Investigation of using a 1-phase to 3-phase static phase converter for fluorescent lighting loads
by Kung-Wei Hsiao
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering
Montana State University
© Copyright by Kung-Wei Hsiao (1957)
Abstract:
The purpose of this investigation is to determine how the l-phase to 3-phase static phase converter can
be used on fluorescent lighting loads.
Two types of lamps have been tested, namely, the 96-T12-73 slim lamp and the 15-watt cold-white
lamp.
The lamps are connected into delta to the phase converter. The balances of the system have been
investigated for various supply voltages. Lamps starting under this circuit connection is tested.
The stroboscopic effect of the fluorescent lamp is reduced to 5% to 8% by this circuit connection. INVESTIGATION OF USING A I-FHASE
TO > PHASE STATIC PHASE CONVERTER
TOR FLUORESCENT LIGHTING LOADS
by
Kxmg-Uei H eiao
A THESIS
S u b m itte d t o t h e G ra d u a te F a c u lty
in
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts
f o r t h e d e g re e o f
E faste r o f S c ie n c e i n E l e c t r i c a l E n g in e e rin g
at
M ontana S t a t e C o lle g e
C hairm an, E xam ining C om m ittee
Bozeman, M ontana
S ep te m b er, 1957
N iK
I
v4
TABLE 01' CONTEfITS
C h a p te r
Page
A b s tra c t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
L i s t o f T a b l e s .......................................................................... ....
ill
L i s t o f F ig u r e s ................................. . . . . . . . . . .
I
II
Ill
In tro d u c tio n . . .
Iv
............................................ . . . . . . .
I
ITie S t a t i c P h ase C o n v e r te r . ............................. ......................
3
T e s t in g on I n d i v i d u a l Lamps t o F in d t h e i r E l e c t r i c a l
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ..................................... .... ....................................
5
IV
B a la n c in g o f t h e S y s t e m .........................................................
13
V
S ta rtin g T est . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
VI
S tr o b o s c o p ic E f f e c t I n v e s t i g a t i o n . . . . . . . . .
41
C o n c lu sio n s . . . . . .
47
V II
......................... . . . . . . . .
A p p e n d ix ................................................. .... .........................................
48
A cknow ledgem ent. . . . . .
.
52
R e f e r e n c e s ..................................... .......................................................
53
124<66
ABSTRACT
The p u rp o s e o f t h i s I n v e s t i g a t i o n i s t o d e te rm in e how t h e I - p h ase
t o 3- p h a s e s t a t i c p h a s e c o n v e r t e r can b e u s e d on f l u o r e s c e n t l i g h t i n g
lo a d s .
Two ty p e s o f lam ps h av e b een t e s t e d , n am ely , th e 96-T 1 2 -7 3 s lim
lamp and th e 1 5 -w a tt c o ld - w h ite lam p.
The l a mps a r e c o n n e c te d i n t o d e l t a t o th e p h ase c o n v e r t e r . The
b a la n c e s o f t h e syfcea h av e b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r v a r io u s s u p p ly v o l ­
t a g e s . Lamps s t a r t i n g u n d e r t h i s c i r c u i t c o n n e c tio n i s t e s t e d .
The s tr o b o s c o p ic e f f e c t o f th e f l u o r e s c e n t lamp i s re d u c e d t o
5$ t o 8 $ by t h i s c i r c u i t c o n n e c tio n .
L i s t o f T a b le s
Number
Ia
Ib
Page
F i r s t Lamp (1 5 -M a tt G old-W hite)
................................
7
8
Second Lamp (1 5 -W a tt G o ld -V M te ) . . . ............................
Ic
T h ird Lamp (1 5 -W att C o ld -W h ite) ............................ . . . . .
9
IIa
F i r s t Lamp (S lim L in e Lamp 9 6 - T 1 2 - 7 3 ) .......................................
10
IIb
S econd lamp (S lim L in e Lamp). .........................................................
U
Ho
T h ird Lamp (S lim l i n e Lamp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
B a la n c in g C a l c u l a t i o n f o r 1 5 -W att G old-W hite Lamp . . .
15
B a la n c in g C a l c u l a t i o n f o r S lim L in e Lamp. . . . . . . . .
15
III
TV
Va
(1 5 -W att Lamp B a la n c e d
a t V j * 125 V o lts ) . . . . . . . . 2 4
Vb
( 1 5 - W att Lamp B a la n c e d
a t V j * 120 V o l t s ) ......................................25
Vc
(1 5 -W att Lamp B a la n c e d
a t V j s 115 V o lts ) . . . . . . .
Vd
( IfM -Jatt lamp B ala n c e d
a t Vj * HO
.2 6
V o lts ) . . . . . . . . 2 7
V ia
(S lim L in e Lamp B alan ced a t V j * 125 V o l t s ) ........................ . 2 8
VTb
(S lim l i n e Lamp B ala n c e d a t V j * 120 V o l t s ) .................... .... . 29
V Ic
(S lim l i n e Lamp B a la n c e d a t V j * 115 V o lts ) . . . . . . . 3 0
VId
(S lim L in e Lamp B a la n c e d a t V j - H O V o l t s ) ......................... . 31
V ie
(S lim l i n e Lamp B a la n c e d a t V j - 105 V o lts ) l i n e C u r r e n t
V o lta g e an d Power F a c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.3 2
V II
(1 5 -W att C o ld -W h ite lamp)
B a la n c e d a t 125 V o l t s . . . . . . . .
.................................
36
B alan ced a t 120 V o lts . ................................................................ 36
B alan ced a t H 5 V o l t s ............................ .... ............................ . 3 7
B alan ced a t H O V o l t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7
S in g le Lamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
........................ 38
l i s t o f T a b le s ( C o n 't)
Number
V III
Page
(S lim L in e lam p)
B ala n c e d a t
125 V o l t s .......................................................
39
B alan ced a t
120
B alan ced a t
115 V o l t s .................................................................................39
B alan ced a t
HO
B alan ced a t
105 V o l t s ......................................................................
V o l t s . ..............................................
39
V o l t s . .......... ........................................
39
39
S in g le Lamp. ............................................................................
IX
X
39
(1 5 -W att G old-W hite l a m p ) ...................................................................... 43
(S lim L in e Lamp).
...................................... .... ...............................
I
44
L is t o f I llu s tr a tio n s
F ig u r e
Page
I
C ir c u it o f th e s t a t i c phase c o n v e rte r
2
Lamp c i r c u i t ........................................................................................ 14
3a
3b
3c
3d
4a
3
1 5 - l i a t t C o ld -W h ite lam p , P hase C u r r e n t an d V o lta g e
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s — B alan ced a t Vj - 125 v .
. . .
16
1 5 - VJatt G old-W hite Lamp, H iase C u r r e n t an d V o lta g e
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s — B alan ced a t V j * 120 v . . . .
17
1 5 - W att C old-V fliite Lamp, P hase C u r r e n t and V o lta g e
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s — B alan ced a t V j g 115 v . . • •
18
1 5 - V n tt C o ld -W h ite Lamp, P hase C u r r e n t an d V o lta g e
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s — B alan ced a t V j g H O v . . . .
19
S lim L in e Lamp, P hase C u r r e n t an d V o lta g e C h a r a c te r ­
i s t i c s — B a la n c e d a t V j z 125 v . . . . . . . .
.
20
S lim L in e Lamp, P h ase C u rre n t en d V o lta g e C h a r a c te r ­
i s t i c s — B alan ced a t V j g 120 v . ....................... .... .
21
S lim L in e Lamp, P h ase C u r r e n t an d V o lta g e C h a r a c te r ­
i s t i c s — B a la n c e d a t V j = 115 v ................... ....
22
S lim L in e Lamp, P h ase C u rre n t an d V o lta g e C h a ra c te r­
i s t i c s — B a la n c e d a t V j ® H O v .....................................
23
5
Power F a c t o r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s — 1 5 -W att C old-W hite
33
6
Power F a c t o r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s — S lim L ine Lamp . . .
34
7
P h o to o e H C i r c u i t .......................................... .... ...............................
41
8
L ig h t O u tp u t D e v ia tio n — 1 5 - M att C o ld -W h ite lam p.
45
9
L ig h t O u tp u t D e v ia tio n — S lim L in e L a m p .......................
4b
4c
4d
.
.
46
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
E v ery lamp when b u rn e d I n t h e u s u a l m anner on a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t
h a s a n o n -u n ifo rm l i g h t o u tp u t c a u s e d by t h e c y c l i c v a r i a t i o n s i n c u r ­
re n t.
