Studies on the detection, biology and control of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici
by Monica Elliott Juhnke
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Science in Plant
Pathology
Montana State University
© Copyright by Monica Elliott Juhnke (1983)
Abstract:
Although take-nail disease of wheat (caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) is not new to
Montana, there has been no research conducted on the disease in this state. Elsewhere, most of the
research concerning take-all has been conducted with winter wheat. These two factors plus the
potential severity of the disease prompted this research on the disease and its effect on irrigated spring
wheat in Montana.
Four objectives were accomplished. One was the determination of the range of the disease in Montana
via an informal field survey. Samples were collected on field trips to various counties and obtained
from the Plant Disease Clinic at Bozeman, MT. Take-all was identified in 11 counties located
throughout Montana including Sheridan, Gallatin, Lake, Hill and Treasure counties.
The second objective was the development of a selective medium (SM-GGT3) which would facilitate
diagnosis and confirmation of the disease. The active ingredient amounts for SM-GGT3 are 10 mg
dicloran, 10 mg metalaxyl, 25 mg HOE 00703, 100 mg streptomycin sulfate and 500 mg L-DOPA per
liter of autoclaved Potato Dextrose Agar (39 g PDA in 1 L distilled water). There was a 32% increase
in take-all isolations using SM-GGT3 when compared with PDA.
A third objective concerned the development of a quick, easy and accurate method to use for disease
assessment that would correlate well with yield loss observations. This was accomplished using 1000
kernel weight and sub-crown internode disease severity ratings. The r% values for two field sites were
-0.917 and -0.906 respectively.
Determining the effect of different forms of nitrogen fertilizer and various levels of chloride containing
fertilizer on take-all severity and spring wheat yields was the fourth objective. The only conclusion
which can be safely made based on the results is that the addition of excess phosphorus when adequate
nitrogen is present did allow spring wheat to tolerate the disease and so produce somewhat higher
yields. STUDIES ON THE DETECTION, BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF
GAEUHANNOMYCES GRAMINIS VAR. TRi TI CI
by
Monica E l l i o t t J u h n k e
A t h e s i s submitted in p a r t i a l f u l f il l m e n t
of the requirem ents fo r the degree
of
Ma s t e r i n S c i e n c e
in
P la n t Pathology
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bozeman, Mont ana
March 1983
main lib.
ii
Cop. 3.
APPROVAL
o f a t h e s i s s u b m i t t e d by
Monica E l l i o t t J u h n k e
T h i s t h e s i s h a s b e e n r e a d by e a c h m e m b e r o f t h e
t h e s i s c o m m i t t e e a n d h a s b e e n f o u n d t o be s a t i s f a c t o r y
reg a rd in g c o n te n t, English usage, form at, c i t a t i o n s ,
b i b l i o g r a p h i c s t y l e , and c o n s i s t e n c y , and i s r e a d y f o r
su bm ission t o t h e College of G raduate S t u d i e s .
Da t e
C h a i r p e r s o n , G r a d u a t e Committee
Appr ove d f o r t h e Major De p a r t me n t
Dat e
Head, Major D e p a r t m e n t
Appr oved f o r t h e C o l l e g e o f G r a d u a t e S t u d i e s
Date
Graduate Dean
^
iii
STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE
In p r e s e n t i n g
this
thesis
i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of
t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a m a s t e r ' s d e g r e e a t Montana S t a t e
U niversity,
I
agree
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p erm issio n , provided
that
accurate
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Perm ission
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or
r e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s may be g r a n t e d by my m a j o r
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or
in
his/her
absence,
by t h e
D irector
of
L i b r a r i e s when, in t h e o p i n i o n of e i t h e r , t h e p r o p o se d
use
of
copying
the
or
m aterial
use
of
is
the
for
scholarly
m aterial
in
purposes.
this
thesis
Any
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Of , IislZiJfi •
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
Page
1
INTRODUCTION .........................................................
2
SURVEY OF MONTANA FOR TAKE-ALL ........................
I
5
A SELECTIVE MEDIUM FOR G1
GRAMINIS VAR. T R I T I C I . .. ........................................
14
I n t r o d u c t i o n . ...............................
M a t e r i a l s a nd M e t h o d s .................................. ; . .
R e s u l t s ................................................................... ....
D i s c u s s i o n .........................................................................
14
17
25
38
m in VD
.
Introduction ........
Materials and Methods.
Results and Discussion
3
4
RELATIONSHIP. BETWEEN SUB-CROWN INTERNODE
RATINGS AND 1000 KERNEL WEIGHT. . . . . .
50
I n t r o d u c t i o n ......................................
M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s . ...........................................
R e s u l t s . ...................... .........................
D i s c u s s i o n .........................................................................
5
CONTROL OF TAKE-ALL WITH FERTILIZERS . . . . .
I n t r o d u c t i o n ................... .... ............................. ....
M a t e r i a l s a n d Met hods. .................................
R e s u l t s ........................................................................ ....
D i s c u s s i o n .................................
6
SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . .
50
51
53
55
61
.
.
.......................................
61
63
67
71
78
LITERATURE CITED
80
APPENDIX
89
V
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1
2
Page
R e s u l t s o f 1981 and 1982 s u r v e y o f t a k e - a l l
d i s e a s e i n M o n t a n a by c o u n t y , h o s t , f i e l d
c l i m a t e a nd f i e l d c r o p p i n g h i s t o r y . . . . . .
7
GaeJimanzmznyces A r a m i n l B v a r . t r i t i c i i s o l a t e s
t e s t e d in the development of the s e l e c t i v e
medium SM-GGT3 . . .................................. . . . . . .
19
T est fu n g i used in th e developm ent of th e
s e l e c t i v e medium SM-GGT3 ................................................
19
A c o m p a r i s o n o f q u i n t o z e n e a n d HOE 0 0 7 0 3 i n
t h e i r a b i l i t y t o i n h i b i t common p a t h o g e n i c
soil-borne fungi . . .
........................ . . . . . .
26
R e s u l t s of i s o l a t i o n s f r o m 1981 i r r i g a t e d
wheat t i s s u e susp ected of being i n f e c t e d w ith
GaetiZBannoznycfiS g r a m i n i s v a r . t i i t i s i (Ggt )
u t i l i z i n g t h e s e l e c t i v e medium SM-GGTl . . . .
28
6
S m a l l g r a i n p l a n t s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d i n 1982 .
30
7
R e s u l t s o f i s o l a t i o n s f r o m .1982 i r r i g a t e d and
d r y l a n d w h e a t a nd b a r l e y t i s s u e s u s p e c t e d o f
b e i n g i n f e c t e d w i t h Gasnniannoznyces g r a m i n i s
v a r . t r i t i c i (Ggt ) u t i l i z i n g
the s e le c tiv e
medium SM-GGT 3 ................................................................... ....
3
4
5
8
9
.
32
R e s u l t s o f i s o l a t i o n s f r o m 1982 i r r i g a t e d
w h e at and b a r l e y t i s s u e s u s p e c t e d
of being
i n f e c t e d w i t h G a a n m a n n e mys s s g n a m i n i s v a r .
t r . i t i s i (Ggt) u t i l i z i n g
t h e s e l e c t i v e medium
S M - G G T 3 ................................................
1.
34
C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n t h e s e l e c t i v e medium (SMGGT3) a n d p o t a t o d e x t r o s e a g a r (PDA) t i s s u e
isolation results
using
1982
i r r i g a t e d a nd
d r y l a n d w h e a t a nd b a r l e y t i s s u e
s u s p e c te d of
b e i n g i n f e c t e d w i t h Gaeuma n n o my c e s a r a m i n i s
v a r . tnitisi ( G g t ) ........ ................
35
vi
LIST OF TABLES— C o n t i n u e d
Table
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Page
C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n t h e s e l e c t i v e medium (SMGGT3) a n d p o t a t o d e x t r o s e a g a r (PDA) t i s s u e
i s o l a t i o n r e s u l t s u s i n g 1982 i r r i g a t e d w h e a t
and b a r l e y t i s s u e s u s p e c t e d
of being i n f e c t e d
w ith
annomyegs g ^ s m in is var.
tx itisi
(Ggt ) . . . . . .
........................
35
The number o f Wampum s p r i n g w h e a t p l a n t s r a t e d
a n d t h e m e a n 1 0 0 0 k e r n e l w e i g h t (TKW) f o r e a c h
s u b - c r o w n i n t e r n o d e (SCI)
ta k e -a ll disease
s e v e r i t y category a t f i e l d s i t e I lo c a te d near
F a i r f i e l d , MT. i n 1 9 8 1 ........................ ....
54
The number o f Newana s p r i n g w h e a t p l a n t s r a t e d
a nd t h e mean 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t (TKW) f o r e a c h
s u b - c r o w n i n t e r n o d e (SCI)
ta k e -a ll disease
s e v e r ity category a t f i e l d s i t e 2 lo ca te d near
Ulm, MT. i n 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 54
N i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r s u s e d i n 1981 f o r t h e
c o n t r o l o f t a k e - a l l ..................................................... .
65
E f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t r a t e s o f c h l o r i d e on
Wampum s p r i n g w h e a t g r a i n y i e l d , t e s t w e i g h t ,
1000
kernel
w eight
(TKW)
and s u b - c r o w n
i n t e r n o d e (SCI)
mea n d i s e a s e r a t i n g (MDR) o f
t a k e - a l l m e a s u r e d on t wo d i f f e r e n t d a t e s
in
1981 .........................................................................................
68
E f fe c t of
d i f f e r e n t fo rm s of
nitrogen
f e r t i l i z e r a n d no n i t r o g e n on Wampum s p r i n g
wheat g r a i n y i e l d , t e s t w e i g h t , 1000 k e r n e l
w e i g h t (TKW) a n d s u b - c r o w n i n t e r n o d e (SCI)
mean d i s e a s e r a t i n g (MDR) o f t a k e - a l l m e a s u r e d
on t w o d i f f e r e n t d a t e s i n 1 9 8 1 . . . . . . . .
69
E f fe c t of
d i f f e r e n t form s of
nitrogen
f e r t i l i z e r a n d no n i t r o g e n on s p r i n g w h e a t
rhizosphere. s o il
pH,
nitrate
c o n t e n t a nd
ammonium c o n t e n t on t wo d i f f e r e n t d a t e s i n
1981 .................................................................................. . . .
71
E f f e c t s o f t a k e - a l l on i r r i g a t e d G a i n e s w i n t e r
w h e a t w i t h i n c r e a s i n g r a t e s o f two s o u r c e s o f
n i t r o g e n a p p l i e d 23 March 1967 . . ........................
76
v ii
LIST OF TABLES - c o n t i n u e d
Table
18
19
20
21
22
23
Page
The e f f e c t s o f t h e a d d i t i o n o f a n t i - f u n g a l
c o m p o u n d s on QflSJtiinsimfiinyses g r a m i n i s v a r .
t r i t i c i m y c e l i a l g r o w t h ..............................................
90
Gaeuma n n o my c e s g r a mi n i s v a r . t r i t i c i m y c e l i a l
g r o w t h e f f e c t s due t o t h e a d d i t i o n o f 100 u g / m l
o f v a r i o u s c a r b o n s o u r c e s t o a b a s e medium. . .
92
Gaeuma n n o my c e s g r a m i n i s v a r . t r i t i c i m y c e l i a l
g r o w t h e f f e c t s d u e t o t h e a d d i t i o n o f 1000
ug/ml of v a rio u s carbon so u rces to a base
medi um........................................................................................ . .
93
The e f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s b a s a l m e d i a on
Gaeuma nnomyc e s g r a m i n i s v a r . t r i t i c i m y c e l i a l growth
. .................................................................................. ....
94
The e f f e c t s o f t h e a d d i t i o n o f a n t i - b a c t e r i a l
c o m p o u n d s on G s s u m s n n o m y e s s g r a m i n i s v a r .
t r i t i c i m y c e l i a l g r o w t h ................................................
94
The e f f e c t s o f t h e a d d i t i o n o f v a r i o u s l e v e l s
o f o r g a n i c c o m p o u n d s on G a s n m a n n e m y c s s
g r a min i s var. t r i t i c i m y c e lia l growth . . . .
95
v iii
LIST OF FIGURES
■
Figure
1
Page
A comparison
between p o t a t o
dextrose
agar
(PDA)
a nd
the . ta k e - a ll
selective
medium
( SM-GGT3) i n t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f i s o l a t i n g
G a e u m a n n o z n y c e s g n a m i n i s v a r . t s i t i c i (Ggt )
from . n a t u r a l l y i n f e c t e d wheat t i s s u e
. . . .
33
2
M elanin f o r m a t i o n from t y r o s i n e
44
3
R e g ressio n e q u a t i o n and c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s
fo r the r e l a t i o n s h i p between t a k e - a l l sub­
c r o wn i n t e r n o d e (SCI) s e v e r i t y r a t i n g a nd 1000
k e r n e l w e i g h t f o r Wampum s p r i n g w h e a t i n a
f i e l d l o c a t e d n e a r F a i r f i e l d , MT i n 1 9 8 1 . . . .
564
R e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n and c o n fid e n ce i n t e r v a l s
fo r the. r e l a t i o n s h i p between t a k e - a l l subc r o wn i n t e r n o d e (SCI) s e v e r i t y r a t i n g a nd 1000
k e r n e l w e i g h t f d r Newana s p r i n g . w h e a t
in a
f i e l d l o c a t e d n e a r U l m , MT i n 1 9 8 1 . . . . . . .
57
4
.................... .
ABSTRACT
A l t h o u g h t a k e ^ a l l d i s e a s e o f w h e a t ( c a u s e d by
G a e u m a n n o m y c e s S ^ a i n i n i s v a r . t r i t i c i ) i s n o t new t o
M o n t a n a , t h e r e h a s b e e n no r e s e a r c h c o n d u c t e d on t h e
d is e a s e in t h i s s t a t e . Elsew here,
most of th e r e s e a r c h
c o n c e r n i n g t a k e - a l l h a s be en c o n d u c t e d w i t h w i n t e r wh e a t .
These two f a c t o r s p l u s t h e p o t e n t i a l s e v e r i t y of t h e
d i s e a s e p r o m p t e d t h i s r e s e a r c h on t h e d i s e a s e a n d i t s
e f f e c t on i r r i g a t e d s p r i n g w h e a t i n Montana.
Four o b j e c t i v e s were a c c o m p l i s h e d .
One w a s t h e
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e r a n g e o f t h e d i s e a s e i n Mont ana v i a
an i n f o r m a l f i e l d s u r v e y .
S a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d on
f i e l d t r i p s t o v a r i o u s c o u n t i e s and o b t a i n e d from t h e
P l a n t D i s e a s e C l i n i c a t B o z e m a n , MT. T a k e - a l l w a s
i d e n t i f i e d i n 11 c o u n t i e s l o c a t e d t h r o u g h o u t M o n t a n a
i n c l u d i n g S h e r i d a n , G a l l a t i n , Lake, H i l l and T r e a s u r e
counties.
The s e c o n d o b j e c t i v e
was t h e d e v e lo p m e n t of a
s e l e c t i v e m e d i u m (SM-GGT3) w h i c h w o u l d f a c i l i t a t e
d i a g n o s i s a n d c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h e d i s e a s e . The a c t i v e
i n g r e d i e n t a m o u n t s f o r SM-GGT3 a r e 10 mg d i c l o r a n , 10 mg
m e t a l a x y l , 25 mg HOE 00703, 100 mg s t r e p t o m y c i n s u l f a t e
a n d 500 mg L-DOPA p e r l i t e r o f a u t o c l a v e d P o t a t o D e x t r o s e
A g a r (39 g PDA i n I L d i s t i l l e d w a t e r ) . T h e r e w a s a 32%
i n c r e a s e i n t a k e - a l l i s o l a t i o n s u s i n g SM-GGT3 whe n
c o m p a r e d w i t h PDA.
A t h i r d o b j e c t i v e concerned th e developm ent of a
q u i c k , e a s y and a c c u r a t e m ethod t o use for. d i s e a s e
a s s e s s m e n t t h a t would c o r r e l a t e w e ll w ith y i e l d l o s s
observations.
T h i s was a c c o m p l i s h e d u s i n g 1000 k e r n e l
w e i g h t and s u b - c r o w n i n t e r n o d e d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y r a t i n g s .
The r 2 v a l u e s f o r t w o f i e l d , s i t e s w e r e - 0 . 9 1 7 a n d - 0 . 9 0 6
respectively.
D e t e r m in i n g t h e e f f e c t of d i f f e r e n t fo rm s of
n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r and v a r i o u s l e v e l s of c h l o r i d e
c o n t a i n i n g f e r t i l i z e r on t a k e - a l l s e v e r i t y a n d s p r i n g
w h eat y i e l d s was th e f o u r t h o b j e c t i v e .
The o n l y
c o n c l u s i o n wh i c h c a n be s a f e l y made b a s e d on t h e r e s u l t s
i s t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f e x c e s s p h o s p h o r u s when a d e q u a t e
n itro g e n is p re s e n t did allow sp rin g wheat to t o l e r a t e
t h e d i s e a s e a nd so p r o d u c e s o me wh a t h i g h e r y i e l d s .
I
Chapter I
Introduction
Take-all
wheat
and
disease
barley
is
grown
a root
w ith
and crown
m oist
soil
p r o d u c e d by i r r i g a t i o n o r h i g h r a i n f a l l .
var.
tx.jjfc.ici
(Walker)
of
conditions
I t i s c a u s e d by
t h e s o i l - b o r n e f u n g u s Gaeuma n n o my c e s g r a mi n i s
& O livier
disease
(Ggjfc).
If
have m i l d i n f e c t i o n s and e x h i b i t n o . v i s i b l e
(Sacc. ) Arx
the
plants
symptoms,
y i e l d l o s s e s o f t e n go u n d e t e c t e d .
However, when sympt oms
become o b v i o u s
sterile
roots),
yields
(W ie se ,1977).
especially
A frica,
(stunted p la n ts,
can
The
be
reduced
disease
heads,
by. m o r e
occurs
than
worldwide
im p o rtan t in w e stern A u s t r a l i a ,
rotted
50%
and
Europe,
is
So u t h
j a p a n and a r e a s of N o rth and South Am erica.
A
r e c e n t monograph p r o v i d e s a c o m p le te r e p o r t co n cern in g ,
t h e h i s t o r y and c u r r e n t s t a t u s o f r e s e a r c h on t h e b i o l o g y
of
the
disease
and m ethods f o r
its
control
(Asher and
Shipton,1981).
Although t a k e - a l l
Montana,
disease
there
in t h i s
has
disease
o f w h e a t i s n o t new t o
b e e n no r e s e a r c h
state.
c o n d u c t e d on t h e
The l a s t p u b l i s h e d o c c u r r e n c e of
t a k e - a l l i n M o n t a n a w a s 24 y e a r s a g o ( S h a r p , 1 9 5 9 ) .
In
2
Sharp's re p o rt,
considerable
state.
i t was i n d i c a t e d t h e d i s e a s e had c a u se d
c r o p damage
The l a c k
of
in
certain
areas
w ithin
r e c e n t i n f o r m a t i o n on t a k e - a l l
the
in
Mont ana i s n o t due t o i t s d i s s i p a t i o n b u t r a t h e r
because
it
Only a
is
sm all
prim arily
an
percentage
of
irrigated.
doubled,
irrigated
wheat
wheat
disease.
production
in
Montana
is
The i r r i g a t e d w h e a t h e c t a r a g e i n Mont ana h a s
though,
i n t h e p a s t 10 y e a r s t o
1981 (Mont ana A g r i c u l t u r a l S t a t i s t i c s ,
th is increase
5 1 , 7 6 0 ha i n
1982).
Al ong w i t h
i n h e c t a r a g e t h e r e h a s been an i n c r e a s e d
awareness t h a t i r r i g a t e d wheat has th e p o t e n t i a l to y i e l d
up t o 6 7 0 0 k g / h a whe n f e r t i l i t y a n d w a t e r r e s o u r c e s a r e
p r o p e r l y managed.
In t h e p a s t 2 y e a r s , I have o b se rv e d
t h a t th e next most im p o rta n t y i e l d l i m i t i n g f a c t o r for
i r r i g a t e d wheat is t a k e - a l l .
via
baiting
techniques
( Ma t h r e ,
I n 1980 G g t w a s i s o l a t e d
personal
communication)
from a w e l l managed i r r i g a t e d s p r i n g w h e a t f i e l d which
s u s t a i n e d s e v e r e y i e l d l o s s due t o t a k e - a l l .
The s e w e r e
t h e f i r s t Ggt i s o l a t e s c o l l e c t e d f r o m Montana.
An e x t e n s i v e a m o u n t o f r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n d o n e on G g t
throughout
the w o rld ,in clu d in g the ad jacen t
W ashington,
W a l k e r , 1975).
Idaho and Oregon
Cook e t a l .
states
of
(Asher and S h i p t o n , 1 9 8 1 #
(1968) s t a t e d t h a t m o s t of t h e
y i e l d l o s s due t o Ggt i n t h e P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t o c c u r s i n
w in te r wheat f i e l d s
r a th e r than sp rin g wheat.
This is
3
due t o t h e low p e r c e n t a g e of i r r i g a t e d s p r i n g w h e a t i n
those s ta te s.
For t h i s r e a s o n m o s t o f t h e f i e l d r e s e a r c h
c o n d u c t e d w i t h t a k e - a l l i n t h e P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t h a s been
w ith w in te r wheat.
accounts
factor
for
only
plus
the
In Montana, however, w i n t e r w heat
17% o f
the
potential
irrigated
severity
wheat.
of
the
This
disease
p r o m p t e d me t o i n i t i a t e r e s e a r c h on t h e d i s e a s e a n d i t s
e f f e c t on i r r i g a t e d s p r i n g w h e a t i n Montana.
