Design and plans for a historical memorial to be erected in Deadwood , South Dakota
by Aldo L Trucano
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Applied Art
Montana State University
© Copyright by Aldo L Trucano (1949)
Abstract:
This memorial is dedicated to the early pioneer. Ihe three-dimensional figures are Calamity Jane Wild
Bill Hickok, and Potato Creek Johnny. Those early-day personalities, espe-cially Calamity Jane and
Wild Bill, are known nationally for their escapades. They lived and died in the Black Bills and are
burled in Mt. Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood, South Dakota, Potato Creek Johnny was of a little later
period, but is remem-bered by the thousands who were privileged to meet him and listen to his tales of
prospecting and gold-panning days.
The relief is a composite of the original builders of the country who migrated into the area in search of
gold. It also depicts their means of transportation, their joys and their tribulations. The Indian
represents the Sioux Nation9 through whose territory those early pioneers had to travel in order to
reach their destination.
The design and plans for the monument described herein have been executed to harmonize with the
sloping terrain upon which it is to be built. Its position will also take into consider-ation the sunlight,
for such a project is dependent upon proper light and shadow effects. The materials which will go into
the monument will have an affinity for the surrounding cliffs and pine-clad mountain. #0
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Table o f Contents
Chapter
I
Page
A b stra c t
3
In tro d u ctio n
4
H is t o r ic a l Background
6
Vi Id B i l l Kickok
7
Calamity Jane
9
P otato Creek Johnny
IT
ITT
11
Sculpture
12
C oncrete and Cast Stone
15
17
Formulas
IV
cTw
V
The Monument and I t s C onstruction
20
Dimensions o f the Monument
23
Photograph o f Model Monument in P la s te r o f P a ris
24
Photographs Showing S ectio n s o f Model Monument
26
Photographs o f the Molds and Cast Figures
26
P la te s
B ird ’ s-e y e View o f Memorial
In sid e View o f L eft Wall
O utside View o f L e ft ’ a l l
Front and Top View o f Back Wall
Back View o f Monument
T'ront View o f Ramn and Top S ectio n
Front and rpOn View o f Steps
Cross S ectio n o f Back t a l l
Sketch o f R e lie f and Armature
Sketch Showing Method o f S ectio n in g Mold,
Cast from Model
XT ’ l i d B i l l Hlckok
XII P otato Creek Johnny
XTII Calam ity Jane
I
TI
III
TV
V
VT
VTT
VITI
IX
X
B ibliography
27
28
29
30
31
32
53
34
36
36
37
38
39
40
89333
and P lans f o r a H iafcorleal Memorial;
to b e TBredted in Deadwood# SoutH Dakota
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A b stra o t
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'IblA memorial i s d ed ica ted to th e e a r ly pioneered
%e
three-dlBianatonal fig u res are Calamity Jane* r.ild B iii Hickok*
and P otato Creek JoHtmy*
!h o se early*.day p e r s o n a lit ie s P esp e-
c l& lly Calam ity Jane and R lld B ill* ore known n a tio n a lly fo r
t h e ir escapades*
Ihey l i v e d and d ie d In the Black H i l l s and
a r e .b u r le d in Mt* Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood* South Dakota?
P otato Cregk Johnny was o f a l i t t l e l a t e r p e r io d , but i s romem*
bared b y ' the ■thousands who were p r iv ile g e d to m eet him and
l i s t e n to h i s t a le s o f p ro sp ectin g and gold*-penning days*
fIhe- r e l i e f i s a com posite o f th e o r ig in a l b u ild e r s o f the
country who m igrated in to th e area in search o f gold*
I t a ls o
d e p ic ts t h e ir means o f tra n sp o rta tio n * th e ir Joys and th e ir
t r ib u la t io n s ,
Indian r e p r ese n ts the Sioux H ation6 through
whose t e r r it o r y th e se e a r ly p io n e er s had to tr a v e l in order to
reach t h e ir d e stin a tio n *
Iho d esig n and plana fo r the monument d escrib ed h e r e in have
been executed to harm onize with th e slo p in g te r r a in upon which
i t i s to be b u ilt*
I t s p o s it io n w i l l a ls o take in t o consider*
e t lo n th e su n lig h t* fo r such a p r o j e c t i s dependent upon proper
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l i g h t and shadow e f f e c t s ;
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Sb* m a te r ia ls which m ill go in to th e
monument w i l l have ah a f f i n i t y fo r the surrounding c l i f f s and
, p in e* cla d mountain«
I n tr o d u c tio n
She h i s t o r i c c i t y o f Deadwood. I s today: a f l o u r i s h i n g 'eommu=
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h i Itv1iS t i 11 Witil. th e f la v o r o f th e Old West* I t IiCdvW vSi©
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sa^e' canyon' t h a t was once h u s t l i n g w ith wagon t r a i n s » p rospect
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to.rs.> and g a m b l e r s ■
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So i t i s withy t h i s i n mind t h a t th e Chamber o f Commerce
h a s f o r th e p a s t ' few y e a rs been p lan n in g , a 'monument o r m em orial ■
:
d e sig n e d to commemorate t h a t past*# .SinCe th e famous c h a r a c t e r s s
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W ild B i l l B ich o k and C alam ity Jane h ad such an e v e n tf u l l i f e in
Beadwood* a n d -a re b u r ie d in th e Mt* M oriah C em etery3 . they were
chosen to d e p ic t p a r t o f t h a t p a s t * ' P o ta to Creek Johnnys though .
o f - a l i t t l e l a t e r p e rio d s 'w a s a' t y p i c a l p r o sp e c to r s -and th o u san d s
o f t o u r i s t s remember h i s t a l e s o f p an n in g g o ld alo n g P o ta to
C reek I n th e E ig g e r B i l l d i s t r i c t .*
O r ig in a lly a b ro n se h as r e l i e f was d e sig n e d t o be s e t in to
a .c o n c r e te w a ll*
T his p r o j e c t was n o t a s a t i s f a c t o r y ; on© be*
cau se th e b ro n se and c o n c re te co m b in atio n d id n ? t seem a p p r o p r ia te
f o r th e lo c a ti o n i n w hich th e monument was to be b u i l t .
The p la n s h e r e i n a re f o r a c o n c re te and e a s t sto n e m em orial
which w i l l have a d e f i n i t e a f f i n i t y f o r th e lo c a le in which th e
s t r u c t u r e i s to be b u i l t *
I w ish to th a n k th e f a c u lty and members o f th e Art ,Depart­
ment o f Montana, S ta te f o r t h e i r h e lp s e s p e c i a lly I r r- Conrad who
h a s g iv e n .much c o n s tr u c tiv e c r i t i c i s m on th e m em orial d u rin g
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i t s e v o lu tio n from s k e tc h form to th e f in is h e d s c a le model*
.