A f l u o r e s c e n t lam p i s a n e l e c t r i c d is c h a r g e d e v ic e .
In s te a d o f
g e n e r a tin g l i g h t from d i r e c t h e a t in g o f t h e tu n g s te n w ir e , a s i n a n
in c a n d e s c e n t lam p , t h e f l u o r e s c e n t lamp i s n o t t o p ro d u c e l i g h t , b u t
r a t h e r t o g e n e r a te a s h o rt-w a v e u l t r a v i o l e t an d th e n em ploy f l u o r e s c e n t
c h e m ic a ls o r p h o sp h o rs w hich c a n e f f e c t i v e l y c o n v e r t t h i s u l t r a v i o l e t
e n e rg y i n t o v i s i b l e l i g h t .
As soon a s t h e c u r r e n t w hich p a s s e s th ro u g h
t h e lam p i s z e r o , t h e r e w i l l b e no more s h o rt-w a v e u l t r a v i o l e t wave to
e x c i t e t h e f l u o r e s c e n t c h e m ic a ls , t h e lamp w i l l p r a c t i c a l l y g e n e r a te no
l i g h t a t t h i s e v e n t.
T h e r e f o r e , t h e l i g h t d ro p s t o z e ro a lo n g w ith th e
c u r r e n t b etw een e a c h h a l f c y c l e .
T h is f l i c k e r o r s tr o b o s c o p ic e f f e c t c a u s e s c e r t a i n s t r a i n on human
eyes.
H ence v a r io u s m eans h a v e b een d e v e lo p e d i n o r d e r t o re d u c e t h i s
e ffe c t.
One o f t h e e f f e c t i v e means t o re d u c e t h i s f l i c k e r i s by u s in g
s e v e r a l lam ps t o g e t h e r , e a c h s u p p lie d by a d i f f e r e n t p h a se v o l t a g e , so
t h a t t h e f l i c k e r o f eac h lam p o c c u r s a t a d i f f e r e n t tim e .
w i l l g r e a t l y r e d u c e t h i s s tr o b o s c o p ic e f f e c t .
The n e t r e s u l t
The tw o-lam p b a l l a s t i s
p r a c t i c a l l y b a s e d on t h i s f a c t .
I t i s e a s y t o s e e t h a t by s u p p ly in g a b a la n c e d th r e e - p h a s e v o lta g e
t o a th r e e - la m p s e t , t h e f l i c k e r o f t h i s w hole s e t w i l l be f a r m ore r e ­
duced th a n t h e f l i c k e r o f a tw o-lam p c i r c u i t .
2
R e c e n tly c e r t a i n means h av e b e e n d e v e lo p e d w hich s e r v e a s a v e r y
c o n v e n ie n t way t o s p l i t a s i n g l e p h a s e , a lm o s t u n d e r a l l lo a d c o n d i t i o n s .
I n t o a b a la n c e d t h r e e - p h a s e s y ste m .
T h e re fo re , by s u ita b le a p p lic a tio n
o f t h i s c i r c u i t , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o re d u c e t h e s tr o b o s c o p ic e f f e c t i n
flu o re s c e n t l i g h t s .
T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s m a in ly co n c e rn e d w ith t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s
s t a t i c p h a s e c o n v e r t e r t o t h e f l u o r e s c e n t lamp an d t o s e e how t h e c i r c u i t
w i l l b e b a la n c e d an d how t h e s tr o b o s c o p ic e f f e c t i s re d u c e d .
I n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , two ty p e s o f f l u o r e s c e n t lam ps h a v e b e e n
t e s t e d , nam ely t h e 9 6 -T 1 3 -7 3 s lim lamp an d t h e 1 5 - w a tt c o ld - w h ite lam p .
CHAPTER I I
THE STATIC PHASE CONVERTER
I n a r e c e n t a r t i c l e ^ / J . C. Hogan s u g g e s te d a s t a t i c p h a s e co n ­
v e r t e r w hich c o n s i s t s o f a c o n d e n s e r an d a n a u to tr a n s f o r m e r .
By a d j u s t ­
in g t h e v a lu e o f t h e c o n d e n s e r and t h e r a t i o o f t h e a u t o tr a n s f o r m e r , i t
c a n c o n v e r t a s i n g l e p h a s e i n t o a w e ll b a la n c e d th r e e - p h a s e sy ste m f o r
a n y lo a d p o s s e s s in g a la g g in g power f a c t o r .
The g e n e r a l fo rm o f th e
c i r c u i t i s shown i n F ig u r e I .
Ic
F i s u re I .
Where:
C i r c u i t o f th e s t a t i c p h ase c o n v e r t e r .
A, B an d C a r e t h e t e r m i n a l s o f t h e t h r e e b a la n c e d p h a s e s .
To s e c u r e a balan ced , th r e e - p h a s e sy ste m t h e v a lu e o f Xe an d th e N
o f t h e tr a n s f o r m e r c a n be c a l c u l a t e d fro m t h e f o llo w in g f o r m u la s .
(S ee
A ppendix)
Xe = j __ M —
2 S in ^m1
„
CosCtim1 -M O 0 )
S in timj
H ogan, J . C ., f IEE T r a n s a c t i o n . "A n a ly z in g S in g le - P h a s e t o > P hase S t a t i c
P h ase C o n v e r te r ," J a n u a r y 1 9 5 6 , p . 4 0 3 .
Where:
Zia^ i s t h e p o s i t i v e seq u en ce im pedance p e r p h a s e o f t h e lo a d
w hich i s I n Y c o n n e c tio n ,
flcij i s tlie p o s i t i v e seq u en ce pow er f a c t o r .
I n o r d e r t o make t h i s s t a t i c p h a s e c o n v e r t e r a p p ly t o t h e f l u o r e s c e n t
la m p , c e r t a i n ch an g e s a r e n e c e s s a r y .
S in c e m o st l i g h t i n g sy stem s a r e H O v o l t s , t o s e c u r e enough v o lta g e
f o r t h e f l u o r e s c e n t la m p s , t h e lam ps s h o u ld b e c o n n e c te d i n d e l t a .
S in c e
th e s e lam ps a r e s i m i l a r , th e y may b e t r e a t e d a s a b a la n c e d th r e e - p h a s e
lo a d w hich cam be e a s i l y t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o a n e q u iv a le n t Y c o n n e c te d lo a d
by l e t t i n g :
Zai
Where:
m
JiZa
3
Za i s t h e im pedance o f ea c h lam p i n d e l t a c o n n e c tio n .
Zm^ i s th e e q u i v a le n t im pedance p e r p h a se i n Y c o n n e c tio n .
F u rb h e n a o re , s in c e t h e lam ps form a b a la n c e d d e l t a c i r c u i t , i t can
b e assum ed t h a t t h e i r n e g a t iv e an d z e ro se q u e n c e im pedance i s z e r o .
Knowing th e Za an d pow er f a c t o r o f e a c h la m p , th e v a lu e s o f N an d Xe may
b e r e a d i l y d e te rm in e d .
CHAPTER I I I
TESTING ON INDIVIDUAL IAMPS
TO FIND THEIR ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The elm o f t h i s t e s t I s t o f i n d o u t t h e Im pedance an d pow er f a c t o r
o f ea c h lam p so a s t o a p p ly t o t h e f o r e g o in g e q u a tio n s t o s e c u r e a
b a la n c e d t h r e e - p h a s e s y ste m .
H ow ever, a s t h e lamp c i r c u i t i s c o n n e c te d i n d e l t a t o t h e s t a t i c
p h a s e c o n v e r t e r , t h e t h i r d h arm o n ic o f t h e lam p c u r r e n t w i l l c i r c u l a t e
aro u n d t h e d e l t a and w i l l n o t a p p e a r I n t h e l i n e c u r r e n t .
H ence th e
im pedance an d power f a c t o r o f eac h lam p w hich i s c a l c u l a t e d , b a s e d on
t e s t i n g o f I n d i v i d u a l la m p s , w i l l b e d i f f e r e n t from th o s e i n d e l t a
c o n n e c tio n ow ing t o t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e t h i r d h a rm o n ic .
To make l e s s
e r r o r , i t i s assum ed t h a t t h e r e i s no t h i r d h arm o n ic i n t h e lam p c u r r e n t .
A wave a n a l y z e r i s u s e d t o d e te rm in e t h e fu n d a m e n ta l, t h i r d h arm o n ic and
f i f t h h arm o n ic o f t h e lam p c u r r e n t .