Four
objectives
determ ine
inform al
the
were
range of th e
field
survey.
outlined.
disease
The
second
F irst
in
was
to
Montana v i a
an
was
to
s e l e c t i v e medium w h i c h w o u l d f a c i l i t a t e
c o n firm a tio n of the d ise a s e .
develop
a
d i a g n o s i s and
A s e l e c t i v e medium w o u ld
a l s o a s s i s t i n a v a r i e t y o f Ggt r e s e a r c h p r o b l e m s r a n g i n g
from p a t h o g e n i c i t y t e s t s t o t a k e - a l l d e c l i n e e x p e r i m e n t s .
The t h i r d o b j e c t i v e c o n c e r n e d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a q u i c k ,
e a s y and a c c u r a t e m ethod t o use f o r d i s e a s e a s s e s s m e n t
that
The
would c o r r e l a t e
fourth
well
o b jective
with y ield
was
to
loss
exam ine
observations.
the
effect
of
d i f f e r e n t f o r m s o f n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r and v a r i o u s l e v e l s
of c h lo r id e f e r t i l i z e r
wheat y i e l d s .
W ashington
on t a k e - a l l s e v e r i t y a n d s p r i n g
R e s e a r c h f r om I d a h o (Huber e t a l . , 1 9 6 8 ) and
(Sm iley
and
ammonium b a s e d f e r t i l i z e r s
severity
in
w inter
wheat.
C o o k ,1973)
have
shown
that
e f f e c tiv e ly decrease t a k e - a ll
Christensen
et
al.
( 1981)
4
showed t h a t c h l o r i d e c o n t a i n i n g f e r t i l i z e r s a l s o p r o d u c e d
s o me c o n t r o l o f t h e d i s e a s e i n w i n t e r w h e a t .
I wished to
d e t e r m i n e i f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s and recommended
controls
which were developed from
these
experim ents
w e r e a p p l i c a b l e t o Ggt i n f e c t e d i r r i g a t e d s p r i n g w h e a t i n
Mont ana.
5
Chapter 2
Su r v e y o f Montana f o r T a k e - a l l
INTRODUCTION
S i n c e n o r e s e a r c h h a s be e n c o n d u c t e d on t a k e - a l l
Montana,
it
was c o n s i d e r e d p r u d e n t t o c o n d u c t a f i e l d
s u r v e y t o p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n on Ggt d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
infected
in
and t h e
cropping h is to r y
of
infected
crops
fields.
The l a t t e r c o u l d be p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t i n d e t e r m i n i n g
if
the
take-all
d e c l i n e phenomenon o c c u r s i n Montana.
T a k e - a l l d e c l i n e i s d e f i n e d "as t h e s p o n t a n e o u s r e d u c t i o n
in
take-all
cropping
and
of
increase
wheat
W ild e r m u th fI 981).
and
T his
in
yield
w ith
b arley"
specific
continuous
(R ovira
and
antagonism
s u p p r e s s i o n d e v e l o p s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f Ggfc.
or
Cropping
h i s t o r i e s c o u l d a l s o p r o v i d e a m e t h o d o f p r e d i c t i n g wh i c h
f i e l d s have t h e p o t e n t i a l of b e in g s e v e r e l y i n f e c t e d w i t h
Ggt a nd s u s t a i n i n g a s u b s t a n t i a l y i e l d l o s s .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
F i e l d s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d i n 1981 a nd 1982 d u r i n g
field
trips
to n o rth c e n tra l,
G a l l a t i n Count y.
from
irrigated
northeasten
Mont ana and i n
The m a j o r i t y o f s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d
sm all
grain
fields
- especially
those
6
exhibiting fie ld
were
symptoms of t a k e - a l l .
A few sa m p le s
o b t a i n e d from d r y la n d f i e l d s to d e te r m i n e i f th e
fungus
was
colonizing
environm ent.
U niversity
Farm
crop
sam ples
roots
sent
Plant Disease C lin ic
to
grown
the
in
this
Montana
State
i n Bozeman,
MT. w h i c h
w e r e s u s p e c t e d o f b e i n g i n f e c t e d w i t h Qgt w e r e g i v e n t o
me f o r d i s e a s e c o n f i r m a t i o n .
When p o s s i b l e t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n wa s o b t a i n e d
fo r each sam ple:
irrigation
(if
Inform ation
f i e l d l o c a t i o n , county, crop, type of
irrigated)
concerning
and f i e l d
soil
type,
cropping h isto ry .
fertility ,
disease
pattern
i n t h e f i e l d a n d y i e l d w a s a l s o n o t e d f o r some
fields.
A ll sam ples in Table I were co n firm ed as ta k e -
all
by i s o l a t i n g Q g t f r o m t h e t i s s u e
using techniques
d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p t e r 3.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
T a b l e I i s a summary o f i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g e a c h
s a m p l e f r o m w h i c h Ggt was i s o l a t e d .
sam ples were i r r i g a t e d
These
fields
did
spring
sustain
The m a j o r i t y o f t h e
w heat as was e x p ec te d .
yield, reductions
due t o
t a k e - r a i l d i s e a s e - up t o . 50% f o r some f i e l d s .
isolated
from b a r l e y
in th ree
irrigated field s
the
Qgt was
and f rom
w i n t e r a nd s p r i n g w h e a t i n f o u r d r y l a n d f i e l d s . The g r a i n
y i e l d i n t h e s e s e v e n f i e l d s was n o t e f f e c t e d by t a k e - a l l .
T h i s i n d i c a t e d t h e h o s t r a n g e o f Ggt among c e r e a l s grown
7
Table I .
Gbunty &
ELeLdND.
R e s u l t s o f 1 9 8 1 and 1 9 8 2 s u r v e y o f t a k e - a l l
d i s e a s e i n Montana by. c o u n t y , h o s t , f i e l d
c l i m a t e and f i e l d c r o p p i n g h i s t o r y .
Host1-
Field
GLimabe^
Field Cropping History3
Raidera
#1
B
I
ISTTNiyland grain; TS=E^; T9=£W; KNEW
32
9?
I
lS7T=dryIand grain; T8=B; T9=SF; KNSW
#3
W
I
ISfn-SL=SiJ
Gallatin
#1
SfJ
I
Img term ixricptim; crops unknown
32
SW
I
Icrq term irrigation; crops unknown
#3
SW
I
Icrq term irrigation; craps unknown
M
EW
I
long term irrigation; crops unknown
SJ
I
ISTNtiryland native grass; TB=FB; T9=£W; KNEW
B
I
197T=dryland native grass; T8-8L=£W
Chscafe
#1
32
' #3
. EW
I
ISTNtirylarri grain; T8=B; T9-KNEW; 8L=B
34
B
I
ISTNdryland grain; T8=B; T9-KNSW; 8L=^
Tetm
#1
, SW
I
ISTS-KNalfelfe
32
.SW
I
1576-KN^rirq grains
#3
Sfl
I
ISTG-KNspring grains
34
SfJ
I
lST2-77=al£alfe; T8-KNB; SL=EW
SW .
I
unknpm
Lake
31
W
I
unknown
Treasure
31
WJ
I
unknown
. 35
/
8
Table
Qsunty &
ELeLd Nd.
Hill
#1
I
-
continued
Host1234
EleLd _
Qinabe?
Field Cropping History*
at
D
ISTT=SEL; 78=VW; TS=SL; 0>=VW; EO=SL
SW
D
sutmer fa]low/grain rotation
M
D
aimer fallow/grain rotation
Chouteau
#1
VW
D
ocntiniiXB
BLaim
#1
Hf
I
1981=dryland grain
Ebrk
#1
Hf
I
ISTT=Chyland native grass; TS-SL=^ring grains
Sieridan
#1
Df
I
198Q=dryland grain; SL=Df
#2
Df
I
ISSWryland grain; SL=Df
#3 .
Df
I '
ISSOdryland grain; SL=Df
U
Df
I
ISSWryland grain; SL=Df
#2 .
' #3
dryland grain
1 B=terley; 3tf=sp;jng vieat; DWurun viaat; VtW=Vrinber wheat.
2 I=drrigated;. D=dryland.
3 Pu r i f y; Sif=^ring v t o t ; DWurun v t o t ; VWvdnte: wheat; SEWrifLowers;
SEImnmer fallow; EB=Eaka beans
4 unless indicated otherwise, tie crop was irrigated.
9
i n Mont ana.
A l t h o u g h b a r l e y b e c o me s i n f e c t e d i t
usually
s u s t a i n s m i n i m a l y i e l d l o s s due t o a l o w e r i n c i d e n c e and
severity
of
infection
than
wheat
(S h i p t o n , 1 975).
H o w e v e r , b a r l e y may p e r m i t b e t t e r s u r v i v a l o f G g t t h a n
w inter
and
spring
A u stralia
wheat
(Chambers
as
and
indicated
by
studies
F l e n t j e , 1 9(> 8 ) v a n d
in
England
(Shipton,1981).
Isolation
o f Ggb f r o m p l a n t s
grown under d r y l a n d
c o n d itio n s d e m o n s tra te s t h a t th e pathogen i s
present
and s u r v i v i n g in a l l
dryland s o ils
probably
in
Montana
grain
fields.
1
>
including
native
pastures
and
sm all
MacNish (1973) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t a l ow s o i l w a t e r p o t e n t i a l
and a low t e m p e r a t u r e w e r e optim um f o r s u r v i v a l of Gat.
T his
was
prim arily
competitors.
due
to
the
inactiv atio n
of Gai
No l o w e r l i m i t o f w a t e r p o t e n t i a l h a s be en
f o u n d f o r Ggt
survival.
high w ater p o t e n t i a l
Consequently, a wet s o i l w ith a
f a v o r s p a r a s i t i c a c t i v i t y of th e
f u n g u s a nd t h e r e f o r e
disease
the
conditions
opposite
soil
i n c i d e n c e and s e v e r i t y ,
favor
its
but
long, t e r m
survival.
This h elp s to
severe
in
newly
explain
irrigated
why t a k e - a l l
wheat
previously dryland grain f i e l d s
pastures.
conditions,
c a n b e c o m e so
fields
which
were
o r d r y l a n d n a t i v e sod o r
The f u n g a l o r g a n i s m i s p r e s e n t u n d e r d r y l a n d
a s shown by t h i s
survey,
and d o e s p a r a s i t i z e
10
c e r e a l g r a i n s a n d / o r g r a s s we e ds .
However,
f e w sympt oms
d e v e l o p a n d t h e r e i s no e v i d e n t y i e l d l o s s .
When t h e s e
same
organism 's
fields
parasitic
are
put
activity
under
is
irrigation,
stim ulated,
the
especially
in
the
p res en c e of a s u s c e p t i b l e h o s t,
r e s u l ti n g in in creased
I
As c a n be n o t e d i n T a b l e I , a l a r g e
disease severity.
p e r c e n t a g e of t h e f i e l d s
were p r e v i o u s l y d r y l a n d f i e l d s .
Some o f t h e s e f i e l d s w h i c h h a d b e e n i n i r r i g a t e d s p r i n g
wheat
for
3 years
or
longer
s u f f e r i n g 50% y i e l d l o s s .
were
easily
identified
were
determ ined
to
be
T a k e -a ll sym ptomatic p la n ts
even
in
fields
w hich had been
i r r i g a t e d s p r i n g w h e a t f o r o n l y one o r t wo s e a s o n s .
Two f i e l d s
in
Cascade
County
s u f f e r e d y i e l d l o s s e s o f 30% t o 50%.
for
fields
p l o w e d f r om
(#1
and
#2)
have
This i s not unusual
d r y l a n d n a t i v e g r a s s a nd c r o p p e d
to i r r i g a t e d small g ra in s fo r 2 or 3 years.
S t u d i e s from
W a s h i n g t o n , O r e g o n a n d I d a h o (Cook e t a l . , 1 9 6 8 ; S h i p t o n
et
al.,1973)
phenomenon.
have
reported
However,
observations
Shipton et al.
of
the
same
( 1973) n o t e d t h a t
f i e l d s i n e a s t e r n W ash in g to n and in t h e Columbia B a sin
w ith a h i s t o r y of d ry la n d g r a i n p ro d u c tio n co n v erted to
irrigated
grain
production
■
■
developed l i t t l e
I
or
no t a k e -
'
all.
T h i s was due t o a b i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r a n t a g o n i s t i c t o
Qgt.
B a s e d on my s u r v e y t h i s
is not tru e for
Montana.
11
S e v e r e t a k e - a l l w i t h up t o 50% y i e l d l o s s d e v e l o p e d i n
fields
with the h isto ry
Shipton e t al.
(1973)
described.
W h e t h e r t h i s b i o - c o n t r o l f a c t o r e x i s t s i n Montana
f i e l d s o f l o n g t e r m i r r i g a t e d w h e a t i s n o t known.
not
located
fie ld 's
a producer
cropping
Where l o n g t e r m
history
the crop r o ta tio n .
conducive
for
irrigation
e x a m p l e T e t o n Co unt y,
cause a t a k e - a l l
who h a s
knowledge
the
past
10 t o
of
I have
a given
15 y e a r s .
does o c c u r i n Montana,
alfalfa
is often
incorporated into
I t h a s b e e n shown, t h a t a l f a l f a
suppressive
(Cook,1981a).
Cook
soil
et
to
al.
for
can
become t a k e - a l l
(1968)
in
their
s u r v e y o f W a s h i n g t o n , Oregon a n d I d a h o , n o t e d t h e "common
o c c u rre n c e of t a k e - a l l
alfalfa".
in wheat im m ediately fo llo w in g
Because a l f a l f a
term i r r i g a t e d r o t a t i o n s ,
is
regularly
grown in long
t a k e - a l l suppressive s o ils w ill
be r a r e i n t h e s e f i e l d s o f Montana.
Wa l k e r (1975) d e f i n e d t h e s i x c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r wh i c h
t h e d i f f e r e n t f o r m s o f t a k e - a l l s u p p r e s s i o n may d e v e l o p .
I t now s e e m s p o s s i b l e t o d i s t i n g u i s h a t l e a s t s i x
c o n d i t i o n s o f d i s e a s e s u p p r e s s i o n , some o r a l l o f w h i c h
may t u r n o u t t o be r e l a t e d , o r g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r w i t h
s i m il a r underlying causes.
The d i s t i n c t i o n i s made h e r e
o n l y t o t r y t o c l a r i f y t h e l i t e r a t u r e on t h e p h e n o m e n a
and does n o t im p ly a r e a l d i s t i n c t i o n b e tw ee n them,
a l t h o u g h i t may e x i s t i n some c a s e s .
The c o n d i t i o n s a r e :
(i)
s u p p r e s s i o n d e v e l o p e d w i t h i n a few s e a s o n s i n
th e p resen c e of th e s e v e r e ly d i s e a s e d h o s t
(both p a th o g e n and d i s e a s e d h o s t p r e s e n t ) t h i s i s t a k e - a l l d e c l i n e (TAD) a s s t u d i e d by
S h i p t o n (1972a) a n d o t h e r B r i t i s h w o r k e r s .
12
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
su p p re ss io n developed over a long p e rio d in the
p re s e n c e of th e d i s e a s e d h o s t (both pathogen
a nd d i s e a s e d h o s t p r e s e n t ) - t h i s i s t h e l o n g
term d e c l i n e of t a k e - a l l i n o l d e r a g r i c u l t u r a l
a r e a s d i s c u s s e d by Zogg (1969).
s u p p re s io n developed in the p res en c e of th e
h ealth y h o s t, a p p aren tly w ithout severe
d i s e a s e having occurred (healthy h o s t p re s e n t,
pathogen d e te c ta b le in s o i l but
c a u s i n g no
obvious d isease) - t h i s i s the antagonism
s tu d ie d in the s u p p re ss iv e wheat s o i l s of
e a s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n by S h i p t o n e t a l . (1973).
s u p p r e s s i o n d e v e lo p e d in th e p r e s e n c e of nonh o s t s - t h i s i s t h e a n t a g o n i s m r e p o r t e d by
Zogg ( 1 9 6 9 ; 1 9 7 2 ) , a n d w e l l known f r o m t h e
p r a c t i c a l us e o f c r o p r o t a t i o n a s a means o f
m in im is in g t a k e - a l l in th e f i r s t f o llo w in g
c e r e a l crop.
antagonism to th e p a r a s i t e developed in the
a b sen c e of th e h o s t , b ut th e p r e s e n c e of a
v i r u l e n t i s o l a t e of th e pathogen (host absent,
p a th o g e n p r e s e n t ) - t h i s i s t h e phenomenon
r e p o r t e d by G e r l a g h ( 1968) a n d S h i p t o n ( 1 9 6 9 ,
q u o t e d i n S h i p t o n , 1972a ).
t h e g e n e r a l n o n - s p e c i f i c a n t a g o n i s m s ho wn by
many s o i l s ( G e r l a g h , ! 968) a n d w h i c h s e e m s
q u i t e d i s t i n c t f r o m TAD.
W ith t h i s s u r v e y , a number of q u e s t i o n s a r e r a i s e d
concerning
take-all
question
why d o e s t h e
is
t o Qgt n o t
in
Montana.
seem t o e x i s t
The
biological
most
factor
im portant
antagonistic
in Montana s o i l s
as has been
documented e l s e w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d (Rovira and Wildermu th,
1981).
As
w ill
be
perhaps the t a k e - a l l
from
the
other
further
discussed
problem in
areas
in
Montana i s
where G si has
Chapter
quite
been
5,
unique
extensively
s t u d i e d - Europe, A u s t r a l i a and t h e P a c i f i c Northwe st.
There
take-all
were
other
of wheat
in
common d e n o m i n a t o r s
Montana o t h e r
than
concerning
the
cropping
13
histories.
Take-all
usually f i r s t
as sm all c i r c u l a r p atch es.
poor
soil
appeared in the f i e l d
T h e s e a r e a s w e r e l o c a t e d on
- both s t r u c t u r a l l y
and n u t r i t i o n a l l y .
The
s o i l s were c o a r s e t e x t u r e d compared to t h e r e s t of th e
field
being
either
sandy
or
rocky.
This i s
a common
o b s e r v a t i o n w o r l d w ide and " i s p r o b a b l y r e l a t e d t o t h e
deficiency
of
nutrients
and
the
lower
water
holding
c a p a c i ty of t h e s e s o i l s " (Huber,1981b). I a ls o observed
that
if
a nitrogen f e r t i l i z e r
take-all
severe
appeared
there.
in t h a t
The s e
skip occurred,
location
take-all
patches
first
often times
or
was more
virtually
doubled
i n s i z e e a c h y e a r c o v e r i n g l a r g e p o r t i o n s o f a f i e l d a nd
accounting f o r the se v e r e ly reduced y i e l d s .
14
Chapter 3
A S e l e c t i v e Medium f o r Gaeuma n n o my c e s g r ami n i s v a r . t r i t i c i
INTRODUCTION
O bservable
characteristic
stunted
of
plants
prem aturely
dryland
root
w ith
of
rot
disease
take-all
ripened
characteristic
Kurib.
field
few er
heads.
other
symptoms
include
than
blackened
norm al
These
sm all
which
grain
roots,
tillers
symptoms
are
are
diseases
and
also
such as
c a u s e d by C f i c h l i f i ^ f i l t i s s a t i Y t i S I t o
a n d /o r Eusarium
g r a m i n e a r u m Schwabe.
cul mo^uzn
(Smith)
Sacc.
&
a n d Ejl.
The one symptom o f t a k e - a l l
whi c h
i s norm ally not confused w ith o th e r d i s e a s e s i s the black
plate
m y c e l i u m w h i c h o c c u r s on t h e b a s a l s t e m a r e a o f
moderately to severely in fec te d plants.
Even t h i s f i e l d
symptom i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d a d e q u a t e f o r c o n f i r m a t i o n of
the
presence
(Ggk)
as the
o f Gaeumannoniyces g r a m i n i s
infectious
organism.
It
var.
tritici
is. n e c e s s a r y t o
i s o l a t e th e fungus to confirm th e f i e l d d iag n o sis.
I s o l a t i o n m eth ods w hich have been used p r e v i o u s l y
generally
tissue
involve
follow ed
dextrose agar,
surface
by
sterilization
plating
of
the
of
the
tissue
w ith or w ith o u t a n t i b i o t i c s
on
infected
potato
( D a v i e s , 1935;
15
G a r r e t t , 1942;
N i l s s o n , 1969;
A s h e r , 1978;
Huber,1981a).
S i n c e Gaeumannoniycgs. d o e s n o t n o r m a l l y p r o d u c e a s e x u a l o r
sexual
spores
in
culture,
tak e -all is d if f ic u lt,
isolation
and c o n f i r m a t i o n o f
if not im possible,
i f one i s n o t
f a m i l i a r w ith th e t y p i c a l colony c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
Also,
G a e umannoniyceg i s a s l o w g r o w i n g f u n g u s a n d i s e a s i l y
overgrow n
by
organisms.
As he r
( 1980),
Ggt,
stated
system s
for
pathogen
bacterial
was
other
common
soil
that
associated,
"failure
in
contam ination . or,
This
makes
plant
tissue
in examining w in te r wheat roo t
general,
very
p resen c e of f a s t - g r o w i n g fu n g i
culture".
and
it
isolate
either
affecting
w ith
occasionally,
positive
to
acquire
the
in
a pure
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and/or
to conduct f u r t h e r s tu d ie s w ith the organism.
concerning n u t r i t i o n a l ,
the
(e.g. Z ussritim spp.)
d ifficult
c u l t u r e of t h e fungus f o r
to
Studies
p h y s i c a l and c h e m i c a l f a c t o r s
g r o w t h o f G a s u m a n n o m y c e s on a g a r m e d i a a r e
d e s c r i b e d e l s e w h e r e ( S i v a s i t h a m p a r am a n d P a r k e r , 1 9 8 1 ) .
In g e n e r a l t h e s e s t u d i e s were conducted t o d e te r m in e th e
growth
behavior
of
the
fungus
in
response
to
these
f a c t o r s r a t h e r th an t o enhance i s o l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s or t o
d e v e l o p a s e l e c t i v e medium.