Acknowledgments a r e ' a ls o due to th e members o f ; t h e Chamber
d f Commerce Of Deadxvood9 South Dakota, f o r ■t h e i r a id ' and a& sis-thnhe' on th e p r o je c t*
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C h ap tef.]; \_L
H i s t o r i c a l Background
H eforn,.SSing111AntP.,...^. p roposed ...memorial, ,..its Io c U tio n jl
d e sig n s, and c o n s tru c tio n * i t seems, f i t t i n g to g iv e a b r i e f
reaim& o f th e h i s t o r y o f th e c o u n try and o f th e c h a r a c te r s to
whom th e m em orial i s to he d ed icated #
Man i n h i s q u e s t f o r g o ld h a s f o r c o u n tle s s ages made,
t r i p s in to rem ote and u n e x p lo re d re g io n s in se a rc h o f th e e lu ­
s iv e y e llo w m etal#
So i t was w ith th e B lack H ills #
H is to r y i s r a t h e r i n d e f i n i t e co n c ern in g th e f i r s t whitemen whOg in t h e i r n e v e r-e n d in g se a rc h f o r w e a lth , w andered in to
th e m ountains i n w e ste rn South D ak o ta, th e n p a r t o f th e D akota
T e rrito ry # -
I t i s c e r t a i n t h a t lo n g b e fo re th e a r r i v a l o f th e
■ f i r s t o rg a n iz e d e x p e d itio n s , f u r t r a d e r s and tr a p p e r s knew o f
th e e x is te n c e o f th e m ountains and su sp e c te d t h e i r wealth.#
It
w a s 't h e i r t a l e s augmented by s t o r i e s f i l t e r i n g th ro u g h from
In d ia n s t h a t i n d i r e c t l y le d to th e fo rm a tio n o f th e C u ster
E x p ed itio n #
The f i r s t g o ld was found by th e E zra Kind p a r ty ab o u t 1853.
The members o f t h i s p a r ty were- a l l k i l l e d by In d ia n s but- l e f t
b eh in d them a r e c o rd s c ra tc h e d on a s to n e which was found a few
y e a rs ago n e a r S p e a r f ls h by a man named Thoem»
The Thoen Stone
as i t i s now c a l l e d , i s i n th e Adams Museum in Deadwood»
The B lack H i l l s f re c o rd e d h i s t o r y began in 18T4 when
G en eral George A# Cluster and th e Seventh C ay alry made a re c o n -
naiaantise t r i p i n t o th e H i l l s from F o r t Abraham Llneoln,*, f o r t h
D a k o t a t o e x p lo re and map th e cou n try»
yy •; ■ ■
’ :■ I t w asn’ t u n t i l l a t e 1875 t h a t th e Frank B ry an t -party made
.
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r i c h - ,s t r i k e s in Deadwood D uloh» fHais cau sed th e r u s h which
b u i l t - u p a -w ild and b o is te r o u s g o ld eamp* W ith th e i n f l u x o f p ro sped to rs, came gam blers? p r o s t i t u t e s
and p r o f e s s io n a l men#
As th e camp grew i t became a to u g h er
p la c e i n w hich to I i k e 9 and i t was d u rin g t h i s tim e t h a t Wild
B i l l H lekok (Jam es B u tle r B lekok) was b o rn in Homer (now Troy
0roke>? La S a lle O ounty9 I l l i n o i s ? - In 1837? and ,grew to mazkxood
i n t h a t v ic in it y ?
He l e f t Homer and w ent to M isso u ri and. th e n
moved, on to Kansas w here h e f i l e d c la im on a homesteads, l a t e r r e lin q u i s h in g h i s ' r i g h t and moving to H ebraska w here h e a g a in ■
h o m estead ed »
I t was on t h i s hom estead t h a t h e b u i l t a c o r r a l
t h a t was so c o n s tr u c te d t h a t h e bad th e e n tra n c e through, th e
hou se o n ly . , T t was h e r e t h a t h e h ad h i s famous f i g h t ; w ith Dave
IcO aziles? .
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A:
W ild .B i l l e n te re d th e Army as a Union Scout u n d e r.G e n e ra l
GUrtis-?." A f te r t h i s h e was h i r e d by th e town o f A b Ilen e9..Kansa s ?
a t $1000 a month to c le a n up t h e p la c e o f i t s roughnecks?.: He
l a t e r w en t to F o rt Hays and w h ile t h e r e s m a rried . a famous eques^t r Ie n n e 9 a f t e r w h ic h 'h e l e f t h e r in Cheyenne, and came to .th e
B lack B i l l s w ith C h a rle s ( C o lo rad o } U tte r and o th e rs *
Wild-' B i l l ’ s ap p earan ce as d e s c r ib e d by C o n n elly was;
flH is
eyes w ere b lu e b u t co u ld f r e e z e to a c r u e l ' s t e e l g re y a t th e
th rea t' o f © vll' -oi? danger,. > ■n&e'-man/Who 'lnourred h i s d is p l e a s u r e ,
g lim p sin g them b r i e f l y from u n d e r-h a lf- s h u t l i d s , saw them as
e o ld s g r e e n is h * # : « W ild B i l l 9S h a i r was g o ld en brown,.' m atching
th e c o lo r o f h i s d ro o p in g m u s t a c h e * lB als long h a i r gaue hlm
som ething o f a g i r l i s h ' lo o k tout t h i s w a s-n o t c o n tra d ic to r y *
In
r e a l i t y - 'I o h g ' h a i r ' was a badge o f manhood ' and 'c o u r a g e ,;■w o rn 'a s a
c h a lle n g e to any In d ia n who th o u g h t h im s e lf a b ra v e ■» -a c h a l­
le n g e to come and ta k e , It-*
I t was a te m p ta tio n and a ' d e fia n c e
f la u n te d c a r e le s s ly , and c o n s ta n tly i n th e fa c e o f v ic io u s and
tr e a c h e r o u s enemies:* *
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; Wil'd: B i l l was o v er s i x f e e t t a l l w ithout" s h o e s , *and th e
b o o ts h e w ore. had. h e e ls two in c h e s-h ig h *
He sometimes-.wore a
b ro a d ’ s a s h 'o f e m b r o id e r e d - s c a r le t- s ilk * - His- f a v o r i t e hat- was a
d a rk f e l t - w ith a b ro a d brim*
D uring th e summer o f 1876 th e c i t i z e n s o f ' Deadwood decided
they, sh o u ld h av e some form- o f governm ent to o v e r r u le th e rough
c la s s y -,"and I t was rum ored t h a t W ild B i l l was to be a p p o in te d
c h i e f o f p o lic e *
Bse ro u g h e r f a c t i o n w arned-him to g e t o u t o f
town b u t W ild B i l l was n o t to h e b u l l i e d by anyone *, - Bo d u rin g ,
th e ' a f te rn o o n o f 'A ugust S s -as h e was -p lay in g p o k er w ith a group
.o f '."friends- i n sa lo o n lumber' 1 0 la c k Ic O a ll sneaked In the f r o n t
door; and s h o t W iid - B ill in "the back o f th e head* ■McCall was
t r i e d f o r m urder by a-m iners* c o u r t and a c q u itte d tout was', l a t e r
p ic k e d Up b y .f e d e r a l a u t h o r i t i e s , c o n v ic te d , and hanged a t
Y a n k to n ,. South Dakota*.
