RECREATION POTENTIALS OF THE ISLANDS AND MARSHES
ADJACENT TO THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
by
LINDA LOUISE BURGESS
A RESEARCH PAPER
submitted to
THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPI(
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
June 1970
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT
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ROUTEOFTHEWATERWAY ............
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INTRODUCTION
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THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
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Formation
Barrier Islands and Marsh
Atlantic Section
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GulfSection
RECREATION ATTRACTIONS
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ADVERSE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE WATERWAY
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CONCLUS ION
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BioticResources
Historical Sites
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Cultural Attractions
National Seashores
Educational Benefits
MAPS
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FOOTNOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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LIST OF MAPS
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Figure
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The Intracoastal Waterway
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Massachusetts-Rhode Island
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Connecticut-Long Island
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New York
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Trenton, New Jersey-Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
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ChesapeakeBay
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New Jersey
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Virginia-North Carolina
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Dismal Swamp-Albemarle Sound, North Carolina 33
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Pamlico Sound, North Carolina
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WilmIngton, North Carolina
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Georgetown, South Carolina
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Charleston, South Carolina
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Sea Islands, Georgia
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Jacksonville-Cape Kennedy, Florida
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Palm Beach, Florida
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Miami Beach, Florida
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Florida Keys
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Fort:iMyers,Sarasota, Florida
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Sarasota-Anclote River, Florida
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Anclote River-Indian Bay, Florida
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Yankeetown-St. Marks, Florida
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LIST OF MAPS (continued)
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Figure
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Apalachee Bay-Apalachicola Bay, Florida
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Panama City-Pensacola, Florida
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Alabama
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Mississippi-New Orleans, Louisiana
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New Orleans, Louisiana
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Mississippi River-Atchafalaya River,
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Louisiana
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Corpus Christi. Bay, Texas .
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Brownsville, Texas
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Morgan City, Louisiana
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Port Arthur, Texas
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Galveston Bay, Texas
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Freeport, Texas
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RECREATION POTENTIALS OF THE ISLANDS AND MARSHES
ADJACENT TO THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
ABSTRACT: Few Americans are aware -of the tremendous
recreation potentials along the banks of the Intracoastal Waterway, mainly because they are unaware of
the existence and extent-of the toll-free Waterway.
This study attempts to categorize and locate some of
the attractions that can be explored along the two
thousand miles of islands and coastal marahes that
line the channel of the Waterway from Massachusetts
to the Mexican border.
INTRODUCTION
I can't help feeling that in this
country the Waterway is taken for granted
by those who knuw of it, yet if it were
somewhere in Europe these same people
would travel thousands of miles to cruise
Of course,: only an infinitesimal
on it.
percentage of people in the United States
even know it exists.1
-Slade Dale,
Captain of the
Coastal Queen
The Intracoastal Waterway and the two thousand
miles of islands and marshes that line its banks from
Massachusetts to the Mexican border provide potential
recreation attractions for pleasure- boaters, nature
lovers, and history buffs that are unknown to the
majority of Americans.
2
The purposes of this study are:
1) to examine
the character and distribution of these attractions,
and 2) to provide a useful categorization.
A major
value of the study is the section maps that show the
route of the Waterway and the location of the various
recreat1on attributes.
Although some areas of rec-
reation potential can be reached by land connections,
the Intracoastal Waterway provides toll-free access
to all, and provides the opportunity to view the total
as a unique, linear, geographic entity.
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
The stimulus for the development of the Intra-
coastal Waterway was the stimulation of commerce among
the coastal states.
meal fashion.
Development has been in a pièce-
The earliest local improvement was the
digging of a canal from Ipswich Bay to Gloucester Bay,
Massachusetts, in 1643.
Numerous other projects were
undertaken, including a survey made by George Washington
for the Dismal Swamp Canal in Virginia in 1755 (see map,
p. 32).
The concept of an intracoastal waterway for
the promotion of commerce among the states was suggested
to the Senate of the United States in 1808 by Albert
Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury.
In 1828, Congress
began appropriating money for Federal construction of
3
projects on both Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and since
that year, all improvements have been carried out by
the Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army.
The Corps of
Engineers' job has been that of providing a protected
coastal waterway route for commercial tows and other
light-draft vessels not suited to navigating long
stretches of open ocean so that safe passage can be
made between all coastal points between Massachusetts
and the Mexican border.2
By improving and interconnecting the many
natural coastal waterways, such a waterway is now
available, except for a few gaps, from Boston,
Massachusetts, to the Florida Keys, and along the
Gulf coast from the Caloosahatchee River below Fort
Myers, Florida, to Brownsville, Texas (see map, p. 25).
The only open water reach of substantial distance along
the Waterway is 177 miles in the Gulf of Mexico from
the Anclote River north of Tarpon Springs, Florida, to
the mouth of the St. Marks River in Apalachee Bay,
Florida (see map, pp. 45, 46).
The authorized minimum dimensions of the Waterway
are twelve feet in depth, and 125 feet in width.
These
dimensions have been obtained in all but a few locations.
The major exceptiofl is from Florida Bay to Key West,
where a Federal project has been authorized, but no work
ri
has begun.3
Congress has also authorized the con-
structiori of a barge canal across northern Florida
between the St. Johns River at Palatka and the
Withiacoochee River at Yankeetown (see map, pp. 39,
46).as a connecting link between the Atlantic and
Gulf Waterways.4
The Waterway carries substantial tonnage by
barge.
The biggest tonnage consists of crude oil,
gasoline, fuel oil, jet fuel, kerosene, and other
petroleum products moving from Texas and Louisiana
to refineries, distributors, and customers.
Other
bulk commodities moving in quantity include iron and
steel, limestone, sand and gravel, timber products,
grains, oyster shells, and fertilizer materials.
Coal
is transported from northern Alabama, industrial chemicals from Texas, Louisiana, and the Midwest, sulphur
from Texas and Louisiana, and grain from the Midwest.
Missiles and space vehicles are also moved to and from
space installations along the Gulf coast.5
The multi-purpose use of the Waterway has become
increasingly evident only in recent years.
The increase
in personal disposable income and leisure time has made
the transient Waterway traveler the substantial beneficiary of the non-reimbursable project.
5
ROUTE OF TBE WATERWAY
Barrier Islands and Marsh Formation
The islands and marshes that line the route of
the Waterway came Into existence as the result of wave
action and siltation.
Along the southern Atlantic and
Gulf coasts of the United States, the offshore barrier
bars are unusually well-developed, and are not far from
being continuous.6
In such a situation, the barrier
beach first develops as a barrier bar when large waves
meet a shelving, sandy floor, and spend their energy
where they break, usually some distance offshore.
The
rush of the surf stirs the wasteon the bottom, carries
It forward a little way, and then drops it.
By this
process, a low ridge Is raised from the bottom, is built
at length above the water, and may be broadened by the
addition of material deposited against its outer slope.7
The quiet water on the land side Is known as a
lagoon.
land.
These receive fresh water and mud from the
Gradually, a lagoon becomes filled to the
level of high tide, and a tidal marsh or salt marsh
replaces the open water of the lagoon.
In time, a
lagoon becomes silted up and becomes land.8
In many
places, the Waterway is the only separation between
the barrier beaches and marshes and the mainland.
In
areas where the bottom of the Waterway is prone to
silt and shift, the Corps of Engineers is continually
measuring the depth and the course of the channel, and
supervising dredging to maintain the channel at established depths.
Atlantic Section
The Atlantic section of the Waterway (see map,
pp. 26-42) has its northernmost terminus at the Annisquam
River and Blynmen Canal in Massachusetts about twentythree miles northeast of Boston.
This Canal exteids
across the base of Cape Ann from Ipswich Bay on the
north to Goihcester Harbor on the south.
From Gloucester
Harbor, the route traverses the open waters of Massachusetts Bay to Boston.
Southeast of Boston Bay, the
route crosses Massachusetts Bay to the Atlantic Ocean,
and then Cape Cod Bay to the Cape Cod Canal.
from the Canal, the Waterway enters the
Southward
ad of Buzzards
Bay, the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and then
intO Block Island Sound off the Rhode Island coast.
From Block Island Sot1id, two routes are available.
The
one generally used passes through Long Island Sound,
the East River, Upper and Lower New York Bays, and
thence into the Atlantic Ocean along the New Jersey
shore.
Long Island, lying off and nearly the length
7
of the Connecticut coast, provides the main protection
for the passageway.
T1ie alternate route is provided
by the Long Island Intracoastal. Waterway, which leaves
the main route in Block Island Sound, passes through
Gardiners Bay, Shelter Island Sound, and Little and
Great Peconic Bays, crosses the protected shallow bays
along the south shore of the Long Island to East Rockaway Inlet, and then crosses open waters to rejoin
the main route in the open ocean off Sandy Hook south
to Manasquan Inlet.
From Manasquan Inlet, New Jersey, south, the route
follows the New Jersey Intracoastal Waterway, and then
through the Cape May Canal into Delaware Bay.
One
route passes through Delaware Bay and River to Reedy
Point, Delaware, about forty miles below Philadelphia,
where the route enters the Chesapeake and Delaware
Canal.
