :
T . 19, N . , R. 4 E . , S e c . 23
Sam ple No.
A n a ly sis •
2 3 -6
D a te s a m p le d
9
30
8/ 3/69
9/ 27/69
41
49
1 0 / 1 8 /6 9 3 / 2 3 / 7 0
73
7 /2 2 /7 0
11
-
10
10
10
-
-
-
-
1120
1270
-
-
-
1260
32 .
60
67
-
5515
5825
5635
-
0
0
-
0
-
5540
5180
7990
5320
-
pH
2 .8
2 .6
2 .7
2.6
2 .7
Alum inum , mg/ I Al
407
608
530
84
-
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
-
5260
5180
4660
-
F l o w , gpm
-
-
150
45
135
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
I r o n , f e r r o u s , m g/1 Fe
I r o n , t o t a l , m g/1 Fe
C a l c iu m , m g/1 Ca
58
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SO
5385 •
A l k a l i n i t y , m g / 1 . CaCO3
Spec,
c o n d u c t a n c e , ymhos-
Vt
-1 3 0 TABLE 37
MINE NO.
L o c a tio n :
T. 19 N . , R. 4 E . ,
3 6 -2
S e c . 36.
Sam ple No.
18
74
9/ 6/69
7 /2 2 /7 0
T e m p e r a t u r e , 0C
-
10
I r o n , f e r r o u s , m g/1 Fe
-
450
2200
2400
19
-
1 3 ,2 0 0
-
0
-
8810
-
A n a ly sis
D a te s a m p le d .
I r o n , t o t a l , m g/1 Fe
C a l c iu m , mg/ I Ca
S u l f a t e , m g/1 SO^
A l k a l i n i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
Spec,
c o n d u c t a n c e , ymhos
Alum inum , m g/1 A l
670
A c i d i t y , m g/1 CaCO3
F lo w , gpm
1 2 ,7 0 0 '
15
CM
2.2
<r
pH
20
APPENDIX E
COST ESTIMATION COMPUTATIONS
Proposed N e u t r a l iz a ti o n F a c i l i t y
I.
C a p ita l c o s ts :
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
2.
D rum s, 2 @ $ 1 ,0 0 0
F l u m e s , 40 f t . @ $ 3 0 / f t . '
I n s t a l l a t i o n , 40% o f $ 3 ,2 0 0
F r o n t end l o a d e r f o r l i m e s t o n e h a n d l i n g
E a r t h w ork
S i t e p r e p a r a t i o n - 400 cy @ $ 2 .0 0 p e r c . y .
Road g r a v e l - 200 cy @ $ 3 .0 0 p e r c . y .
Land
- T r e a t m e n t s i t e , 2 @ $200
- L i m e s t o n e s t o c k p i l e , I @ $500
$ 2 ,0 0 0
1 ,2 0 0
1 ,2 8 0
2 ,5 0 0
800
600
400
___ 5QQ
S u b to ta l
20% c o n t i n g e n c i e s
$ 9 ,2 8 0
I ,860
T o ta l c a p ita l co st
$ 1 1 ,1 4 0
A m o rtiz atio n
Assumed 7 y e a r l i f e w i t h i n t e r e s t a t 7%, c a p i t a l
r e c o v e r y f a c t o r = 0 .1 8 5 5 5 ; c o s t p e r y e a r =
0 . 1 8 5 5 5 ( 1 1 , 1 4 0 ) = $ 2 ,0 7 0
O p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s :
a.
b.
c.
O p e ra to r, p a r t tim e , p e r y e a r
M i s c e l l a n e o u s e x p e n s e s a t 10 p e r c e n t o f
e q u ip m e n t c o s t s
0 .1 0 (3 2 0 0 )
L i m e s t o n e , M ine 2 3 - 6 , a c i d l o a d assum ed co n ­
s t a n t a t 2 ,1 6 0 pounds p e r d a y .
(A verage
f lo w a b o u t 40 gpm, a c i d i t y o f 4500 m g/1
a s CaCO3) - L i m e s to n e $ 7 .4 0 p e r t o n —
$ 4 ,0 0 0
320
2 1 6 0 (3 6 5 )7 .4 0
2 ,9 2 0
2000
T o t a l o p e r a t i o n and m a in te n a n c e c o s t '
$
7 ,2 4 0
-1 3 2 -
3.
%
T o ta l annual c o s t:
C a p i t a l c o s t , Ite m 1 - f
O p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e , I te m 2
$ 2 ,0 7 0
7 ,2 4 0
T o tal annual co st
4.
$ 9 ,3 1 0
Cost p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a ll o n s t r e a t e d :
A v e r a g e f l o w ( a p p r o x . ) , 40 g a l l o n s p e r m in u t e
W a te r t r e a t e d p e r y e a r
4 0 ( 6 0 ) 2 4 ( 3 6 5 ) = 21 X IO6 g a l l o n s
9310
21 X 10
a/
$ 0 ,4 4 4 p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s
B a s e d on c o s t s f ro m l o c a l g r a v e l c r u s h e r :
B u ll c ru sh e r
C ru s h t o Ih i n c h
H a u lin g
B la stin g
•$ 2 . 0 0 p e r c . y .
2 .7 5
1 .2 5
3 .0 0
T o ta l
$ 9 .0 0 p e r c . y .
P r o p o s e d M ine F l o o d i n g F a c i l i t y
I.
C a p ita l c o s ts :
a.
Dam
- E x c a v a t i o n , 1900 cy @ $ 1 .5 0
- F i l l , 2500 cy @ $ 2 .0 0
- C lay s e a l , 130 cy- @ $ 5 .0 0
- S p i l l w a y r i p r a p , 100 cy @ $15
- D r a i n p i p e , c l a y , 100 f t . @i $32
$ 2 ,8 5 0
5 ,0 0 0
•650
1 ,5 0 0
3 ,2 0 0
S u b to ta l
$ 1 3 ,2 0 0
S am ple p i p i n g
- P i p e , Ih i n c h p l a s t i c , 100 f t . @ 7 5 0 / f t .
- P i p e p r o t e c t i o n , c o n c r e t e , 5 cy @ $ 3 0 / c . y .
S u b to ta l
75
150
$
225
T o ta l
20% c o n t i n g e n c i e s
$ 1 3 ,4 2 5
2 ,6 8 6
T o ta l c a p ita l co st
$ 1 6 ,1 1 1
'%
4
'
-133-
-Hf,
'--■i 1
V
c.
■?'
A m o rtiz a tio n
Assume 3 0 - y e a r l i f e w i t h i n t e r e s t a t 7 p e r c e n t ,
c a p i t a l r e c o v e r y f a c t o r = 0 .0 8 0 5 9
.V
■>
C ost p e r y e a r = 0 .0 8 0 5 9 (1 6 ,1 1 1 ) =
2.
O p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s :
S p i l l w a y r e p a i r , pond f l u s h i n g - lump sum
3.
$
500
T o ta l annual c o st:
C a p i t a l c o s t s , I te m 1 - c
O p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e , I t e m 2
T o tal annual c o st
4.
$ 1 ,3 0 0
C o s t p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s t r e a t e d :
A v e r a g e f lo w ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y ) , 50 gpm
W a te r t r e a t e d p e r y e a r
5 0 ( 6 0 ) 2 4 ( 3 6 5 ) = 2 6 . 3 X 10 g a l l o n s
1800
, a
2 6 . 3 X IO 3 ~ $ 0 .0 6 9 p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l l o n s
v 'r
....
$ 1 ,3 0 0
_____500
$ 1 ,8 0 0
libraries
3 1762 1 0 0 1 4 /4 6 y