One o b j e c t i v e o f my w o r k w a s t o d e v e l o p a medi um
w h i c h w o u ld a l l o w one t o e a s i l y i s o l a t e , d i f f e r e n t i a t e
and i d e n t i f y Ggt from i n f e c t e d p l a n t t i s s u e .
T his, of
16
course,
w o u l d mean i n h i b i t i n g many o f t h e s a p r o p h y t i c and
p a th o g e n ic f u n g i which a r e a l s o a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d i s e a s e d
sm all
grain tissu e.
A n o t h e r r e l a t e d o b j e c t i v e was t o
i d e n t i f y a b a s i c medium w h i c h c o u l d be f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d
for
use
in
inoculum
a soil
level
assay
system ,
surveys
and
concerning th e fungus in i t s
antagonism
other
soil
studies,
inv estig atio n s
and p l a n t e n v i r o n m e n t .
At p r e s e n t t h e r e i s no s u c h medium.
P. H. T s a o ( 1970) s t a t e s t h a t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a
s e l e c t i v e medium " i s g e n e r a l l y b a s e d on t h e p r i n c i p l e o f
selective
exclusion
of
undesirable microorganisms,
thus
p e r m i t t i n g th e p r e f e r e n t i a l e s t a b l is h m e n t of th e d e s ir e d
f u n g i on t h e i s o l a t i o n medium".
be
used
desired
singly
medium
or
in
are
any
T h r e e m e t h o d s wh i c h can
combination
selective
to
achieve
inhibition,
the
selective
e n h a n c e m e n t a n d s e l e c t i v e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n by p i g m e n t a t i o n
(Tsao,1970).
meet
Other c r i t e r i a
include
a
long
a s e l e c t i v e medium s h o u l d
shelf
life ,
an
adequate
r e c o v e r a b i l i t y r a t e and t h e use of compounds which a r e
relatively
criteria
inexpensive
plus
and
readily
available.
selectiv e.in h ib itio n
and
These
selective
d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n by p i g m e n t i o n w e r e u s e d a s t h e f o u n d a t i o n
for
the
developm ent
of
a
selective
Gaeumannomyceg g r a m i n i s v a r . t r i t i c i .
medium
for
17
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Compounds T e s t e d
Test
compounds
as carbon sources,
compounds
and
were c l a s s i f i e d
anti-fungal
general
into
four
compounds,
organic
categories
anti-bacterial
compounds.
These
l i s t e d as such, along w ith s e le c te d r e s u l t s ,
18-23
of th e
incorporated
medium
Appendix.
1.0
NaNOgf 1. 0 mg b i o t i n ,
agar
or
water.
purified
p o ta to broth agar
1000 u g / m l
g KHgPO^,
agar
agar
of
the
I
(PBA) f o r t e s t i n g .
(PDA).
follow ing
g
a minim al
MgSO^,
liter.o f
3.0
g
basic
d istilled
incorporated
into
The g e n e r a l o r g a n i c
incorporation
The m a j o r i t y
compounds w ere t e s t e d a t I ,
more
in
compounds w e r e
compounds w ere s c r e e n e d v i a
dextrose
1. 0
into
1. 0 mg t h i a m i n e a n d 2 0 . 0 g D i f c o
Oxoid
A nti-bacteriai
in Tables
Carbon s o u r c e s were p r i m a r i l y
a t 100 a n d / o r
containing
are
into potato
of th e
anti-fungal
10 a n d 100 u g / m l i n o n e o r
media -
m i n i m a l medium d e s c r i b e d a b o v e .
PBA,
PDA o r
the
A f t e r t e s t i n g each of
t h e compounds i n d i v i d u a l l y f o r t h e i r e f f e c t on g r o w t h of
Ggt .
various
c o m b in atio n s were t e s t e d v i a
i n t o PDA f o r t h e i r
incorporation
c o mb i n e d e f f e c t on g r o w t h r e s p o n s e o f
Ggt a n d v a r i o u s t e s t f u n g i .
18
Or g a n i s m s T e s t e d
P a th o g en ic i s o l a t e s of Ggt u t i l i z e d
a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 2.
Arx & O l i v i e r v a r .
D ennis
( Ggg
Gs s i l l Ba n n e i n y c s s g ^ a m i n i s ( S a c c . )
g r a m i n i s a nd v a r .
and
in t h i s study
Gga
a v e n a e (E.M. T u r n e r )
respectively) ,
Phialgpiigra
g z a m l a i c g l s (Deacon) W alk er and a P h i a l o p h o r a sp. ( l o b e d
hyphopodia)
organisms
were
were
obtained
tested
from
to
P.T.W.
determ ine
if
Wong.
These
their
growth
r e s p o n s e s w o u l d be s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f G g t .
Other fungi
w h i c h w e r e t e s t e d on t h e m e d i a and a r e h e r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d
t o a s t e s t f u n g i a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 3.
The s e f u n g i we r e
u t i l i z e d b e c a u s e t h e y a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s o i l a s common
s a p r o p h y t e s o r a r e common s o i l - b o r n e
g r a i n s in the P a c i f i c Northwest.
pathogens of
small
All of t h e s e organisms
w e r e m a i n t a i n e d on PDA a n d i n o c u l a t e d o n t o t e s t me d i u m
p l a t e s by p l a c i n g a 4 o r 7 mm d i a m e t e r a g a r m y c e l i a l p l u g
on t h e m e d i u m w i t h
plates
per
organism.
m aintained
before
determ ined
Growth
plates.
at
final
m ycelial
a minimum o f t h r e e
r oom
Generally,
tem perature
resu lts
were
by m e a s u r i n g
growth
from
com parisons
the
were
the
replicate
test
inoculated p la te s
we r e
and l i g h t
recorded.
linear
edge
ma d e
of
with
5 days
R esults
amount
the
for
of
inoculum
replicated
were
fungal
plug.
check
19
Table
2.
GS£iiinacnQiny££s g x ^ m in is var. t r i t i c i i s o l a t e s
t e s t e d in the developm ent of the s e l e c t i v e
medium SM-GGT3.
I s o l a t e No.
Mt
Mt
Pa
Pa
Os
Pu
Pu
Ar
Ar
Ks
Ks
Co
Id
1-4
5- 21
42a
371
I
53/1
53/4
I
2
2
12
2
I
T a b l e 3.
Source
Location
D. E. Mat hre
M.L. J u h n k e
R. J . Cook
R. J . Cook
R.L. Powel son
D.M. Huber
D.M. Huber
J . P . Jones
J .P . Jones
W.W. Bockus
w.w. Bockus
P . T . W. Wong
J.H. Riesselman
Montana
Montana
Washington
Washington
Oregon
Indiana
Indiana
Arkansas
Arkansas
Ka ns a s
Ka ns a s
Colorado
Idaho
T est fungi used in the
s e l e c t i v e medium SM-GGT3.
Fungus
P f i n i c i i ii i im spp.
Cha e t omium s p .
AfiBfixgillnn s p .
I x i c h e d f i x ma s p .
A l t e x n a x i a sp.
Pnfiaxinm s p .
BhififiBilfi s p .
BhififiBns s p .
BhififiBns s p .
Cfifihlifihfilns Sf i hi vns
Pn s a x i n m finlmfixnm
Pn s a x i n m gxami nsaxnm
R h i z o c t o n i a s f i l a n i - AG2
R h i z o c t o n i a s o l a n i - AG4
R h i z o c t o n i a s p . (from whe at )
R h i z o c t o n i a s p . ( f rom whe a t )
Py t h i u m s p . (from s a f f l o w e r )
PhyhfiBhhhfixa s i n n a mf i n i
PsenhfifiexfififiBfiXfilla
hexBQhxifihfiides
development
Isolate
———
—
— — —
—
— — —
—
A
B
C
—
398
424
302
304
404
—
310
377
PH 81-2
of
the
Source
R.V. M i l l e r
R.V. M i l l e r
R.V. M i l l e r
R.V. M i l l e r
R.V. M i l l e r
R.V. M i l l e r
s t r a w sampl e
s t r a w sa mpl e
s o i l sampl e
W. Grey
W. Grey
W. Grey
D.E. Mat hre
D.E. Mathre
D.E. Mathre
D. Yount
D.E. Mat hre
D.E. Mathre
T. Murray
20
Media P r e p a r a t i o n
Two m e d i a w e r e d e v e l o p e d a nd t e s t e d .
GGTl i n 1 9 8 1 a n d SM-GGT3 i n 1 9 8 2 .
m edia
are
as
follow s.
The
T h e s e we r e SM-
The r e c i p e s f o r t h e s e
am ounts
listed
for
the
c h e m i c a l s a r e amounts of a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t .
SH=GGTl
GM-GGT3
I mg d i c l o r a n
10 mg d i c l o r a n
10 mg q u i n t o z e n e
10 mg m e t a l a x y l
30 mg f e n a m i n o s u l f
25 mg HOE 00703
100 mg s t r e p t o m y c i n
sulfate
100 mg s t r e p t o m y c i n
sulfate
500. mg L-DOPA
500 mg L-DOPA
39
I
9 D i f c o PDA
39
L d i s t i l l e d water
I
g D i f c o PDA
L d i s t i l l e d water
The e x p e r i m e n t a l f u n g i c i d e HOE 0 0 7 0 3 w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m
th e American Hoechst Corp.,
Som erville,
NJ.;
dicloran
f r o m A l d r i c h C h e m i c a l Co., M i l w a u k e e , WI.; m e t a l a x y l f r o m
C iba-G eigy
C argill,
Corp.,
G reensboro,
I n c . , Minnetonka,
Mobay C h e m i c a l C o r p . ,
the
from
MN.; a n d f e n a m i n o s u l f f r o m
Kansas C ity ,
compounds w ere o b t a i n e d
Louis,
NC.; q u i n t o z . e n e
from
Sigma
MO.
The r e m a i n i n g
Chemical
Co.,
St.
MO. A s a m p l e o f HOE 0 0 7 0 3 may be o b t a i n e d f r o m
laboratory
U niversity,
of
Dr.
Bozeman,
D.
MT.
E.
M athre,
Montana
State
21
To p r e p a r e e i t h e r medi um, d e h y d r a t e d PDA i s a dded t o
d i s t i l l e d water,
cooled
to
a u t o c l a v e d a t 121 C f o r 20 m i n u t e s
a nd
L i q u i d compounds a r e a d d e d f i r s t .
The
50 C.
re m a in in g , compounds
distilled
water
in
are
dissolved
a sterile
by
hand
to
evenly
ml
sterile
b e fo re being
The m e d i u m i s t h e n
suspend
compounds a nd p o u r e d i n t o s t e r i l e
plates.
10
15 ml t u b e
i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e m o l t e n PDA.
agitated
in
any
undissolved
g l a s s or p l a s t i c
petri
P l a t e s a r e s t o r e d u p s i d e down i n p l a s t i c ba gs or
m e t a l t i n s p l a c e d i n t h e d a r k a t 4 C.
SM-GGT2, was a l s o t e s t e d .
A n o t h e r medium,
I t c o n t a i n s t h e same compounds
a s SM-GGT3 b u t t h e a mount o f HOE 00703 was l o w e r e d t o 10
mg a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t .
SM-GGTl, SM-GGT2 and SM-GGT3 we r e
c o m p a r e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r a nd w i t h PDA u t i l i z i n g n a t u r a l l y
i n f e c t e d t i s s u e and in th e combat t e s t s and s o i l a ssa y
tests
d e s c r i b e d b e l ow.
Plant M aterial Tested
M ature
plants
exhibiting
ch aracteristic
field
sympt oms o f t a k e - a l l w e r e c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g 1981 and 1982
f r o m i r r i g a t e d s m a l l g r a i n f i e l d s i n Montana - p r i m a r i l y
spring
wheat.
During
1982
mature
plants
c o l l e c t e d from d r y l a n d s m a ll g r a i n f i e l d s .
were
also
All p la n ts
w e r e s t o r e d d r y i n p a p e r b a g s a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . When
used
for
testing,
the
basal
stem
area
or
sub-crown
i n t e r n o d e (SCI) was r e m o v e d , r i n s e d t h o r o u g h l y w i t h w a t e r
22
and
cut
into
sterilized
solution,
I
cm l e n g t h s .
for
30
These
seconds
in
a
pieces
were
1% s i l v e r
then
n itrate
r i n s e d 30 s e c o n d s i n s t e r i l e d i s t i l l e d w a t e r
a n d b l o t t e d d r y o n . f i l t e r p a p e r b e f o r e b e i n g p l a c e d on
one o f t h e f i n a l m e d i a .
least
three
plates
I f t h e r e was enough m a t e r i a l , a t
per
location
were
inoculated.
I n o c u l a t e d p l a t e s w e r e m a i n t a i n e d a t room t e m p e r a t u e and
r o o m l i g h t f o r a m i n i m u m o f 5 d a y s a n d a maxi mum o f 9
days.
R esults
were
tabulated
by
determ ining
the
p e r c e n t a g e of t i s s u e p i e c e s w h i c h f o s t e r e d Ggt g r o w t h ,
with
and w i t h o u t p i g m e n t p r o d u c t i o n .
number a nd i d e n t i t y
also
determ ined
When p o s s i b l e t h e
o f a ny c o n t a m i n a t i n g o r g a n i s m s w e r e
using
the
proper
m edia
and
the
microscope.
Combat T e s t s
To d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f SM-GGTl a n d SMGGT3 i n d e t e c t i n g G g t a n d e l i m i n a t i n g a common f u n g u s
such as
F u s a r i u m c u l mo r u m,
c o mb a t t e s t s
were conducted.
Combat t e s t s c ompa r e t h e a b i l i t y o f t wo o r g a n i s m s t o grow
on s p e c i f i c m e d i a .
The s u b - c r o w n i n t e r n o d e a n d b a s a l
c u l m t i s s u e n a t u r a l l y i n f e c t e d w i t h Gg t w a s t h o r o u g h l y
washed
and
cut
into
I
or
2 cm p i e c e s .
Half
of
the
p i e c e s were soaked i n s t e r i l e d i s t i l l e d w a t e r f o r I hour.
The r e m a i n i n g p i e c e s w e r e s o a k e d i n a d e n s e ILl cglniQUim
spore
suspension
for
I
hour.
The
pieces
were
then
23
blotted
dry and i n c u b a t e d f o r
plates.
Upon c o m p l e t i o n o f i n c u b a t i o n , a l l p i e c e s w e r e
surface
sterilized
30 s e c o n d s ,
seconds,
2 days in s t e r i l e
w i t h a 1% s i l v e r n i t r a t e
rinsed
in
sterile
b l o t t e d d r y on f i l t e r
d istilled
petri
solu tio n for
w ater
for
30
p a p e r a n d p l a t e d on SM-
GGTl o r SM-GGT3 and PDA.
S o i l Assays
A l t h o u g h SM-GGT3 was p r i m a r i l y d e v e l o p e d a s a medium
f o r i s o l a t i n g Ggt from t i s s u e , p r e l i m i n a r y e x p e r i m e n t s
were conducted to d e te rm in e
medium f o r G g t .
Two s o i l
its
value as a s o i l
assay
SM-GGT3 was c o m p a r e d t o SM-GGT2 and PDA.
a s s a y m e t h o d s w e r e t e s t e d - one u t i l i z i n g
soil
s u s p e n s i o n s and t h e s e c o n d u t i l i z i n g
soil
c o n s i s t i n g mainly of p l a n t re s id u e .
Two d i f f e r e n t s o i l s
were u s e d . f o r both methods.
organic matter
One s o i l was c o l l e c t e d f r om
a f i e l d a t t h e A.H. P o s t A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h S t a t i o n ,
Bozeman,
MT. a nd h a d b e e n s t o r e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y f o r 6
months in a l o o s e l y s e a l e d c o n t a i n e r .
was
collected
at
Ul m,
i n f e s t e d w ith Ggt.
G gt.infected oat
take-all
from
a field
k n own
to
be
T h i s s o i l ha d be en s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h
kernels
experiments
10 m o n t h s .
MT.
The s e c o n d s o i l
and u t i l i z e d
in the
greenhouse
i n a number of
for
the
previous
To b o t h s o i l s w a s a d d e d g r o u n d G g t i n f e c t e d
o a t k e r n e l i n o c u l u m a t a r a t e o f I g o f i n o c u l u m p e r 100
24
g of s o il
(dry w e ig h t b a s i s ) .
The i n o c u l u m an d s o i l w e r e
tum bled f o r 5 m in u tes u t i l i z i n g a r o t a t i n g seed t r e a t e r .
For th e
so il
s u s p e n s io n a s s a y m ethod,
I g of the
s o i l / i n o c u l u m m i x t u r e was s u s p e n d e d i n 100 ml o f s t e r i l e
d istille d
w ater
to
o b tain
a 10” 2 d ilu tio n .
O ther
d i l u t i o n s w h i c h w e r e m ad e w e r e 1 0 “ 3 , 1 0 “ 4 , 1 0 “ 5 , 1 0 “ 6 .
A p p r o x i m a t e l y 0.1 ml o f e a c h d i l u t i o n w a s p i p e t t e d o n t o
each p l a t e and s p r e a d over t h e p l a t e w i t h a s t e r i l e
g l a s s rod.
bent
F o u r p l a t e s o f e a c h m e d iu m w e r e u s e d f o r e a c h
d ilu tio n .
W ith t h e s i e v e d s o i l t e c h n i q u e ,
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 150 g
o f s o i l / i n o c u l u m m i x t u r e was d r y s i e v e d t h r o u g h a s e t o f
four
s i e v e s w i t h o p e n i n g s o f 2 . 3 6 mm, 1 . 7 0 mm, 0 .8 5 mm
and 0.25 mm.
straw
T welve p i e c e s o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r ,
resid u e,
m aterial,
w ere s e l e c t e d
from
p rim arily
each s e t of sie v ed
in c lu d in g th e m a t e r i a l t h a t p assed through th e
0 . 2 5 mm s i e v e ,
a n d p l a c e d d i r e c t l y on t h e t e s t p l a t e s .
A g a in , f o u r p l a t e s o f e a c h medium w e re u s e d f o r e a c h s i z e
of
siev ed
m a te ria l.
T here
was
some d i f f i c u l t y
in
s e l e c t i n g p i e c e s o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r l e s s t h a n 0 . 2 5 mm i n
size.
If th is occurred,
s o i l p a r t i c l e s p i c k e d up w i t h
th e o r g a n ic m a t t e r were a ls o
plates.
used f o r
inoculating
these
25
<
RESULTS
Compounds T e s t e d
None
of
the
carbon
sources
tested
enhanced
the
g r o w t h o f Gg t e x c l u s i v e l y n o r i n h i b i t e d t h e g r o w t h o f t h e
t e s t fungi.
Ba se d on t h e s e r e s u l t s and t h e f a c t t h a t PDA
i s i n e x p e n s i v e a n d r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e , PDA was s e l e c t e d a s
th e
basal
m e d iu m
in w hich th e
o th er
compounds of th e
s e l e c t i v e medium w o u ld be i n c o r p o r a t e d .
The e f f e c t o f
e a c h c o m p o u n d on G g t g r o w t h i s r e p o r t e d i n T a b l e s 1 8 - 2 3
o f t h e A p p e n d ix .
L- g - 3 , 4 - d i h y d r o x y p h e n y l a l a n i n e
was s e l e c t e d a s t h e
(L-DOPA)
compound w h i c h was n o n i n h i b i t o r y t o
g ro w th o f Ggt and c a u se d th e p r o d u c t i o n of a d a rk m e la n in
p ig m en t.
B ased
on
a n t i b a c t e r i a l spectrum
a v a ila b ility ,
it
strep to m y cin
s u lf a te 's
( F r a n k l i n a n d Snow,1 9 8 1 ) ,
was
chosen
as
th e
w ide
c o s t and
a n ti-b ac terial
compound t o be u t i l i z e d i n t h e s e l e c t i v e medium.
S e l e c t i o n o f t h e a n t i - f u n g a l compounds was b a s e d on
two
c riteria.
The
compound
m ust
not
sig n ific an tly
i n h i b i t G g t g r o w t h b u t a t t h e same t i m e s h o u l d s e v e r e l y
in h ib it
D iclo ran
the
grow th
was
(H e n so n ,1 9 8 1 ).
of one o r
se le c te d
It
as
more of
an
the
in h ib ito r
test
o f R hiaepiJS
s h o u l d be n o t e d ho w e v er t h a t
was n o t a v e r y e f f e c t i v e
in h ib ito r
Rhizopus used in t h i s stu d y .
fungi.
dicloran
of th e i s o l a t e s
of
I t was u t i l i z e d anyway due
t o t h e l a c k o f any o t h e r s u b s t a n c e w h ich w o u ld c o n t r o l
26
BJa izfipus w i t h o u t i n h i b i t i n g G g t .
in h ib its
O om ycetes
( K r e u tz e r ,1963),
such
as
was l a t e r
PhytQ E hthP rs
is
w hich
and Pythium
re p la c e d w ith m e ta la x y l as
fen am in o su lf i s u n sta b le in l i g h t
M etalaxyl
Fenami n o s u l f ,
an e f f e c t i v e
( H i l l s an d L e a c h , 1962).
sy stem ic
fu n g icid e
c o n t r o l o f t h e O om ycetes a t low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
for
the
(F isher
a n d H a y e s , 1 9 8 2 ) . A t 10 u g / m l , O o m y c e t e s w e r e i n h i b i t e d
100%.
Q u in to z e n e was i n i t i a l l y
fu n g icid e
after
for
use
in
the
selected
se lec tiv e
c o m p a r i n g HOE 0 0 7 0 3 w i t h
rates,
HOE 0 0 7 0 3
e ffe ctiv e
chem ical
was
compound
e asily
(T able
as the
medium.
q u in to zen e
shown
4).
to
be
th ird
How ever,
at
v ario u s
th e
HOE 0 0 7 0 3
has
m ore
th e
name o f l - ( 3 , 5 - d i c h l o r o p h e n y l ) - 3 - m e t h o x y m e t h y l -
p y rro lid in -2 ,4 -d io n .