From Trenton, New Jersey, the Waterway extends
south through the Delaware River to the Chesapeake and
Delaware Canal.
The route then traverses the waters
of Chesapeake Bay, crossing over the underwater
Chesapeake Bay-Bridge Tunnel, to Hampton Roads,
Virginia.
The alternate route extends along the
Delaware coast south from Cape Henlopen, southwest
of Cape May, New Jersey, past the Delaware-Maryland
border, past Assateaque Island National Seashore,
until the two waterways join at the southern end of
Chesapeake Bay near Hampton Road, Virginia.
From Hampton Roads, Virginia, the Waterway
continues generally southerly through Hampton Roads,
Elizabeth River, and the Southern Branch of Elizabeth
River, these waters successively serving the ports of
Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, and Portsmouth.
From
the Southern Branch, two routes extend south, these
being the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Route and
the Dismal Swamp Canal Route.
They follow the natural
waterways and land cuts into Albemarle Sound, where
they intersect southeast of Wade Point Lighthouse at
the mouth of the Pasquotank River.
From that intersection,
the first route continues southward via Alligator River
and a land cut into Pungo River, across Pamlico River
and Pamlico Sound at the mouth of Neuse River, and then
onward to Bea&ort, North Carolina.
The second route
continues southerly by a more easterly route through
Croatan Sound and Panilico Sound, and the mouth of
Neuse River, where it rejoins the other route.
From Beaufort, North Carolina, the Waterway
follows the sounds, streams, and marine marshes along
the coast, enters Cape Fear River below Wilmington,
and follows that river downstream to Southport.
Fro
Southport, the route extends to a point south of
Little River, South Carolina.
At Little River, where
the Waterway connects by a land cut with Waccamaw
River at Enterprise, it follows that river downstream
to Winyab Bay.
Leaving Winyah Bay via the Estherville-
Minin Canal, the Waterway passes directly by Charleston,
Beaufort, and Parris Island, South Carolina.
The Waterway crossest the Savannah River below
Savannah, Georgia, and enters the St. Johns River below
Jacksonville, Florida.
states,
Georgia, like the other coastal
as what amounts to two coasts:
an outer one
made up of eight large islands known at the Sea Islands
(see map, p. 38)--Cumberland, Jekyll, St. Simons,
Sapelo, St. Catherines, Ossabaw, Skidaway, and Tybee,
and an inner coast which is the mainland itself.
The
Waterway enters the St. Johns River south of Jacksonville,
Florida, and follows that river upstream to the mouth
of the Okiawaha River.
It then flows southerly, para-
lelling the barrier beaches of the east coast of Florida
until it reaches Miami on Biscayne Bay.
From Miami to
Key West, the project has not yet been completed to its authorized dimensions.
The authorized Cross-Florida Barge
Canal will, wnen completed, carry the route across the
state from Palatka to Yankeetown (see map, pp. 39, 46)
to connect the Gulf and Atlantic sections.
10
Gulf Section
The Gulf section of the Waterway (see map,
pp. 43-58) begins at Fort Myers on the west coast of
Florida.
The Waterway extends from the mouth of the
Caloosahatchee River below Fort Myers to the Ariclote
River north of Tarpon Springs.
From the Anclote River,
there is no Federal project for 177 miles until Apalachee
Bay, where the St. Marks River enters the Gulf of
From the latter, the
Mexico at St. Marks, Florida.
Waterway follows land cuts and protected routes
uiti1 the Alabama border is reached.
In Alabama, the
route extends from Perdido Bay at the Florida border
through Bay Lanche, Wolf Bay, a land cut, and Bon
Secour Bay into Mobile Bay.
A channel through Pass
aux Herons connects Mobile Bay with Mississippi Sound,
In Mississippi, the Waterway passes tnrough Mississippi
Sound and Grand 131e Pass to Lake Borgnë7in Louisiana.
The twenty-eight mile stretch of man-made white sand
beaches and the few offshore islands constitute Mississippi's portion of the Intracoastal Waterway.
From Lake Borgne, where the channel enters Louisiana
from the east, it follows a land cut to the Inner Harbor
Navigation Canal, becoming a part of the newly completed
Mississippi River-Gulf outlet.
At New Orleans, traffic
11
can follow the Mississippi River from the Inner
Harbor Navigation Canal Lock, the Harvey Lock, or a
more southerly route around the city using Algiers
Lock.
An alternate, connection from the Mississippi
River at Port Allen, opposite Baton Rouge, to Morgan
City, Louisiana, is also available.
Between the
Atchafalaya River near Morgan City and the Sabine River,
the channel follows a progression of bayous and land
cuts along a route north of West Cote Blanche Bay,
Verinillion Bay, and Grand and Calcasieu Lakes.
In Texas, the Waterway traverses a portion of the
Sabine-Neches Waterway to West Port Arthur, then
followsland cuts and a portion of East Bay to Galveston Bay.
At Port Bolivar, the Waterway crosses
Galveston Bay to the Galveston-Ibuston Ship Channel,
and from that point, one alternate channel extends
through Galveston Channel to West Bay, and the main
channel extends on a direct westerly route to West Bay.
The main channel of the Waterway extends across and
follows West Bay, Chocolate Bay, and land cuts to the
north shore of Matagorda Bay.
It then follows a course
across Maagorda Bay to Port O'Connor, and through
Espiritu Santo and San Antonio Bays into Aransas Bay.
From Aransas Bay, one route leads southward through
12
the Lydia Ann Channel to Port Aransas, where it joins
the Port Aransas-Corpus Christi Ship Channel, and
another leads directly along the mainland part of the
city of Aransas Pass to the Port Aransas-Corpus Christi
Channel near Port Ingleside.
From this point, the
Waterway leads southward through Corpus Christi Bay
to the Laguna Madre, which it follows to its terminus
in the port of Brownsville.
RECREATION ATTRACTIONS
Biotic Resources
The traveler on the Waterway will pass an endless
variety of vegetation and wildlife along the banks.
In North Carolina on the Outer Banks (see map, pp. 3235), the Atlantic Ocean is visible beyond the low
marshes and sand dunes.
From South Carolina to
Florida, the banks are heavily tree-lined with such
varieties
a palm, pine, yucca, and huge cypress.9
From
North Carolina to northern Florida, there extends a
continuous area of vast tidal marshes, usually covered
with cordgrass (Spartiria alternifolia) growing In
"pluff" mud.
The tides come and go, alternately dis-
closing the hiding sand bars and the marine life that
flourishes In the mud.
Clapper rails, eagles, inergansers,
13
black-and-white oystercatchers, and pelicans can be
observed anywhere along these tidal reaches.
The
Great Dismal Swamp, through which the Great Dismal Swamp
Canal passes in Virginia, is what scientists call a
"relict area," a completely natural and undisturbed
paint community.
The trees and bush crowd in on both
sides of the Canal--Southern pine, cypress, black gum,
Virginia creeper, wild cherry, mimosa and misletoe,
among which the wildcat, weasel, raccoon, otter, muskrat,
and mink may be seen.1°
Jekyll Island, one of the Sea
Islands of Georgia (see map, p. 38), attracts large
numbers of giant sea turtles.0
Along the Gulf coast, the Waterway banks are
lined with ancient, gnarled oaks with branches heavy
with gossamer moss, cypress with knee-like trunks
showing above the water, magnolias, and red-berried
holly and misletoe high in the trees of Texas and
Mississippi.12
Shore birds are a common sight along
both coasts.
Numerous Federal and state waterfowl refuges dot
the banks of the Waterway, as they provide winter homes
for the thousands of waterfowl that migrate along the
Atlantic and Mississippi flyways.
Some of the more
well-known Federal refuges include Bombay Hook in
Delaware (see map, p. 31), Chincoteaque on the Mary-
14
land-Virginia border (see map, p. 31), Back Bay
and Mackay Island in Virginia (see map, p. 32),
Swanquarter in North Carolina (see map, p. 32), Cape
Romain in South Carolina (see map, p. 36), Tybee,
Harris Neck, Blackbeard Island, and Wolf Island in
Georgia (see map, p. 38), refuges too numerous to
mention in Florida, a continuous line of refuges in
Louisiana, and Aransas and Laguna Atascosa in Texas
(see map, pp. 57, 58).
Wildlife in danger of extinction also finds
The
sanctuary in the land bordering the Waterway.
channel passes the only winter refuge of the rare
Whooping Crane at Aransas National Wildlife Refuge
in Texas (see map, p. 57).
The Waterway extends along
the FlGrida Keys, which are the habitat of the only
remaining tiny Key Deer (see map, p. 42).l3
On
Chincoteaque Island, Virginia (see map, p. 31), a
National Wildlife Refuge protects the only existing
herd of wild poMes in America.
The northern continuation
of Chincoteaque Island is Assateaque Island National
Seashore off the Maryland coast, and it provides home
to a rare herd of Sika deer.14
15
Historical Sites
One recreation potential of the Waterway is the
great number of historic sites along the banks that.
can be explored by the history buff.
Boston Bay's
twenty-odd islands are replete with history (see map,
p.
26), and all werertif led at one time or another.