The f i f t h h arm onic i s n e g l i g i b l e
com pared t o t h e fu n d a m e n ta l; h e n c e o n ly t h e fu n d a m e n ta l a lo n g w ith th e
power consumed and a p p l i e d v o lt a g e i s u s e d t o f i n d t h e pow er f a c t o r o f
e a c h lam p w hich h a s b een shown i n T a b le I an d T a b le 2 ^
T h ere i s a c o n d e n s e r i n th e b a l l a s t o f t h e f l u o r e s c e n t lam p c i r c u i t
w hich m e re ly s e r v e s a s a p o w e r - f a c to r c o r r e c t i o n d e v ic e , t h e r e f o r e i n
o u r t e s t we d is c o n n e c t I t fro m t h e c i r c u i t .
The im pedance and power f a c t o r o f t h e f l u o r e s c e n t lam p i s n o t a con­
s ta n t.
^
I t ch an g e s w ith d i f f e r e n t s u p p ly v o l t a g e s .
The s u p p ly v o lta g e
The lam p Im pedance i s c a l c u l a t e d b a s e d on t h e t o t a l lam p c u r r e n t ( i n ­
c lu d in g t h e t h i r d h a rm o n ic ) s i n c e i t i s c l o s e r t o t h e v a lu e o f t h e a c t u a l
b a la n c e by t h i s way.
was v a r i e d fro m 80 v o l t s t o 140 v o l t s w ith a n in c r e a s e o f 5 v o l t s i n eac h
s te p .
Then a l l r e a d i n g s w ere ta k e n an d t h e im pedances and pow er f a c t o r s
w ere c a l c u l a t e d .
The c o m p le te d a t a i s shown i n T a b le I an d T a b le I I .
The power consumed a s l i s t e d I n th e t a b l e s i s th e a c t u a l pow er consumed
i n t h e la m p .
The m e te r l o s s h a s b een s u b t r a c t e d .
T h re e d i f f e r e n t lam ps o f e a c h k in d h av e b een t e s t e d .
TABLE l a .
V
FIRST LAMP ( 1 5 - WATT COLD-WHITE).
......I .
__JP....
.........I 3r-
. ...
U
.
I,
5
Cos «mi
Z
UO
0 .5 5
2 9 .4
0 .5 0
.1 0 8
0 .4 2 0
254
135
0 .4 8
2 6 .1
0 .4 3 6
.0 8 9
0.44/i
281
130
0.422
2 2 .7
0 .3 8
.0 7 0
0 .4 6 0
308
125
0 .3 7 2
2 0 .6
0 .3 3 6
.0 5 3 8
0 .4 9 1
336
120
0 .3 3 0
1 8 .0
0 .2 9 6
.0 4 1
0 .5 0 8
364
115
0 .2 8 5
1 6 .4
0 .2 6 0
.0 3 2 4
0 .5 5 0
404
no
0 .2 5 4
U .8
0 .2 3 4
.0 2 6 8
0 .5 7 6
433
105
0 .2 2 7
1 3 .3
0 .2 1 2
.0 2 3 0
0 .5 9 8
462
no
0 .2 0 0
U .8
0 .1 8 6
.0200
0 .6 3 4
500
95
0 .1 7 8
1 0 .2
0 .1 6 0
.0190
0 .6 7 2
534
90
0 .1 5 1
8 .6
0 .1 3 8
.0 1 7 6
0 .6 9 2
596
85
0 .1 2 6
7 .0
0 .1 1 4
.0 1 6 0
0 .7 2 4
674
80
0 .1 0 0
5 .6
0 .090
.0150
0 .7 7 9
800
Remarks
Cos
I
Z
S u p p ly v o l t a g e I n v o l t
Lamp c u r r e n t I n am pere
Power consum ed i n w a tt
F u n d am en tal c u r r e n t i n am pere
T h ir d h arm o n ic i n am pere
F i f t h h arm o n ic i n am pere
Power f a c t o r o f fu n d a m e n ta l
Lamp im pedance i n ohm
«» 3 <■*
TABLE l b .
V
SECOND LAMP ( 1 5 - WATT COLD-MITE).
I
P
UO
0 .5 3 4
2 3 .2
0 .4 9
0 .0 9 4
0 .4 1 1
262
135
0 .4 7 0
2 5 .6
0 .4 3 2
0 .0 7 8
0 .4 3 9
287
130
0 .4 1 6
2 2 .5
0 .3 9 0
0 .0 5 8
0 .4 4 5
312
125
0 .3 6 8
2 0 .5
0 .3 5 0
0 .0 4 5 0
0 .4 7 0
350
120
0 .3 3 2
1 8 .0
0 .3 1 6
0 .0 3 5 6
0 .4 8 6
361
115
0 .3 0 2
1 6 .4
0 .2 8 4
0 .0 2 9 6
0 .5 0 3
380
HO
0 .2 7 2
U .9
0.252
0 .0 2 5 6
0 .5 3 9
404
105
0 .2 3 9
1 3 .2
0 .2 2 8
0.0230
0 .5 5 2
440
100
0 .2 1 1
1 2 .1
0 .2 0 0
0.0 2 1 0
0 .6 0 5
473
95
0 .1 8 5
1 0 .4
0 .1 7 8
0.0200
0 .6 1 6
513
90
0 .1 5 9
8 .4
0 .1 5 0
0 .0 1 8 4
0 .6 2 1
566
85
0 .1 3 0
7 .3
0 .1 2 0
0 .0 1 7 6
0 .7 1 5
654
80
0.102
5 .8
0 .0 9 0
0 .0 1 6 0
0 .8 0 5
784
...
J 1... ..
. I , ..........
3
I
Cos
I
Z
- 9 TABLE I c .
THIRD IAMP (15*WATT COLD-WTTE) »
V
I
P
II
UO
0 .5 1 8
2 7 .7
0 .4 7 6
0 .1 0 4
0 .0 3 3 4
0 .4 1 7
270
135
0 .4 5 8
2 4 .7
0 .4 1 8
0 .0 8 0
0.0222
0 .4 3 9
295
130
0 .4 0 3
2 2 .7
0 .3 7 6
0 .0 6 2 4
0 .0 1 5 2
0 .4 6 4
323
125
0 .3 5 8
2 0 .1
0 .3 3 4
0.0488
0 .0 0 9 2
O . 48 I
349
120
0 .3 1 7
1 7 .5
0 .2 9 6
0 .0 3 9 8
0 .0 0 4 4
0 .4 9 3
379
115
0 .2 7 4
1 5 .6
0 .2 6 4
0 .0 3 3 6
0.0020
0 .5 1 5
420
no
0 .2 4 4
U .7
0 .2 3 2
0 . 02 %
0.0011
0 .5 7 5
450
105
0 .2 2 0
1 3 .2
0 .2 0 8
0 .0 2 6 8
0 .0 0 1 2
0 .6 0 5
476
100
0 .1 9 2
U .5
0 .1 8 0
0.0240
0 .0 0 1 2
0 .6 4 0
520
95
0 .1 6 7
9 .9
0 .1 5 4
0 .0 2 2 4
0 .0 0 2 2
0 .6 7 9
570
90
0 .1 4 0
8 .1
0 .1 2 8
0 .0 2 1 0
0 .0 0 2 8
0 .7 0 4
643
85
o.iu
6 .5
0 .100
0 .0 1 9 2
0 .0 0 3 3
0 .7 6 4
745
80
0 .09 0
4 .9
0 .0 7 6
0 .0 1 7 0
0 .0 0 3 7
0 .8 0 5
890
It
3
I
P
Cob
....—
?
- in TABLE I I a .
V
I
FIRST LAMP (SLIM LINF LAMP 9 6 -T 1 2 -7 3 )
P
_ I1.