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,,3W&gh. .G^geteyy .o v e r i ^ ^ i h g
th e i>own vshere h e m et h i s ends
% e o r i g i n a l m arker a t h i s grave
wa6 on an O rd in ary b o ard and was p la c e d th e r e by h i s f r ie n d *
C olorado C h arley *
I t read s
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'‘W ild B ill* J ei B* ,E Iek o k s k i l l e d by th e a s s a s s in ? la c k
McCall* JJeadwood9 B lack S i l l s ? Augnst 3? 1876*
P ard
we w i l l .m eet a g a in i n th e happy h u n t i n g ,g ro u n d .. to p a r t
. no more?
Goodbyet
C olorado C harley? 0* H9 S tte r ? .R,
Also, d u rin g t h i s Venturesom e tim e came C alam ity Aane9 Her
r e a l name was M artha A ane■Canary*
M issouri* May I? 1852»
She was b o rn in P rin c e to n ?
I t i s s a id t h a t h e r f a t h e r was a B a p tis t
m in i s te r and t h a t Jan e was w e ll e a re d f o r in h e r c h ild h o o d days*
At th e - age o f s ix t e e n she ra n away from sc h o o l and m a rrie d an
army o f f ic e r *
Soon a fte rw a rd s Aane “ sk ip p e d o u t* .to P o r t . .S teele
and' became a f r ie n d o f th e s o l d i e r s and te am sters*
She became
q u ite an e x p e rt in h a n d lin g teams and when an e x p e d itio n was
s e n t n o rth * she donned men Is a t t i r e and w ith th e a id o f h e r
' .h '' .
f e llo w p ack ers? o b ta in e d a p o s i t i o n w ith th e governm ent p ack
tr a in *
In t h i s work she p ro sp e re d f o r s e v e r a l months* ■ When
th e e x p e d itio n reach ed H at Greek s t a t i o n th e t r a i n m a s te r .dia*
c o v e re d .h e r sex and as th e r e s u l t d isc h a rg e d -h e r*
■C alam ity Aanei S f i r s t in tr o d u c tio n to th e B lack H i l l s was
in 1875*
She' came in as a s o l d i e r .in th e m i l i t a r y e x p e d itio n
u n d e r G en eral C foeks who I n A ugust9 1875? o rd e re d th e m in e rs to
IO"'*
I'Q&Ve the. H i l l s u n t i l t r e a t i e s e o u ld he made w ith th e T n d iah e»
H ef n e x t t r ip in to th e H i l l s was i n 1876 w ith a party in
which W ild B i l l H ickoh and' C h a rle s U tte r -Were m em bers
: . In 1878 a t e r r i b l e epidem ic o t sm a ll pox b r o k e . o u t '.among
th e m in e rs and p e o p le o f BeadwoodU
Most o f th e p eo p le were
a f r a i d to go n e a r th e s tr ic k e n * ■Women were few to .n u r s e th e
,sick*
I n th e ho tir o f t e r r o r and d e a th th e re cam© to 'the, f r o n t
a w i l l i n g v o lu n te e r* th e mule* s k in n in g 9 b u ll* w h ack in g and rough
ro v in g woman* C alam ity Jane* ' Bay and n ig h t she went.; among th e
s ic k and dying and f o r weeks n u rse d them and tended, to t h e i r
w an ts. •
P ercy R u s s e ll remembers C alam ity Jane as "a medium*ais©d
woman w ith d ark brown h a i r and e y e s .
In h e r y o u th she was o f
s p le n d id form , c l e a r com plexion and uncommonly good looking*.
In h e r o ld e r age th© rough l i f e o f th e p la in s and t r a i l s , co a rs­
ened h e r .-appearance*
She was, a s tr o n g m ix tu re o f th e w ild*
f.
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untam ed c h a r a c te r o f th e p la in s, and m ountain t r a i l s and g en e r­
o u s, k in d ly - h e a rte d , womanhood*
But u n d er th e rough e x t e r i o r
.th e re , b e a t - a h e a r t 's o M g and f r ie n d ly , as to be w ith o u t;measure*
B rave, e n e rg e tic * k in d , alw ays bn th e l i n e o f a c tio n ., w ith a
h e lp in g hand e v e r tu rn e d to th e poor and, u n fo rtu n a te, ,the
p e r s o n a l i t y o f C alam ity Jane became in d e lib ly stam ped upon th e
minds o f th e .p io n e e r s .n •
.
. B efo re h e r d e a th . C alam ity Jane re q u e s te d to be burled by
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th© s id e o f W ild B ills.