For example, Fort Warren, a Civil War prison on
George's Island, was where "Jokui Brown's Body" was
written.15
The Dismal Swamp Canal in Virginia (see
map, p. 32), was originally surveyed by George
Washington, and today is one of the oldest surviving
artificial waterways in the country.16
The islands
of the Outer Banks of North Carolina (see map, p. 32),
were the site of Roanoke, the first English settlement
in Aiierlca, and Kitty Hawk, where the Wright Brothers
made the first successful airplane flight.17
The Sea Islands of Georgia (see ma'i, p. 38), in
the process of becoming state parks and oceanfront
campgrounds, were once the privately-owned winter
playgrounds of millionaires such as Rockefeller,
Vanderbilt, Harriman, Lorillard, Pulitzer, Morgan,
and Carnegie.
Many of their former residences are
open to the public.
Fort Frederica, a national monu-
16
ment located on St. Simons Island, was built by James
Oglethorpe to defend the coastal colonies against
18
Spain.
Along the Gulf coast channel is Santa Rosa Island
(see map, p. 48), which guards the entrance to Pen-
sacola Bay, Florida, and the site of the first settlement attempt on the North American continent by the
Spaniard Don Tristan in 1559.19
Dauphin Island in
Alabama (see map, p. 49) is the site of Fort Gaines
State Monument, a major stronghold in the War Between
the States.2°
Ship Island off the Mississippi coast
(see map, p. 50) houses Fort Massachusetts where a
British armada attempted the capture of New Orleans
in the War of 18l2.
In Texas, Padre Nicholas
Balli, confessor to a Spanish king, made the first
white settlement on the island (see map, p. 58) over
16Q years ago.22
These few places and events only
scratch the surface of the rich and varied historical sites
to be found along the route of the Waterway.
Cultural Attractions
Many cultural attractions are found along
the banks of the Waterway.
First and foremost are
the highly-developed resorts on the barrier beaches
of Atlantic City (see map, p. 31), Miami (see map, p. 41),
17
Palm Beach (see map, p. 40), and the "Miracle Strip" of
Pensacola (see map, p. 48),
The waters of Block Island
Sound (see map, p. 26) are the site of competition
among sailing yachts for the America's Cup trophy.
Portsmouth Island on the Outer Banks of North
Carolina (see map, p. 34) is a rare discovery for the
traveler, for it is a deserted island.
The village of
Portsmouth was once thriving on the sea trade of the 1700's,
but the currents of the dangerous Diamond shoals, just off
the Outer Banks, are the meeting place for the warm Gulf
and cold Labrador currents, and the Inlet eventually
shoaled up so ships could no longer pass through.
The
island is included in the plans for Cape Lookout
National Seashore.
On Pawley's Island off the coast of
South Carolina (see map, p. 36) is found the unique art
of weaving rope hammocks which was learned over 200 years
ago from Portuguese sailorswho made nearby Georgetown
a port of call.24:
AU along the Gulf coast Waterway beach combers
search the sand and shallow waters for treasure from
wrecked Spanish galleons.
The barrier islands of
western Florida, especially Sanibel, Captiva, and
Marco (see map, p. 43), are some of the finest shelling
beaches in the world.25
As with historical sites, the
cultural attractions of the coastal Waterway are
numerous, and directly accessible to the Waterway
traveler.
National Seashores
The linear character of the islands and marshes
adjacent to the Waterway would appear to present the
opportunity to view these areas as a political unit,
and to suggest the possibility of a Federally-administered island policy for their future developniant.
Howeveç, this has not been the case. Representative
Wayne Aspinall, Chairman of the House Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, states that, "it seems
unlikely that an overall plan would be practical with
respect to all island groups."
With certain exceptions,
the offshore islands are not under Federal jurisdiction,
but rather, they are under the jurisdiction of the
states.
Representative Aspinall continues:
Neither this Committee nor the Congress
has considered any legislation involving all
island groups . . . as a geographic entity.
It should be noted that this Committee has,
from time to time, considered and recommended
legislation involving particular areas along
the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. For example,
the Congress approved the Assateaque Island
National Seashore and the Padre Island National
Seashore. We are also considering legislation
authorizing the Gulf Islands National Seashore.26
19
In the last twenty years, along with the movement
to preserve what wildiands remain in this country, the
National Seashore acquisition program has been progressing.
National Seashores established include
Cape Cod in Massachusetts (see map, p. 26), Fire Island
in New York (see map, p. 27), Cape Hatteras in North
Carolina (see map, pp. 32, 34), Padre Island in Texas (see
map, p. 58), and Assateaque Island off the MarylandVirginia coast (see map, p. 31), which was saved from
development into thousands of seaside cottage lots
only by the disastrous storm of March, 1962.27
Cape
Lookout National Seashore in North Carolina is in the
process of land acquisition (see map, p. 34), legislation
on Gulf Islands (see map, p. 49) is under consideration by
Congress, and Cumberland Island, Georgia (see map, p. 38),
owned by heirs of the Carnegie family, has also been
recommended by the National Park Service as a National
Seashore.
Educational Benefits
Both the general citizen and the scientist can
learn a great deal from any "in length" travel on the
Waterway.
The alert traveler will take notice of the
changes in climatic zones, biotic provinces, and coastline types, as his journey progresses along the channel.
20
The scientist, behe a botanist, or zoologist, or a
specialist in bottom soils, will have endless opportunity for scientific investigation.
At any point along the Waterway, those traveler$
with an Innate awareness have the opportunity to comprehend and appreciate the beauty of wildlife and
vegetation of the remaining coastal wilderness.
Perhaps
this is best expressed in the following poem, written
on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, one July day:
The School
The tranquil sun slopes easy in the east,
Leveling its blue rays over the salt marshes
Along the silver tidal pond, etching a string of
Ducks In black,
Beyond,
The mare's tails stream along the sky, soft bands
f ultramarine.
Hypnotized by the eye of God I
Lean against the stone bridge's balustrade, and
Mean and mean.
Full tide of silver metaphysics brims my skull.
For me the disoriented sun has realized the
World. At last I stand ready to believe what my
Whiskey teachers thought absurd:
Beauty is its own excuse for meaning. Ineffable,
I drown In the salty air, turn belly p and float
On the sliding tide. But suddenly, and while
I stand in pride,
Staring at the diselike pool, the ducks break rank
With an awkward squawk and climb the agitated
Air.
As slow as they are fast, a scaly fin,
Huge as houses are,
Rises from the pond. The final sun glints on
The emerging scales which shed their water like a
Tern. Slowly the monstrous fin sinks down again
And I learn and learn.
-Carl Bbde28
21
ADVERSE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE WATERWAY
Despite the tremendous value of the Waterway as
an artery of commerce, and the value of the recreation
potential along its banks, the Waterway has had some
deleterious effects on the marine ecosystem.
The
Fish and Wildlife Servioe of the Department of Interior
proffers the following general opinion:
Effects of the project on marine habitat
range from very little to locally disastrous.
Dredging of the channel itself destroys a narrow
strip of habitat.
In some cases, the channel
may cause changes in salinity distribution and
current patterns, but whether such changes are
beneficial, damaging, or of no apparent consequence
depends on local circumstances. Disposal of spoil
from the dredging is usuaUy of more consequence
than dredging itself.
Here again, however, the
effects of spoil disposal depend on local circumstances. Some areas, such as Lemon Bay on the
west coast of Florida, have been severly damaged
by the covering of extensive areas of nursery
habitat. Conversely, spoil islands in some areas
of the Indian River on the east ooast of Florida
have proven beneficial in that they provide both
additional littoral zone and nesting habitat for
birds. Dredging and spoiling from the Waterway
in North Carolina sounds caused extensive damage
to oyster beds through turbidity and sedimentation.
The Corps of Engineers claims that close cooperation
is maintained with state fish and game commissions
and the Department of Interior's Fish and Wildlife
Service on the disposal of dredging spoils.
The spoils
are deposited, as closely as can be economically justified, in accordance with the ideas of those authorities
22
to prevent damage to the natural fish and wildlife
resources.
This, generally, is done by staggerin
the
spoil banks on opposite sides of the channel to permit
circulation of water In the channel.3°
The Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries
recognizes that man's encroachment on coastal wetlands
has destroyed or severely damaged the nursery grounds
of many fish.
These nursery areas no longer serve as
suppliers of Important nutrients for the marine ecosystem.
Sport fishermen, commercial fishermen, boating
enthusiasts, developers, and industrialists are all
involved in the over-exploitation of these irreplacable
wetlands.31
A grim reminder of the watchfulness that
must be practiced Ia the current plan to dredge up
50,000,000 cubic yards of sand and gravel fill from
four valuable sites along the Waterway on the Massachusetts coast.
The fill would be used to extend a
runway of Boston's Logan Airport into Boston Harbor
to accommodate the new generation of commercial jet
aircraft.
The dredging plan is stalled for the moment
on the desk of the Massachusetts Department of Natural
Resources which is refusing to give approval to the
Corps of Engineers until It has made its own study of
the possible damage to the marine life balance, and
23
and especially to valuable fish and shellfish croplands.
32
Oil pollution is extremely harmful to the en-
vironment wherever it occurs.