I
I
3'
I
Cos
Z
135
3 .7 2
1 4 1 .5
3 .4 0
0 .4 5 4
5
0 .1 3 0
130
3 .3 5
1 2 8 .6
3 .1 6
0 .3 5 8
0 .0 8 6
0 .3 1 2
3 8 .8
125
3 .0 8
1 1 3 .2
2 .3 3
0 .2 7 2
0 .0 5 8
0 .3 2 3
4 0 .6
120
2 .3 3
1 0 9 .2
2 .6 0
0 .1 9 3
0 .0 3 0 4
0 .3 5 0
4 2 .4
115
2 .6 4
1 0 1 .3
2 .4 0
0 .1 5 6
0 .0 1 3 2
0 .3 6 9
4 3 .5
no
2*44
9 4 .3
2 .2 0
0 .1 3 0
0 .0 1 6 0
0 .3 9 0
4 5 .1
105
2 .2 6
3 7 .5
2 .0 0
0 .1 1 2
0 .0 1 5 8
0 .4 1 6
4 6 .5
100
2 .1 0
3 1 .2
1 .8 3
0 .1 0 0
0 .0 1 6
0 .4 3 1
4 7 .6
95
1 .9 5
7 4 .9
1 .7 2
0 .0 9 2
0 .0 1 5 3
0 .4 5 3
4 8 .7
90
1 .8 0
6 9 .9
1 .5 8
0 .0 7 6
0 .0 1 5 6
0 .4 9 1
5 0 .0
85
1 .6 4
6 3 .0
1 .4 0
0 .0 6 2
0 .0 1 5 6
0 .5 3 0
5 1 .9
80
1 .4 9
5 6 .7
1 .2 4
0 .0 5 6
0 .0 1 5 6
0 .5 7 1
5 3 .7
0 .3 0 7
3 6 .3
- H
TABLE l i b .
SECOND LAMP (SLIM HKE LAMP)
I
P
I
1
424
.116
0 .2 9 1
3 8 .4
I
I
5
—
ggfc—
C o f
Q
. . . , J i i r --------
s i
-
~
Z
135
3 .5 1
1 3 5 .1
I
3 .4 4
130
3 .2 3
1 2 3 .8
3 .1 2
,310
.0 7 2
0 .3 0 5
4 0 .2
125
2 .9 7
1 1 4 .2
2 .8 8
,240
.0 4 0
0 .3 1 8
4 2 .1
120
2 .7 5
1 0 5 .6
2 .6 4
186
I
V
-
0 .3 3 3
4 3 .6
U5
2 .5 6
9 9 .0 0
2 .4 8
146
.0 2 0
0 .3 4 7
4 4 .9
HO
2 .4 0
9 2 .3 0
2 .2 8
134
.0 1 8
0 .3 6 8
4 5 .8
105
2 .2 3
8 5 .9 0
2 ,0 8
120
.0 1 3
0 .3 9 3
4 7 .1
100
2 .0 6
7 9 .0 0
1 .9 2
H6
.0 1 7
0 .4 1 1
4 3 .5
95
1 .9 1
7 3 .4
1 .7 6
HO
.0 1 7
0 .4 3 9
4 9 .7
90
1 .7 7
6 7 .9
1 .6 2
104
.0 1 7
0*466
5 0 .9
85
1 .6 1
6 1 .4
1 .4 6
100
.0 1 6
0 .4 9 5
5 2 .7
80
1 .4 6
5 5 .3
1 .3 0
098
.0 1 6
0 .5 3 1
5 4 .8
3
^
12
TABLF H e
THIRD IAMP (SLIM HNF LAMP).
S --------------- L . ----------- P--------— I j ---------- L ,--------------- S o a jt o 2.--______________Z
135
3 .5 8
1 3 7 .5
3 .4 2
372
.0 9 0
0 .2 9 3
3 7 .7
130
3 .3 0
1 2 6 .3
3 .1 0
288
.0 5 4
0 .3 1 4
3 9 .4
125
3 .0 6
1 1 7 .8
2 .8 8
210
I
0 .3 2 8
4 0 .8
120
2 .3 4
H O ,2
2 .6 8
162
.0 2 1
0 .3 4 3
4 2 .2
115
2 .5 5
1 0 3 .1
2 .4 8
150
.0 1 9
0 .3 6 2
4 5 .1
HO
2 .4 6
9 6 .1
2 .3 0
132
.0 1 9
0 .3 8 0
4 4 .7
105
2 .3 0
8 9 .5
2 .1 0
124
.0 1 9
0 .4 0 6
4 5 .6
100
2 .1 4
8 2 .4
1 .9 2
116
.0 1 9
0 .4 2 9
4 6 .7
95
1 .9 6
7 6 .0
1 .7 6
108
.0 1 8 6
0 .4 5 5
4 8 .5
90
1 .8 1
7 0 .1
1 .6 0
102
.0180
0 .4 9 7
4 9 .7
85
1 .6 5
6 3 .1
1*44
0%
.0180
0 .5 1 3
5 1 .5
BO
1 .5 0
5 7 .0
1 .2 8
092
.0 1 7 8
0 .5 5 3
5 3 .5
CHAPTER IV
BALANCING OF THE SYSTEM
I t h a s b e e n shown i n C h a p te r I H
t h a t n e i t h e r th e im pedance n o r th e
pow er f a c t o r o f th e lam p i s a c o n s ta n t ; t h e y change a s t h e s u p p ly v o lta g e
ch an g es.
B ut t h e s t a t i c p h a s e c o n v e r t e r c a n f u r n i s h a b a la n c e d t h r e e -
p h a s e v o l t a g e o n ly a t a c o n s ta n t im pedance an d power f a c t o r o f t h e lo a d .
As so o n a s t h e im pedance an d pow er f a c t o r o f t h e lam ps a r e changed due
t o t h e change o f s u p p ly v o l t a g e , t h e sy ste m w i l l no lo n g e r b e b a la n c e d .
I n t h e s e t e s t s we w ish t o f i n d o u t how t h e s u p p ly v o lt a g e w i l l
a f f e c t t h e b a la n c in g o f t h i s s t a t i c p h a s e c o n v e r t e r .
125 * 1 2 0 , 1 1 5 , H O an d 105 v o l t s a r e c h o se n a s t h e p a r t i c u l a r
b a la n c in g v o l t a g e s f o r t h e s y ste m .
From T a b le I and T a b le I I we f i n d
o u t t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g im pedance and pow er f a c t o r o f t h e lam ps a t th e s e
p a r tic u la r v o lta g e s .
I an d 2 .
Then Xq and N v a l u e s a r e c a l c u l a t e d fro m e q u a tio n s
H ow ever, t h e im pedances and pow er f a c t o r s o f t h e t h r e e lam ps
a r e n o t i d e n t i c a l , so t h e i r mean v a lu e s a r e ta k e n .
The r e s u l t s o f
t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e shown i n T a b le I I I an d T a b le IV .
H ow ever, t h e v a lu e s o f X0 and N f o r a c t u a l b a la n c e a r e l i t t l e d i f ­
f e r e n t fro m w hat we h a v e c a l c u l a t e d , w hich a l s o h a s b een shown i n th e
same t a b l e s .
The g e n e r a l c i r c u i t c o n n e c tio n i s shown i n F ig u r e 2 .
- U
■I ^ u re 2 .
Lamp c i r c u i t .
A f t e r t h e sy stem was b a la n c e d , t h e s u p p ly v o lt a g e V j was changed
th ro u g h a v a r i a c a t t h e s o u r c e .
P h ase c u r r e n t and v o lt a g e o f t h e t h r e e
lam ps w ere r e c o r d e d i n o r d e r t o s e e how t h e s u p p ly v o lt a g e a f f e c t s th e
b a la n c e o f t h e sy ste m .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u r v e s w hich show how t h e v o lt a g e s an d c u r r e n t s o f
t h e s e t h r e e lam ps v a r y w ith v a r io u s s u p p ly v o lt a g e s a r e p l o t t e d i n
F ig u r e 3 an d F ig u r e 4 .
H ow ever, a s V^c was t h e same a s t h e s u p p ly
v o l t a g e , i t was n o t p l o t t e d on t h e c u rv e s h e e t s .
From F ig u r e s 3 , and 4» i t can be s e e n t h a t Vcq and I c a a r e a lm o st
c o n s t a n t d u r in g t h e v a r i a t i o n o f V j, w h ile t h e V£^ an d Vb c , I q^ and I bc
changed p r o p o r t i o n a l l y t o ea c h o t h e r .
The v o l t a g e , c u r r e n t an d power consum ed o f th e w hole sy ste m i s shown
i n T a b le V and T a b le V I.
The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u rv e o f t h e pow er f a c t o r o f
t h e w hole sy ste m i s shown i n F ig u r e 5 an d F ig u r e 6 .
- 15TABLE I I I .
BALANCING CALCULATION FOR 1 5 - WATT COLD-MITE LAMP
JZ 3r-
Z
125
345
120
C
N
C
0 .4 8 1
1 3 .5 u . f .
- 0 .0 2 4 9
1 3 .8 u . f .
- 0 .0 2 4
368
0 .4 9 6
1 2 .5 u . f .