C hem ically,
it
b elongs
to
the
carboxim ides.
Table 4.
A c o m p a r i s o n o f q u i n t o z e n e a n d HOE 00703 i n
t h e i r a b i l i t y t o i n h i b i t common p a t h o g e n i c
s o il- b o r n e fungi.
% o f PDA
Q uintozene
(ug/ml)
HOE00703
(u g /m l)
Fungus
Gaeumannomyces q r a m i n i s
v a r . t r i t i c i (Mt I )
F u s a r i u m culmorum
F u s a r i u m qramin&arum
C ochliobolus s a tiv u s .
R h i z o c t o n i a s o l a n i (302)
R h i z o c t o n i a s o . (404)
Check Growth
10
25.
50
25
50
75
17
23
0
0
17
75
0
0
0
0
0
75
0
0
0
0
0
50
83
50
33
50
67
50
67
50
20
67
67
27
One
of
the
id en tific atio n
e ffectiv ely
m ajor
problem s
o f a compound o r
in h ib it
encountered
was
compounds t h a t
th e
w ould
Fjl c u l m s n u m , . Z jl g r a m i n s S Z t i i n ,
C.
S S t i y t i S a n d E h i s o c t e n i a s e i s n i Kuhn w i t h o u t i n h i b i t i n g
G at.
HOE 0 0 7 0 3 w a s t h e o n l y c o m p o u n d t e s t e d w h i c h g a v e
a t l e a s t 90% t o 100% i n h i b i t i o n o f t h e s e f u n g i a n d o n l y
25% i n h i b i t i o n
noted
th at
a
o f Ggt a t
number
of
the
same r a t e .
fu n g icid es
g r e a t e r t h a n 50% a t 10 u g / m l o r l e s s ,
trip h e n y ltin
h y d ro x id e,
th io p h a n a te-m eth y l,
s h o u l d be
in h ib ited
Ggt
by
in clu d in g thiram ,
p ro ch lo ra z ,
th iab en d azo le,
m e t h f uroxam a nd i m a z i l i l
It
C G A -64251,
carb o x in ,
captan,
(Appendix T a b l e 18).
S e l e c t i v e Medium SM-GGTl
To
d ete rm in e
th e
p ra c tic a l
use
of
SM -GGTl,1 6
i r r i g a t e d w h e a t p l a n t s a m p l e s f r o m 13 d i f f e r e n t f i e l d s i n
M ontana w e re p r o c u r e d i n 1981.
Sam ples w ere c o l l e c t e d
b a s e d on c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f i e l d s y m p t o m s o f t h e t a k e - a l l
disease.
U s in g s i l v e r n i t r a t e a s a s u r f a c e s t e r i l a n t and
SM-GGTl a s t h e i s o l a t i o n m edium , 73% o f t h e p i e c e s t e s t e d
a l l o w e d Ggt g r o w t h ,
w i t h 96% o f t h a t g r o w t h p r o d u c i n g a
b l a c k p i g m e n t ( T a b le 5).
as
tak e-all
d isease.
A l l 16 s a m p l e s w e r e c o n f i r m e d
There
was
never
a
problem
in
d e l i n e a t i n g Ggt f r o m c o n t a m i n a n t s on t h e p l a t e a s Ggt was
d istin g u ish ab le
fo rm atio n .
by
co lo n y
m orp h o lo g y
and
pigm ent
E tig a^ itim s p e c i e s a n d £*. s a t i y t i s ,
although
28
Table 5.
R e su lts of is o la t io n s from 1981 ir r ig a te d wheat
t i s s u e s u s p e c te d o f b e in g i n f e c t e d w ith
Gafitimannemysfis g r a m in is v ar. t r i t i c i (G gt)
u tiliz in g the se le c tiv e medium SM-GGTl.
No. Tissue Piece I s o la tio n s Yielding
Sample
Tissue Pieces
per Sample
Ggt
12
16
16
12
16
16
12
12
16
16
12
16
17
16
12
16
8
14
15
9
11
13
8
9
14
11
3
13
12
13
10
8
0
0
0
0
3
I
2
2
I
0
0
4
I
I
2
3
233
171
73
20
9
I
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
20
21
22
23
24
26
29
Total
%
—
Fus-1- Cs23
Other^
None4
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
2
0
0
I
2
0
2
0
0
I
0
6
0
2
2
0
0
4
2
0
I
2
0
2
0
0
5
3
0
2
0
I
4
5
2
16
7
26
11
1 Fusarium species - p rim a rily of the f l roseurn group.
2 Cochliobolus sa tiv u s.
3 This group c o n s i s t e d of s t e r i l e m y c e li a - s e p t a t e and
non-septate hyphae.
4 No growth of any organism.
29
\
p r e s e n t on so m e p l a t e s ,
did not u s u a lly i n t e r f e r e w ith
o b t a i n i n g a p u r e c u l t u r e o f Ggt .
S i n c e t h e £*_ JEQSStiID g r o u p w a s t h e m o s t common n o n Ggt
group
iso lated
u sin g
S M -GGTl,
e x p e r i m e n t was c o n d u c t e d t o
SM-GGTl
in. d e t e c t i n g
technique
described
Ggt
a
com bat
test
determ ine the e ff ic ie n c y
and
Stilnig iUim
using
i n t h e M a t e r i a l s a nd Methods.
of
the
Those
p i e c e s o f n a t u r a l l y i n f e c t e d Ggt p l a n t t i s s u e s o a k e d o n l y
in
ste rile
d istille d
w ater
yielded
72%
Ggt w ith
p i g m e n t a nd 5% £». c u l mo r u m w h e r e a s t h e n a t u r a l l y i n f e c t e d
t i s s u e s o a k e d i n £*.
pigm ent
a n d 46% JELl S t ilm g iCtim.
in crease
a fte r
c u l mo r u m s p o r e s y i e l d e d 54% Ggt w i t h
5
w ith
Fusarium
iso latio n
t h e JFjl stilmgiltim i n o c u l a t e d
days
in c u b a tio n
Ggt
was
did
sam ples but
s till
easily
d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m £*. c u l mo r u m v i a p i g m e n t p r o d u c t i o n and
g r o s s morphology.
F u s a r j um,
Ggt
Even w i t h t h i s h e a v y c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f
could
be t r a n s f e r r e d
to
o b tain
a pure
cu ltu re.
S e l e c t i v e Medium SM-GGT3
F u rth er
te stin g
of
SM-GGTl u s i n g
i n o c u l a t i o n s o f JLl S t i l m f iitim ,
and
Rjl S f i l a n i
illu stra te d
pure
cu ltu re
g i a m i t i f i f i i f i m , £*. S f i t i y y s
th at
if
the
Ggt
in fec te d
m a t e r i a l was a l s o h e a v i l y c o l o n i z e d by t h e s e f u n g i i t was
q u ite
probable t h a t
o f Ggt f r o m t h e
these
fungi
would p r e v e n t
in fected m aterial.
iso latio n
C o n t i n u e d work w i t h
30
SM-GGTl c u l m i n a t e d i n 1982 i n a new medium d e s i g n a t e d a s
SM-GGT3.
T h r e e d i f f e r e n t t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d t o com pare
PDA o r PDA c o n t a i n i n g 100 u g / m l s t r e p t o m y c i n s u l f a t e w i t h
SM-GGT2 a n d SM-GGT3.
te sts
and p l a n t
They w e r e c o m b a t t e s t s ,
tissu e
iso latio n
tests.
s o i l assay
SM-GGT3 w a s
s e l e c t e d o v e r SM-GGT2 b e c a u s e t h e 25 u g / m l o f HOE 00703
in
SM-GGT3
fungal
was
grow th
more
effectiv e
w ithout
in
in h ib itin g
sig n ific a n tly
n o n - Ggt
d ecreasin g
Ggt
growth.
T h i r t y - f o u r s m a ll g r a i n p l a n t sam ples were c o l l e c t e d
i n 1982
(T a b le 6).
The i r r i g a t e d
sm all g ra in
sam ples
w e r e c o l l e c t e d b a s e d on c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s y m p t o m s o f t h e
tak e-all
d i s e a s e from f i e l d s l o c a t e d th ro u g h o u t
The d r y l a n d
Montana.
s a m p l e s w e r e r a n d o m l y c o l l e c t e d f ro m f i e l d s
i n n o r t h c e n t r a l M ontana.
W ith a l l s a m p le s , i f t h e s u b ­
crow n i n t e r n o d e o r b a s a l stem
a rea appeared darkened,
t h a t p l a n t t i s s u e was u s e d f o r i s o l a t i o n p u r p o s e s .
Table 6.
Sm a ll g r a i n p l a n t s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d i n 1 9 8 2 .
F i e l d Source
Irrig ated .B arley
Dryland B a rle y
I r r i g a t e d S p r i n g Wheat
D r y l a n d S p r i n g Wheat
I r r i g a t e d W i n t e r Wheat
D r y l a n d W i n t e r Wheat
No. F i e l d s Sampled
4
4
15
7
I
3
31
The
re su lts
illu stra te s
Silver
the
n itra te
are
given
d ifferen ces
in
T able
betw een
7.
F ig u re
I
PDA a n d SM-GGT3.
was u s e d a s t h e s u r f a c e s t e r i l a n t .
U sin g
SM-GGT3 a s t h e i s o l a t i o n m e d i u m , 31% o f a l l t h e p i e c e s
t e s t e d p r o d u c e d G o t g r o w t h and p i g m e n t a t i o n , 16% p r o d u c e d
o t h e r f u n g a l g r o w t h a n d 53% p r o d u c e d no g r o w t h o f a n y
organism .
Qgt was i s o l a t e d
wheat sam ples.
from
four
Six of t h e i r r i g a t e d
of th e
dryland
s m a ll g r a i n sam ples
w ere n o t c o n fir m e d a s b e in g i n f e c t e d w i t h Ggt - t h r e e
b a r l e y and t h r e e w heat sam p les.
S eparating th e i r r i g a t e d
s a m p l e s fro m t h e t o t a l s a m p l e g r o u p ( T a b l e 8 ) , 51% o f t h e
t i s s u e p i e c e s y i e l d e d Ggt a n d p i g m e n t , 7%
produced o th e r
f u n g a l g r o w t h and 43% p r o d u c e d no g r o w t h o f any o r g a n i s m .
T a b l e s 9 a n d 10 show t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d on SM-GGT3 an d
i
. I
'
\
,
PDA u s i n g t h e s a m e i s o l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s . I t i s a p p a r e n t
t h a t SM-GGT3 w o u l d b e t h e s u p e r i o r m e d iu m i n i s o l a t i n g
Ggt f r o m p l a n t t i s s u e .
Seven o f t h e 16 s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d
i n 1981 a n d t e s t e d on SM-GGT w e r e a l s o t e s t e d on SM-GGT3
using
th e
same i s o l a t i o n
tech n iq u es.
Ggt was i s o l a t e d
f ro m a l l s e v e n s a m p l e s .
Not a l l Ggt
c o l o n i e s i s o l a t e d w i t h SM-GGT3 p r o d u c e d
a dark m elan in pigm ent w ith in 9 days.
or 2 a d d i t i o n a l days
How ever, a f t e r I
o r t r a n s f e r t o a f r e s h p l a t e o f SM-
GGT3, p i g m e n t a t i o n o c c u r r e d w i t h a l l
iso lates.
There
w e r e tw o r e a s o n s f o r n o t o b t a i n i n g p i g m e n t a t i o n w i t h i n 9
32
Table 7.
R e s u lt s o f i s o l a t i o n s from 1982 i r r i g a t e d and
d ry la n d w heat and b a r le y
t i s s u e s u s p e c te d o f
b e in g i n f e c t e d w ith Ga£llinanilS>IQyc££ gram i n i s var.
t l i t i c i (Ggt) u tiliz in g the se le c tiv e medium SM-GGT3.
No. Tissue Piece I s o l a ti o n s Yielding
Sample
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
TOTAL
%
Field
Tissue Pieces
Source12 p e r Sample
IB
ISW
ISW
ISW
DB
ISW
IWW
IB
DB
DSW
ISW
DB
DB
ISW
ISW
ISW
ISW
ISW
ISW
ISW
DSW
DSW
DSW
DSW
DSW
DWW
IB
DSW
DWW
ISW
ISW
IB
ISW
DWW
Ggt
Fus^
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
7
4
4
4
0
4
9
9
0
9
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
7
9
7
8
5
2
0
0
0
I
0
7
0
I
5
2
0
4
I
0
0
0
0
5
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
I
0
0
I
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
6
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
3
2
0
I
I
0
2
0
0
0
0
I
0
5
5
I
I
4
0
10
10
6
8
I
10
4
10
10
I
I
3
2
5
6
7
7
3
8
9
3
8
9
5
5
I
0
0
317
99
31
20
6
0
0
31
10
168
53
Cs34
Other*
None5
1 I = ir r ig a te d ; !^dryland; B=barley; SW=spring wheat; WW=Winter
wheat.
2 Fusarium species - primarily of the
roseum group.
3 Cochliobolus s a t i v u s .
4 This group consisted of s t e r i l e mycelia and a few b a c te r ia .
5 No growth of any organism.
33
Figure I .
A co m p a riso n betw een p o t a t o d e x tr o s e
(PDA) a n d t h e t a k e - a l l s e l e c t i v e m e d iu m
GGT3 ) i n t h e e f f i c i e n c y
of is o l a
GafitinianDfimysss g s a m i n i s v a r .
S sitisi
fro m n a t u r a l l y i n f e c t e d w h e a t t i s s u e .
PDA
PDA:
(upper
(upper
(lower
( lower
SM-GGT3:
SM-GGT3
l e f t ) Ggt
r i g h t ) F u s a r i u m r o s e u m : Got
l e f t ) s t e r i l e s e p t a t e hyphae
rig h t) b acteria
( u p p e r c e n t e r ) Ggt
( l o w e r l e f t ) no g r o w t h
( l o w e r r i g h t ) Gg t
agar
(SMtin g
( G s i)
34
Table 8.
Results of iso la tio n s from 1982 irrigated wheat and
b a r le y t i s s u e s u s p e c te d o f b e in g i n f e c t e d
w ith Gaeumannemyc&s gram i n i s var. t r i t i c i
(GSt) u t i l i z i n g th e s e l e c t i v e medium SM-GGT3.
No. Tissue Pieces Yielding
Sample No.
I3
2
3
4
6
85
11
14
15
16
17
18
19
XL
27 5
30
3 1 C
325
33
TOTAL
%
1
2
3
4
5
Tissue Pieces
per Sample
Ggt
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
7
4
4
0
4
9
9
9
0
0
9
0
0
7
9
8
8
5
7
5
2
0
4
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
5
5
I
I
0
10
10
I
10
10
I
I
3
2
5
3
5
5
I
0
94
51
4
2
0
0
9
5
79
43
185
—
Fus1 Cs2
Other3
None4
Fusarium species - primarily of the L roseum group.
Cochliobolus s a t i v u s .
This group consisted of s t e r i l e mycelia and a few b a cteria.
No growth of any organism.
Barley t i s s u e .
35
Table 9.
Comparison between the s e l e c t i v e medium (SM-GGT3) and
potato dextrose (PDA) t i s s u e i s o l a t i o n r e s u l t s using
1982 i r r i g a t e d and dryland wheat and barley t is s u e
suspected of being i n fec te d with
Gaeumannomyces
graminis var. t r i t i c i (Ggt).
% Total Tissue Pieces yielding
Medium
Ggt
Fus-1-
PDA
SM-GGTB
12
31
22
6
CS234
12
O
Other2
None^
29
10
25
53
1 Fusarium species - primarily of the Fjl roseum group.
2 Cochliobolus s a t i v u s .
3 This group consisted of s t e r i l e mycelia (septate and nonseptate) and b a c te r ia .
4 No growth of any organism.
Table 10.
Comparison between the s e l e c ti v e medium (SM-GGT3) and
potato dextrose agar (PEA) t i s s u e i s o l a t i o n r e s u l t s
using
1982
irrigated
wheat. and barley t is s u e
s u s p e c t e d o f b e in g i n f e c t e d w i t h Gaeumannomyces
graminis var. t r i t i c i (Got).
% of Total Tissue Pieces Yielding
Medium
Ggt
PDA
SM-GGT3
19
. 51
Fus-*21
X 2
Cs2
Other2
None^
6
O
29
5
25
43
1 Fusarium species - primarily of the Fj. roseum group.
2 Cochliobolus s a t i v u s .
3 This group consisted of s t e r i l e mycelia (septate and non- .
septate hyphae) and b a c t e r i a .
4 No growth of any organism.
36
days.
F irst
was t h e s lo w and m i n u t e am o u n t o f g r o w th
)
w h ich was p ro d u c e d in 9 d ay s from
Once
th ese
co lo n ies
began
pig m en tatio n occurred.
in h ib ited
but no t grow th,
im m e d ia te ly around th e
co lo n y
grew
fu rth er
tissu e
the
c o n t a m i n a n t o r was t r a n s f e r r e d t o a f r e s h
SM-
pigm ent p ro d u c tio n o ccu rred .
G st is o la te d
when
£g£
rap id ly ,
from
GGT3 p l a t e ,
th e
m ore
p ieces.
S e c o n d , some c o l o n i e s o f f i g t w e r e
contam inants
Once
bacterial
en larg e
f ro m p i g m e n t a t i o n p r o d u c t i o n ,
by b a c t e r i a l
p iece.
to
some t i s s u e
A ll c o l o n i e s of
th u s f a r have p roduced a m e la n in pigm ent
cu ltu re d
on. S.M-GGT3.
It
sh o u ld
be n o t e d
th at
E M z e c t e n i a s p e c i e s may a l s o p r o d u c e a m e l a n i n p i g m e n t on
SM-GGT3 b u t t h e y
se lec tiv e
a r e u s u a l l y s e v e r e l y i n h i b i t e d by t h e
m edium.
If E M zecten ia
sh o u ld grow,
it
can
e a s i l y b e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d f r o m G s t b a s e d on m a c r o s c o p i c ,
and m ic r o s c o p ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
C o m p a r i s o n s w e r e made o f t h e a m o u n t o f f u n g a l g r o w t h
on PDA a n d SM-GGT3 o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m p l a n t
g r o w t h was i n h i b i t e d s l i g h t l y ,
if at a ll,
tissu e .
on SM-GGT3.
Ggt
Gjl
s a t i i z u g . d i d n o t g r o w o n SM-GGT3 e v e n t h o u g h t h e a v e r a g e
c o l o n y s i z e on PDA was 24 mm i n d i a m e t e r .
The
roseum
g r o u p p r o d u c e d c o l o n i e s o f 60 mm i n d i a m e t e r on PDA b u t
S
were, r e d u c e d
by 85% t o
90% o n SM-GGT3,
roseum c o l o n i e s grew a t a l l .
iso lated
only
once
p ro v id in g
Ejl
R h izo c t o n i a s p e c i e s w ere
on PDA a n d w e r e n e v e r
iso lated
on
37
SM-GGT3.
Although
u n identified
sterile
m y c e l i a grew on
SM-GGT3, t h e g r o w t h was r e s t r i c t e d t o l e s s t h a n 15 mm i n
diam eter.
p late
R hizopus c o n ta m in a te d I p l a t e
of
S M-GGT3.
co m p letely
B acterial
in h ib ited
on
g ro w th
SM-GGT3.
If
o f PDA a n d I
was
u su a lly
b acteria
w ere
p r e s e n t , th e y were r e s t r i c t e d t o a sm a ll a re a im m e d ia te ly
s u r r o u n d i n g t h e t i s s u e p i e c e a nd d i d n o t s p r e a d .
As
w ith
conducted
SM-GGT l,
to
a
determ in e
combat
th e
ex p erim en t
e ffic ie n cy
d e t e c t i n g G g t a n d Zjl culmojcgm.
ta k e -a ll p lan t tis s u e
test
of
SM-GGT3
The n a t u r a l l y
was
in
in fected
soaked o n ly in s t e r i l e d i s t i l l e d
w a t e r y i e l d e d 67% G g t w i t h p i g m e n t a n d 0%
Z jl
Th e
Z*. c g lm g ^ u m
n atu rally
in fected
tissu e
soaked
in
s p o r e s y i e l d e d 17% G g t a n d 17% Z=. c u l m o r u m o n SM-GGT3
v ersus
100% E jl e g I
ibs i .gin
a n d 0% G g t o n PDA.
c u l mo r u m c o l o n i e s on SM-GGT3 w e r e s e v e r e l y
T h e Z*.
in h ib ited
in
g r o w t h t o l e s s t h a n 10 mm i n d i a m e t e r v e r s u s 60 mm i n
d i a m e t e r on PDA.
P r e l im i n a r y t e s t s w ere c o n d u cted to d e te rm in e th e
fe a sib ility
U sing
th e
iso lated
o f SM-GGT3 f o r u s e i n a s o i l a s s a y s y s t e m .
so il
from
stre p to m y cin
su sp en sio n
eith er
su lfa te
R h i z o p us a nd b a c t e r i a l
so il
assay
w ith
(P D A + ),
m ethod,
eith er
Ggt
was n o t
PDA c o n t a i n i n g
SM-GGT2
or
SM-GGT3.
c o l o n i e s were th e o n ly o rg a n is m s
g r o w i n g on PDA+, u s i n g t h e s o i l / i n o c u l u m m i x t u r e from. Ulm,
38
MT.
O n l y R h l z o p u s g r e w on SM-GGT3.
W ith t h e Bozeman,
MT. s o i l / i n o c u l u m m i x t u r e , , a g r e a t e r v a r i e t y o f o r g a n i s m s
g r e w on PDA+ b u t o n l y a s t e r i l e f u n g u s w i t h n o n - s e p t a t e
h y p h a e a n d a b a c t e r i a l s p e c i e s grew on SM-GGT3.
Bo th o f
t h e s e o r g a n i s m s w e r e few i n number and s m a l l i n s i z e .