Fortunately, the Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife reports that in its
region that encompasses the Waterway from Louisiana
to Maryland, that there have not been many spills on
the Waterway.33
concern for ecology has already forced Secretary
Hickel of the Department of Interior to promise a
review of the Cross-Florida Barge Canal.pian.
Floridians
complain that flooding of the Okiawaha River basin has
already inundated 13,000 acres of forest, and that the
Canal would flood out the homes of rare alligators,
paflthers, and wild turkeys.34
CONCLUSION
The water route through two thousand miles of islands
and marshes, preserved by the dredging of the Intracoastal
Waterway, has formed a unique, linear entity on the
American coastal landscape.
The Waterway itself can
be used for boating on a placid, protected channel from
Massachusetts to the Mexican border, but along the banks
24
of the Waterway is found the greater recreation
potential.
Innumerable forms of wildlife and vege-
tation, historical sites, areas of cultural interest,
and an outdoor laboratory for the sightseer and the
scientist may be viewed and explored from the direct
access allowed by the Waterway.
The Intracoastal
Waterway should be included in the "Discover America"
promotion, especially since it is so unknown to a
majority of Americans, and because it offers one of
the longest toll-free recreation potentials in
America.
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
25
ORPS OF ENGINEERS
DES MOINES
II
c AAv
)
0
ON
COLB
K0
LINCOLN
N
NO ANAU5
OR
PRINGFIELO
TOP(4
/
5INGT
-
.0
RI
__
\
OKL005MA
COLUBIA
LITTLE ROCK
0
0
Porl
\
O\
I
0 B,rmln000m *
J'- '-,---- "__i_
S0
4
I
:.
çporl*SIOO
0
;
Mob.IO
;TLLAHASSEE
0?LO0LI0.
AUSTIN
Hoo*Ifl
0
Chrot,
GULF
CROSS_FTOIpA1 AGE CAN
off
WeNt
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
NI
AND
0
LEGEND
'0
PRINCIPAL CONNECTING INLAND WATERWAYS
IMPROVED INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
OPEN BAY WATER
0
AUTHORIZED FOR IMPROVEMENT
N
'0
PRINCIPAL IMPROVED CONNECTING WATERWAYS
STATUTE MILES
100
50
0
00
F
0
.:::r.:.
.-:-
200
300
I
000
V
-
V
V-V-
MASSACHUSETTS-RHODE ISLAND
26
U. S. ARMY
N
TONT
-
:.
5'-
A,rhor,ed OrplU
M A S S A C H V S ( r T
BAY ISLANDS
V
8 A Y
,L:-._-.--=y===4f--
CAPE COD NATIONiL
EASHORE
A,thor,ed Depth
// A
V
3A
'
212
1.1 IlUrd
/
_________________
I"WO2flcI
-
A
AflIeboro
CAPE COD
BROCUTON
A
____-
H
,,
V
YMourN
TAUN1ON
M,ddibo
44
A
I
i
PAWTUCKET
44
6
4 2
,-.
0'
/ 7
28
5 Yl
PR0VtDElC(
CAPE COD
3
I
i
I
B A V
-'
LRIVER
I
N A N
TUCKEr
U N 0
MART1IAS
WOtch
1111ND
50UN°
/
1I
IlII
BLOCK I
ISL
UP RACES
'S
POINT
C
II
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
ATLANTIC SECTION
ii.
STATUTE MILES
0
2
0
10
I
20
30
40
I
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
72
CHART NO. I
27
CONNECTICUT-LONG ISLAND
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
LEGEND
The Intracoostal Waterway
(Completed)
_____________________________
The Intracoostol Woterway
(Authoriaed but nat
Completed) ________________
Depth
8
Authorizyd Depth
U2J
Outside Routes ------------------------------ -
250 M.
----------------------------------Ecieting Depth
Authorl ed Depth
26 Deep Water Channels ---------- - - - - -
Mileage
Principal Improved Harbors or
E,iet,n Depth
Principal Improved Connecting
Authord Depth
Waterways Or Channels ...........................
Paints of Historical Interest
-------------------------
Note All mileage based an zero at Trenton, N.J.
HARTFORDJ
eeANcrr5sTER
40
0Et
;
Alt4
5
l
WATERBURY
MlO
ch
No?
,ltord
nYbr
Watch
50uN)
hill
t5L
AN0
lEi1
ThuR POtNT
0
/nfeU
N
N
0.
a,
Q
a)
'0
0
I'-
'0
0
)0
FIR
ISLAND NATIONAL SEASIIE
NEW YORK
U. S. ARMY
F
CHART NO. 2
TRENTON, NEW JERSEY_PHILADELPIIIA,.
29
PENNSYLVANIA
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
LEGEND
The lnlrocpostol Waterway
(Completed) -----------------------------
The Intracoostal Waterway
(Aathor,zed but not
PENN.1 NVa,d
A
0 H 10
necuron
Outside Routes
rt/w.
Osthorta.d Depth
_____________
------------------------------
2 50 Mi.
Mileage -----------------------------------
-
EaOeI.M5t
I
NestinG Depth
8
Completed) ---------------- ___________
C
0,
'L0a4ltJ
Principal 'lanproaed tIarbars or
I
Ea,.trnq Depth
Deep Water Channels ---------- !.
-
Satharleed Depth
- - - Depth
Waterways or Channels ...........................
KY.
Principal Improved connecting
Points of lIist''ricat Interest
TEN0
Note
EsI.tlng Depth
Aathoriu
-------------------------
All mileage based on zero at Trenton, N.J.
"a SC.
GA
SnnT
CaIN
&e..ussth
LEGEND
r.
OChSOfllIO
OH. 7
N
G
Ifltr0000.taI WOttC*Oy
ICompI.I.4) -----
Intras003tol Wat.rag
tlnaompl.t.)__ - - .
-
Outside Rout. -----
'
CatS
o
Yompe
C,
PLO.
"5
CaIN
"
0
INDEX MAP
Mmmi
StaturE MILES
00
CH.I0
0
00
200
CHESAPEAKE BI!
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
30
77
V
HI
'WESTUINST'ER
II
AIR
4
REISTERSTOWN
PENN
OHIO
I&.e.
J,ç'
'
L
P
:iHeI::
A
12B,goe
TEN
BA!ORE
'4 3
J
V_C.
C,
\
V
_.
ij..
N.foIk
NC.
- .
H 2
,\
DEL
.6 VA.
"y
K 3
N
ir'i'
31
,
H H'0
I
J/ '1
J
T
'L
fr
.I
LAS RE L,
':
j4
CR6 Iflt0C40W.I.r.Oy
(AN
WASH)NGTON"
1
7'
F,erckobAO5
fId M
/r
RoIl
3
N
6
/ \
b
.
7'\
., FREOERICKSHURG
200M
\
12'
8
00
0
7
:'\
'
4
I04,
'
I2'
Gr..n
\_. N
6
____.0___.__
.
okn
7
3
th
'
Csf.Id
'3
P
8'
C
'CL0:
.
-c
-,
'
rLç..n.
0
z
N
N
0.
C)
'3
'0
0
N
'0
N
0
5
NEW JERSEY
ARM1
S.
SALEM
1
I
IJ
0
L
i\
\iN(L
\
/
A W A R E
N
AY
"-\
..
..:.
CAPE
MAY
'BOMBAY O
MIGRAORY N
WATER
WL
REFUGE
HENLOPEN
7
3
IS
w
;t
5
\
Seatoed
:\
..
'\ \
,l,R,.'.,
C,
AQUE ISLAND NATIO1 AL
S
LO,eI
SEA
O
JIKA DEER
SALI000RY..
213
/
2
.5Paaar.;k.
--------------
Oat
0
1.ITC'
25OMt
MIleage ---------------------------------- ....e.....e.4w.......
Aotto,,eeIt Depth
Cemtng Depth
Principal Improved Harbors or
,
Deep Water Channels -------- -
I
Principal Improved Connecting
(
Autflo,Ized Depth
E usong Depth
Waterways or Channels .........................
/-,
.
AueflOre.d Depth
(e.snng Depth
(Acthorzed but
Points of Historical Interest ------------------------ A
WILD P
IE
Nate All nmileage based on zero of Trenton N.J
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
.
ATLANTIC SECTION
STATUTE MILES
0
LITTLE PIACH/PONGO INLET
F
5
0
0
L___J1TiTTJ
20
30
40
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
CHART NO. 3
32
VIRGINIA-NORTH CAROLINA
Ii
E
Al
c/rILE MACH/PONO INLET
I
,I
22
°
N
/
N
CAPE CHARLES
L
/
CAPE HENRY
c.)
1
-
BA4 NATNAL WILD: IFE REFUGE
ANO
/5M,4L
5' sc"-
_
'1
/PISMAL
WILDLIFE RE UGE
SLAND NATIONA
MACKAY
WAMP CANAL
/UTER B NKS
\JKIrn
I
.1-
W4 M P
ROANOK
11TH 5/ILLS L
] t5 NATIONAL SEASHO
CAPE
zAen
ompteled) _______________________________
he Intracoostol Woterway
(Authorized bat not
t.6EM
,
Deleting Depth
2'
I
Anthariced Depth
8'
Conrpleted)
SOU
Ontside Routes -------------------------------.-
Dea,I hIll Nati
Ft.