- 0 .0 0 5
1 2 .8 u . f .
-0 .0 0 3 3
115
401
0 .5 2 8
H .O u . f .
0 .0 2 8 5
H .6 u . f .
0 .0 1 9 1
HO
429
0 .5 6 3
1 0 .2 u . f .
0 .0 9 0
1 0 .9 u . f .
0 .0 6 4
TABLE IV .
Cos
I
RnlnnnlTii
N
BALANCING CALCULATION FOR SLIM LINE LAMP
A c tu a l B a la n d t\p
V1
Z
Cos ©
C
N
C
N
125
4 1 .2
.3 2 6
122 u . f .
- .2 0 1
1 1 9 .5 u . f .
-
120
4 2 .7
.3 4 2
H 7 u .f.
S
I
H 4 .6 5 u .f .
- 0 .1 8 3
115
4 4 .5
.3 5 9
H l u .f.
- .1 6 6
1 0 6 . 5 u .f .
- 0 .1 6 7
HO
4 5 .2
.3 7 9
107 u . f .
- .1 4 5
107 u . f .
- 0 .1 5 0
105
4 6 .1
.405
105 u . f .
- .1 1 6
104 u . f .
- 0 .1 3 2
.205
16
CURRENT
100
------
I 20
AMP.
140
•if.
PHASE
___ lO
F ig u r e 3 a .
S llO A ----- 39V 110A
A l d d AS
1 5 -W att C o ld -W h ite Lamp, P h ase C u r r e n t and V o lta g e C h arao t e r i s t i c s «— B alan ced a t V-, ■ 125 v .
PHASE
IOO
120
CURRENT ------ AMP.
140
17
S l l O A ----- 3 9 V 1 1 0 A
F ig u r e 3 b .
A ld d O S
15-V fett CoId -W h ite Lamp, P h ase C u r r e n t and V o lta g e C harac­
t e r i s t i c s — B ala n c e d a t
- 120 v .
>
:
PHASE
CURRENT
-----
AMP.
m y
— 18 —
39 VlIOA
F ig u r e 3 c .
A lddflS
1 5 - l i a t t C o ld -W h ite Lamp, P h ase C u rre n t and V o lta g e C harac­
t e r i s t i c s — B alan ced a t
m 115 v .
.
■
.
20
40
PHASE
60
80
CURRENT
I OO
------
120
AMP.
140
19
SllO A —
F ig u r e 3 d .
39 V llO A
A lddflS
1 9 - W att C o ld -W h ite Lamp, P h ase C u r r e n t and V o la g e C harac­
t e r i s t i c s — B ala n c e d a t V% s H O v .
------- VOLTS
AMR
-------
VOLTAGE
PHASE
PHASE
CURRENT
- - C f
SllO A — 39V110A
F ig u r e 4 a .
A ld d O S
S lim l i n e Lamp, R ia s e C u r r e n t a n d V o lta g e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s —
B alan ced a t V^ * 125 v .
AMP.
140
-----
!00
I 20
CURRENT
PHASE
S l l O A ----- 3 9 V l l O A
F ig u r e 4 b .
AlddHS
S lim l i n e Lamp, P hase C u r r e n t a n d V o lta g e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
B alan ced a t
a 120 v .
AMP.
140
------
I 00
I 20
CURRENT
PHASE
SllO A
F ig u r e 4 c .
3 9V llO A
A lddD S
S lim l i n e Lamp, P hase C u r r e n t an d V o lta g e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s —
B alan ced a t V]_ - 115 v .
AMP.
------
IOO
!20
I4C
CURRENT
40
60
SC
PHASE
S l l O A ----- 3 9 V 1 1 0 A
F ig u r e 4 d .
A ld d fIS
SII b l i n e Lamp, P h ase C u r r e n t an d V o lta g e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
B alan ced a t V]i s H O v .
24
TABLE V a.
vt
(15-WATT LAMP BALANCED AT
Yl « 125 VOLTS)
1L
P
a
Cos O
140
0 .8 0 0
8 3 .0
0 .7 4 1
135
0 .7 7 0
7 9 .0
0 .7 6 0
130
0 .7 2 8
7 5 .1
0 .7 9 4
125
0 .6 9 2
7 1 .2
0 .8 2 3
120
0 .6 6 7
6 7 .4
0 .8 4 2
115
0 .6 4 5
6 4 .5
0 .8 7 0
HO
0 .6 3 2
6 1 .2
0 .8 8 0
105
0 .6 2 1
5 7 .8
0 .8 8 6
100
0 .6 0 9
5 4 .3
0 .8 9 2
95
0 .5 9 3
5 0 .4
0 .8 9 5
90
0 .5 7 9
4 6 .5
0 .8 9 2
85
0 .5 5 2
4 0 .9
0 .8 7 1
80
0 .5 1 8
3 5 .3
0 .3 5 1
Pa
Cos 6
Power consumed i n t h e sy stem - w a tts
Power f a c t o r o f t h e w hole sy stem
I
25 TABLE Vb.
Vj
( 1 5 - WATT IAMP BALANCED AT
V, * :120 VOLTS)
...
I,
■
Pn
Cos 6
UO
.8 0 9
8 2 .0
0 .7 2 4
135
.735
7 7 .2
0 .7 7 7
130
.7 0 0
7 3 .3
0 .8 0 5
125
.6 6 8
6 8 .8
0 .8 2 4
120
.6U -
6 5 .4
0 .8 4 5
115
.622
6 1 .4
0 .8 5 9
HO
.602
5 9 .0
0 .8 9 1
105
.5 9 3
5 5 .8
0 .8 %
100
.5 8 0
5 2 .4
0 .9 0 3
95
.5 6 5
4 8 .7
0 .9 0 8
90
.543
4 4 .7
0 .9 1 5
85
.5 2 0
3 9 .7
0 .8 9 8
80
.4 9 0
3 4 .3
0 .8 7 5
26
TABLE Vc.
VL
(15-WATT IAMP BALANCED AT
V1 M 115 VOLTS)
Cos 6
1L
Pa
140
.7 5 7
7 9 .9
0 .7 5 3
135
.7 0 8
7 4 .7
0 .7 8 1
130
.6 7 0
7 0 .7
0 .8 1 2
125
.6 4 0
6 7 .4
0 .8 4 2
120
.615
6 4 .1
0 .8 6 9
115
.595
6 0 .7
0 .8 8 9
no
.5 7 8
5 7 .2
0 .9 0 0
105
.5 6 4
5 3 .8
0 .9 0 9
100
.5 5 0
5 0 .8
0 .9 2 3
95
.5 3 6
4 7 .1
0 .9 2 5
90
.5 1 9
4 3 .5
0 .9 3 0
85
.4 9 0
3 8 .7
0 .9 2 9
80
.4 6 1
3 4 .3
0 .9 2 9
27
TABLE Vd.
( I ? - WATT LAM? BALANCED AT
V1 s U O VOLTS)
vI
1L
Pa
Cos 6
no
.765
7 6 .8
0 .7 2 6
135
.6 9 5
7 1 .8
0 .7 6 4
130
.6 4 8
6 8 .3
0 .8 1 0
125
.6 2 9
6 5 .1
0 .8 2 9
120
.5 9 8
6 1 .8
0 .8 6 0
H5
.5 7 7
5 8 .5
0 .8 8 1
no
.5 6 0
5 5 .4
0 .9 0 0
105
.5 4 8
5 2 .6
0 .9 1 5
100
.5 3 1
4 9 .3
0 .9 2 7
95
,5 1 8
4 5 ,8
0 ,9 3 0
90
.500
4 2 .5
0 .9 4 5
85
.4 7 6
3 7 .9
0 .9 6 1
80
.4 5 0
3 3 .6
0 .9 3 3
— 28
TABLE V ia .
(SU M LINE LAIEj BALANCED AT
V1 a 125 VOLTS)
Cos Q
A
1L
135
5 .4 9
421
0 .5 6 8
130
5 .2 0
404
0 .5 9 7
125
4 .9 8
386
0 .6 2 0
120
4 .8 1
371
0 .6 4 4
115
4 .7 0
354
0 .6 5 5
no
4 .5 9
332
0 .6 5 8
105
4 .4 8
307
0 .6 5 4
100
4 .3 0
276
0 .6 4 1
95
4 .1 1
246
0 .6 3 0
90
3 .9 8
218
0 .6 0 9
85
3 .8 0
190
0 .5 8 9
80»
3 .9 0
187
0 .6 0 0
__________'
*One lam p b la c k e d o u t
..