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Th,i s r e q u e s t was c a r r i e d o u t by ,the
p io n e e r s of. th e Blaok H ills #
She d ie d i n T e rry 5 a fev> m ile s .
so u th w est o f Beadwood5 Augus't S5 1905#
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''\l'''''i:'$dhnny P e r r i f t was b e t t e r -known as P o ta to Oreek- JoEiihy. and
Is--VOf a - l i t t l e - l a t e r p e r io d th a n t h a t o f W ild B i l l ■and; O al amity#
P d tatp y O reek Johnny came to th e B lack' H i l l s from W ales. ih: 18855
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and worked in a b a rb e rsh o p f o r a s h o r t tim e* He soon gave up.
b a r b e r in g and w ent to work in th e m ines and m i l l s i n th e v i c i n ­
i t y o f Deadwood5 b u t t h i s seemed to him as a r a t h e r d rab way o f
l i v i n g so h e .d ec id ed to do some p la c e r mining*
He went in to th e
H igger H i l l d i s t r i c t and s t a r t e d panning g o ld on: P o ta to Greek*
I t was here- t h a t h e found th e l a r g e s t n u g g et e v e r to be d is c o v ­
e re d i n th e B lack H ills *
Ih e n u g g et w eighed seven and three*=-
f o u r th s o u n ce s5 and a r e p l i c a o f i t .may be seen i n th e Adams
Museum i n Deadwood5 Hp washed g o ld as lo n g as h e w a s. a b le and
th e n s p e n t th e l a s t rem ain in g y e a rs o f h i s - l i f e in Deadwood*
W hile th e r e h e d e lig h te d th e t o u r i s t s w ith h i s t a l e s o f th e ,
p la c e r m ining days,, and a ls o d u rin g t h i s tim e made a few t r i p s
to M in n eap o lis ■and Chicago to .show th e fo lk s -a t .tr a v e l shows
how to pan gold*
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P o ta to Greek Johnny was o f - s l i g h t b u ild * b e in g under f iv e
f e e t t a l l * . He wore h i s h a i r -Iong9 and h i s round f a c e was
co v ered w ith a b e a rd and m ustache* H is eyes were b lu e and
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alw ays tw in k le d when h e spoke o f h i s g o ld pan n in g days*
P o ta to Creek Johnny d ie d in 1945 and i s b u r ie d b e s id e
C alam ity Jan e and Wild, B ill#
"r'2-S,w
G h ap ter 21
S c u lp tu re
S c u lp tu re IS' th e e a r l i e s t a r t we know*
P r im itiv e £an
s c u lp tu r e d his,ham m ers and k n iv e s from sto n e and d e sig n e d them
f o r a d e f i n i t e purpose*
Ih e to o ls w ere made to f i t th e hands
and d e sig n e d to cope w ith th e s i t u a t i o n f o r w hich th e to o l was '
made *
Man h a s p ro g re s s e d s in c e t h a t tim e s h u t'w e s t i l l •u se th e
same medium, s to n e , f o r some o f o u r s c u lp tu r e d p ie c e s * We can
le a r n much from th e -p r im it iv e man ab o u t h i s a r t in working w ith .
stone? th e y knew' th e .m a te r ia l w ith which th ey w ere working and
took ad v an tag e o f forms n a t u r a l to th e m a te ria l*
w ith th e s c u lp to r today*
So i t m ust be
He sh o u ld know th e m a te r ia ls w ith
which he i s w o rk in g , though toddy we have many mediums o th e r,
th an s to n e in which to e x p re ss o u r s e lv e s * . Each o f th e s e m a te r i­
a l s h as c h a r a c t e r i s t i c 's o f i t s own .and what i s im p o rta n t i s
t h a t th e e f f e c t s o f one s e t o f to o ls on one k in d o f m a te r ia l
sh o u ld ' n o t be im ita te d i n a n o th e r m a te r ia l by a n o th e r s e t o f
to o ls *
ih e aim o f th e, s c u lp to r sh o u ld be to r e p r e s e n t his.
c o n c e p tio n s in th e forms, n a t u r a l to th e m a te r ia l i n w hich,he i s
working*
,
. .
.
..
. ■:
r
■ :
'
S c u lp tu re being, a th re e -d im e n s io n a l a r t i s th e a r t . m ost
n e a r ly r e l a t e d to a r c h i t e c t u r e ^ . S c u lp tu re i s more s o li d whereas
a r c h i t e c t u r e is. hollow *
fI he G reeks and E g y p tia n s ten d ed tow ard
th e s e s c u l p t u r a l a s p e c ts in .th e ir b u ild i n g s .
S c u lp tu re i s never.
XS'":
in any tr u e se n se a r c h ite c tu r a l^ , tout th e two a r e o f te n combined*
A r c h ite c tu r e m ust h av e a b ase from which i t is . i n e v ita b ly bound,
S c u lp tu r e , o n -th e o th e r ,h a n d , may b e - f re e *
I t is in te re s tin g
to .note a few v a r i a t i o n s o f sc u lp tu re d - p ie c e s such-■ae' t h e - 'e a r l i ­
e s t known p ie c e o f •sc u lp tu r e , th e p r e h i s t o r i c iv o ry s t a t u e t t e
from th e G ro tte d e ' L espugue» ■ S i IS p ie c e h a s n o .b a s e and i s
v a l i d from any a n g le o r any p o in t o f view*
B a rla c h ’ s.w a r memo*
r i a l a t Gustrow; I s f r e e to h o v e r in the ..air, and B ra n c u s i9s
Commencement du Mondef1 r e s t s on a p o in t*
Some' animated •
forms o f s c u lp tu r e have been p e r f e c te d by th e American s c u lp to r ,
A lexander Ga ld e r* '■ These m o b ile 'p ie c e s a re e ith e r - suspended o r
r e s t on a p i v o t a l p o in t*
rXhrough th e s e exam ples one can. r e a d i ly
se e t h a t th e s c u lp to r h a s q u ite a v a r ie d means th ro u g h which to
e x p re ss h im s e lf , Ih e d e s ig n e r o f t h i s monument f e e l s t h a t sine©- t h i s p r o j e c t ■
would, be a ■com m ission sp o n so re d .b y th e Chamber o f Commerce t h a t
th e m em orial w i l l , o f c o u r s e , h av e to be done to m eet t h e i r
approval..
This does n o t mean t h a t th e s t y l e or t h e ; te c h n iq u e
used i n th e s c u lp tu r in g w i l l n e c e s s a r ily be s talm a te d ,' b u t i t
does mean t h a t th e s c u lp tu r e d s t a t u e s o f the th r e e f ig u r e s w i l l
hav e to toe r e p r e s e n te d i n a manner tr u e to th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f each in d iv id u a l toeing d e p ic te d ,'
,These l i m i t a t i o n s a r e o f
c o u rse n o t a h in d e ra n c e b ecau se m ost any p r o j e c t o f .th is type
would hav e c e r t a i n q u a l i f i c a t i o n s th a t, would h ave to be com plied
w ith*
^24*1
% 8 m a t e r i a l wsedl w i l l InflueK ioe .th o m anner i n # ^ lo h th e
g o u lp tu ro d f i g u r e s , a r e to W e x e e u t W *
O aet e to n e 'l e
' ,
m a te r ia l^ .having q u a l i t i e s s i m i l a r .to some .e f # ie A a W ^ ^ 'e to w a
■ . ’ ■' ■■' •
.