250 Mi.
Mileage -----------------------------------
Principal Im
S
tec Channels -----------
Deep
Princi
ned Harbors or
Improved Connecting
E.,st,nO.pth
Autfla,iZ.dDepin
- - --
- - - -
CiCting Deptn
Anihori
Depth
9
oterways Or Channels ----------------------------'
PIN
Note
y
N)
LI)0C
of Historical Interest
oh
A
mileage based an zero at Trenton, NJ.
LaP.
::
Fo,ct,.tS
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
ATLANTIC SECTION
STATUTE MILES
10
3
0
10
I
20
30
40
-1
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
CHART NO. 4
DISMAL SWAMP-ALBEMARLE SOUND,
NORTH CAROLINA
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
33
C)
C
1
PNP4.
0HI0
YO\
/1
N
I
L
j
' c
TEN N.
C5
SC
ca
CH6
---
N
.4
I
U
NBW
SLIFFOLU
CR(A B I
DISM.2L
INDEX MAP
STATUrE
L8KMARLE AND
y4K
:
COCK 5
O
SL(5
U.y
2
SWAMP
C/,LL
32
\
U
)
ELIZBNETH CITY'
TInder
/
/
iJt____
8EMN
CITY MC
T3ITT8QR2T
C
-A./-\
SOUyVD
-
-
1
SOL
I-
34
PAMLICO SOUND, NORTH CAROLINA
li
S. ARMY
MArT4MUSOdET
-,,
It
N Me.iSi:'t
p A
r2
M
3O7
-
HATTE
I0.
0t,..ttol
ORTSMOUTHIS] AND
SWANQUATER NATIONAL w:,DLI
REFUGE
CAPE HATTERAS NATIONAL SEAH0RE
1/
LEGEND
The Intrococotol Waterway
(Completed) ----------------------------
CA E LOOKOUT
NATIONAL SEA-
The IntraCoostal Waterway
(Anthorized bat not
Completed) ---------------
Editing Depth
8
AathOriz
Depth
12
Ootside Rootes ------------------------------
Mileage ----------------------------------Eaist.n0 Depth
Principal Improved Harbors or
Deep Water Channels -------- Prtnctpvl Improved Cnnnecttng
---
Authnrr:Ddrth
- --Depth-
I .i.tirg 9crt fl
PuthOrt
5
9
Waterways or Channels .............................
Points of Historical Interest ------------------------
£
Not, All mileage based on zero at Trenton N.J
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
ATLANTIC SECTION
STATUTE MILES
0
3
0
'0
20
p.
30
40
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
1.
CHART No. 5
35
WIL}.IINGTON, NORTH..CAROLINA
mont' tr
.. ...
IS.)
°'° JL
WVAjL
I
TOIl
I E N N.
NC.
*TLANT",,
-.
GOLUS,fl
%;C
CM5
GA.
CHG
:
r
LEGEND
IC..
MIII
111
Jk
i
0
PLO
CA
?.
INDEX MAP
M,o,n,
I
IC., WIIIC_
SIATUIC
MILCS
CM 10
6'
Woctomaw
3,
CAPE PEAR
L
.4
pI
£
'
GEORGETOWN, SOUTH CAROLINA
U.S. AI-MY
VWTIO
KINGSIREE
1
A
TOWN
_r
,.J
S IS LAND
..)
\
/
: /
MCCI.IlonvJte
c3
CAPE ROMA
REFUGE
MIGRAE7ORY
/
N
0
Sc,.
HARLESrON
HARBOR
1\
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
ATLANTIC SECTION
STATUTE MILES
10
5
0
tO
20
30
40
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
CHART N
I
-.
C
a:
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
c.nppc nF
Ir.itc-
C,,
LEGEND
The Introcoasfot Waterway
I
(Completed) _____________________________
.J
octo
1L
The Introcoostat Waterway
(Authorized but not
ii
Authorized X.pltr
ExistinG DepIn
8
Completed) ---------------
________
Outside Routes ---------------------------11
,ru,o;;1'wvvry"'
250 Mi
Mitea9e ---------------------------------- Autflor led Dept
Exist ing Depth
i
-
Pr,ncrpat Improved Harbors or
Deep Water Channels --------.
Prsncspat tnrproued Connectsng
C sistina D.ptfl
Os I
.....2.._ -
horiz.d Depth
-
Waterways or Channels ------ _. ...........
Points of Historical Interest ------------------------,
£
TENS.
Note: All sniteage based on zero at Trenton, N.J.
SC
mCer.
GA
1Sarrah
0
Cv 6
'I
Dr.,z,zlt
LEGEND
ICx:,00:.t. It -------
I
JaCksvle'
':i_ .........
CM 7
0,,ts.d. 60,?.
Cr0- So,ins
-------
SoIl
Ourrl.t:.d S:Ie
\?
P/NOPOI
FLu
CR9
S
Statut(
MiO'
o
C0
5._
INDEX MAP
1
0
560
MILlS
00
100
KeWcejpj
L"
Boypt
Purl
Royal
ST. HELENA SOUND
I°
2sutttan
5'JQNT ROYAc
..lIrvfl
Onod
'SOUND
I.
\l
I,
-
\
't.
FPuRskiNorl Mun:
$AVCNtAr.
:'T'\3&S
Soh-
oV
0581.
to
,
Toil
-
Czvt,ll
SEA ISLANDS, GOERGIA
38
U.s. AKMY
80__________
sic
/
Puoti Nori Mon.
'BEE NATIONAL VILDTTFF0.... ?.EFIJG.E
SeOoN
SO
w
SooyI
5 W SOUNO
I)
8AIVSUNO
No.
P
ST. ATH(R £ SOil
'kA
N CK NATNAL WILDLI
0
'7
REF[J( E
cc)
SAP 050
D IAND NATIONAL WI DLIFE
A
:
95
.EFUG
II
OBOY SOUND
D NATIONAL WILDLIFE R
OL
UGE
ALTAMAMA SOUND
PS
roe
MD
(JATIONAL MONUMENT
TSIMON SOUND
SEA ISLANDS
ST ANDREW SOUND
PS
FRLNDSLAND PROPOSED NATiONAL SEASHO1E
Id
II
i
_4'l. MARTS ENTRANCE
Chflofl
4.5.4
FERNANDINA
NASSAU SOUND
I
Neptune B000fl
JACKSONVILLE
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
ATLANTIC SECTION
STATUTE MILES
0
5
0
0
20
30
40
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
I
F
CHART NO. -i
5.
'--.--..--.- .---.-.-.
4,
C
.
JACKSONVILLE-CAPE KENNEDY, FLORIDA
AVG
2
39
81________________________________________
Noptane Beach
SAL
N
fcDRAV
Mow.
34JO, j
L'JAOVLLE
II C
N
JACI(SQNVILLE
BEACH
AIR STATION
AlA
Oronge Pork
2
in
/
GREEN
\
___________ __________________
OVE SPRINGS
______
,o Ft Marion
0011Mw,
00*
Sr AUGUSFINE
ST AUGUSTISE
HARBOR
\M4;S
PAL
SSFLORIDA BARGE
A
C JOH2OS
CAAL
('
LOCH
B
j
,V.9DU'
0MM
00
LJREHA LOCH
0....
A
.;__\
ANOO4M
MEflRITT ISAND,
CAPE KF EDY
2'
4
II
I
DAYTONA BEACH
'BIN
'
c
/
ObOr
Ora'w'L
L.Bryc'cf
r
2
\ILr
PSCEOELEON
40
New
00
LI',,
0
-
(°
0'
LITi'i,,
D'OA
IN9
"_(,Ec
w
I
\
B
:..
NO
LaCe
ApnpkC
L\\
/
f.,,,
R1
121
HE INTRAGOASTAL WATERWAY
ATLANTIC SECTION
STATUTE MILES
S
)
/
B
f
271
_O
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
CHART NO. 8
-
'.-
-i
40
PALM BEACH, FLORIDA
U.S. ARMY
N4
8I
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
ATLANTIC SECTION
0
STtTUTE MILES
5
0
10
20
30
40
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
CHART NO.9
-
MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA
.'
II
0
FT. LAUDERDALE
e4
PORY EVERGLADES
SOWI hEW RzVER c.occa
HARBOR
lonood
N
'V
BEAC H
/
i
lb
tIone51eod
/
LEGEND
The Introcoastal Waterway
(Corepleted) ___________________________
The
C.
r?:1 II0terWQY
(.1.1
acrhoyePlh
Depth
Outside Routes ----------------------------
Mileage --------------------------------Priocipal lrnprooed Harbors or
Deep Water Channels -------Principal Improved Connecting
Author
Exictinc pepih
Depth
Waterways or Channels ...........................
Points of Historical Interest ------------------------
£
Note: All mileage based on zero at Trenton, N.J.
___-
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
ATLANTIC SECTION
I.
STATUTE MILES
0
5
0
0
20
30
40
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
CHART NO.10
42
FLORIDA KEYS
CORPS r
I)
NoVita Sprng
BIG
CYPRESS
H
Sa$AP
0
F
I'
R
II
NOPI..
[
0 BaIl. Miod.
S
B/C MARCO
PASS
'
0
00%?%
I
LI
v
,>J
Vt.