- 29
TABLE VTb.
VL
(SLD i LDiE LAMP BALANCED AT
V1 e 120 VOLTS)
I
Jj
P
... ... a
Coa O
135
5 .3 0
405
0 .5 6 6
130
5 .0 0
385
0 .5 9 2
125
4 .8 0
369
0 .6 1 5
120
4 .6 4
355
0 .6 3 7
115
4 .5 1
336
0 .6 4 9
no
4 .3 9
318
0 .6 5 9
105
4 .2 5
297
0 .6 6 5
100
4 .1 0
270
0 .6 5 9
95
3 .9 6
246
0 .6 5 4
90
3 .8 0
218
0 .6 3 8
85
3 .6 5
198
0 .6 3 7
80
3 .5 0
173
0 .6 1 7
3 0
TABLE V ie .
(SLIM LDIE IAMP BAIAHCED AT
V1 * 115 VOLTS)
fV,
Coa a
5 .1 8
333
0 .5 5 5
130
4 .8 9
370
0 .5 8 2
125
4 .6 8
355
0 .6 0 7
120
4 ,5 0
341
0 .6 3 1
115
4 .3 5
325
0 ,6 5 0
no
4 .2 1
306
0 ,6 6 1
105
4 .0 9
287
0 .6 6 9
100
3 .9 5
266
0 ,6 7 4
95
3 .8 2
243
0 .6 7 0
90
3 .7 0
219
0 .6 5 7
85
3 .5 5
198
0 .6 5 5
80
3 .4 0
176
0 .6 4 6
Tl
1L
135
31
TABLE V Id .
TL
(SLIM LINE MMP BALANCED AT
V1 s 110 VOLTS)
Cos 4
1L
pa
135
5 .0 0
376
0 .5 5 7
130
4 .7 3
361
0 .5 8 7
125
4-5 2
345
0 .6 1 0
120
4 .3 1
330
0 .6 3 9
H5
4 .1 8
316
0 .6 5 8
110
4.05
300
0 .6 7 4
105
3 .9 2
285
0 .6 9 3
100
3 .8 0
263
0 .6 9 2
95
3 .7 0
242
0 .6 8 9
90
3 .5 9
220
0 .6 8 0
35
3 .4 4
198
0 .6 7 6
SO
3 .3 0
178
0 .6 7 4
32 TABLE V Io .
(SLIM LDiE LAMP BALANCED AT
V1 e 105 VOLTS) LINE CURRENT
voltaof and POWR factor .
VI.
_ 1L
Pfi
Cos ti
135
4 .8 4
364
0 .5 5 7
130
4 .5 3
346
0 .5 8 1
125
4 .3 5
331
0 .6 0 9
120
4 .1 3
318
0 .6 3 5
115
4 .0 2
306
0 .6 6 2
no
3 .9 1
289
0 .6 7 2
105
3 .8 0
277
0 .6 9 4
100
3 .7 0
258
0 .6 9 7
95
3 .6 1
238
0 .6 9 5
90
3 .5 1
220
0 .6 9 6
85
3 .3 5
200
0 .7 0 1
80
3 .2 0
181
0 .7 0 5
VnL3TAGE ------
SUPPLY
A
O
O
m
O
®
O
O
po
O
VOLTS
o
O--CT
F ig u r e 5 .
Power F a c t o r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s — 1 5 - W att C o ld -W h ite Lamp
46
— 34 —
SiriOA
F ig u r e 6 .
Power F a c t o r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
A ld d n s
S lim L in e Lamp.
CHAPTER V
STAHTINa TEST
I n t h i s t e s t , we a r e t r y i n g t o s e e how t h e leou^u w i l l s t a r t u n d e r
t h i s c i r c u i t c o n n e c tio n .
F ig u r e 2 .
The t h r e e lam ps a r e c o n n e c te d t h e same a s i n
The s o u r c e v o l t a g e Vjj i s v a r i e d th ro u g h a v a r i a c .
The
s t a r t i n g tim e o f th e lam ps a t ea c h b a la n c e d v o lt a g e i s shown i n T a b le
V II an d T a b le V I I I .
The s t a r t i n g tim e o f a s i n g l e lam ps o f e a c h ty p e
i s a l s o shown i n t h e same t a b l e s f o r c o m p a ris o n .
I n ea c h s t e p o f t h i s t e s t , t h e lam ps a r e g iv e n enough tim e t o
c o o l down so a s t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e s t a r t i n g tim e w i l l n o t b e a f f e c t e d
b y t h e te m p e r a tu r e o f th e la m p s .
From t h e t a b l e s , i t shows t h a t e x c e p t f o r th e 15»w a tt lam ps b a la n c e d
a t H O v o l t s , a l l lam ps s t a r t v e r y w e l l , a lm o s t th e same a s t h e s in g le
la m p s.
3 u
TABLE V I I .
-
(1 5 -WATI OOLD-*,EITT LAMP)
I
V1
I
Bb la n c e d wt 125 V o lts
80
No
90
Lab n o t s t a r t e d . o th e r s s t a r t e d a f t e r 12 s e c o n d s .
95
A f t e r 1 1 .5 se c o n d s a l l s t a r t e d .
100
n
7 .5
n
U
W
105
a
6 .0
ii
It
n
HO
n
5 .5
H
M
it
115
n
5 .0
*
M
it
120
m
4 .0
n
#
it
t
125
M
2 .0
R
n
w
,
B a la n c e d a t 120 V o lts
V1
S t a r t i n g tim e
80
No
90
A f t e r 12 se c o n d s , a H s t a r t e d .
95
W
U
M
n
R
100
It
10
it
n
R
105
R
9
R
H
R
HO
N
7
R
R
W
H5
R
5
R
n
H
120
n
5
Il
W
H
125
n
4
R
It
H
e
m
— 3 7
—
B s-Iancei a u 115 Yo I".. s
vI
___ S t a r t i n g t i m e ___
80
No
90
A f te r 1 3 .5 s e c o n d s . a l l s t a r t e d .
95
«
1 1 .0
H
*
H
100
n
1 0 .0
N
M
H
105
K
9 .0
M
R
Ii
HO
R
8 .5
N
R
It
115
R
8 .0
M
K
R
120
N
7 .0
R
R
M
125
R
6 .0
#
M
M
B alan ced a t 11'
e
V o lts
S ta rtin g tin e
v i
80
No
90
Lca n o t s t a r t e d
95
H
H
Vt
100
H
R
R
105
n
R
n
HO
n
R
H
115
R
R
H
120
R
H
H
125
M
H
N
.............................. .............
— 38 —
s i m i a l a m p ...................
V,
I
S t a r t i n p tim e
90
2 1 .0 seco n d s
95
2 0 .0
n
100
6 .5
ft
105
6 .0
H
no
5 .0
It
115
4 .0
n
120
3 .0
M
125
2 .0
D
-
TABLE V i n .
3 9
(S K H U X Z LAI-L')
Balanceol a t 125 V o lt?
L, b
'"I
80
85
90
95
100
105
no
115
No
No
4»5 se c o n d s
1 .5
«
I
"
0 .5
"
In s t.
It
9 ,
B lin k e d b u t n o t s t a r t e d
2 seco n d s
I
"
0 .5 "
In s t.
H
?f
21
L
.... _ JOO^
No
No
3 seco n d s
1 .5 »
I
"
0 .5 "
In s t.
a
B alan o ea a t 120 V o ltg
80
85
90
95
100
105
HO
H5
No
No
2 seco n d s
I
"
0 .5 "
In s t.
n
H
B lin k e d b u t n o t s t a r t e d
3 seco n d s
I
"
0 .5 ”
In s t.
n
ft
No
No
2 seco n d s
I
"
0 .5 «
In s t.
it
H
ft
B a la n ced a t 115 V o lte
80
85
90
95
100
105
HO
HS
No
No
2 .5 seco n d s
1 .0
"
0 .5
"
In s t.
»
IT
B lin k e d b u t n o t s t a r t e d
3 seco n d s
I
"
0 .5 "
In s t.
n
No
no
1 .5 seco n d s
1 .0
«
0 .5
"
In s t.
it
it
H
it
”
TABLE V I I I .
(C o n tia u s d )
B alan ced a t H O V o lts
80
85
90
95
100
105
no
115
I
vI
No
No
2 se c o n d s
I
»
0 .5
In s t.
B lin k e d b u t n o t s t a r t e d
4 .5 seco n d s
1 .0
»
.5
In s t.