■
'./-i'! I,"
t h a t e re need f o r sc u lp tu r in g ; th e r e f o r e th e s o u l n t u r a l a e rg o te
'
'
.
'. .t::' .
o f th e c a s t s to n e w ill h e t r e a t e d more o r l e s s i n 'the'-same ■•'■■
,
■
■
■
m anner as s e u lp tu r in g In g r a n i t e o r san d sto n e^
•
".
" ./ :
I h e h eav ^ ato n y
q u a l i t y o f th e c a s t ■a to n e w i l l b e k ep t th ro u g h o u t t h e ''s c u lp tu r e d
p i e c e 6 ■Tao s ta tu e s - w i l l be s i m p l i f i e d l e t t i n g th e Volumess
m asses and p la n e s co m p lete th e form o f the s c u lp tu r e d p ie c e *
-
d e f i n i t e embodiment "in t h e o a s t s to n e e q n lp tu re d -pleoee
w i l l be end uring, and p r a c t i c a l b e c a u s e -th e r e w ill, -be no -th in
•se c tio n s to weaken any p o rtio n o f th e .s ta tu e * ;..Ihe s t a t u e s a r e p ie c e d a t e l i g h t l ? d if f e r e n t l e y e l e so th a t
one fig u r e t r i l l h ot o b atru ot the v iew o f the f ig u r e behind i t *
T his arrangem en t o f th e th ree-d im en sion al f ig u r e s a l s o 'c r e a t e s ■
'
an i n t e r e s t i n g t r i a n g u l a r shape Which keeps the sp ecta to r* a
v is io n , w ith in t h e .a r e a o f th e f ig u r e s and h as r e l i e f ,
She s c u lp tu r e d f i g u r e s and th e background were alw ays,
'
th o u g h t o f as a u n i t and- any changes I n th e grouping, o f th e
f ig u r e s a ls o n e c e s s i t a t e d a change i n th e s u p e r s t r u c tu r e o r
background*
%%a p h o to g ra p h s on p ag es 8b and 06 show th e menu*
m eat i n s e c t i o n s » th e f i g u r e s a n d .s e c tio n s o f R e m o ld s,
*18*»
'
:
1
■
' '
‘
’C h ap ter 1IXZ
:-
OonpfeW and Oaa t Stsote
'
'
'
Ae^"
'
,
: V';
atone '
' '
'
o#m6» t 'eM v a te r In to a pa6ta and M W lh^#nto "
'
f e 'is -p aste a ' f i n e m a t e r i a l snob m sen d and a . a o a r s e r m a te r ia l su eh as broken s tone* ■g ra v e l* alag ^ o r c in d e r s s
TJpon th e
hardening o f the paato th e e n t ir e mass becomes Ilk o a so lid '
atonev' ■Easa •ed n erete was employed by the S g y p tl an a- and Romans *
b u t the u se o f' s t e e l ■reln fereem eh ts d id n o t b egin u n t i l the
nineteenth, ■w n t u r y 'o f our era*
'
.
Beoauae o f I t s oonq)oeltlon o o n o rete h a s g r e a t oompreaalve
stre n g th but M t t l e a b i l i t y to #l% atan d tenalon*
S t e e l bare*
rods* o r math fa b r ic oon seou en tly are Incorporated in to th ose
p a r ts o f th e oon orete members # e r a I t . i s req u ired th a t t e n s i l e
s t r e s s e s be r e s is te d *
Wo oid ssea*
Concrete may* th erefore* be d iv id ed in to
m&ee Gonor&ta* # e r e the w o i # t or bulk Is req u ired
and where to a la r g e degree on ly eom presalve s t r e s s e s are pres*
e&t* and r e in fo r c e d co n crete* vhere i t i s n ece ssa r y to in trod u ce
s t e e l In to tho body o f the m a te r ia l to co u n tera ct the t e n s ile
s t r e s s e s caused -by t h e ,nature o f the a ssistin g lo a d s * .
Ihe proposed monument w i l l more or l e s s be con sid ered as
mass co n cr ete due to th e f a c t th a t th ere i s no e x te r n a l p r e ssu r e ,
tout I t w i l l b e ' a ls o re in fo r ced to compensate fo r s h if t in g which
may occur*
I h is s h i f t i n g la d ou b tfu l s in c e the form ation, o f
rock upon which th e monument i s to b e p laced 1@ c lo s e to the
. :| I VtiyvU
'
VM':
GWffaoe maki## a #ood bond, fo y the fo o tin g s o f the stn w W r e*
^atey^oem eat f a t l o ;
Too wnob v a to r in oonopete Pandero
t h e ''baate (ea&ent and w ater) th in and watery 4**%$ ar%)dMuw}4&e&4i;kie'
- .;
■
bold%% 'atwen^%h* Many t e a t s have sho%n th a t Wie atpen^@; o f
■''■■.■'■/'
'
:-'."V'' ;>:
w orkable oon orete rem ain s th e same f o r a g iv en w ater*O^nent '■
'
r a t i o I r r e s p e c tiv e o f th e am ounts o f th e a g g re g a te s^
A em ail amount o f aggregate w i l l #rodu@e n f l u i d oonalem
ten oy, more aggregatea w i l l eauae a p la s t ia o o n d itlon * and
. s t i l l a d d i tio n a l a g g re g a te w i l l re n d e r th e © o n ereta d ry and•
s t i f f ? but .the s tr e n g ih w i l l alw ays remain th e same.
The dbapeotenletK o elem ent o f o a e t atone l e the aggregate
com position^
con seq u en tly th e aggregate must be exposed upon
th e fa c e s id e o f th e p iece*
The oement* a ggregates and w ater
a re mixed a s f o r any o o n o reto -and th e n e a s t in molds#
She
molds may be o f aand* wood* metal^ g e la tin * op p la s t e r , as the
requirem ents o f the p ie c e ln d io a te*
The b e e t e a s t sto n e l a o f th e same com p osition throughout
th e p ie c e ,
E w h s to n e Is c a s t in molds o f m etal o r o th e r m ater-
I a l s $ Tbnly th e fa ce Ie composed o f th e s e le c te d aggregates and
the backing I s o f obaaper m a teria l*
By t h is method the q u a n tity
o f s p e c ia l agg reg a te I e r e la t iv e ly e m a il, and d i s t i n c t i v e r e s u lt s
may be ob tain ed w ith o u t g r e a t in c r e a se In coat*
Mhe l a t t e r
method w i l l be d isregard ed s in c e th e scu lp tu red p ie c e s o f the
monument w i l l be o f the same com position throughout*
A fter the e a s t sto n e h a s s e t s u f f i c i e n t l y , th e forma are
,1 7 »
reinoved. and,' tihe S u rfa c e ig ' re a d y -fo p treatm ent*
bd had by hand to o lin g
■’v’v/
'
0 'Wd:r:-'Methods o f f i n i s h
' \ . '
fade^.a'nd .the c o lo r and
ex p o sed 6'
A f 3,nI sh' may
d r by g r in d in g w ith A ilid o n earboB» In
'
■
■
th e cem ent i s e lim in a te d from,'.'the'- s u r ,
: '
'
'
te x tu r e o f th e ag g reg a ted d e f i n i t e l y
I h i s may be acco m p lish ed by sp ra y in g a f in e w ater
m is t a t ab o u t 40 pounds p r e s s u r e Upon th e fad© o f th e p ie c e
when th e form s a re removed.