W ith t h e s i e v e d s o i l
tech n iq u e,
Ggt w a s i s o l a t e d
fro m t h e Bozeman m i x t u r e u s i n g a l l t h r e e m e d ia and a l l
f iv e sieve siz e s,
w i t h PDA+, R h i z o p u s , F u s a r i u m s p e c i e s ,
P e n i c i l l i u m s p e c i e s and a s t e r i l e f u n g u s w i t h n o n - s e p t a t e
hyphae
were
also
ste rile
fungus w ith
iso lated
w hile
non-septate
o n l y . R hizopus,
hyphae and,
a
a bacterium
w e r e i s o l a t e d on SM-GGT3.
Ggt was n o t i s o l a t e d f ro m t h e
Ulm ,
m ix tu re
MT.
so il/in o cu lu m
as
a ll
p lates
w ere
c o v e r e d 100% by R h i z o p u s .
DISCUSSION
Two o f
develop
T s a o 's
SM-GGT3
su g g estio n s
- se lec tiv e
(1970)
in h ib itio n
w ere
used
to
and s e l e c t i v e
d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n by p i g m e n t a t i o n .
Gaeumannomyces u t i l i z e s
L-DOPA
pigm ent
to
produce
d iffe re n tia te s
it
a m elan in
from
m ost
o th er
w hich
so il
easily
org an ism s.
S electiv e
i n h i b i t i o n was a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h t h e compounds
dicloran,
m etalaxyl,
S trep to m y cin s u l f a te
HOE 00703 a n d s t r e p t o m y c i n s u l f a t e .
i s an i n h i b i t o r
o f gram p o s i t i v e
an d gram n e g a t i v e b a c t e r i a w h i c h m akes i t t h e s i n g l e m o s t
39
u sefu l
a n ti-b a c te r ia l
com pound t o
add t o
a s e le c tiv e
medium.
SM-GGT3 s e l e c t i v e l y
use of m e ta la x y l.
i n h i b i t e d O o m y c etes due t o
i t was n e c e s s a r y t o i n h i b i t Oom ycetes
s u c h a s PythiUiB s p e c i e s when i s o l a t i n g f r o m
or
so il
as
they
its
can
be
p a ra sitic
on
root tissu e
p lan ts
and
are
u s u a l l y common s o i l i n h a b i t a n t s .
D i c l o r a n was i n c o r p o r a t e d i n
its
reported a b i l i t y
t h e medium b e c a u s e o f
t o i n h i b i t R h iz o p u s . a fu n g a l genus
com m only e n c o u n t e r e d
in
so il.
E h izo p u g
i s o l a t e d fr o m any o f t h e p l a n t t i s s u e
pure
c u ltu re
in o cu latio n s
never
c u l t u r e d b u t was a
c o n t a m i n a n t o n c e on SM-GGT3 an d on PDA.
from
was
How ever, g r o w t h
o f E h i z e p u s on t h e
s e l e c t i v e medium w e r e n o t e x t e n s i v e l y i n h i b i t e d n o r w e r e
c o l o n i e s o f R h i z o p u s w h i c h o r i g i n a t e d fr o m s o i l d i l u t i o n s
or s o i l p a r t i c l e s .
One r e a s o n f o r t h i s d i s c r e p a n c y c o u l d
be t h e u s e o f a 1% s i l v e r n i t r a t e
s o lu tio n as a su rface
s t e r i l a n t when i s o l a t i n g f ro m p l a n t t i s s u e .
The a d d i t i o n
o f 10 u g / m l s i l v e r n i t r a t e t o PDA i n h i b i t e d Ehi^fiBllS by
25% t o 30% v e r s u s n o i n h i b i t i o n w i t h 75 u g / m l d i c l o r a n .
T his
w ould s u g g e s t
it
was t h e
silv er
n itra te
surface
s t e r i l a n t w h i c h i n h i b i t e d g r o w t h o f R h i z o p u s on SM-GGT3
an d n o t n e c c e s s a r i l y t h e a n t i - f u n g a l compounds.
A t 25 u g / m l ,
HOE 0 0 7 0 3
co m p letely
in h ib ited
pure
c u l t u r e s o f JELa. CialmfiBfiin, SLl SBSininfifiBum a n d CL S S t i y u g
40
w ith
only
m inor
in h ib itio n
of
G gt.
T his
show ed
the
s e l e c t i v e i n h i b i t i o n of th e fu n g ic id e as a l l fo u r fungi
a r e Ascomycetes.
It
a ls o com pletely in h ib ite d
w hich i s a B a sid io m y c p te .
£ 1. s a .t .i y u g an d Ra. s p l a n i
pathogens
of
sm all
solani
fU. Q U l m Q L U m f £*. sxiaininfiMJiiD,
are
g rain s,
common r o o t a nd b a s a l culm
and in
g e n e ra l, these
and
o t h e r s p e c i e s o f t h e s e f u n g i a r e common s o i l i n h a b i t a n t s .
The p r o b a b i l i t y o f o n e o f t h e s e o r g a n i s m s b e i n g p r e s e n t
w ith
Ggi
can
be h i g h .
stu d ies
w ith
SS tiyus
accounted
iso latio n s.
Eusarium as i t
Gjgt.
SM-GGTl
for
A lso,
p lan t
in d icated
the
iso latio n
t h a t Ril r o s e u m a n d c .
larg est
T h is n e c e s s i t a t e d
tissu e
percentage
o f n o n - Gat
com plete i n h i b i t i o n
grows a t a s i g n i f i c a n t l y f a s t e r
of
r a t e than
A s h e r (1980) s t a t e d t h a t f a s t - g r o w i n g f u n g i , s u c h
as F u s a rism s p e c i e s , w ere a le a d in g c a u s e .in f a i l i n g to
iso late
Ggt from
in fected
p lan t
tissu e.
Cunningham
(1981)
a l s o n o t e d t h a t when i s o l a t i n g f r o m s t o r e d c e r e a l
roots,
o n l y a few h y p h a e w o u l d e m e r g e a nd g r e a t c a r e was
t a k e n t o t r a n s f e r t h e G g t h y p h a e "from t h e m i d s t o f more
r a p i d l y grow ing c o lo n ie s " .
W i t h o u t t h e a d d i t i o n , o f HOE
007 0 3 , t h e v a l u e o f S M-GGT3 a s a s e l e c t i v e m e d i u m w o u l d
be g r e a t l y d i m i n i s h e d .
The s e c o n d . o f T s a o ' s s u g g e s t i o n s u s e d i n SM-GGT3 was
selectiv e
d ifferen tiatio n
Ggt i n f e c t i o n
by p i g m e n t a t i o n .
N oting
that
of wheat i s a s s o c ia te d w ith dark runner
41
hyphae c a l l e d
macrohyphae
( W a l k e r , 1975;
N ilson,1969)
and
t h a t m e l a n i n h a s b e e n e x t r a c t e d f r o m Ggt h y p h a e (T e s c h u d i
and
K ern ,1979),
an a t t e m p t
w a s m ade t o
enhance
th is
n a t u r a l h y p h a l p i g m e n t a t i o n . L - t y r o s i n e , an am ino a c i d
p r e c u r s o r of m elanin,, d id in d u ce
p ig m en t
in
th e
differen tiatio n
m edium .
T h is
t o p r o d u c e a brown
a llo w s
for
se le c tiv e
of £ g t v ia pigm entation as i s
done w i t h
t h e s e l e c t i v e medium f o r £ t £ s p t o m y £ S S s c a b i e s ( M e n z ie s
and D ad e,1959).
Of t h e f o u r t y r o s i n e a n a l o g u e s t e s t e d ,
L - 3-3,4-d ih y d ro x y p h en y lalan in e
(L-DOPA) w a s s h o w n t o be
t h e b e s t compound t o i n d u c e t h e d a r k e s t p i g m e n t f o r m a t i o n
w ith o u t i n h i b i t i n g G at.
A ll
iso lates
of Qgi l i s t e d
in T able 2 produced a
m e l a n i n p i g m e n t w h e n c u l t u r e d o n SM-GGT3.
Ejl g r a m i n i c o l a
also
Q g s , Ggg a n d
p r o d u c e d a m e l a n i n p i g m e n t and w i t h
t h e sam e i n t e n s i t y a s Q g t , a s d i d t h e l o b e d h y p h o p o d i a l
P hialophora
species.
T h i s was n o t
su rp risin g ,
however,
c o n s id e r in g th e c lo s e taxonom ic r e l a t i o n s h i p of th e s e
fungi
(W a lk e r,1981).
produced
a
m elanin
So m e R*. S S l S f i i i s o l a t e s
pigm ent
in h ib ite d B M aecten is sp ecies.
but
SM-GGT3
a lso
co m p letely
I f E M a p c t g n is grow th
o c c u r r e d , m a c ro s c o p ic and m i c r o s c o p ic e x a m in a t io n s e a s i l y
d istin g u ish ed
To
R h izo cto n ia
d istin g u ish
s r s m i l l JLcgJLa w i l l
from Q g t.
b etw een
Q g t,
be m o r e d i f f i c u l t
Qgg,
Qga
and w i l l
and
£*.
probably
42
req u ire
the
p ro d u ctio n
of
p erith e c ia
in
c u ltu re .
How ever, G q i i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be t h e m ain c a u s e of. t a k e a l l of wheat.
Gga i s t h e m a j o r c a u s e o f o a t t a k e - a l l and
tak e-all
p atch d is e a s e of t u r f
a ttac k s
w heat
pathogenic
hosts
and
causing l i t t l e
( W a l k e r , 1 9 8 1 ),
only once in th e
P.T.W.
b arley .
Wong)
( W a l k e r ,1 9 8 1 ) .
T h u s,
when w o r k i n g
w ith
Gg g
is
on ly
r o o t damage t o
£*. g r a m i n i c o l a
U nited
and i s
g ra s s alth o u g h
S tates
in fected grass
h a s b een i d e n t i f i e d
(personal
would l o g i c a l l y
tak e-all
of
also
slig h tly
com m unication,
co n sid ered a saprophyte
it
it
in Europe
be a s s u m e d t h a t
w heat,
the
p ath o g en ic
o r g a n i s m w h i c h w o u l d be i s o l a t e d w o u l d be G a t .
A nother
v a rie tie s
p o ssib le
of
way
to
d istin g u ish
GSegrnsnilSinXfies g z s z n i n i s
w ould
c h e m i c a l a d d i t i v e s t o SM-GGT3:.
The s u l f u r
a m in o a c i d s
rep o rted ly
growth
cysteine
w h ile
and c y s t i n e
s t i m u l a t i n g
(T urner,1957,1959,1961).
th e
c u ltu res
of
from
d e f i n e d m e d iu m d e s c r i b e d by T u r n e r
fo llo w
th is
Ggt
p a tte rn .
P.T.W.
be
w ith
co n tain in g
in h ib it
P relim in ary r e s u lts
Gg o b t a i n e d
b etw een
Gaa
growth
u tiliz in g
Wong a n d t h e
(1 9 5 7 ,-1 9 5 9 ) d i d n o t
3 -escin
(ae sc in )
is
a
t r i t e r p e n e g ly c o sid e s im ila r to avenacin, th e f a c to r in
o a t r o o t s c a u s i n g r e s i s t a n c e t o Ggg a n d G g t b u t n o t Gga
( T u r n e r ,1960,1961;
O ls e n ,1971).
When
g -escin
was
i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o PDA a t I a n d 10 u g / m l , Ggg , Ggt a n d JL1.
41
S^dIBjinjLcQlji g r o w t h w a s i n h i b i t e d m o r e t h a n Ggs g r o w t h .
A n o t h e r compound w h i c h was n o t i n h i b i t o r y t o Gga b u t was
to
th e
o th er
re la te d
fungi
was
sa lic in
[ h y d r o x y m e t h y l ] p h e n y l - B- d - g u l c o p y r a n o s i d e )
A rbutin
(2-
a t 100 u g / m l .
(hydroxyquinone-3-D -glucopyranoside)
a t 100 u g / m l
was n o t i n h i b i t o r y to w a rd s any of t h e s e r e l a t e d f u n g i.
From t h e s e r e s u l t s i t
a p p e a r s t h a t SM-GGT3 c o u l d be made
s e l e c t i v e f o r Gga.
'
A few i n t e r e s t i n g
p o i n t s s h o u l d be n o t e d c o n c e r n i n g
t h e m e l a n i n p i g m e n t phenomenon. M e l a n i n i s f o r m e d v i a t h e
o x id atio n
of
ty ro sin e
(F igure
f i r s t compound p r o d u c e d .
p ro tein
(D ressier
and
2)
w ith
DOPA b e i n g t h e
T y ro sin a se , a copper c o n ta in in g
D aw son,1960a,1960b;
B right
et
a l . , 1 9 6 3 ) , i s t h e n e c e s s a r y enzyme f o r t h i s s t e p and f o r
th e
next
step
T h ereafter,
in
th e
the
of
do p a
quin o n e.
r e q u i r e no e n z y m e s o r o c c u r
M elanin i s a polymer or group of polym ers
o f random s t r u c t u r e
process,
fo rm atio n
the r e a c tio n s
spontaneously.
S ince
th e
(White e t a l . , 1 9 7 3 ) .
p ro d u ctio n
of
m elanin
is
an
o x id ativ e
two e x p e r i m e n t s w e re c o n d u c t e d t o d e t e r m i n e i f
p roduction
of
the
dark
pigm ent
by G g i
co uld
be
i n h i b i t e d w h e n t y r o s i n e w a s p r e s e n t i n t h e PDA m e d i u m .
E thoxyquin
lin e),
(1 , 2 - d i h y d r o - 6 - e t h o x y - 2 , 2 , 4 - t h i m e t h y ! q u in o ­
an a n t i o x i d a n t o b t a i n e d f r o m
P r o d u c t s Co., S t . L o u i s ,
Monsanto A g r i c u l t u r e
Mo., was a d d e d t o PDA c o n t a i n i n g
44
F igure 2.
M e l a n i n f o r m a t i o n fr o m t y r o s i n e .
C o r d e s , 1 9 6 6 ; W h it e e t a l . , 1 9 7 3 )
( M a h ler and
T y r o sin e
I
3 , 4 - 6-D ihydroxyphenylalanine
(DOPA)
I
Phenylalanine-3,4-quinone
(Dopa q u i n o n e )
-I
2-C arboxy-2,3 - d i h y d ro -5 ,6 - d i hydroxyindole
( Leuko compound)
I
2- C a r b o x y - 2 , 3 - d i h y d r o i n d o l e - 5 , 6 - q u i n o n e
(H allachrom e)
I
5 ,6-D ihydroxyindole
X
In d o le-5,6-quinoine
X
M elanin
45
500 u g / m l t y r o s i n e .
At t h e r a t e o f 10 u g / m l ,
did not
in h ib it
grow th
in h ib it
pigm ent
p lates
of
the
p roduction.
PDA c o n t a i n i n g
i n o c u l a t e d w ith G ot.
jar
and
purged
in h ib itio n
pigm ent
o f Ggt b u t
co m p letely
In a second e x p e r i m e n t ,
500
ug/m l
ty ro sin e
w ere
They w e r e t h e n p l a c e d i n a B r e w e r ' s
w ith
of
did
ethoxyquin
Ggt
production.
n itro g e n .
The
grow th
but
A fter
5 days
resu lt
100%
was. n o
i n h i b i t i o n of
these
p lates
were
rem o v e d f ro m t h e low oxyge n e n v i r o n m e n t and p l a c e d i n t h e
room
atm osphere.
W ith in
2 days
pigm ent
p ro d u ctio n
o c c u rre d and th e hyphae tu r n e d a dark c o lo r a ls o .
resu lts
f ro m t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s ,
L-DOPA t o
in itia te
pigm ent
p lu s the
p roduction
The
u tiliza tio n
by Ggt ,
of
w ould
d e f i n i t e l y s u g g e s t i t i s a m elan in pigm ent bein g produced
by Ggt w h i c h d i f f u s e s i n t o t h e medium.
T y ro sin e i s n o t on ly a p r e c u r s o r of m elan in b u t a ls o
of
p -co u m aric
d istan t
acid
and
in term ed iates
fo rm atio n
R o s s , 1969 ;
(Frank
h ordenine
in the
and
w hich
in
pathw ays le a d in g
M a rio n ,1956;
turn
to
lig n in
S alisb u ry
F r i e n d , 1 976; B arz an d H o e s e l , 1 9 7 9 ) .
are
and
H ordenine
i s a compound fo u n d o n ly in b a r l e y r o o t s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t
30 d a y s o f g r o w t h ( Mann a n d M u d d , 1 9 6 3 ) j u s t a s g r a m i n e i s
th e
m ain a l k a l o i d
barley .
H ow ever,
found
in
gram ine
(Grower an d L e e t e , 1 9 6 3 ) .
th e
is
le a v e s of g e rm in a tin g
derived
from
try to p h an
V a r i o u s compounds w i t h i n t h e s e
46
pathw ays
plus
o th er
phenols
and q u in o n e s w ere t e s t e d
(Appendix T a b l e 23) w i t h t h e r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n t h a t p e r h a p s
one w o u ld n o t
be i n h i b i t o r y
in h ib ito ry
to w ard s
any
or
sp ecifically
Fjl c u l mpjum,
ILl s o l a n i .
Many p h e n o l s
t o w a r d s £cj£ b u t w o u l d be
a ll
of
th e
test
fungi
-
£*. a r a m i n e a r u m, £*. s a t i v u s and
and
quinones
can
be
p o ten t
f u n g i s t a t i c compounds s u c h a s c h l o r O g e n i c a c i d ( S a l i s b u r y
a n d R o s s f 1 96 9 ) .
F u n g a l p i g m e n t s may be f i n a l m e t a b o l i c
p r o d u c t s s u c h a s t o x i c w a s t e s o r may p l a y an a c t i v e r o l e
in
th e
m etab o lic
a tiv ity
A r t s i k h o r s k a y a , 1964).
also
sta te d
th at
of
th e
fungus
(R ubin
Rubin and A r t s i k h o r s k a y a
qu in o n e
form s
of
and
(1964)
p ig m en ts
are
a c c o m p a n i e d by c o r r e s p o n d i n g p h e n o l s i n v a r i o u s f u n g i and
sp ecu lated
th at
pro p erties.
general
perhaps
pigm ents
I f t h i s was c o r r e c t ,
o rganic
possess
an tib io tic
t h e n p e r h a p s one o f t h e
compounds t e s t e d
w ould in d u c e S g t
to
p r o d u c e a p i g m e n t w h i c h w o u ld i n h i b i t o t h e r f u n g i b u t n o t
G at.
W h i l e compounds o t h e r
induced pigm ent p ro d u c tio n ,
acid,
than the
ty ro sin e
nam ely dopamine,
c a t e c h i n an d g a l l i c a c i d ,
analogues
chlorogenic
none s e r i o u s l y
in h ib ited
th e t e s t fu n g i or G gt.
The
ad v an tag es
co n tain in g
of
a n tib io tics
SM-GGT3
are
se le c tiv e ag ain st b a c te ria ,
over
su b sta n tia l.
PDA
and
SM-GGT3
PDA
is
O o m y c e t e s a n d many common
s o i l an d p l a n t p a r a s i t i c a nd s a p r o p h y t i c A s c o m y c e t e s an d
47
B asidiom ycetes - p a r t i c u l a r l y
root
and
read ily
stem
d iseases.
o u t-com pete
th o se causing sm all
T h is
other
m e d iu m
fu n g i.
It
is
grain
allo w s
Ggj:
to
then
easy
to
d i f f e r e n t i a t e i t v ia fo rm a tio n of a m elanin pigm ent.
g ro w th and c o lo n y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
altered
by t h e
s e l e c t i v e medium.
Got p a t h o g e n i c i t y t e s t s ,
do n o t a p p e a r t o be
Also,
when c o n d u c t i n g
r e s u l t s u s i n g SM-GGT3 a g a r d i s c s
i n o c u l a t e d w i t h Gg t i s o l a t e s a s i n o c u l u m
t h e s a m e a s t h o s e u s i n g PDA
were
in fected .
p o stu lates
using
Thus,
Ggt
d iscs -
w ere e x a c tly
i.e. th e se ed lin g s
one c o u l d q u i c k l y f u l f i l l
S M-GGT3 a s t h e
iso latio n
Koch's
m edium.
To
i m p r o v e u p o n t h i s m e t h o d , i t w o u l d be b e s t t o m a r k t h e
Ggt i s o l a t e .
sp ecific
One n u c l e a r m a r k e r w h i c h h a s b e en u s e d i s a
requirem ent fo r
al.,1981).
acic
(B lan c h e t
The compounds f o r SM-GGT3 a r e i n e x p e n s i v e and
rela tiv e ly
produce.
p-am inobenzoic
easy to o b ta in p lu s
The s h e l f
life
of
it
th e
is
not d if f ic u lt
m ed iu m
is
to
at least 3
m onths.
The o n l y d i s a d v a n t a g e o f SM-GGT3 may p e r h a p s be i t s
in ab ility
to
com pletely
in h ib it
Rhizopus.
R h i z o p u s was
n e v er a problem in i s o l a t i n g from p l a n t t i s s u e u sin g t h i s
m edium
and
silv er
n itra te
as
a surface
ste rila n t.
H o w e v e r , i n s o i l a s s a y s f o r G g t , B h i & o p u s w a s a n d w i l l be
a p roblem
id en tified .
u n til
a su itab le
in h ib ito ry
com pound
is
P a p a v i z a s a n d L u s m s d e r i (1982) w e r e a b l e t o
48
s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p r o v e a s e l e c t i v e medium f o r i s o l a t i o n o f
T ricjafidsrm a from
so ils
a d d itio n
su rfactan t
of
tria ls,
the
in feste d
w ith BM zopus
T ri ton-X -100.
In
th eir
d i c l o r a n and m e t a l a x y l d id n o t i n h i b i t Rhizopus
e v e n a t 200 u g / m l a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t .