»
n
ft
n
H
No
No
2 se c o n d s
.5 "
In s t.
H
n
H
B alan ced a t 105 V o lts
80
85
90
95
100
105
no
U5
No
No
1 .5 se c o n d s
1 .0
"
0.5
"
B lin k e d b u t n o t s t a r t e d
seco n d s
I
”
3
0.5 "
In s t.
n
In s t.
No
No
1 .5 seco n d s
1 .0
"
In s t.
Vf
it
ii
n
n
Ii
ii
S in g le lamp
........
7i
lim e
80
85
90
95
100
105
B lin k e d b u t n o t s t a r t e d
4 seco n d s
1 .5 "
1 .0 "
0 .5 "
____ I s s l i ___________________ -
CHAPTER VT
STROBOSCOPIC EFFECT INVESTIGATION
The lam p c i r c u i t was c o n n e c te d a s shown i n F ig u r e 2 .
S o u rc e v o lta g e
was v a r i e d th ro u g h a v a r i a c
A P J -23 p h o t o c e l l a n d a G-F o s c i l l o s c o p e were u s e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e
t h e r e l a t i v e l i g h t o u tp u t wave o f th e la m p s .
The p h o t o c e l l c i r c u i t was
c o n n e c te d a s shown i n F ig u r e 7 .
PJ-23
OSCILLOS­
COPE
SHIELD
uA
figure 7,
9 0 VOl TS
Photocell circuit.
The p h o t o c e l l was p la c e d a t a d i s t a n c e fro m th e lam ps m ore th a n t e n
tim e s a s f a r a s th e d i s t a n c e s b etw een e a c h lam p i n o r d e r t o a s s u r e t h a t
t h e l i g h t fro m eac h lam p t o t h e p h o t o c e l l w ould be e v e n .
The t e s t was a c c o m p lish e d i n a c o m p le te ly d a rk room i n o r d e r to
a s s u r e t h a t i t w ould n o t b e a f f e c t e d b y o t h e r l i g h t s o u r c e s .
R e l a t i v e l i g h t o u tp u t was s k e tc h e d fro m th e o s c i l l o s c o p e i n i t s
e x a c t fo rm .
From th e s e r e l a t i v e l i g h t p u tp u t c u rv e s t h e p e r c e n ta g e d e v ia ­
t i o n was c a l c u l a t e d w hich i s shown i n T a b le IX and T ab le X f o r v a r io u s
s u p p ly v o l t a g e s a t d i f f e r e n t b a la n c e d v o l t a g e s .
The t a b l e shove a t b a la n c e ,! v o lt a g e t h a t t h e l i g h t p e r c e n ta g e d e v ia ­
t i o n I s fro m 5% t o 8% w h ich i s n e a r l y t h e v a lu e f o r t h e f i l a m e n t lamps
H ow ever, i t i s v e r y s e n s i t i v e t o an y ch an g e o f t h e s o u rc e v o l t a g e .
The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u rv e s o f th e l i g h t o u tp u t p e r c e n ta g e d e v i a tio n
v e r s u s s u p p ly v o lt a g e i s shown i n F ig u r e 3 an d F ig u re 9 .
C h a r le s L. Araick, F lu o r e s c e n t l i g h t i n g Manual . 2nd E d i t i o n , McGrawH i l l Book Company, New Y ork, 1 9 4 7 , p . 7 3 .
- I rJ -
TABLE IX .
( 1 5 -VAT OOLD-WITF LAM?)
B a la n c e d a t
_
_
vi
UO
125 T
120 v .
115. v
HO v
1 2 .5
1 2 .0
1 4 .4
1 8 .3
135
9 .8 6
1 1 .8
U .3
1 7 .5
130
5 .5 5
7 .8
H .l
1 3 .0
125
5 .0 7
7 .2 5
7 .8 5
1 5 .5
120
5 .9 0
6 .8
7 .7
1 2 .2
115
8 .1 0
9 .3
6 .9
1 0 .8
HO
1 3 .0 0
1 3 .2
1 0 .4
7 .1
105
1 3 .3 0
1 3 .9
1 1 .8
1 0 .0
100
1 6 .0 0
1 7 .0
H .O
1 3 .9
95
2 2 .1 0
2 2 .0
1 8 .0
1 7 .4
90
2 9 .9 0
2 5 .0
2 2 .4
2 5 .8
85
3 4 .1 0
3 2 .4
2 7 .5
3 2 .7
80
4 8 .5 0
4 8 .8
4 6 .0
4 1 .0
TABLE X„
.
-
(S m
LH
LAMP)
..............
_ vi
125 V
140
9 .4 4
135
R =Ianced a t
115 v
no
1 3 .2
1 4 .3
1 6 .0
1 8 .3
6 .4 7
1 1 .7
1 3 .2
1 5 .1
1 6 .9
130
5 .6 9
1 0 .7
1 4 .4
1 5 .5
125
4 .8 2
8 .3 5
n.7
n .i
1 0 .8
1 4 .3
120
5 .3 6
6 .8 5
9 .2
9 .7
1 2 .7
115
6 .4 1
7 .5 5
8 .6
9 .3
n.8
no
6 .8 5
8 .0 0
8 .0 5
8 .0 3
9 .8
105
n.76
1 2 .2 0
n .i
9 .4 0
8.34
100
2 0 .7 0
1 5 .4 0
1 2 .0
1 2 .1 0
1 0 .0
95
2 4 .5 0
2 0 .8 0
1 2 .8
1 3 .6 0
1 5 .4 0
90
2 7 .4 0
2 5 .6 0
1 7 .4
1 7 .0 0
1 5 .8 0
85
4 3 .9 0
3 0 .5
2 2 .0
2 1 .6 0
2 0 .6
120 v
v
105 v
e \o x
SI"!OA ------- 39V 110A
F ig u r e 8 .
A ld d n s
L ig h t O u tp u t D e v ia tio n — 1 5 - W l't C old-W hite Lamp
-
L(r, -
m
58 10
DEVIATION
FROM
MID-POINT
OF
LIGHT
OUTPUT
O
_JO
O
Tfr
O
OJ
O
O
SllO A ------- 3 9 V110A
F ig u r e 9 .
O
CO
A lddns
L ig h t O u tp u t D e v ia tio n — S lim l i n e Lamp.
O
(0
'
' '
» •
- '
'
-
1 •
•
*
,
/
I
.
*
I
,
.
■
.
.
.
"
' . '
-
,
I ,
-
■
tM s-Saws-Mg^tiQn•pf ttie statio phage ooW e^t^ th# £oH.gie*
lag concteioaa om bes. drams
:
,
;
"
is The sthehoeeapie effect Ig-,great# reduced» IisllQg twOwimp W #
fa st the BtfphpSoopie effect e f %#lte .lamps Ie 16% while la th is circuit
i f ; i s eh#' ^y- to S% or Shohtii the sasie es- for film iest Imps ^
.
3S The- circuit is very easy to copstraet* Only as additional auto?
-
.
trshsformer ahd. eapseltor are ■
•teededs Omission o f the power factor cor?
S6Oetioh capacitor in the ballast ess compensate a t least a part of the
ertfa cost o f the autetrehefomer # d capacitor combination,,
3*. The oyem il power factor of t h is . circuit is better than individual ■
lamps (without the power -factor correction device) <?.
4*' lamps 'Start very well a t normal supply voltage*.
. 5s> The circuit m y go out of 'WWde by a .slight change of -‘supply
voltage^ however, most lighting systems have very good regulation,
Even
when sligh tly out- of balance, the- strofeoscopis. effect is s t i l l very low%
Binde the current and voltage of one of the three phases remains nearly
constant while the other two phases change proportionately to the supply
voltage, the lig h t output w ill be reduced only as such as for- -a Single
lamp*
6< I t can operation from a conventional 11$ volt ligh t -supply circuit,
u^cSlKl
3 6 8
,
v*
%.