A nother method i s to b ru sh th e ■
s u r f a c e when 6 to 24 h o u rs o ld w ith b r i s t l e b ru sh e s o r w ith a
f i n e w ire m esh,
A t h i r d method i s to c le a n th e s u r fa c e w ith 20%
to 50$ m u r ia tic a c id and w ater*
S ince th e cement w i l l n o t ta k e a p o l i s h p i t i s n e c e s s a ry
t h a t th e a g g re g a te s be combined' and g rad ed so t h a t they .cover
alm o st th e e n t i r e s u r f a c e o f the. fade*
Ihe cem ents w ater* and a g g re g a te r a t i o s m ust be p ro p e rly
ad h ered to* though any d e s ir e d s u r f a c e te x tu r e and c o lo r com,
b i h a t Iott may be o b ta in e d ,
iBie m a te r ia l i s en d u rin g and econ»
om ical*
Form ulas f o r C a st S to n e and P re i-C ast C o n crete
. • A b u l l e t i n on w a ll c o n s tru c tio n * sponsored, by th e HelSon
Cement S tone Company* In c o rp o ra te d * g iv e s a fo rm u la f o r .c o n c re te
w hich c o u ld be u sed in th e mass c o n s tr u c tio n o f th e monument.
I n t h i s t e s t th e y used a c o n c re te m ix tu re which c o n ta in e d one
..
1
p a r t cement* 2>8 p a r t s o f d ry sand and 4 ,2 p a r t s o f d ry g ra v e l*
by w eight*
an Inch-.
Bie washed p i t g r a v e l h ad th e maximum siz e , o f; s /4 o f
I h i s form ula was u sed on w a ll specim ens 8 f e e t.h ig h *
3 -f&st wi4e and; XO ln e h e a th ic k * ■ T he,coarse g r a v e l in t h i s ,
•
f/; ..■ ■'•
■
Sii^tnrevwonXGl n o t do f o r th e f ig u r e s o r r e l i e f b ecau se any
c h i s e li n g o r c u t t i n g would te n d to knock o u t th e coan'def:';c aggre^
' i%vv' : ' '
' '
' '
""
$:
,g a t e s 'l e a v i n g uneven edges=•. VlVi-?;-''"
" ‘ ''VV?"?'-'V'" * • ■
■
." : v h/;.v ;v- - ■
"Andr6 Smith Uses 8 p a r t s o f c l e a r w hite sand, to v lv p a r t
-ceinent*
These ex p e rim en ts w ere on r e l a t i v e l y sm a ll p a n e ls n o t
ex ceed in g 30 x 36 inches,*
T his was done o n ly b ec au se o f th e
tim e e le m e n tj, o r s e t t i n g time* which made i t n e c e s s a ry f o r him
to p la c e in h i s d e s ig n and -out o u t th e p a t t e r n b e f o r e th e m ixture-becam e h a r d .
-
' A. v a r i e t y o f good m ix tu re s f o r c a s tin g a re as f o l i o was
■'
.
I*.
go^ m arb le d u s t o r g r a n i t e d u s t to 80/5
■cement fo r. smooth surfaces,*
• g.,
'35% m arb le d u s t o r g r a n i t e d u s t to 65%
-cement f o r medium smooth su rfa c e s*
3,*
35% m arb le dus t,s 15% sand,, and .50%
cem ent f o r rough s u rfa c e s *
-
I n experim ents,* on m ix tu re s o f g r a n i t e d u s t and cem ent i t
was found t h a t 2 cem ent to 3 g r a n i t e d u s t g a te a-V ery f in e tex^
tu r e to th e surface,* Ih e a g g re g a te s were w e ll d is p e rs e d though
■v ■ - ■' .
-n o t q u ite dense enough,. A nother m ix tu re o f I ^ cem ent to 3
g r a n i t e d u st* w ith j u s t enough w a te r to keep the m ix tu re to g e th ­
e r , was v ib r a te d in to a wooden box and l e f t to s e t .
#ben t h i s
m ix tu re was ta k e n o u t o f th e box th e exposed s u r f a c e had a much
d e n s e r p a t t e r n o f a g g re g a te s c r e a tin g a b e t t e r lo o k in g -piece*
Both o f th e s e m ix tu re s a r e e a s i l y c h is e le d and a r e g o o d .s tro n g
"
■
m ix tu re s and w i l l s ta n d up w e lly
•
-
-
O ther le a n e r m ix tu re s, were
itta4 e"<niat#. a i» e« tfe-ey
W f a l l epaiTt'i
' •
■’ - • A. f a s t s la b o f b a s t stone,1was pounod in to e fo .w i s '-lnohes
widOff 32 in ch es long and !& Inohes deep=.
•..
■ .
-
was !Ir dem ent to 3 g r a n i t e d u st*
,
Tbe mix fo r t h is t e s t
'
'
A l a y e r 3 /4 o f an inch./deep
was f i r s t poured and a heavy s c re e n was s e t I n a t t h i s IeV el to
r e in f o r c e th e S la h i w ith th e s c re e n In i t s p ro p e r
place
a n o th e r
la y e r o f c a s t Stone 3 /4 o f .a n in c h deep was poured over th e
e n t i r e a r e a making th e s la b I f in c h e s th ic k s
I h i s s la b h ad a
v e ry smooth s u r fa c e due to th e f a c t t h a t th e s u r f a c e s id e o f
•’t h e s la b was poured a g a in s t a f l a t p ie c e o f p l a t e g l a s s s
A
draw ing o f th e c o m p o sitio n f o r the r e l i e f was drawn upon t h i s
s la b and th e n th e r e l i e f c h is e le d out*
The c h i s e l s worked w e ll
and good C lean edges w ere m a in ta in e d th ro u g h o u t e k e e p t f o r a
few p la c e s where a i r b u b b le s h ad formed d u rin g th e p o u rin g o f
th e C ast ffo n e*
.....