>°'o 1- I
I'\7 I
Pbopi P Coal, Ba)
C-)
GA
CAPE
-
r .....
°'.'" 1'
LEGEND
S.''
nl,050a,tal wal.r000
tCapl.t.d )_.. _____
%
'
lOtracoottol Wat.o,
" \.
C'
tlncompl.tO ---------------
Oat..d. Bas .____._.
PLO
INDEX MAP
a,
0
o.
BYATUTI MILES
COb
fl.,°
0
Tl
z
.
P4
0.
Sf
C,
WA
,
0
N
'0
P4
0
18
c../
'0
L
0
(SOS
I
0
KEYV$
IDEER
810
'4,
(C\DDc- ,-r-
1'?
26°
-- -
2'
I /±
T-----:::--
South Bay
4,'
__
/
c'
1.1k E okEE(:1IoB\E
--a':
---.- ---
:Q'
/ LI
-
)CJ'
- }i)
Co
JJ__'_'
MooreHa;
7
ci
Laepn't
'\ N_-i
ç
_-.-- ------:.-.T
:_--- -_
--
_T
\
'''
I
:
q----:
--
-----,
''i±_=-
--'-'v -A
..:_T
__-'
-----°--
--
----
-)
--
.L.--- --
--4::_---
L-------
-(-
-
---2T'
_:_
:', --j-::.L1
\
CIEWI
,./
43
FLORIDA
FORT MYERS-SARASOTA
,..
LI5'.ttILL1.J
_.
itJ'TaB:hte
-
----\
- ----HI
o
TRORl --
o
-
- - -
0.
---
I
_
- -
-
_-
,.
-. - -. -
--
- - -
_=,,*4
-
/
a
O1B
: ..L ènita Spongs
a
)'\
,
*1
Estero
.°
NAPLES
0°
FORT MYERS
Bajshore
;;2
F-i
Bok
7\
-
''
''
Cap
,fr,HA
.t\
nrrta.0
rir
C-'-
0
ANIBE
APTI1.,
MARCCi SHELLI G ISLAND
o8L0i'LU1
_\
'\,//'(niWOQd
J
rp,
77
$.
/
Port Boca Grande
32
0707000
.:'-_______________________________________
,075n
LEGEND
,
0'
-
0
z
.-
-
Intracoastat Waterway completed
Intracoastal Waterway authorized but not completed
Outsde Routes
Miles from New Orleans, La. (Harney Lock)
Connecting or attennatise channels in bays,
. harbors and streams other than Intracoastal
Coonechng navigable waterways, not Intracoastal Waterway, under construction ..................
A
Points 01 Inistoocal interest
......................
.
N
.
-
0.
ti
a
F
.rrn tenth
IStt7o.rtrd Depth
'0
NOTE
..........
.............
---6
Z
-
l]
AU mrleage based on zero at New Orleans
(Harney Lock)
0
'0
C
N
27°
26°
SARASOTA-ANCLOTE RIVER, FLORIDA
44
CORPS OF FN(FFPS
82°
52
çco8
alk City
LEGEND
The Intraconstol Waterway
(Completed) _________________________
The I ntracoastal Waterway
(Authorized but not
Completed) ______________
Ousting Depth
Authorized Depth
Outside Routes --------------------------MileagO_
_____________________________
Eistlng Death
Principal lrrrpraued Harbors an
250 Mi.
Author:. d DoOm
Deep Water Channels
-------------Existing O,prh
Authorized Depth
Principal lnsprooed Connecting
Waterways or Channels .........................
Paints of Historical Intere ------------------------
S 4 02 5004
Nate: All mileage based an Peru at Trenton, N.J.
o
w
Q
a
/
C4SEYS PASS
(
)
F
o
\4
L -/
(
0
-tb)-_\O
Gardo
y
u0lo,j
\
,g 8
BonoSrnrne
n;-
-
ifl\t
0'
0
z
N
N
LEGEND
-f T'Iet,O,00irOt Wut.rwoy
.,..., I
)
(Corrz'.r.dl _____
I
C.
as
0
C)
OR
A
0
.rn:
'0
ts
0
N
N
0
:
CrPP(S5
SW44
rO
'ft
Dl
82°
45
ANCLOTE RIVERINDIAN BAY, FLORIDA
LJS ARMY
i,
°
PLANTCITY
I
\4MYakka City
DADECITY
0
-
C
00 O___
ye na
,.
e°
I,
A
-
E Tampa
BSQOKSVl-5'
!.
a-
:Ea
-
-TAMPA
0
So
Weekiwychee
Springs
,
HudsOn
a,
°
,
ustsn
700
PARISH
I
0
'
64
3
-
41
,
Piney
Point
..
PoyamPa \
-
\
_'I3yytve
SARA OTA
fl
"
1I_
''
a
,TPET SB1"
0
A
BRADINT
I
' /
e,,/
Port RIchep
ln,,- r
Anna Maria
t
PON SPRINGS
vol. Indian RockS_
0
F
MEX
Co
I
LEGEND
Intracoastat Waterway completed
tntracoastal Waterway authorized but not completed
Outside Routes ......................
0
.harbors and streams other than Intracoastal
Miles from New Orleans, La. (Harvey Lock)
Connecting or alternative channels in bays,
S.0
.
.
.
.
6
.
Charleston
Connecting navigable waterways, not Intra-
coastal Waterway, under construction .................
£
Sauan,.ah
"0
1
I'f-
'.0
:i;
Points of historical interest ..........
EnissIret Ropth .............
Aoskorle..d Pepth ............
NOTE:
't
6
Alt mileage based on zero at New Orleans
(Harvey Lock)
'C
Si. Aogsst.p
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
GULF SECTION
snarare MILES
0
0
5
tO
20
30
6-
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
CH.e Jeey1Wesi
CHART N
2L0
7j
46
YAI'TKEETOWN-ST. LTARKS, FLORIDA
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
300
29°
LcRllyI\°'
Putom Hall
-
P
0
°'
-
-
'''
Waldo
=
C,tra
S4VPI yR L.
STARKE
-
-
WILDW000
ReIlev,ew
'
LOCH1)I
Bushnell
w'%o.
/
oflasGr
0CA
S
Rutlad
;cto,
0
0
/
Lake Butler
:.:
GAINESVIL12c
S
L4.
0
INVERNESS
,
0
Romeo
UNNELLON
ALACHUA
54
4.
°° Spr'ngs
"Ne
-
Crystal R'er
0
HIGH P INGS
I
'
CITY
Newberry
4CL 00
B onso
0
Ir
ooj
E,O' 0
',i.
rem
.
Otter Cree
o
Trentoa
I
\'
2i.
.00.rwo,
I0
"-
S.
Yankeetown
jn.
30
0
-'
-.
,
00005ASSA ISLANDS
.
-.
::dfIand
Bran or
Old Tows
- - _SS_
C
-
Cedar Key
.
-
_Qc3
,
: _
5,
105
sos
DernoryHll
,
.W0RSESII0EJ'
o
0(
4
/
Clara
C
sb
'
,pP4031t'.o
c
,,,
/.4
-
/
D°0
PERRY
F
L
u
StelnNatchee
-
/
"CROSS-FLORIDA I ORGE CANA
a
OKLA.
,003
'\
I
ARK.".
\I
/1
\
oent.un
10
0
z
N
0.
U
.0
/
-
0
.0
'0
"s'
N
0
-
chno/
/
°OILEDS1RC1
+-----.0tJTS IDE ROUTE
GULF
/coastaIWateomyEompted
ME X.
letracoastal Waterway Incomplete
I
CROSS-FLORI
13 RGI°1iAL
290
OF
I-
ME. IC 0
INDEX MAP
STDTOO MILES
-
APALACHEE BAY-APALACHICOLA BAY, FLORIDA
47
U.S. ARMY
.1
PANAMA CITY-PENSACOLA, FLORIDA
.1
48
4(.,INLLJ
De Forliak SprIngs
'8
);r(lII
'
Il8,"
Harold
Mrltofl
S
0
cc
o
\.
L.a
I
rim,
Volpasso
\/
I
98
In
12'
2
83
Iblj.Ij/
FERRY
2..
3It
IA s 1(1)1.4 I) I)
(n,nO.
CI
85 duocr4trII
/
CI'? Ill?
0
Portland
NceoilIe
,)
'8
Santa Rosa
-°rt
ENSACOI.A
9 D"
l4Sr
I
/
WstBay
31 '1j::<''
.rCHEE8A'9'
HOCTAWY SECTION
9
j
CHQ7
st. A jews
PANAMA('TY
PEM48MlL.ES
or a008rw
'0
94? C$4NN(L
St
I
ARK
2
9
'8
'3
a.
6K.?
N.
GULF
2.
r.
I
/
OF
llII.
MEXICO
H,.rn,
LEGEND
/9rI,.o,rI Wtraaj Coorpleted
tnCOn5plete
San Bias
T
,
''J
'
/
SACOLA "MIRACLE STRIP"
P
..
34
INDEX MAP
OH. B
Kny West
'8
S
in
ALABAJiA
(
I
Mne2e(
A,.