Quintozene reduced
fihi.spgufi b u t e v e n a t 25 u g / m l a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t
in h ib ited
th o se
by t h e
T r if i h f id f i r i n a .
o b tain ed
in
These
my s t u d y
resu lts
w here
are
it
also
sim ilar
T rito n -X -1 0 0
to
was
i n h i b i t o r y tow ards G at.
It
is
b eliev ed
th at
fu tu re
work
concerning
Ggt
i s o l a t i o n , e i t h e r f r o m p l a n t t i s s u e o r f ro m s o i l s , s h o u l d
b e b a s e d on SM-GGT3. A s e l e c t i v e m e d iu m w o u l d a l s o h e l p
t o q u a n t i f y t h e am ount o f Qgt in o c u lu m i n t h e s o i l and
th u s g iv e a b a s is fo r lo n g -te rm f o r e c a s t i n g of t a k e - a l l
d isease.
C u rren tly
Qgt i s
comm only d e t e c t e d
in
so ils
i n d i r e c t l y v i a t h e use of p a t h o g e n i c i t y b i o a s s a y s .
T his
te c h n iq u e t h e r e f o r e does n o t a llo w fo r th e d e t e c t i o n of
a y i r u l e n t Gg t i s o l a t e s
should accom plish
th is
(S h ip t.on,1981).
goal.
Use o f SM-GGT3
Past experim ents
by A sh er
(1 9 8 0 ) h a v e s h o w n a n a b s e n c e o f a n y c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n
v i r u l e n c e and n a tu r a l, p ig m e n ta tio n .
If t h i s holds tru e
f o r c h e m i c a l l y i n d u c e d p i g m e n t a t i o n i n a s e l e c t i v e medium
(SM-GGT3),
easily
studies.
v iru le n t
and
a v iru len t
d e te c te d and i s o l a t e d
An
e x p e r im e n t which
for
iso lates
could
be
use in p a t h o g e n i c i t y
s h o u l d be c o n d u c t e d t h e n
49
is
to
obtain
known a v i r u l e n t
th eir
grow th
and
Another
p ig m en tatio n
and d e te rm in e
p a ttern s
on
SM-GGT3.
i n t e r e s t i n g e x p e r i m e n t w o u l d u s e two i s o l a t e s
v iru le n t
and
an
a v iru len t)
p i g m e n t on SM-GGT3.
grow
iso lates
on SM-GGT3 b u t
w hich
produce
a
(a
m elanin
M u t a t e them s u c h t h a t b o t h i s o l a t e s
do n o t
determ ine
if
th e ir, pathogenic
a ltere d .
T h is w ould h e lp t o
produce
a pigm ent.
ch aracteristics
estab lish
b e tw e e n p a t h o g e n i c i t y and p i g m e n t a t i o n .
N ext,
h a v e been
a rela tio n sh ip
50
C hapter 4
R e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n Su b -c ro w n I n t e r n o d e
R a t i n g s and 1000 K e r n e l W e ig h t
INTRODUCTION
Methods o f
a ll
in
th e
estim ating y ie ld
field
are
num erous
o b je c tiv e of c o r r e l a t in g
w ith
y ield
lo ss
m easu rem en ts
estab lish ed ,
d isease
o b serv atio n s.
are
disease
o b jec tiv e
severity
an d t e c h n i q u e s v a r i a b l e .
lo sses
but
c a u s e d by t a k e -
have
th e
common
s e v e r ity assessm en ts
W hile
and
th e
y ield
lo ss
tec h n iq u e s
assessm ents are su b je c tiv e
The m o s t w i d e l y u s e d t a k e - a l l
s e v e r i t y a s s e s s m e n t method e n t a i l s t h e v i s u a l e s t i m a t i o n
o f t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f b l a c k e n e d r o o t s on a p l a n t
and P o l l e y , 1 9 8 1 ) .
(Clarkson
How ever, a s C l a r k s o n and P o l i c y
(1981)
p o i n t o u t , t h i s m ethod p o s e s a number of p r o b le m s .
p r im a r y one i s t h e i n a b i l i t y
The
to o b ta in the e n ti r e ro o t
s y s t e m when d i g g i n g or. p u l l i n g up p l a n t s . T h i s r e s u l t s i n
v a r i a t i o n betw een p l a n t s ,
in
term s
d isease.
of
the
amount
r e p l i c a t e s and e v en e x p e r i m e n t s
of
root
system
assessed
for
T his i s a ls o i m p r a c t i c a l in th e f i e l d a n d /o r
w i t h a l a r g e numbers of sam p les.
51
T h e r e i s a l s o so m e d o u b t a s t o w h e t h e r t h e e x t e n t o f
vascular
d isco lo ratio n
in te n sity .
Deacon
is
d irectly
and
H enry
related
(1978)
to
in fectio n
ad v o cated
an
a s s e s s m e n t m e t h o d w h i c h r a t e d p l a n t s on t h e i r a b i l i t y t o
t r a n s p o r t e o s ^ n dye p a s t i n f e c t i o n s i t e s .
im practical for a
T h erefore,
th e
d isc o lo ra tio n
of
field
best
the
T h i s w o u ld be
survey u t i l i z i n g
m ethod
root
at
m ature p la n ts .
present
sy stem .
is
In t h i s
to
rate
study,
an
a t t e m p t w a s m ad e t o i d e n t i f y a q u i c k , e a s y a n d a c c u r a t e
method t o use f o r d i s e a s e a s s e s s m e n t t h a t would c o r r e l a t e
w e ll w ith y i e l d l o s s o b s e r v a tio n s w ith o u t having to r a t e
the e n tir e
r o o t system .
'
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In 1981 tw o s p r i n g w h e a t f i e l d s
i n w h i c h Ggt h a d
been c o n firm ed w ere s e l e c te d as sam p lin g s i t e s .
was l o c a t e d f i v e m i l e s e a s t o f F a i r f i e l d ,
has n e a rly le v e l
tex tu res
MT.
S ite I
T his s i t e
s o i l s w i t h loam t o c l a y loam s u r f a c e
and c a l c a r e o u s
surface
and s u b s o i l
horizo n s.
The c r o p p i n g h i s t o r y o f t h i s l o n g t e r m i r r i g a t e d f i e l d
was:
1 9 Sl=Wampum s p r i n g w h e a t ; 1 9 8 0 = b a r l e y ; 1 9 7 9 = b a r l e y ;
1 9 7 8 = b a r l e y ; 1 9 7 7 = a l f a l f a.
east
of Ulm ,
tex tu red
MT.
loam y
S i t e 2 was l o c a t e d f o u r m i l e s
The s o i l s
fin e
sands
at th is
or
site
sandy
w ere
loam
u n d e r l a i n by lo am y m a t e r i a l s b e t w e e n 5 0 -1 0 0 cm.
coarse
surfaces
The
52
cro p p in g
h isto ry
w as:
1981=Newana
sp rin g
w heat;
1 9 80 = s p r i n g w h e a t ; 1 97 9 = s p r i n g w h e a t ; 1 97 8 = f a b a b e a n s ;
1 9 7 7 = d r y l a n d n a t i v e g r a s s . B o th f i e l d s i n 1981 w e r e u n d e r
sp rin k ler
irrig a tio n
w ith a d eq u ate f e r t i l i t y
and c ro p ,
m an a g em en t a c c o r d i n g t o c u r r e n t r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .
f i e l d s were o p p o s i t e s in te rm s of s o i l s ,
cropping h i s t o r y
and f i e l d i n c i d e n c e and s e v e r i t y o f t a k e - a l l .
only s m a l l , in fre q u e n t p a tc h e s
The two
S i t e I had
of t a k e - a l l w hereas a t
s i t e 2, 30%-50% o f t h e f i e l d h a d s t e r i l e h e a d s i n d i c a t i n g
a s e v e re t a k e - a l l problem .
The s i n g l e p l a n t s a m p l i n g t e c h n i q u e was u t i l i z e d i n
which l a r g e numbers of p l a n t s i n t h e i n f e c t e d f i e l d s were
sam p led
at
m a tu rity
C l a r k s o n , 1 9 80).
(N ils s o n ,1969;
In each f i e l d ,
P o licy
and
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 p l a n t s
w e re t a k e n fro m a r e a s of a p p a r e n t l y h e a l t h y p l a n t s and
100
p lan ts
h aving
a ll
from
the
d isease
represented.
assessm ent
p atch es.
T h is.in su re d
categ o ries
ad eq u ately
P l a n t s w e r e p u l l e d f r o m t h e s o i l a nd p l a c e d
in paper bags t o dry.
stored
ta k e -all
in d efin itely
M a t u r e p l a n t s can be a i r d r i e d and
( C l a r k s o n a n d P o l i c y , 1981).
A f t e r two m o n th s , t h e r o o t sy s te m was c u t from t h e
p l a n t two i n c h e s ab o v e t h e c ro w n a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g h e a d s
of
th e
p lan t
th resh ed .
The r o o t
system
g r a i n w e r e p l a c e d i n t h e same e n v e l o p e .
was r a t e d f o r d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y .
and th r e s h e d
L a te r each p l a n t
Heads p e r p l a n t ,
kernels
53
p e r h e a d a n d 1000 k e r n e l
each p la n t.
w e ig h t w ere a ls o re c o rd e d f o r
The s u b - c r o w n i n t e r n o d e
(SCI) f o r e a c h p l a n t
was r a t e d a f t e r t h e m eth o d o u t l i n e d f o r common d r y l a n d
root ro t
(Ledingh am e t
SCI R a t i n g
al.,1 9 7 3 ):
SCI Symptoms
1 ( C le a n )
2 (Slight)
SCI p e r f e c t l y c l e a n .
SCI w i t h m i n o r i s o l a t e d l e s i o n s o r
w i t h an o v e r a l l s l i g h t d i s c o l o r a t i o n .
SCI w i t h c o a l e s c i n g l e s i o n s .
SCI w i t h a t l e a s t 75% t o t a l l y b l a c k e n e d .
3 ( M o d e r ate)
4 (Severe)
C o r r e l a t i o n and r e g r e s s i o n
ratings
sta tistic s
w e r e r u n on SCI
and mean 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t s f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l
field .
RESULTS
The r e s u l t s a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e s 11 an d 12.
mean 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t f o r
e a c h SCI d i s e a s e
The
sev erity
c a t e g o r y w a s u s e d r a t h e r t h a n , t h e i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t 1000
kernel
w eight
and
SCI
ratin g .
it
was n e c e s s a r y
to
m e a s u r e t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e two v a r i a b l e s w i t h i n
a p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n r a t h e r th a n betw een i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s .
W ith
an i n d i v i d u a l
p lan t,
disease
e ffe c t y ield .
e q u ally
for
each p la n t.
many o t h e r
These f a c t o r s
T herefore
facto rs
besides
a re n o t w eighted
a low
c o rre latio n
w o u l d be e x p e c t e d b e t w e e n any two v a r i a b l e s f o r a s i n g l e
p l a n t i n c l u d i n g SCI r a t i n g an d 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t .
The r
54
Table 11.
The
number
o f • Wampum s p r i n g w h e a t p l a n t s
r a t e d an d t h e mean 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t
(TKW)
fo r each sub-crow n in te rn o d e
(SCI) t a k e - a l l
d isease se v e rity
category a t f i e l d
site I
l o c a t e d n e a r F a i r f i e l d , MT i n 1981.
SCI R a t i n g
I
2
3
4
No.
(Clean)
(S light)
( M o d e r a te )
(Severe)
Table 12.
51
28
20
48
Mean TKW (g)
36.0
33.9
32.7
2 7 .8
The number o f Newana s p r i n g w h e a t p l a n t s
r a t e d a n d t h e m ea n 100 0 k e r n e l w e i g h t
(TKW)
f o r each sub-crown
internode
(SCI) t a k e - a l l
d ise ase s e v e rity category a t f i e l d
site
2
l o c a t e d n e a r Ulm, MT i n 1981.
SCI R a t i n g
I
2
3
4
Plants
(C lean )
(S light)
( M o d e rate)
(Severe)
No. P l a n t s
Mean TKW (g)
24
20
19
55
42.3
40.8
28.5
25.4
55
v a l u e f o r s i n g l e p l a n t a s s e s s m e n t s f o r s i t e I was - .5 2
( p = . 0 01) a n d f o r
For a p l a n t
however,
2 it
was -.6 2
(p=.001).
p o p u l a t i o n w hich i s random ly sam pled,
these
affectin g
site
facto rs
do
have
the t o t a l y ie ld .
an
equal
chance
of
T h is i s th e p rim a ry reaso n
f o r u s i n g mean 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t s f o r d e t e r m i n g t h e r
v alu e.
For
site
I,
a s s e s s m e n t s was - 0 . 9 6
the
r v alu e
(p=.05).
for
p lan t
population
This den o tes a v e ry c lo s e
r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e SCI r a t i n g a n d t h e 1000 k e r n e l
w eig h t.
The b v a l u e w a s - 2 . 6 0 3 i n d i c a t i n g t h e r e w a s a
2.6 g l o s s i n 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t f o r e a c h i n c r e a s e i n SCI
ratin g sev erity .
sp ecifies
The r 2 v a l u e w a s - 0 . 9 1 7
t h a t 91.7% o f t h e
(p=.05) w h ic h
c h a n g e i n 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t
was due t o t h e s e v e r i t y o f t h e Ggt d i s e a s e r a t i n g o f t h e
SCI.
The r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n a n d c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s
are i l l u s t r a t e d
-0.95
i n F i g u r e 3.
For s i t e 2, t h e r v a l u e was
(p=.0 5) , b e q u a l e d - 6 . 3 1 4 a n d r 2 w a s 0 . 9 0 6 ( p = . 0 5 ) .
The r e g r e s s i o n
illu strated
eq u atio n
and
confidence
in te rv als
are
i n F i g u r e 4.
DISCUSSION
A v e r y c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t e d b e t w e e n t h e SCI
t a k e - a l l s e v e r i t y r a t i n g and 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t ,
a y ield
w ere
com ponent.
p u lled
for
A lthough th e
ratin g
during
p lan ts
late
w h ic h i s
in t h i s
study
dough d e v e l o p m e n t
a n d / o r r i p e n i n g , i t w o u l d be b e s t t o r a t e p l a n t s d u r i n g
56
Regression equation
and c o n f i d e n c e
in terv als
fo r the r e l a t i o n s h i p
b e t w e e n t a k e a l l s u b —c r o w n i n t e r n o d e (SCI)
s e v e r i t y r a t i n g an d 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t f o r
Wampum s p r i n g w h e a t i n a f i e l d l o c a t e d n e a r
F a i r f i e l d , MT. i n 1 9 8 1 .
( X=SCI D i s e a s e
R a t i n g ; Y=IOOO K e r n e l Wei ght )
1000 Kernel Weight (grams)
F i g u r e 3.
Y=39.09+(-2.603)X
SCI Disease Rating
57
OOO Kernel Weight (grams)
F i g u r e 4.
R e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n ( .m■■.■■■) a n d c o n f i d e n c e
in terv als
(i immim) f o r t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
b e t w e e n t a k e - a l l s u b - c r o w n i n t e r n o d e (SCI)
s e v e r i t y r a t i n g and 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t f o r
Ne wa na s p r i n g w h e a t i n a f i e l d l o c a t e d n e a r
Ul m, MT. i n 1 9 8 1 .
(X=SCI D i s e a s e R a t i n g ;
Y=IOOO K e r n e l Wei ght )
Y=50.04+(-6.314)X
SC I Disease Rating
58
a n t h e s i s o r m i l k d e v e l o p m e n t f o r two r e a s o n s .
infections
Plants
probably
rated
have a s m a ll
prior
to
or
at
effect
harvest,
on
L a t e Qg t
the
host.
may h a v e
other
l e s i o n s b e s i d e s t h o s e c a u s e d by Q g t due t o t h e a g e i n g o f
roots
or
secondary
fungal
invasion
(C larkson
and
P o l i c y , 1981).
T h e r e a r e a number o f r e a s o n s why one m i g h t a d v o c a t e
th e d i s e a s e a s s e s s m e n t method developed in t h i s study.
R a t i n g a SCI on a f o u r p o i n t s c a l e w o u l d be much e a s i e r
t h a n r a t i n g t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f b l a c k e n e d r o o t s on a p l a n t
and i s p r o b a b l y l e s s s u b j e c t i v e .
t h e n a d e q u a t e l y c ompa r e t h e i r
1% d i f f e r e n c e
study.
results.
T h e r e was o n l y a
in th e r 2 value fo r both f i e l d
Considering th e extreme
t wo f i e l d s ,
D i f f e r e n t workers could
differences
sites
i n my
between t h e
these s im ila r r 2 values aid in supporting the
u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e SCI d i s e a s e r a t i n g s y s t e m .
Most
w orkers
assess
t a k e —a l l
examining th e r o o ts a g a in s t a w h ite
roots
float
in the
m agnification
water
-
root
damage
by
background as the
so m e tim e s w ith th e a i d of
( C l a r k s o n and P o l l e y , 1 9 8 1 ) .
To r a t e t h e
SCI, i t was o n l y n e c e s s a r y t o wa sh t h e r e g i o n an d o b s e r v e
the e x te n t of le s io n development.
v a r i e d from p l a n t to p l a n t ,
A l t h o u g h SCI l e n g t h
SCI w e r e q u i t e d u r a b l e a n d
s t o o d up t o much p h y s i c a l h a n d l i n g .
E ntire p lan t root
s y s t e m s wo u l d be d i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n and w o u l d be e a s i l y
59
da maged by t r a n s p o r t o r h a n d l i n g .
considerable
amount
between p l a n t s .
system ,
rated
it
variation
of
assessed
roots
To r e d u c e v a r i a t i o n w i t h t h e SCI r a t i n g
w o u l d be b e s t t o
must
trials
of
T h is would a l l o w f o r a
be a t
least
for further
specify
2 cm i n
evaluation
that
length.
a SCI t o
Also,
be
field
s h o u l d be p l a n t e d a t a
u n i f o r m d e p t h o f a t l e a s t 2.5 cm w i t h a r e l i a b l e p l a n t e r .
It
should
also
be n o t e d
that
attack
by G g t o n
c e r e a l s s t i m u l a t e s t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f crown r o o t s (Manners
and M y e r s ,1981).
The n u m b e r o f a d d i t i o n a l c r o w n r o o t s
v a r i e s according to the s e v e r i t y of th e a tt a c k .
severe the a tta c k ,
Thus,
rating
the
The more
t h e more crown r o o t s w h ic h d e v e lo p .
entire
root
system
might
not
be a n
a c c u r a t e a s s e s s m e n t of d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y - e s p e c i a l l y w i t h
young p l a n t s .
O t h e r e f f e c t s Got h a s on t h e p l a n t a r e d e p e n d e n t on
th e s e v e r i t y of th e i n f e c t i o n .
yield,
tillering,
kernels
per
1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t and t h e number of
head
are
(Cunningham e t a l , 1 9 6 8 ;
and
M yers,1981).
disrupt
the
eventually
the
With s e v e r e i n f e c t i o n s ,
all
sig n ifican tly
P o l l e y a nd C l a r k s o n ^ l 9 8 0 ?
G st hyphae
phloem .
cessation
This
of
are
known t o
causes
a
Manners
invade
and
reduction
and
phl oem t r a n s l o c a t i o n
r o o t a p i c a l m e r i s t e m s and t o t h e s h o o t s .
reduced
to
the
R o o t s no l o n g e r
e l o n g a t e and l e s i o n s d e v e lo p in r e s p o n s e t o i n v a s i o n of
60
the tis s u e .
Damage s e e m s t o be r e l a t e d t o t h e r a t e a n d
frequency
at
which
the
lesions
develop
(Clarkson
et
al,1975).
E x t e n s i v e p l u g g i n g of xylem v e s s e l s does n o t
o c c u r b e f o r e io n u p t a k e and t r a n s l o c a t i o n c e a s e s t o t h e
shoot.
Take-all
supply to
the
also
shoot,
These p h y s i o l o g i c a l
causes r e s t r i c t i o n
especially
in
severe
of th e w ater
infections.
e f f e c t s on a p l a n t i n f e c t e d w i t h Gat
a c c o u n t f o r t h e s ympt oms o b s e r v e d i n t h e f i e l d .
61
Chapter 5
C o n t r o l o f Ta ke —a l l w i t h F e r t i l i z e r s
J
INTRODUCTION
Studies
al.,1968;
concerning
Hu ber,1972),
and Oregon
take-all
Washington
(Christensen
control
take-all
et
in
(Smiley
al.,1981)
recommendations
and/or- c h l o r i d e f e r t i l i z e r s .
( Hu b e r
et
and Cook, 1973)
have
resulted
utilizing
in
nitrogen
According to t h e i r res e a rc h
with nitro g en f e r t i l i z e r s ,
it
( ammoni um
versus
which
severity.
Ammonium b a s e d f e r t i l i z e r s ,
nitrate)
Idaho
i s th e form of n i t r o g e n
affects
the
disease
s u c h a s ammonium
s u l f a t e a n d ammonium p h o s p h a t e ,
l o w e r t h e r h i z d s p h e r e pH
(PHr ) ( S m i l e y a n d C o o k , 1 9 7 3 ) .
This has a t . l e a s t th re e
e f f e c t s on t h e d i s e a s e .
One
effect
may
be
the
direct
inhibition
of
the
f u n g u s a t a pHr o f l e s s t h a n 5. 0 ( S m i l e y a n d C o o k , 1 9 7 3 ) .
Secondly,
a
rhizosphere
increased
effect
low ered
m icroflora
antagonism
may be t h e
( C o o k , 1 9 81b) .
pHr
such
may
influence
t h a t Ggt i s
the
root
subjected
(Smiley,1978a;1978b;1979).
to
A third
i n f l u e n c e o f pH on p l a n t n u t r i e n t s
/
Certain plant n u trie n ts are le s s available
62
in a l k a l i n e than in a c id s o i l s .