■ Chapter IV
%ie Menmaeht and. I t s 'O o n s trn a tid n ■
- The monument id -adapted1 to th e s lo p in g t e r r a i n upon which
i t id to be " b u ilt.
S in ce a s t r u c t u r e of- 'th ie ty p e i s dependent
on p ro p e r lig h tin g 's " i t w i l l h av e to be p la c e d i n a p o s i t i o n to
ta k e ad v a n tag e o f th e summer su n .
F or -this re a so n th e monument
w i l l fa c e so u th and th e h ig h e r s id e w i l l be tow ard th e west*
(See P la te Xp -p* 27«)
Ih e monument w i l l be c o n s tru c te d a c c o rd in g , to governm ent
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s ,on r e in f o r c e d concrete* and w i l l "be b u i l t b y ;a
com petent c o n s tr u c tio n co n cern s e le c te d by th e Chamber of.
Commerce .Committee i n ch a rg e o f th e p r o je c t*
Ih e f ig u r e s ■and r e l i e f w i l l be composed o f cem ent and.
g r a n i t e o r m arb le d u s t aggregates- c a r e f u l l y -p acked or v ib ra ted
in to th e m olds so t h a t th e a g g re g a te s w i l l show, upon th e s u r f a c e .
Ih e m odels o f W ild B i l l H iek o k p C alam ity J a n e y a n d 'P o ta to
Greek Johnny w i l l be b u i l t Up i n p la s t e r o f P a r is over, an arm*
a tune,
Ih e s e w i l l th e n be carved down to the- d e s ir e d prop or*
tie rs .
To e lim in a te th e d an g er o f ch ip p ed edges and a ls o to
f a c i l i t a t e - a b e t t e r c a s tin g jo b , th e f ig u r e s w i l l be -k e p t com­
p a c t and s im p lif ie d w ith no- t h i n s e c tio n s o r sh a rp p ro tru d in g
e d g e s«
S ince th e w ea th er v a r ie s from f re e z in g to thaw ing tem pera­
tu r e s P i t w a s .n e c e s s a ry in th e d e s ig n in g o f th e monument to
e lim in a te th e low p la c e s w hich would h o ld w ater*
*-23.”
1Hhe s d a le model I n p l a s t e r o f 'P a r i s (s e e phonography ps 24#)
h a s-e iro lv e ii from a: S e r ie s o f sk etch es i n p l a s t i c i n e ,#5
rBiis o i l
c Iayy due 't o " I t s ' p l a s t i c ' g ila lltie s y I s i a v e r y ' good medium f o r
w orking th re e -d im e n s io n a l p ie c e s *
and i s always' p lia b le #
P l a a t i o l n e w i l l n o t d ry o u t
Changes ■in th e sk e tc h in t h i s m a te r ia l
can be r e a d i l y made w henever t h e ' m odeler w ishes' to do s o .
■
A nother ad v an tag e o f p i a s t l e i n e i s t h a t i t w i l l n o t adhere to
p l a s t e r o f P a r i s ? making i t i d e a l f o r removing c a s ts # .
Ihroug h a p ro c e s s o f e lim in a tio n and a l t e r i n g the. monument
h a s l o s t th e b i l l b o a r d e f f e c t'w h ic h i t had i n th e f i r s t . d e s i g n s #
I t mow, h a s a m a ssiv e n e ss and s c u l p t u r a l q u a lity ' w hich is . i d e a l
f o r th e t e r r a i n , and landscape, upon which th e m em orial i s to be
b u ilt#
lBae m odels o f th e b as r e l i e f and o f th e f ig u r e s w i l l be
„
done i n ' a stu d io #
Each f ig u r e w i l l c o n ta in an a rm a tu re P o ver
which th e " p la s te r o f P a r is ' w i l l ' be ro u g h ly b u i l t up to .th e
s p e c i f i e d d im en sio n s o f th e fig u re #
When t h i s i s com pleted and
th e p l a s t e r o f P a r is i s d ry th e p ro c e s s o f c h i s e l i n g b e g in s y
and i t i s th ro u g h t h i s c u t t i n g t h a t th e p ie c e o f s c u lp tu r e w i l l
be r e f in e d and the 'm asses' and volum es b ro u g h t o u t# - -1H here i s to
be no i n t r i c a t e d e t a i l , only th e planes- and volumes w ill su g g est
th e form and co m p o sitio n o f th e s c u lp tu r e d p iece#
From, th e se
model s t a t u e s w i l l be ta k e n th e s e c t i o n a l molds f o r th e c a s t
sto n e .pieces#.
( See P l a t e X* p* 36»)
Hhe model f o r th e b a s r e l i e f w i l l a ls o be c o n s tr u c te d o f
88- .
o f'.P a irl# * ' ' A foam -*13.1-be- W i l t - 16' f e e t Ie q g
6- & # $ * ld 6 AW '6
' ''IRdB 'fa d e el& e'-A f' ik 'l* -.(%>$* *111
'■fe®- lln e d t * i t h ’ A heet' # e W l whidh ' w i l l 1^ iw tS b e piaster'"ai'& b - a>amo'oth s n v f m b * '' fEie •r s I n fo t1^ in g .■pods- -w ill' b@ placed, ialdw sj' IA
th e th Seim .es« O f i th e - m odels'
Aftsa?- & p p l a s t e f 1- P f
- :
haWened a n ffId lW tly tke'-faw# *111'M TW evW and
f o r th e r e l i e f drmm upon th e anrfade o f # e a la b th a t yae
a n a in s t th e m etal s id e o f the f o r m % , e .d esig n w i l l , th e n be
e h le e le d o n t h o t more thaA 1& ln eh ee deep»
% en t h is la com­
p le te d t h is -p la n ter r e l i e f '*111 be- th e model for--th.e -ene.-'tb'be
pbnred In c&et etbne*
S his medal #111 then be sh e lla c k e d and.
o ile d and a negative p la ste r o f fa r l# o a st taken from It*
Into
W e negative c a s t w ill he poured the o a st atone ml#Wre # l o b
w ill h e-th e'sla b th a t w ill-h e r a ise d '!n th the back wall-'and•concrete po u red ' arm tnd I t *
(See f l a te --IX*. p«
)
Chapter V '
Dimensions' o f Monttment
lBne o v e r - a l l m easurem ents - o f th e s u p e rs t r u c t t i r e i
■ '.-.v 'U M 'h
38 f e e t lo n g .