I )_/
\/
(. V
t
MOBI
%
'V
oleY
7J,.,4
30
_'--.
1L1)
POm4JJ
bo\aFCOlR\ecourj
'
I
1121
2
II
'
''Ffl0 loIs
AP20
GA N
BETW E
T.
I
S
°'OVERl-ltOfl
7
CROSSImO
\s
Gulf Beach
(551mG
..,,
\
NATIONAL
O
VAR
,
46 MILE
ION AL SEAS HO
GU
plGOL
..
I3I
115L050
'
''
MEXIc0
\L(\
RK
ATLANTAS
:N D
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
ot completed
ays
tracoastal
tea'
000
GULF SECTION
6
.
On .................
A
tO
5
0
STATurE MILES
IC
-=-- _____T
20
30
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
r
Orleans
CHART NO.5
/19
MISSISSIPPI-NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
\
FroLn
(
V
'
ScnIonO
U
(
Crby
N\ (\
J f\ \
fr
I
Bogalusa
M
io
S
S
CAYUNE
GULF
L.tF /
orra 5pIL. SOu'ESarEAD CROSSrNG
a
'
)NS u"tCm (
/'
'&"
--...NEVORLEAIS
_iitr1'1
J
,
\
I
1I
RQSS NOS
)Ivt. Grvsuav/
lI.f A!)I
a7 j
\Nsw.Larose
t"
Bnhrojay
I
'
1.- cf
1
'\
c$'/ ''
CTIO
jpr
\
j
4
4
I
a 25,,
.arn
rr
1<.
ven,ce
Leev,lle
/
5RErON
SOUND
7?2
MISSISSIPPI RIVER-ATCHAFALAYA R yEW SE
95.SMILES
j
/GRO'SD GOSR
aA'
*ATE+4'Eslr'(
IC
LI F
Tilts-I/ICR
MIX/c
LEG
) °'
enm'
o
1?
C'
(' 7, r j
L
1'
LAST WIT
0 i
Burrwond
Path
lntracoastal Waterway completed
Intracoastat Watecway authorized but
Outside Routes ........
Miles from New Orleans, La. (Harvey
Connecting or alternative channels in
harbors and streams other than I
Connecting navigable waterways, not I
coastal Waterway, under construc
FORT MASSACH SETTS, WAR OF 1812
Depth
NOTE:
All milvage based on zero at
(Harvey Lock)
890
+
NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA
MMV
II
89
N
N
I
CHAVD
)r.
1E
BRETON
.4ISLAND
SOUND
14O%2QO'
NEW ORLEANS AND VICINITY
SCALE IN
IRETON
MILES
LT
4
CEP"'Of
-
-
Z
pe;;:
I
I
Ye Ice
,4
\\
4
Port Eads
04.TP.4)
CT
Boerwood
V
THE
END
INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
tcprteJ
GULF SECTION
ntracoastal
Intra.
.
STATUTE MILES
ion.
TO
:
w ria
6
00
30
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
CHART NO.4
51
1..
MISSISSTPTRRATC1FALAYA
RIVER, LOUISIANA
52
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
910
900
E4/5Oft82..
s_UT
/
NEW ORLEANS
V.VI;.,____
OVERHEAD
\_,,,,,
wNapOle0n0ille'
;VV.,V
ox y
:"
,4,oao,4
Wea,
!-..
TE
I
InTt?
.2
8V(YLa)57(2AZ5
':s
UE0S
W4'ER0s1.1'J
r
8c?ankun
VVVVVVV.VV
0CT
,
"
u
Vo
15y
I,
,
4
SOVCNHS
ROSS/N
ER/SC
[SALVADOR
Racelarrd
MORGAN cirç
.11/
\4q9
AO5NG
lOA7POI
8
I
,
2 OVEN/SEAD 0800$/S/OS
OVERHrV0O
Thibodauo
_VVVVI
75
/
%
0
3
CROSSINO
..Ur',oçerH irs'
00
a
1
OVERHEAOVV-_V/
Lockport CR055INOSJ
HoUrna
'h
w
\
A
.0
1%.
4
V
VTGV/5'V
<
\
L0C4 75,/C
V
Larose
S0
PERth
V
Sat
12
,c
(1
V
fN
.1
2
j
DthR1IR!4
/
Leeville
fed A
IQU
,,4
/
°
I S L I
(
TAXRFROS SE
0
-.
UIU0
I'
!_GULF
C0
BAY
oF
RIVER SECTION
ARK,
\LZ.
AITAS.J
GA
UI
0
z
LEG!
N
Intracoastat Waterway completed
IntrocOastal Waterway authorized but
0,
Outside Routes ........
C,
C,
'0
/.?1PUECrTSO 'Y
/I-'
0
'0
UI
N
UI
GULF
OF
MEXICO
V
LEGEND
S(V$0I
HEX.
V
CosIng depth
lntracoastal Waterway Completed
Inlracoastal Waterway Incomplete
OeTs,dePout.
Miles from New Orleans, La. (Harvey
Connecting or alternative channels in
harbors and streams other than
Connecting navigable waterways, not
Coastal Waterway, under coostra
Points of historical interest
VVVVVVVVV
INDEX MAP
_ we CH
STATUTE MILES
Authorized depth
NOTE:
V
V
V
All mileage based on zero at
(Harvey Loch)
53
MORGAN CITY, LOUISIANA
U.S. ARMY
(\ Lr
IoRor
oro:tuir
R&:
N
or r o
oss so
*
BU}
C NY
: 5OVEHCA
N A A S ::'._.7
I S L A II S
./
_..../
COTE 814 XCIII.
841
1luIuI'
Li
oke
'
/
JIIL(m
/'N
I:;;
o
C
0
___________________________________ --
THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
GULF SECTION
-1.
STATUTE MILES
6
A
10
5
- -
0
10
0
00
F
30
I
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
CHART NO. 3
91°
PORT ARTFIUR, TEXAS
L.''flI %J 'fl
L..I'..)j3MLL.F\_)
ffBessma.
'4Y
'
Booker H!l
0
lço]
)<eQucY)
54
'
//
)
40
.2\
0
C St
i4 ,/
'
:
L<E CHARLES
Sulphur
4
kheISk
:
Mau ice: lle
(
y
Cy
flKS
3
Terry
S.
'
0'
pRAh.E.
I
L
c
3-0
P°' :.
Q
0
° Lake Arthur )o'j\
cos
Riceville
I
:0;f
_PurNjh.hL\_
/...
oe,
Gueydan
Nland
rurus ouc
2
,000'000
Kaplan
0O
eaassuo
;i4;
-
5AINEPA5S
-
N
NTAURIVE
G
L
r
op
\L7\
AR
\
AlE
OATNTA\S
NIPS. '
-'.i
z
U
.
;ACeSONI
$
M001GOMC$
r
:
N
END
)n&acoasl Wateocay compI
p3.
V
U
O(
'0
0
'0
'0
N
0
/'oacuastaI
[floutsae
Waterway
Compted
ytravuastal Waterway In.omplete
Route
_____
..........
INDEX MAP
e;h: :
soTuof aue
a
-.--.-.-.--------_--,
CH. e dKey Weut
930
NOTE:
:
: :
S
A)) mileage based en zero at New Orleans
(Harvey Lock)
GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS
55
U.S. ARMY
950
.1
Y
Spniog_" ,X,.
31°
LIoIngStan
1
)
//050V
drIch
abAse
v.
Hampt
/
2
Vota
Eastot:
\agg
F
Cayton
Honey
reek
{7 D
lsIa1J
Vdlae MIlls
%
HardIn
°'
yiHll ster
warren
V.,,
r/\
arn''m
I
aT
Coce
Name
Anahoac
S
IC
e
Fletcher
T°°
f
Buns
OU
ChIna
Bessmay
Evadale
V th
ad
BEA
OVERHEAD CROSSIT.G
2
:
cit
'ç,
°°
0,
VA6
°°
h
Ma rca
'°&
2
Ter
Nederland
Lemon yr II:
II
DeweYvIil/
Hartburg
Grafls
'ortNeches-
-
/
05
I
ARTHUR
C
v,arce
/
CC D
/
I
CC
0
:::
04
the Intracoastal
'
L
A.
SHE
CACCASSEU
2
)
=-=-
ompteted
I1,I
t
27
<t-
J
C'
(
I
.
YG<cs
.
CALCASIELJ PASS
6'
astat
Cameron
A
's'
25
6°
02
o:ns
NTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
VC
/
C"
GULF SECTION
STATUTE MILES
S
0
10
20
30
*0-
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
CHART
V
*
7
56
FREEPORT, TEXAS
a
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
29°
4
96°
Ganado
''\/Gtlora
Louise
Bernard
'hard
Elcampo
Taoener
'Vanderbilt
'
3n
°.
Hungertcird
Whart,cn
30°
K
Fuishear
Pierce
K delton
I
La Ward
laid"
Francitas
ç1
Cane Junction
Midfield
0j.nia
Clodine
Beasley
Blessing
Abet
e
ago
/
.a''
60
\
Buckeye
Booth
Newgulf
Lnng Point
Missouri City
)c7
'a
Pledger
TV
Thompsons
amon
0
.1
7
Ashmood
.