/A
/i.5
A ppendix
The f o llo w in g m a t e r i a l i s c o p ie d fro m AIEE T r a n s a c tio n , J a n u a ry
1 9 5 6 , p . 4 0 3 , " A n a ly s in g S in g le P h ase t o 3 - P h ase S t a t i c P h ase C o n v e r te r ,"
b y J . C, Hogani
"The g e n e r a l fo rm o f th e c i r c u i t f o r p h a se c o n v e r t e r s i s
g iv e n i n F ig u r e l a . The v o lt a g e a t te r m in a l A1 may b e v a r i e d
a c c o r d in g t o t h e t a p s e t t i n g on t h e a u t o tr a n s f o r m e r . The
c a p a c i t o r X0 i n s e r i e s w ith p h a s e A may a l s o be v a r i e d to
o b ta in b a la n c e d c o n d i t i o n s . T h is c i r c u i t may h e a n a ly z e d by
t h e m ethod o f s y m m e tric a l com ponents b y c o n s id e r in g t h e v o l­
ta g e s a t A 1, B1, an d C1 a s a s e t o f u n b a la n c e d 3 - p h a se v o l­
ta g e s a p p l i e d t o a c i r c u i t w ith u n e q u a l l i n e im pedances g o in g
t o e 3 -p h a s e lo a d . I M s set. o f v o l t a g e s may b e e x p r e s s e d i n
te rm s o f t h e s in g le - p h a s e v o lta g e a p p l i e d t o th e p h a se co n ­
v e r t e r and t h e t a p s e t t i n g o f th e a u o t r a n s f o n a e r . T husi
%'g =
Az V,
Vec= V,
V W = -O
I- SVJ V1
w h erei
*
~
CttvI
IVscI
Ic
Figure la
Circuit of S tatic Phase Converter
— 49 *•
nThe p o s i t i v e , n e g a t iv e an d z e r o - s e q u e n c e com ponent v o lta g e
a r e g iv e n by:
V a8 =
y - (V « b + a V b c + (X1Vco.)
(*)
VA'& =
- j (Vai, 4 - A1Vbc + ^ V c J
<6;
Vfibt- - J
( Vob +
VbC 4-
^
(?9
W k e t:'.t o t i n g e q u a tio n s I t o 3 i n t o e q u a tio n s 5 t o 7 y i e l d s ;
V a9 =
A l l l o 0)
v * % = j£
Vab =
{! L i ! ' + A l L I ? )
(V
O
t '* )
" S in c e t h e s u a o f t h e tiire© c u r r e n t s m ust a l s o e q u a l E e ro ,
th e a e ro -s e q u e n c e com ponent o f t h e c u r r e n t i s a l s o a e r o .
"The lo a d c i r c u i t i s e x p r e s s e d i n t e r n s o f a n e q u i v a le n t
wye c i r c u i t , w ith t h e a p p l ie d v o l t a g e b e in g a l i n o - 1 o -n e u t r a l
v o l t a g e . E x p re s s in g t h e comjxsaent v o l t a g e s o f e q u a tio n s 8 and
9 i n te rra s o f l i n e - t o - n e u t r a l v o l t a g e s g iv e s ;
Va = ^ *
VAni=
6 )"'
(H )
- j - ( yV Z o 0 + / / £ V J
( '* )
(H )
V i'n ,=
(/ (f )
f / / Z £ e + / Z ^f'V
Vfiini =
"N ext t h e u n s y m e t r i o a l l i n e im p ed an ces m a st b e r e s o lv e d
i n t o a fo rm s u i t a b l e f o r a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e seq u en ce r u l e ,
se q u e n c e com o n e n ta o f th e s e u n b a la n c e d l i n e im p ed an ces a r e ;
Z
ac
=
j
24
+
2c )
('Ir )
+ <*. Z b
+
)
( ib )
( Za +
Z a, =
-^ (
2 Ax =
-^ ( Z a + * AZ e ± a ZcJ
CV
50
" I n t h e p h a s e - c o n v e r te r c i r c u i t :
Z e-
Zc
— O
"Thus e q u a tio n s 1 5 , 16 an d 17 becom e:
"The e q u a tio n s o f th e c i r c u i t may now be w r i t t e n i n te rm s
o f t h e seq u en ce co m p o n en ts. Thus:
V&w
J L a / C iZ c^o
\n m —
JL-Ai Z ai
+ Z * i)
+
+ JLai Z
a
*
ZAa +
(z* )
)
( *>)
w here:
I . I _ * t h e p o s i t i v e - an d n e g a tiv e - se q u e n c e comixment
Q-J-f bZ
c u r r e n t s g o in g t o th e lo a d r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Zm l, Zm2 s
p o s i t i v e - a n d n e g a t iv e - s e q u e n c e im ped­
a n c e s p e r p h a se o f th e lo a d r e s p e c t i v e l y .
" S u b s t i t u t i n g e q u a tio n s 1 2 , 14 an d 19 i n t o e q u a tio n 20 and
21 y i e l d s :
A/ Zo6 + I IbJ?
( A/ / Oa + I / - 60*
=
"4% ( %
+
UZ'^
■+■Z m i )
== -LAi
" S o lv in g f o r t h e seq u en ce c u r r e n t s g iv e s :
T --V
l
i
T
Vi :
z*‘
Za' + ' I M h J z l W
i
an d
__
L I*
i
( 2i)
"The i d e a l o p e r a t in g c o n d i tio n f o r a 3 -p h a s e lo a d i a t o h av e
b a la n c e d 3 - p h a se v o l t a g e s a p p l ie d t o t h e te r m in a l s o f t h e lo a d
w hich s h o u ld r e s u l t i n b a la n c e d l i n e c u r r e n t s .
h u s , t h e nega­
tiv e - s e q u e n c e c u r r e n t m u st e q u a l z e r o . Prom e q u a tio n 25 i t i s
s e e n t h a t t h i s c o n d i tio n i s s a t i s f i e d by t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s
2* U c f
£ » ,/ UL*/
lA ' + 1 b A *
/3
w here
i s t h e p o s iti v e - s e q u e n c e p o w e r - f a c to r a n g le o f t h e lo a d .
Za may be a n y ty p e o f im pedance b u t t o m in im ize l o s s e s i t i s
u s u a l l y a c a p a c i t o r f o r i n d u c tiv e l o a d s . Thus;
ZA= - j
" S in c e b o th t h e a u t o tr a n s f o r m e r t a p s e t t i n g N an d t h e c a p a c i­
t i v e r e a c ta n c e X may b e v a r i e d , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o s a t i s f y e q u a tio n
26 f o r a n y p o ly p h a se i n d u c tiv e lo a d an d th u s in s u r e b a la n c e d o p e ra ­
t i o n a t t h a t p a r t i c u l a r lo a d . As t h e lo a d r e q u ir e m e n ts c h an g e ,
t h e lo a d w i l l no lo n g e r h av e e x a c t l y b a la n c e d c u r r e n t s . I t i s ,
t h e r e f o r e , im p o r ta n t t o a d j u s t i n i t i a l l y th e v a lu e s o f N an d Xc
so a s t o g iv e b a la n c e d o p e r a t io n f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r lo a d co n d i­
t i o n m o u s u a l l y e n c o u n te r e d . S o lu ti o n o f e q u a tio n 26 g iv e s ;
f* 8 J
and
+ S o tJ
/V —
■S •
(Z9J
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The a u th o r ack n o w led g es w ith th a n k s t h e h e l p f u l s u g g e s tio n s o f
D r. G. D. S h e c k e ls , P r o f e s s o r o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g in e e rin g , u n d e r whose
g u id a n c e t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n was p e rfo rm e d .
He ack n o w led g es w ith th a n k s t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f M r. R. F . D u m fo rd ,
A s s o c ia te P r o f e s s o r o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g in e e r in g , w ith whose h e l p th e
S tr o b o s c o p ic E f f e c t I n v e s t i g a t i o n s w ere p e rfo rm e d .
REFERENCES
C h a rle s L. Amlok, F lu o r e s c e n t L ig h tin g M an u al. 2nd E d i t i o n , M cG raw -H ill
Book Company, New Y o rk , 19 4 7 .
R alp h B. Hammerstrom, wE f f i o i e n c y and S tr o b o s c o p ic E f f e c t o f F lu o r e s c e n t
Lamps a s E f f e c te d b y C i r c u i t C h a r a c t e r , * a n M .S. t h e s i s p u b lis h e d a t
M ontana S t a t e C o lle g e , Bozeman, M ontana, May 1949.
J . C. H ogan, AIEE T r a n s a c t i o n . "A n a ly z in g S in g le - P h a s e - t o - 3 - P h ase S t a t i c
C o n v e r t e r s ," J a n u a r y 1 9 5 6 .
124486
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
17 6 2
3
100 4521 6
N 378
H 8591
cop. 2
124486
H sia o , Kung-Wei
I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f u s in g a 1p h ase to 3 -p h a se s t a t i c p h a s ;
c o nve r l ^ r f o r f l u o r e scgnj:
I nn
ur n
:%
V3
aj^.h
124486