86 f e e t wide
ih© b'aek w a lls
14 f e e t h ig h
■f
th e p i l l a r a t ta c h e d - to the. back w alls
16 f e e t h ig h
th e r e l i e f s
■ 6 f e e t h ig h
16 f e e t lo n g ,
,
• ,
Ijr in c h e s deep
th e h e i g h t o f each s c u lp tu r e d f ig u r e i n th e ro u n d . i s as fo llo w s s
W ild B i l l B ickok .
0 fe e t h ig h '
C alam ity Jane
8 f e e t h ig h
P o ta to Greek Johnny
5 f e e t h ig h
For o th e r m easurem ents r e f e r to p l a t e s I,, 11$ III* IV* V5' VI#
Hie s u p e r s t r u c tu r e minus th e th r e e f ig u r e s and t h e . r e l i e f
c o n ta in s 1405' 5 /8 c u b ic f e e t and* f ig u r in g a .cubic f o o t o f
*$$■•
.
c o n c re te a t 144 pounds $ t h i s would amount* i f red u ce d to to n s ,
101»805 to n s „
,
*8ay> C h a rle s M errick* : and P ark er* B a r r y 5 - 1946*. Ik IB lRiAhS AID
MBTKODS OP ARGBITBOTBRAL COIfSTRBGTIOK, Jdbn W llep and. Spas I n c , ,
lew Y ork, " ' ' '
“ 1 ' ..................■
Phofoqraph
of
Model Monument Gast in Plaster of Paris
-as
Photoqraphs 5 homing Sections of Model Monument
Z Shouuincj sec+ions
ujith
bas relieF m b ack aioK
"U
Q
O
i-O
3
zr
(Z)
Calamity Jonc7UJiW Bill Hickok
and Fbtato CreeK Johnny
Poterto Cnaek Johnny
-33-
O
O
Q<yi
Pr
ZJ
CL
Calomitu Jone
g
27
PLATE I .
!■/ •• ' •
BIRDS
EVE
V IE W OF
MEMORIAL
PLACING- OF STATUES
A - POTATO CREEK. JOHNNY
B - WI LD BILL HICKOK
C - CALAMITY J A U E -
28
PLATE H .
(*---- 5‘
. •• •■ 4 .■ «•
^
i
t • « r I . » -v r
INSIDE
3
■y . •, 11
> f r / :: r i ^ T * : r y
V IE W
OF
: > t • ;» ?
LEFT
WALL
-2 9 -
PLATE EL
SCALE 1/6"= I
OUTSIDE V IE W OF LEFT WALL
PLATE TZ
FR O N T
AND TOP V IE W
OF BACK. WALL
31
PLATE
BACK
V IE W OF MONUMENT
UNE
SHOW ING
GROUND
PLATE 53
A *■ F E E T RI5E IN 18 FEET
»
33
PLATE MT
FRONT A N D TOP VIEW OF STEFS
PLATE
'SOL.
3 IMCH OVER - HAMQ- ON CAP
A/4 INCHES DEPTH OF RELIEF
RELIEF SET IN 2 INCHES WITH A I INCH
DROP VO THE a INCHES .
6'
L
CAST STONE BLOCK. FOR
INSCRIPTION
I •!! t I i * %•
LAWN
• , t t 11 H I t JJlAJ
SCALE */j'W I '
C R 055
SECTION OF
BACK WALL
PLATE
JX
REINFORCEMENT
RODS
r e l ie f
cast
im
horiz o n ta l
POSITION THEM RAISED INTO
PLACE AND THE CONCRETE
WALL POURED AROUND IT.
CONCRETE TO b e
POURED AROUND,_
SiTBEL RODS FOR
ARMATURE
___ *
PIETAL PLATE.
m etal
plate
w e l d e d on
RODS',FORMS THE BASE OF ARM­
ATURE. HOLE IN CAST FOR BOLT
WILL BE &RCUTED IN WHEN
STATUE IS BOLTED IN PLACE .
SKETCH
OF RELIEF AND ARMATURE
—3 6 -
PLATE
PIASTER.
OF
X
PARiS
mold
r e in f o r c in g -
rods
metal b a n d MOLDS ' ^
MOLD TOGETHER
V -N
SKETCH
MOLD ,
S H O W IN G THE METHOD OF
C A S T FR O M M ODEL.
SECTIONING
-3 7 -
PLATE JL
WILD
—
BILL HICKQK.
38-
PLATE HI
POTATO CREEK. JOHNNY
—3 9 -
plate
ZSH
calamity jane
'
'
«40»
i-’ .-1-:
Bibliography
Bennetts E stellrlnep' Old B#a€w6od, DmFS
. o m sM , Dp. 0 , 0*» Bemawok
'.
Slaek B i l l s ^
'
'
'
,
-.
'
'Eenpy.. MooPe. Sotilt>to»a and WawAnKs . E w ^ e r k p
Cu$?t V alentins 1944* '
..;
'." '
i. -. "
' '
' , '
., '
Valontlne*
R** Origins of. ^odePn
^ltWnborn end
^
Y
Y ' - - :'-
-Ee# %bpk*.'
/
' '
Says .0* Mi., and-' Fapkes3g
' M aterials'and Metfeods 'of feehlte&tnnal.
RehRtnnetMn* Eem.Sfork*. ^dhn Wiley aW SOnej, Ine** 1946;
'
Martin*
Moholaon, B. and Gabep M$# O irele. 24 Russell
Sonsrdp Bondon, Paber ana Paber Mmlted*
FlmggestenB', Beter* "Sonlptnre In O e# n tP^ ARprloen A r tist.
Jdnhary-Bni-.February:9 1943«
Reeewoh' Repem RB %048» Volume 19* Study o f Vibrated Conorete,
tfashing ton $ % Obs Wnited' States Government Printing O ffieep'
Boyambpr,.; 19@7*. .'
'
t
' Repomt 'BMS' S i , Building; R eterlels end GtruoWre* Washington, - '
.D*" 0*,' -Whi tpd'- S'te'tea'%W.w^wt- ff 'in t IW bBrloo.',, Ootobor, 1940*
Report. BMS -.26* B u lld lm .Meteniale;and, Btruo ture&W a^lpgtpn,.
Dy "0*,-' .Enlted' Bta^^OoVernment M in tin g -o f H oe^. Ootobef, 1939*
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3 1762 10005249 5
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d
O P 'Z