Almeda
HO
s
,h 6
I
j V,
L V1
T06
GALVESTON
p
£
O\p
NOTE:
Ietracoastat Waterway Completed
Intracoastal Waterway authorized but not
Outside Routes
Mites from New Orleans. La. (If arney Loc
Connecting or atternatlue Channels in ba
harbors and streams other than tntra
Cnonecbng
\
.........
.
OK
A
A B K.
F'ok0
\ J
Brrnin
S.0
J ( \
a1
I'
fi
CflaiimIon1
*
ALA.
I
?$.C?
/
_.,__..__...
/
35O .IS
IS
G
1/
a
Needville
(
.
Bay City
un
S,ugartand
/
Baling
Magnet
Markham
w Fairbank
13
.
0
z
zero at Ne
N
0.
a)
(I
'0
0
'0
'0
N
rcfnit;I:T
0r
280
/
940
.
.
THE
.7
,EcSTrnTTCI ftiDTOPT tftV
57
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LEGEND
.......
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lotracoastal Waterway completed
intracoastal Waterway authorized but not completed
N
Outside Routes
0.
MItes from New Orleans, Lu. (Harvey Lock)
Connecting or alternative channels in bays,
000
harbors and Streams Other than tntracoastal
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a
59
FOOTNOTES
1.
Slade Dale, President of Dale Boat Lines., Inc.,
of Bay Head, New Jersey, and captain of the Coastal
Queen, one of the few commercial passenger vesselS
operating on the Waterway, as quoted by Anthony
Bailey, "Inside with the Coastal Queen," New
Yorker, Ot. 31, 1964, p. 142.
2.
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, The Intracoastal
Waterway Gulf Section (Washington, D.C.:: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1961), pp. 1-2; U.S,.
Army, Corps of Engineers, The Intracoastal Waterway Atlantic Section (Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government Prinin Office, 1961), pp. 1-2.
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Condition of
Channels, Jacksonville, Florida, Oct., 1969,
3.
C
3. I-i.
4.
Lbid., p. IV-1.
5.
U.S. Army, Corps of
6.
Glenn Trewartha, Arthur Robinson, and Edwin
Hammond, Fundamentals of Physical Geography
(New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1961), p. 127.
7.
R. Kay Gresswell, Physical Geography (New York:
Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 351-352.
8.
Arthur Strahler, Physical Geography (New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 1960), p. 423.
9.
Engineers, Gulf Intracoastal
Waterway, pamphlet, Dec., 1964.
Esther
Newinark,
"Eventide of
the East Coast,"
Yachting, Oct., 1969, p. 70.
10.
Richard Bissell, "Down the Big Ditch," Holiday,
Oct., 1968, pp. 52-55.
11.
Robert Martin Hodesh, "The Golden Isles of Georgia,"
Ford Times, Vol. 57, No. 3 (March, 1964), pp. 2-7.
12.
Henry and Vera Bradshaw, "The Gulf Coast,"
Better Homes & Gardens, Nov., 1959, p. 176.
FOOTNOTES (continued)
13.
Lawrence Dame, "The Many Sides of Florida,"
Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 11 (Nov., 1968), p. 8.
14.
Lew Dietz, "Assateaque," Ford Times, Vol. 61,
No. 7 (July, 1968), pp. 59-63.
15.
Edward F. Quarrington, "Boston's Seaward Look,"
Ford Times, Vol. 58, No. 10 (Oct., 1965), pp. 4-6.
16.
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway Dismal Swamp Canal Route,
January 9, 1969, pp. 1-2.
17.
Leslie Rich, "Escape to the Outer Banks "
Ford TImes, Vol. 60, No. 3 (March, 19675, pp.
12-14.
18.
Robert Martin Ibdesh, "The Golden Isles of
Georgia," Ford Times, Vol. 6, No. 3 (March,
1964), pp. 2-?.
19.
Roy J. Forrest, tyJoridats Miracle Strip,"
Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 5 (May, 1968), p. 38.
20.
1969 Official Alabama State Map.
21.
Bern Keating, "Playground on the Gulf Coast,"
Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 3 (March, 1968), p. 4.
22.
Frank X. Tolbert, "The Wild Charm of Padre Island,"
Ford Times, Vol. 5?, No. 11 (Nov., 1964), pp. 31-32.
23.
Mary Sheppard,"Outpost of Serenity," Ford Times,
Vol. 63, No. 3 (March, 1970), pp. 40-45.
24.
Don Brown, "Pawley's Island," Ford Times, Vol.
56, No. 9 (Sept., 1963), pp. 60-63.
25.
Wyatt Blassingame, "My Favorite Florida Beaches,"
Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 11 (Nov., 1968), pp. 17-21.
26.
Letter from Wayne Aspinall, Chairman, Committee
on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of
Representatives, Washington, D.C., March 23, 1970.
27.
Lew Dietz, "Assateaque," Ford Times, Vol. 61,
No. 7 (July, 1968), pp. 59-63.
61
FOOTNOTES (continued)
28.
Carl Bode, "The School," New Republic, March 21,
1970, p. 33.
29.
Letter from W.L. Towns, Acting Regional Director,
Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, At1anta,
Georgia, April 2, 1970.
30.
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Economics of
Improving the Gull' Intracoastal Waterway in Texas,
pamphlet, Galveston, Texas, p. 7.
31.
Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries,
Massachusetts Marine Fishing Guide for 1969.
32.
"The Mayflower and dredging barges," Christian
Science Monitor,
28, 1969, p. Bl6.
33.
Letter from W.L. Towns, Acting Regional Director,
Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Atlanta,
Georgia, April 2, 1970.
34.
"Cloudy Sunshine State," Time, April 13, 1970,
pp. 48-49.
62
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Gresswell, R. Kay. Physical Geography.
Frederick A. Praeger, 1967.
Strahler, Arthur. Physical Geography.
John Wiley & Sons, 1960.
New York:
New York:
Trewartha, Glenn; Robinson, Arthur; and Hammond,
Edwin. Fundmenta1s of Physical Geography.
New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1961.
Government Publications
U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway Dismal Swamp Canal Route.
January 9, 1970.
U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Condition of
Channels. Jacksonville, Florida, Oct., 1969.
U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers.
ImDrovin the Gulf Intracc
veston, Texas.
U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers.
Waterway. Dec., 1964.
Gulf Intracoasta].
U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. The Intracoastal
Waterway Atlantic Section. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961.
U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. The Intracoastal
Waterway Gulf Section. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961.
63
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
Letters
Letter from W.L. Towns, Acting Regional Director,
Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Atlanta, Georgia, April 2, 1970.
Letter from Wayne Aspinall, Chairman, Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, House of
Representatives, Washington, D.C., Warch 23,
1970.
Maps
1969 Official Alabama State Map.
Newspapers
"The Mayflower and dredging barges." Christian
Science Monitor, Noy., 28, 1969, p. Bl6.
Pamphlet*
MOMDtUsetts Marine Fishing Guide for 1969.
Periodicals
Bailey, Anthony.
"Inside with the Coastal Queen."
New Yorker, 0ct., 31, 1964, pp. 141-193.
Bissell, Richard. "Down, the Big Ditch."
Oct., 1968, pp.52-55.
Holiday,
Blassingame, Wyatt. "My Favorite Florida Beaches."
Ford Times, Vol. 61. No. 11 (Nov., 1968),
pp. 17-21.
BIBLIOGRAPflY (continued)
Bode, Carl. "The School."
New Republic, March 21,
1970, p. 33.
Bradshaw, Inry and Vera. "The Gulf Coast."
Homes & Gardens, Nov., 1959, pp. 60-61.
Better
"Pawley's Island." Ford Times, Vol. 56,
Brown, Don.
No. 9 (Sept., 1963), pp. 60-63.
"Cloudy Sunshine State."
pp. 48-49.
Tiuie, April 13, 1970,
"The Many Sides of Florida."
Dame, Lawrence.
POrd Times, Vol. 61, No. 11 (Nov., 1968), pp. 3-13.
"Assateaque." Ford Times, Vol. 61,
Dietz, Lew.
No. 7 (July, 1968), pp. 59-63.
"Florida's Miracle Strip."
Forrest, Roy 3.
Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 5((May, 1968),
pp. 37-41.
Hodesh, Robert Martin. "The Golden Isles of Georgia."
Ford Times, Vol. 57, No. 3 (March, 1964),
pp. 2-7.
"Playground on the Gulf Coast."
Keating, Bern.
Ford Times, Vol. 61, No. 3(March, 1968),
pp. 2-7.
"eventide on the East Coast."
Yachting, Oct., 1969, pp. 68-70.
Newinark, Esther.
Quarrington, Edward F. "Boston's Seaward Look."
Ford Times, Vol. 58, No. 10 (Oct., 1965),
pp. 2-6.
Escape to the Outer Banks."
Rich, Leslie.
Ford Times, Vol. 60, No. 3 (March, 1967),
pp. 12-16.
"Outpost of Serenity." Ford Times,
Sheppard, Mary.
Vol. 63, No. 3 (March, 1970), pp. 40-45.
Tolbert, Frank X. "The Wild Charm of Padre Island."
Ford Times, Vol. 57, No. 11 (Nov., 1964), pp. 30-34.