2010 Nobel Prize in Physics
University of Manchester physicists
Konstantin Novoselov, left, and Andre Geim
"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"

Graphene Some Properties
2d hexagonal lattice of Carbon Atoms
Density 0.77 mg/m 2 (Seran wrap is about 500,000 mg/m 2 )
About 0.5 nm thick
Optical transparency 1-2.3% (97.7% transmission)
Colorless
2D breaking strength about 100 x that of Steel
Electrical Conductivity slightly better than copper
modify over a large range by doping (ie can act like a semiconductor)
Electron mobility ~10x higher than that in commercial grade silicone
Thermal conductivity >10 times that of copper
Impervious to helium
At last one example of “semi industrial” production of sheets 70 cm wide

4 kg cat
1 meter square graphene “hammock” mass of hammock= mass of one whisker of the cat

Graphene: First Crystalline 2-D material
A few applications that may be possible include:
Solar panels
Touch Screens
Flexible Electronics
High Frequency Electronics
Computers
Particle Detectors
Super Strong Materials
Use in Aircraft, Satellites
Fundamental Science excitations in graphene behave like two dimensional Dirac Fermions
... here the electrons behave as though they are massless; they also travel long distances without scattering and have been clocked at speeds about 300 times below the speed of light in vacuum—much higher than the typical speed of electrons in semiconductors. http://www.als.lbl.gov/als/science/sci_archive/144dirac
_fermions.html

Some key scientists in development of Periodic Table of the Elements
Dmitri Mendeleev
1834-1907
Henry Moseley
1887-1915
Wolfgang Pauli
1900-1958
First Periodic Table of elements Elements are ordered by atomic number Z
Atomic Number is equal to number of protons in the nucleus.
All electrons in an atom have unique set of quantum numbers.
Proposed 4 th quantum number for SPIN

Suppose electrons did not follow the Pauli Exclusion Principle
(ie they could have the same quantum numbers in an atom)
Discuss in you groups:
What would be some of the consequences of this?

Calculated Atomic Radii (picometers)
E. Clementi, D. L. Raimondi, and W. P. Reinhardt (1967), Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 47, page 1300

http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa013103a.htm n l

Nobel gases
He (1s) 2
Ne (1s) 2 (2s) 2 (2p) 6
Ar (1s) 2 (2s) 2 (2p) 6 (3s) 2 (3p) 6
Etc
Chemically Inert

Periodic Table
(Quantum Mechanic)

0 for the quantum mechanic
1
2
3

1
2
3
6
7
4
5 s (l=0)
3
4
5
Periodic Table
Width of each box is
2(2l+1) combinations of m l
and m s
for given l d (l=2) f (l=3) p (l=1)
2
3
4
5