In g e n e r a l , phosphorus
i n t h e s o i l i s m o s t a v a i l a b l e a t a pH o f 6 . 5 .
d e f i c i e n c e s of phosphorus,
severity
of
fertilizers
take-all
are
also
are
most
common
z i n c o r c o p p e r do i n c r e a s e t h e
(Reis
et
al.,1982).
not e ffe c te d
leaching as are n i t r a t e
fertilizers.
under
N utrient
high
. Ammonium
by d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n
or
Thes e t wo p r o c e s s e s
m oisture
conditions,
the
r e s u l t o f w h i c h can be a c r o p w i t h a n i t r o g e n d e f i c i e n c y
w hich
makes
it
m ore
(Huber,1981b).
With
chloride
.
chloride
ion
su scep tib le
and
'
containing
not
the
to
tak e-all
.
fertilizers,
associated
cation
a s s o c i a t e d w ith su p p re ssio n of t a k e - a l l .
it
is
which
the
is
Suppression i s
p rop ose d t o oc cu r v i a t h r e e p o s s i b l e mechanisms.
One i s
th e lo w e rin g of th e chem ical p o t e n t i a l of w ater in the
r o o t s which in t u r n reduces th e c o l o n i z a t i o n of t h e r o o t s
by Ggt o r r e d u c e s t h e h o s t s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
al.,1981).
(Christensen et
T h i s c o u l d be a c c o m p l i s h e d by c h a n g i n g t h e
q u a n t i t y or n a t u r e of r o o t e xudates.
T h i s c h a n g e i n r o o t e x u d a t e s may a l s o a c c o u n t f o r
the
second
m echanism
of
suppression
-
a n t a g o n i s m t o w a r d Ggt by t h e r o o t m i c r o f l o r a .
Powelson
(1981)
indicated th at
I
H a l s e y a nd
t h e number o f f l u o r e s c e n t
pseudomonads in c r e a s e d
in
chloride
chloride.
and p o t a s s i u m
increased
soil
treated
with
a mmoni um
The t h i r d
proposed
63
mechanism
of
disease
suppression
in vo lve s i n h i b i t i o n of n i t r a t e
by t h e
chloride
ion
u p t a k e by c o n t r o l l i n g t h e
f or m o f n i t r o g e n a b s o r b e d by t h e p l a n t
( Hu b e r , 1 9 8 1 b ) .
A p u r p o s e o f my r e s e a r c h c o n c e r n i n g t a k e - a l l d i s e a s e
s u p p r e s s i o n w i t h n i t r o g e n and c h l o r i d e f e r t i l i z e r s was t o
determine
if
the r e s u l ts
observed
in Washington,
Oregon
a n d I d a h o c o u l d be d u p l i c a t e d i n M o n t a n a u n d e r n a t u r a l
f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s w i t h s p r i n g wheat.
Only one f i e l d s t u d y
in
w ith
the
USA
has
( H u b e r , 1972)
and
been
it
com pleted
only
compared
spring
spring
wheat
versus
a p p l i c a t i o n o f a mmoni um s u l f a t e f e r t i l i z e r .
fall
The o t h e r
f i e l d work h a s a l l b e e n done w i t h w i n t e r w h e a t ,
although
t h e g r e e n h o u s e w o r k c o n d u c t e d by S m i l e y a n d Cook (1973)
utilized
spring
( S h i p t o n , 1972b;
(MacNi sh, 1980)
wheat
with
comparison
wheat.
Hornby
control
of
fertilizers
results
been done
and B r o w n , 1977)
concerning
nitrogen
of
Work h a s
could
be
Europe
and A u s t r a l i a
take-all
but
in
I felt
conducted
in
spring
a better
using
the
s t u d i e s of th e P a c i f i c Northwest.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An e x p e r i m e n t
was e s t a b l i s h e d
i n 1981
at
a site
u n d e r c e n t e r p i v o t i r r i g a t i o n l o c a t e d t h r e e m i l e s w e s t of
Valier,MT.
(SE1/4S33 a nd SW1/4S34,
c l a y a nd p e n d r o y c l a y . s o i l s
are
area.
is
The
sunburst
soil
I
T19N,
R2E).
Sunburst
common i n t h e
immediate
classified
in
the
fine,
I
64
montmo r i l l o n i t i c
T orriorthents.
(calcareous), frig id
The p e n d r o y
soil
is
fa m ily of U stic
classified
in the
v e r y f i n e m o n t m o r i l l o n i t i c ( c a l c a r e o u s ) , f r i g i d f a m i l y of
U stertic T orriorthents
Area
and
Part
of
(Soil
Pondera
c ro p p in g h i s t o r y was:
wheat;
1978=barley?
Survey of G la c ie r
County
Montana).
1 9 8 0 = sp rin g wheat?
County
The f i e l d
1979=spring
1977=dryland g r a i n / f a l l o w r o t a t i o n .
S o i l s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n b e f o r e p l a n t i n g o f t h e 0.6
ha
experim ental
area
using
a King t u b e .
Soil
depth
i n c r e m e n t s s a m p l e d w e r e 0 - 1 5 cm, 0 - 3 0 cm, 3 0 - 6 0 cm a n d
6 0 - 1 2 0 cm.
S o i l a n a l y s i s w a s c o n d u c t e d by t h e M o n t a n a
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y S o i l T e s t i n g L a b o r a t o r y , Bozeman,
(Kresge,1980).
2.1%.
MT.
The pH was 7.4 a n d t h e o r g a n i c m a t t e r was
T h e r e w e r e 253 k g / h a o f n i t r a t e n i t r o g e n p r e s e n t i n
t h e t o p 122 cm o f s o i l .
I n t h e t o p 15 cm t h e r e w e r e 8 .
ppm p h o s p h o r u s ( Ol s e n met hod) a nd 315 ppm p o t a s s i u m .
An a i r s e e d e r w a s u s e d t o a p p l y 33 k g / h a K2 O a n d 67
k g / h a P2 Og a t a d e p t h o f 1 0 - 1 5 cm.
Wampum s p r i n g w h e a t
was p l a n t e d 23 A p r i l 1981 a t a s e e d i n g r a t e o f 122 k g / h a
with
a
row
spacing
Haybuster n o - t i l l
of
15
cm a t
a depth
of
6 cm.
A
d o u b l e d i s c d r i l l was u s e d f o r s e e d i n g .
The s e e d w a s t r e a t e d w i t h 125 g A g s c o DB G r e e n (50% ma n e b
and
18.75%
phosphorus
lindane)
per
and p o t a s s i u m
I
kg
of
fertilizer
wheat
seed.
applications
t h e s e e d i n g w e r e done by t h e f a r m s i t e c o o p e r a t o r .
The
and
The n i t r o g e n
and
chloride
b r o a d c a s t 26 A p r i l 1981
design
using a s p l i t
(five re p lic a tio n s )
main p l o t s
subplots
fertilizers
were
hand
p lo t experimental
w ith n itro g e n t r e a tm e n ts as
(7. 3 m by 1 2 . 2 m) a n d c h l o r i d e t r e a t m e n t s a s
(3. 1
m by 1 2 . 2
m).
The
t r e a t m e n t s a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 13.
was i n c l u d e d a l s o .
until
A pril.
However,
fertilizer
A no n i t r o g e n c h e c k
A ll n i t r o g e n t r e a t m e n t s were a p p l i e d
a t 111 k g / h a n i t r o g e n .
applied
nitrogen
The a mmoni um c h l o r i d e w a s n o t
May 13 d u e t o
the
its
delayed
unavailability
application
on 26
had minimal,
e f f e c t on t h e e x p e r i m e n t a s t h e w e a t h e r p r e v i o u s t o t h i s
had been c o o l and m o i s t .
chloride
application,
chloride f e r t i l i z e r
three
different
At t h e t i m e o f t h e a mmoni um
the
crop
had
not
emerged.
The
t r e a t m e n t s w ere hand b r o a d c a s t a t
rates
( 5 6 , 139 a n d 222 k g / h a c h l o r i d e )
using potassium chloride
th e p l o t s were s p r i n k l e r
(47% c h l o r i d e ) .
W i t h i n t wo d a y s ,
i r r i g a t e d w i t h 2 cm w a t e r t o
incorporate the f e r t i l i z e r s .
Ta bl e 13.
Nitrogen f e r t i l i z e r s
c o n tro l of t a k e - a l l .
Nitrogen F e r t i l i z e r
Ammonium c h l o r i d e
Ammonium s u l f a t e
Monoammonium p h o s p h a t e
Ammonium n i t r a t e
Urea
Calcium n i t r a t e
used
in
1981
Che mi c a l For mul a
NH4 Cl
( 4 ) 2SO4
NH4Ho PO4
NH4NO3
CO(NH2 ) 2
Ca (NO3 ) 2
for
the
%N
28
21
11
34
45
15
66
A urea
and
a mmoni um
nitrate
liquid
fertilizer
m i x t u r e was a p p l i e d t w i c e t h r o u g h t h e
irrigation
to
stages
the
entire
(Zadoks e t
nitrogen.
experiment
al.,1974)
The
to
total
at
growth
add an a d d i t i o n a l
Jnoi1S t u r e
growing season p r e c i p i t a t i o n
c r o p s e a s o n w a s 54 cm.
(stored
23
system
a n d 43
6 9 .k g / h a o f
soil
m oisture/
plus irrig a tio n )
for
the
H o e l o n w i l d o a t h e r b i c i d e was
u n fo rtu n a te ly ap p lied tw ice to the p lo t.
Once a t t h e
r e c o m m e n d e d r a t e by t h e f a r m s i t e c o o p e r a t o r on 28 May
1 9 8 1 u s i n g a p i c k u p t r u c k s p r a y e r . No h e r b i c i d e d a m a g e
was o b s e r v e d a f t e r
week,
this f ir s t
aplication.
W ithin the
th e p l o t s were a g a i n . s p r a y e d w ith Hoelon a t th e
r ecommended r a t e
by an a e r i a l a p p l i c a t o r .
This occurred
b e c a u s e t h e r e s t of t h e f i e l d was to o wet t o s p r a y v i a a
g r o u n d v e h i c l e d u e t o a r a i n a n d snow s t o r m w h i c h t o o k
place
shortly
after
the
first
application
Although the growth p r e s e n t im m ediately a f t e r
s p r a y i n g was d i s c o l o r e d and p r o s t r a t e ,
not
show
any
ill
effects.
of
Hoelon.
t h e second
t h e new g r o w t h d i d
Bromoxynil
herbicide
was
a p p l i e d f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f b r o a d l e a f w e e d s on 25 J u n e
1981.
The r h i z o s p h e r e pH (pHr ) s o i l s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d
20 J u n e
( g r o wt h s t a g e 41) and 2 S e p t e m b e r t o 9 Sept ember,
(harvest).
Sam ples were c o l l e c t e d from t h e f i r s t f o u r
r e p l i c a t i o n s by p u l l i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 p l a n t s f r om t h e
67
o u t s i d e rows p e r p l o t and s h a k i n g o f f e x c e s s b u lk s o i l .
Rhizosphere
soil,
b ru sh e d from th e
soil
roots
adhereing
into
ground,
bulked
and
using the
r o o t s , ■ was
Thes e s o i l s w e r e l a t e r
analyzed
c o n t e n t and ammonium c o n t e n t .
electrode
the
s o i l bags which were kept
cool u n t i l fro zen w i t h i n 4 hours.
dried,
to
for
pH,
nitrate
. The pH was d e t e r m i n e d by
s a t u r a t e d p a s t e met hod.
N i t r a t e and
a mmoni um c o n t e n t w e r e a n a l y z e d by t h e MSU S o i l T e s t i n g
Laboratory using
J a c k s o n , 1971)
the
and
chromotropic
the
a c i d me t h o d
B erthelot
reaction
(Sims and
(U.S.
Dept.
I n t e r i o r , 1969) r e s p e c t i v e l y .
To d e t e r m i n e
(SCI)
ratings
disease, s e v e rity ,
were d e te rm in e d f o r
sub-crown.internode
all
five
u s i n g t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d i n C h a p t e r 4..
replications
Approximately
20 p l a n t s p e r p l o t were, p u l l e d f r o m t h e o u t s i d e r ows and
rated
8 July
(growth
September ( h a r v e s t ) .
bags
u ntil
stage
50)
and
2 September
to
9
The p l a n t s w e r e s t o r e d d r y i n p a p e r
rated.
An a r e a
of
1.5
m by
6*7 m w a s
h a r v e s t e d 2 S e p t e m b e r a t g r o w t h s t a g e 91 w i t h a Hege p l o t
c o mb i n e .
Yield,
t e s t w e i g h t and 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t we r e
determ ined for each p lo t.
RESULTS
The
resu lts
for
the
chloride
rate
treatm ents,
averaged over t h e n i t r o g e n t r e a t m e n t s , a r e given in Table
14.
There
w ere
no
observable
differences
or
68
statistically
sig n ifican t
differences
betw een
c h l o r i d e r a t e s f o r any o f t h e m e a s u r e d v a r i a b l e s .
w e r e a l s o no s i g n i f i c a n t
d ifferen ces for
b e t w e e n n i t r o g e n a nd c h l o r i d e t r e a t m e n t s
variables
Table 14.
the
There
interactions
for
a ny Of t h e
measured.
E ffect
of d i f f e r e n t
rates
of
chloride
on
Wampum
spring
wheat
grain
yield,
t e s t w e i g h t , 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t (TKW) a n d
sub-crown
internode
(SCI) m e a n . d i s e a s e
r a t i n g (MDR) o f
take-all
m e a s u r e d on t w o
d i f f e r e n t d a t e s , i n 1981.
Rate^
Yield
kg/ha
q/ha
T e s t Wgt .
TKW
kg/ 1
0
56
139
222
29.6
29.6
29.9
28.7
0.70
a3
a
0.70
a
. 0.70
a
0.70
LSD
2.7
0.01
SCI MDR2
July
9 .
a
a
a
a
33.7
33.8
33.6
32.6
a
a
a
a
1.2
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.1
S e pt e mbe r
a
a
a
a
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.4
0.2
a
a
a
a
0.2
1 Rates are fo r c h lo r i d e applied, as potassium c h lo r i d e .
2 Rating sc a le :
l = c le a n ; 2 = s l i g h t ; 3=moderate; 4=severe.
3 T h o s e v a l u e s f o l l o w e d by t h e s a m e l e t t e r a r e n o t
s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t a t p=.05 u t i l i z i n g t h e Dunc an' s
M u l t i p l e Range T e s t a nd t h e LSD v a l u e i n d i c a t e d .
With th e n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r t r e a t m e n t s ,
w e r e o b s e r v e d b o t h v i s u a l l y and s t a t i s t i c a l l y
differences
( T a b l e 15).
P l o t s t r e a t e d w i t h a mmoni um p h o s p h a t e c o u l d be e a s i l y
discerned
as
the
plants
were
through the e n t i r e experiment.
taller
and d a r k e r
green
Ammonium p h o s p h a t e p r o v e d
to p ro v id e th e most c o n s i s t e n t resp o n se s.
I t produced
69
t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d a n d 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t a n d t h e s e c o n d
h ig h e s t t e s t w eight.
nitrate,
The ammoni um s u l f a t e ,
u r e a and c a l c i u m
nitrate
ammoni um
t r e a t m e n t s were a l l
ab o u t equ al in te r m s of a l l of t h e r e s p o n s e s measured.
Table 15.
N Form-*-
E ffe c t of d i f f e r e n t
form s of n itro g e n
fertilizer
and
n o n i t r o g e n o n Wampum
sp rin g wheat g ra in y ie ld ,
t e s t w eight,
1000
kernel
weight
(TKW)
and su b -c ro w n
i n t e r n o d e (SCI) me a n d i s e a s e r a t i n g (MDR)
of
t a k e - a l l measured
on
two
different
d a t e s i n 1981.
Yield
T e s t Wgt ,
■q / h a
(NH4 ) 2 SO4 3 0 . 3
35.1
24.6
NHaNO1
29.2
Ur ea
31.2
CaNO3
31.3
No N
24.4
LSD
.
TKW
kg/ 1
ab3
a
b
ab
ab
ab
b
6.5
0.71
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.71
0.68
As a n t i c i p a t e d ,
July
9
a
a
a
a
a
a
c
34.2
34.6
33.3
33.9
33.7
33.1
31.1
0.02
I N i t r o g e n was a p p l i e d a t
2 Rating s c a le :
1= c l e a n ;
3 Those v a l u e s f o l l o w e d
significantly different
m u l t i p l e r a n g e t e s t a nd
. SCI MDR2
ab
a
ab
ab
ab
b
2.3
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.0
C
1.3
weight.
from
the
SCI
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.5
2.3
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
0. 3
t h e r a t e o f .111 k g / h a .
2== S l i g h t ; 3=:m o d e r a t e ; 4 = s e v e r e .
fc>y t h e s a me l e t t e r a r e n o t
at : p = . 05 u t i l i z i n g t h e Duncan' s
t h e LSD v a l u e i n d i c a t e d .
t h e c h e c k t r e a t m e n t w i t h no n i t r o g e n
Interestingly,
S e p t e m b e r SCI r a t i n g s
(p=.05)
b
ab
a
ab
ab
ab
ab
0.3
f e r t i l i z e r added had t h e l o w e s t y i e l d ,
1000 k e r n e l
S e pt e mbe r
t e s t w e i g h t and
though,
t h e J u l y and
are not s i g n i f i c a n t l y
ratings
of the
other
different
treatm ents.
70
The
SCI
disease
ratings
are
the
most
perplexing
response of the r e s u l t s obtained.
The a v e r a g e h a r v e s t
disease
midway b e tw e e n t h e
rating
w a s 2. 4
placing
it
s l i g h t and m o d e r a te s e v e r i t y c a t e g o r y ,
but,
the y ie ld s
a nd 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t s r e f l e c t a s e v e r e SCI r a t i n g o f 3
o r 4.
In t h i s
same f i e l d
plants
were r a t e d
in 1980,
most
spring
wheat
in t h e s e v e r e c a t e g r o r y and had low
y i e l d and 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t r e s p o n s e s .
T h is was a l s o
o b s e r v e d i n 1981 i n a s p r i n g w h e a t f i e l d a d j a c e n t t o t h e
f i e l d lo c a ti o n of the experim ental p lo ts .
that
the
values
SCI
ratings
in .field
I t wo u l d seem
c o r r e l a t e w i t h 1000 k e r n e l w e i g h t
populations
but
not
in
sm all
plot
populations.
The
rhizosphere
soil
pH,
n itrate
content
and
ammoni um c o n t e n t r e s u l t s f r o m t h e n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r
treatm ents
are
summarized
i n T a b l e 16.
T h e r e a r e no
a p p a r e n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n n i t r o g e n t r e a t m e n t s f o r pHr .
In g e n e ra l,
t h e pHr h a d d e c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y by t h e end of
t h e growing season.
the
only
The ammonium p h o s p h a t e t r e a t m e n t was
treatm ent
which
raised
Although t h e r e were d i f f e r e n c e s
content
for
nitrate
to
sim ilar.
the
different
ammoni um
ratios
the
p Hr
in n i t r a t e
slightly.
a n d ammonium
nitrogen
treatm ents,
for
date
each
were
the
quite
71
T a b l e 16.
E f fe c t of d i f f e r e n t
form s of n itro g e n
f e r t i l i z e r a n d no n i t r o g e n on s p r i n g w h e a t
r h i z o s p h e r e s o i l pH, n i t r a t e c o n t e n t a n d
a mmoni um c o n t e n t on t w o d i f f e r e n t d a t e s i n
1981.
N Form
pH
June
Nitrate
Sept.
June
(ppm)
Ammonium (ppm)
Sept.
J une
Sept.
8.0
10.2
12.4
6.8
9.1
6.9
8.7
3.1
5.8
4.7
3.7
4.5
3.5
2.8
7.6
7.8
7.6
7.6
7.5
7.8 .
7.8
16.5
17.8
29.0
19.5
22.0
16.0
13.3
8.0
10.2
9.8
9.5
8.2
8.2
6.8
Av e r a g e
7.7
19.2
8.7
7.8
CO
(NH4 ) 9SO4 7 . 8
NH4H9 PO4
7.6
NH4 Cl
' 7.8
NH4NO1
7.8
Ur e a
7.8
CaNO3
7.9
No N
7.8
4.0
DISCUSSION
N either
disease
the
ratings
a d d i t i o n of
grain
were
chloride
yield
param eters
nor
s t a t i s t i c a l l y .a ltere d
to the so il.
the
SCI
by t h e
Based on t h e r e s e a r c h
and r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of J a c k s o n e t a l .
(1980), th e most
p l a u s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c h l o r i d e was
b r o a d c a s t ove r t h e s o i l and n o t banded w i t h t h e se ed a t
planting.
I n t h e i r r e p o r t t h e y i n d i c a t e d t h a t 4 y e a r s of
f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t s s h o w e d a r e d u c t i o n i n t a k e - a l l whe n
c h l o r i d e was b a n d e d w i t h t h e s e e d .
In an a t t e m p t t o r e p e a t t h e i r r e s u l t s , a f i e l d t r i a l
was • p l a n t e d
at
Station
Bozeman,
near
the
A.H.
MT.
Post
in
A gricultural
May 1 9 8 2 .
Spring wheat
p l u s o a t k e r n e l i n o c u l u m o f Q g t was p l a n t e d .
\
Research
Potassium
72
chloride
at
the
fo u r. chloride
banded one in c h above t h e se ed .
?
was
■
so h i g h ,
■
however,
rates
that
the
weeks.
the
though,
i n 1981 was
The Ggjt i n o c u l u m l e v e l
-
'
plants
a p r o x i m a t e l y 30 d a y s a f t e r e m e r g e n c e .
c o u l d be o b s e r v e d ,
used
ceased to
g r ow
Visual d ifferen c e s
during the f i r s t
t wo o r t h r e e
P l a n t s in th o s e p l o t s w ith c h l o r i d e banded w ith
seed were a d arker green than p l a n t s
without chloride.
in t h e check
The p l o t s w i t h 222 k g / h a c h l o r i d e ha d
p l a n t s w ith the b e s t appearance.
I t s h o u l d be n o t e d ,
(1981)
were
able
to
however,
obtain
t h a t C h risten sen e t al.
a significant
increase
in
y i e l d a n d k e r n e l w e i g h t by t o p d r e s s i n g p l o t s w i t h 101
kg/ha c h lo r i d e in th e spring.
c o n d u c t e d by J a c k s o n e t a l .
T h e i r e x p e r i m e n t a nd t h o s e
( 1 9 8 0 ) w e r e d o n e on w i n t e r
w h eat in t h e W i l l a m e t t e V a l le y of w e s t e r n Oregon where
t h e s o i l pH a v e r a g e s b e l o w 6.0.
pH. and c r o p t y p e ,
in
Montana.
determine
The
soil
could a l s o acc ount f o r t h e d e v i a t i o n of
my r e s u l t s f r o m t h e i r s *
conducted to
The s e t wo f a c t o r s ,
A d d i t i o n a l e x p e r i m e n t s s h o u l d be
if
chloride
experim ents
w ill
should
reduce t a k e - a l l
be
designed
to
compare banding a lo n e to b r o a d c a s t in g a lo n e a t v a rio u s
r a t e s and t o compare r a t e
c o m b i n a t i o n s of b a n d in g and
broadcasting together.
The p r i m a r y
fertilizer
suggestion
treatm ent
g le a n e d from t h e n i t r o g e n
resu lts
was
that
additional
73
phosphorus,
in
excess
of
the
increased the y ie ld parameters;
recommended
The e x t r a p h o s p h o r u s was
o b t a i n e d by t h e u s e of ammonium p h o s p h a t e .
212 k g / h a e x t r a p h o s p h o r u s
111 k g / h a n i t r o g e n
amount,
Approximately
wa s a d d e d t o t h e s e p l o t s when
was a d d e d a s monoammonium p h o s p h a t e .
The r e s p o n s e s o b s e r v e d h e r e do a g r e e w i t h t h o s e i n t h e
literature.
Phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r
when a d e q u a t e n i t r o g e n i s p r e s e n t
Syme,1966;
Huber,1981b). This
i s most b e n e f i c i a l
(Stumbo e t a l . , 1 9 4 2 ?
situation
enhances root
g ro w th and t h u s i n c r e a s e s t h e w h e a t p l a n t ' s a b i l i t y t o
escape
the
resistan t
disease.
to
The p l a n t
fungal
invasion
does
but
not
become
rather
it
more
is,
in
e s s e n c e , p r o d u c i n g m or e r o o t s a t a f a s t e r r a t e than, t h e
f u n g u s c a n i n f e c t t he m
Phosphorus
severity.
decrease
may
Graham
in
disease
(Huber,1981b).
have
and
another
Menge
severity
effect
( 1982)
on
stated
associated with
take-all
that
the
phosphorus
was n o t due t o an i n c r e a s e i n r o o t g r o w t h b u t r a t h e r t o
improved
root
exudation.
status
and
decreased
This reduced pathogen a c t i v i t y .
dem onstrated
response
phosphorus
to
J a c k s o n , 1973) .
that
wheat
Ggt
hyphae
roots
or
have
their
Phosphorus has a l s o
I t h a s been
a positive
exudates
root
growth
( Pope
and
be en shown t o r e d u c e
d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y o f d r y l a n d common r o o t r o t by i n h i b i t i n g
74
the
rate
of
al.,1975).
legion
development
Perhaps t h i s
is
on
the
SCI
also true for
(Verma
et
take-all.
The r e s u l t s f r o m my n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i t y t r e a t m e n t s do
not
indicate
fertilizer
that
wo u l d
a mmoni um
decrease
S m i l e y a n d Cook
correlation
either
( 1973)
existed
take-all
pHr
nitrate
severity
and S m ile y
between
or
( 1974)
in
based
Montana.
found a high
and t a k e - a l l
disease
s e v e r i t y i n g r e e n h o u s e s t u d i e s and f i e l d s t u d i e s f o r a
v a r i e t y o f s o i l s w i t h pH v a l u e s r a n g i n g f r o m 5. 5 t o 8 . 0 .
The
pHr
was
nitrogen.
significantly
influenced
by t h e
form
of
I n t h e f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t c o n d u c t e d by S m i l e y
a n d Cook
(1973),
a mmoni um
n itr if ic a tio n inhibitor)
w ith th e check,
remain th e
sulfate
with
N - S e r v e 24
d e c r e a s e d t h e pHr when compar ed
whereas calcium n i t r a t e
same.
(a
c a u s e d pHr t o
T h e y g a v e no y i e l d r e s u l t s
for.this
f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t so i t
c a n o n l y be a s s u m e d t h e r e d u c e d
disease
to
increase
severity
the
due
yield
the
over
the
a mmoni um
no
s u l f a t e , would
nitrogen
arid
calcium
n itr a te treatm ents.
T h e i r f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t was c o n d u c t e d
w ith w i n t e r wheat.
The pHr d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n ammonium
s u l f a t e w i t h N - S e r v e 24 and c a l c i u m n i t r a t e t r e a t e d s o i l s
shortly
after
difference
planting
w a s o n l y 0. 5
s u g g e s t s why t h e
was
1.2
but
in
A pril
( S m ile y and Cook,1973).
nitrogen
form
may i n f l u e n c e
the
This
disease
s e v e r i t y in a f i e l d of w i n t e r wheat but not n e c e s s a r i l y
75
of s p r i n g wheat.
in
soils
The ammonium f o r m w i l l r e m a i n p r e v a l e n t
which
are
cool
and t r e a t e d
Thus f o r a 4 t o 5 mont h p e r i o d ,
in
the
calcium
nitrate
N - S e r v e 24.
t h e ammonium w i l l be t h e
d o m i n a n t f o r m i n t h e ammonium s u l f a t e
not
w ith
treated
treated
plots
plots.
This
but
w ill
d e c r e a s e t h e pHr a n d w i l l i n h i b i t G g t i n f e c t i o n i n t h e
a mmo n i u m s u l f a t e p l o t s . H o w e v e r , t h e p r a c t i c a l a s p e c t s
were never
determ ined
9 i v e n and i t
since
no y i e l d
param eters
were
i s n o t known how w e l l t h e i r d i s e a s e s e v e r i t y
r a t i n g s wo u l d c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e y i e l d .
The e x p e r i m e n t c o n d u c t e d by H u b e r e t a l .
( 1968) i s
e q u a l l y a s i n t e r e s t i n g when i t i s e x a m i n e d c l o s e l y .
also
used w in te r
wheat but did not b ro ad c as t
the
They
t wo
f e r t i l i z e r s , ammonium s u l f a t e a nd ammonium n i t r a t e , u n t i l
late
Ma r c h .
T his would e l i m i n a t e th e problem observed
w i t h S m i l e y a n d Cook ( 1 9 7 3 ) . A p o r t i o n o f t h e i r r e s u l t s
are
shown
in
Table
17.
D ifferences
f e r t i l i z e r forms were f i r s t
between
the
two
o b s e r v e d a t t h e r a t e s o f 120
a n d 180 I b s / a c n i t r o g e n .
I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t a t t h e
h ig h e r r a t e s of n i tr o g e n
(i.e.
there
were
no
differences
>240 I b s / a c o f n i t r o g e n )
between
disease
severity
r a t i n g s of t h e two n i t r o g e n t r e a t m e n t s and i t i s s t a t e d
in
the
text
significant.
that
the
yield
This high r a t e
differences
were, not
(>240 I b s / a c n i t r o g e n ) wo u l d
76
be
com parable
to
the
amount
of
n i t r o g e n .which
was
a v a i l a b l e t o p l a n t s i n my p l o t s .
T a b l e 17.
E f f e c t s o f t a k e - a l l on i r r i g a t e d G a i n e s w i n t e r
w h e a t w i t h i n c r e a s i n g r a t e s o f t wo s o u r c e s o f
n i t r o g e n a p p l i e d 23 M a r c h 1 9 6 7 ( H u b e r e t
al.,1968).
N itro g en Rate
lbs.
N/acre
% Whiteheads
(NH4 ) 2SO4
0
60
120
180
240
300
45
30
11 .
8
7
3
NH4NO3
d1
c
ab
ab
ab
a
45
37
37
32
4
8
c
c
c
T e s t Wg t .
(Ibs/bu)
(NH4 ) 2 SO4
NH4 NO-*
59.3 d
59.3 d
58.0 c
56.3b
54.6 a
cl
ab
59.3
59.3
59.0
60.3
60.0
I M e a n s n o t f o l l o w e d by t h e s a m e l e t t e r
s i g n i f i c a n t l y a t t h e 5% l e v e l o f p r o b a b i l i t y .
This
differ
suggests
from t h e
another
previous
reason
d
d
d
e
e
differ
why my r e s u l t s
experim ents mentioned.
may
Due t o
th e e x tre m e ly poor wheat crop the p rev io u s y e a r,
there
w e r e 253 k g / h a o f n i t r a t e n i t r o g e n p r e s e n t a t p l a n t i n g i n
the
first
effects
122
pHr ,
cm o f
soil.
If
the
form
of
nitrogen
a s i n d i c a t e d by S m i l e y and Cook (1973),
pHr w o u l d p r o b a b l y n o t be e f f e c t e d
by t h e
the
m e a g e r 111
k g / h a o f v a r i o u s a mmoni um n i t r o g e n f o r m s a d d e d t o t h e
soil.
T h i s w a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e a v e r a g e 2 : 1 n i t r a t e
ammonium r a t i o
for
all
t r e a t m e n t s on b o t h d a t e s .
to
This
w o u l d a c c o u n t f o r t h e l a c k o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n pHr v a l u e s
77
and
disease
treatm ents.
severity
ratings
betw een
the
nitrogen
At b e s t t h e o n l y c o n c l u s i o n w h i c h c a n be
s a f e l y made b a s e d on my r e s u l t s i s t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f
e x c e s s p h o s p h o r u s when a d e q u a t e n i t r o g e n i s
p r e s e n t does
a l l o w s p r i n g w h e a t t o t o l e r a t e t h e d i s e a s e a nd so p r od u c e
higher
yields.
phosphorus,
These
however,
yields
obtained
w ith
w i l l n o t be e q u a l t o t h o s e o b t a i n e d
b e f o r e t a k e - a l l became a s e v e r e d i s e a s e p r o b l e m .
take-all,
wheat
is
phosphorus.
The
managed s p r i n g
the
utilizing
kg/ha.
properly
d i s e a s e d p l a n t c a n n o t be i m p r o v e d enough t o j u s t i f y
extra
6700
for
the
of
yield
possible
Without
of
cost
to
it
excess
At
grain
present,
yield
a rotatio n
b a r l e y w i l l p r o b a b l y be t h e m o s t e c o n o m i c a l
control for ta k e -a ll. '
78
Chapter 6
Summary
A l t h o u g h t a k e - a l l d i s e a s e o f w h e a t w a s n o t new t o
Montana,
there
had
b e e n no r e s e a r c h
d isease in t h is s ta te .
c o n d u c t e d on t h e
Mos t o f t h e r e s e a r c h c o n c e r n i n g
t a k e - a l l i n t h e P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t h a d been c o n d u c t e d w i t h
w inter
wheat.
severity
disease
These
two
of
the
disease
and
its
effect
factors
plus
the
potential
p r o m p t e d my r e s e a r c h
on
irrigated
spring
on
the
wheat
in
Mont ana.
I t was d e t e r m i n e d v i a an i n f o r m a l s u r v e y t h a t t a k e all
was p r e s e n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e a nd was i d e n t i f i e d
/
i n 11 c o u n t i e s . T h i s i n d i c a t e d t h e r a n g e o f t h e d i s e a s e
w ithin
the
state.
A lth o u g h Ggt
was
isolated
from
i r r i g a t e d a n d d r y l a n d w h e a t a n d b a r l e y , t h e d i s e a s e wa s
d e t e r m i n e d t o be y i e l d l i m i t i n g o n l y t o i r r i g a t e d s p r i n g
a nd w i n t e r w h e a t .
I s o l a t i o n s w e r e a c c o m p l i s h e d by u s i n g t h e s e l e c t i v e
medium (SM-GGT3) w h i c h was d e v e l o p e d . A s e l e c t i v e medium
for
Ggt
was
differentiation
needed
to
im prove
and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n
infected plant tissu e.
the
iso latio n ,
of t h e f u n g u s from
P r e v i o u s l y , PDA w i t h o r w i t h o u t
79
antibiotics
was u s e d f o r
to
Ggt
isolate
growing fungi.
was
isolation
usually
due
p u r p o s e s a nd f a i l u r e
to
bacteria
and
fast
SM-GGT3 i n c r e a s e d t a k e - a l l i s o l a t i o n s 32%
a n d v i r t u a l l y e l i m i n a t e d c o n t a m i n a n t s when c o m p a r e d w i t h
PDA.
F u t u r e work c o n c e r n i n g G s t i s o l a t i o n , e i t h e r from
p l a n t t i s s u e or from s o i l s ,
s h o u l d be b a s e d on SM-GGT3.
Hi gh c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n 1000 k e r n e l
w e i g h t and su b- crow n i n t e r n o d e
for
field
rating
disease
p o p u l a t i o n s of wheat.
developed
experiment.
was
Different
also
rates
The d i s e a s e
used
of
severity
in
chloride
the
ratings,
severity
fertility
fertilizer
did
n o t i n f l u e n c e y i e l d s or t h e d i s e a s e and n e i t h e r d i d t h e
different
forms of
nitrogen.
The o n l y c o n c l u s i o n wh i c h
can be made b a s e d on t h e r e s u l t s i s t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f
e x c e s s p h o s p h o r u s when a d e q u a t e n i t r o g e n i s p r e s e n t does
a l l o w s p r i n g w h e a t t o t o l e r a t e t h e d i s e a s e a n d so p r o d u c e
somewhat h ig h e r y i e l d s .
However,
the phosphorus ra te
n e c e s s a r y t o i n c r e a s e wh e a t y i e l d s i s n o t e c o n o m i c a l .
80
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d e c im a l code f o r t h e g ro w th s t a g e s o f c e r e a l s .
Weed
R es.
1 4 :4 1 5 -4 2 1 .
Z o g g f H.
s o il.
1 9 7 2 . Phenom ena o f a n ta g o n is m
EPPO B u l l.
6 :9 7 -1 0 5 .
in c u l t i v a t e d
89
APPENDIX
T a b le s
90
Table 18.
The e f f e c t s o f the a d d itio n o f a n ti-fu n g a l
compounds on Gaeumannomy c e s g r a mi n i s v a r.
t r i t i c i m ycelial growth.
% Check Growth
Rate (ug/ml)1
Compound
Piomycin
Picmycin
Polyoxin D
Polyoxin D
Validomycin D
Validomycin D
B la s tic in S
Kasugamycin
Cycloheximide
Dicloran
Dicloran
Thiram
T rip h en y ltin Hydroxide
Benomyl
Bencmyl
Rose Bengal
Rose Bengal
Maneb
Maneb
Maneb (as Granox)
Triadimefon
Triadimefon
Triadimefon
Prochloraz
Captan
Captan
Captan
CEA-62451
Ethircm il
Quintozene
Quintozene
Quintozene
Thiophenate-methyl
Thiophenate-methyl
TCMlB
TCMTB
Check Medium
100
10
I
EBA^
MM3
FBA
MM
FBA
MM
FBA
FBA
FBA
FBA
PDA
EBA
FBA
FBA
MM
FBA
MM
FBA
MM
PDA
FBA
MM
PDA
FBA
FBA
MM
PDA
FBA
FBA
FBA
MM
PDA
FBA
FBA
FBA
MM
105
O
10
NT
O
NT
115
105
O
15
NT
O
O
O
NT
O
NT
O
NT
NT
18
NT
NT
O
54
O
NT
O
95
36
NT
NT
O
NT
O
MT
105,
NT4
75
42
80
22
105
95
0
73
68
0
0
0
NT
57
0
91
39
119
86
127
0
0
100
27
53
0
104
91
39
84
0
68
11
0
100
NT
75
NT
85
NT
105
100
NT
98
NT
26
0
0
0
100
48
114
227
NT
114
153
NT
0
109
NT
NT
0
109
109
227
MT
91
221
83
11
91
Table 18.
continued
% Check Growth12345
Rate (ug/ml)1
Compound
Thiabendazole
Thiabendazole
Carboxin
Carboxin
Amphotericin B
Amphotericin B
N ystatin
N ystatin
Ox G a ll Powder
Pim aricin
Pim aricin
Chloramphenicol
Im a z ilil
Methfuroxam
Metalaxyl
Iprodione
CGA-64250
HOE 00703
Hexachlorobenzene
S ilv e r N itra te
1
2
3
4
5
Check Medium
EBA
MM
EBA
PDA
EBA
EDA
EBA
EDA
PBA
EBA
MM
MM
MM
EDA
EDA
EDA
EDA
EDA
EDA
EDA
100
0
NT
0
NT
74
NT
55
NT
94
0
NT
84
0
NT
54
38
0
18
102
2
These were the most frequent ra te s te ste d .
Potato Broth Agar.
Minimal Medium (page 17) w ith Bacto Agar.
Not te s te d a t t h i s ra te .
Potato Dextrose Agar.
10
0
0
0
21
94
69
87
80
100
0
0
91
0
20
86
59
0
81
109
73
I
83
91
50
36
94
NT
92
109
NT
111
86
91
0
81
NT
84
NT
MT
92
NT
92
TatxLe 19.
Ga£jjmanneBlY££S gran iin ls v ar. t r i t i c i m y c e lia l
growth e f f e c t s due to th e a d d itio n o f 100 ug/ml
of various carbon sources to a base medium.
% of Base Medium Growth
EBA1
Asparagine
Cysteine
Cystine
Methionine
Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose
Corn Starch
G elatin
Xylan
Dextrin
C ellobiose
Galactomannon Polysaccharide
Agarose (Indubiose - A37)
Urea
94
119
94
106
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
1
2
3
4
Potato Broth Agar.
Minimal Medium (page 17) w ith Bacto Agar.
Minimal Medium w ith Oxoid P u rified Agar.
Not te s te d w ith t h is basal medium.
fE
E
Carbon Source
PMM3
152
OT4
no
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
94
94
NT
HO
142
140
91
93
98
102
96
NT
93
Table 20.
Gaeumannomyces araminis var. t r i t i c i m ycelial growth
e ffe c ts due to the addition of 1000 ug/ml of various
carbon sources to a base medium.
% of Base Medium Growth
Carbon Source
PBA1
MM2
PMM3
Asparagine
Cysteine
Cystine
Methionine
Sodium Carboxym ethylcellulose
Corn Starch
G elatin
Glucose
Xylan
Galactomannon Polysaccharide
C ellobiose
Dextrin
Agarose (Indubiose - A37)
Sorbose
88
0
119
81
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
133
113
144
84
123
NT
52
81
134
NT
121
121
142
94
119
NT
1
2
3
4
Potato Broth Agar.
Minimal Medium (page 17) with Bacto Agar.
Minimal Medium w ith Oxoid P u rifie d Agar.
Not te s te d w ith t h i s basal medium.
25
NT4
132
142
132
147
93
105
105
91
91
46
94
Table 21.
The e ffe c ts of various basal media on Gaeumannomyces
graminis var. t r i t i c i m ycelial growth.
Basal Medium
% of PDA-'- Check Growth
1/5 Potato Dextrose Agar
Potato Sucrose Agar
Potato Broth Agar
A cidic Potato Broth Agar^
C ry stal V io let Pectin Agar^
Czapek S olution Agar
100
100
100
0 A
IOO4
25
I Potato Dextrose Agar.
2 A cid ified to pH 5.5 w ith 25% l a c t i c acid .
3 C u p p elsf D. f and Kelmanf A. 1974. P hytopathology.
64;468-475.
4 U tiliz a tio n of p e c tin occurred.
Table 22.
The e f f e c t s o f t h e a d d i t i o n o f a n t i - b a c t e r i a l
compounds on Gaeumannomyces gram i n i s v a r. t r i t i c i
m ycelial growth.
% of PBA-'- Check Growth
Rate (ug/ml)
Compound
500
100
Streptom ycin S u lfa te
Rifam picin
O xytetracycline
B a citra cin
Neomycin S u lfa te
100
95
NT
NT
NT
100
100
NT
NT
NT
1 Potato Broth Agar.
2 Compound hot te s te d a t t h i s ra te .
20
10
2
NT12
95
NT
95
NT 100
114
NP
114
NT
NT
NT
89
NT
NT
95
Table 23.
The e f f e c t s o f the a d d itio n o f variou s l e v e l s of
organic compounds on Gaeumannomyces gram in is var.
t r i t i c i m ycelial growth.
% of PD&1 Check Growth
Rate (ug/ml)
Compound
1000
500
100
10
I
Tyrosine
L-DOPA
D-DOPA
L-Methoxytyrosine
p -Cresol
Arbutin
S a lic in
B-Escin
Dopamine
Tyramine
Gramine
Scopoletin
C affeic Acid
Chlorogenic Acid
Catechin
p -Coumaric acid
G a llic Acid
iy ro g a llo l
952
752
552
111
O
100
NT
NT
NT
100
0
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
SI12
IOO2
IOO2
111
0
NT
NT
NT
86 2
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
852
NT
752
0
91
75
85
100
50
100
10
NT
83 2
90
73
NT
IOO0
IOO2
IOO2
83
NT
NT
91
100
75
100
85
100
100
oo
83 2
90
87
70
100
100
IOO2
100
NT
NT
NT3
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
1 Potato Dextrose Agar.
2 Pigment observed in medium.
3 Compound not te s te d a t t h i s ra te .
OT
100
OT
OT
NT
73
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
OT
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIB R A R IE S
stks N378.J936@Theses
RL
Studies on the detection, biology and co
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J936
cop.2
Juhnke, M. E.
Studies on the
detection, biology and
control of
Gaeumannomyces ...
DATE
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