Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
What is Grid Computing?
Richard Hopkins
rph@nesc.ac.uk
NGS Induction – Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
2nd / 3rd November 2005
www.eu-egee.org
INFSO-RI-508833
Acknowledgements
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• This talk was prepared by Richard Hopkins of NeSC and includes
slides from previous tutorials and talks delivered by:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Dave Berry, Mike Mineter, Guy Warner (National e-Science Centre)
the EDG training team
Ian Foster, Argonne National Laboratories
Jeffrey Grethe, SDSC
EGEE colleagues
Mark Baker, The Distributed Systems Group, University of Portsmouth,
http://dsg.port.ac.uk/mab
• Talks at 3rd EGEE conference by
– Kyriakos Baxevanidis,Deputy Head,Unit of Research
Infrastructures,European Commission, DG INFSO
– Dr Spyros Konidaris, European Commission – DG INFSO
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Goals and Content
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Goal - To introduce the concepts of Grid computing
assuming no previous knowledge
• What is “a grid” ?
• Drivers of grid computing
• Current status of grids
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The Grid Metaphor
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Mobile Access
G
R
I
D
Workstation
M
I
D
D
L
E
W
A
R
E
Supercomputer, PC-Cluster
Data-storage, Sensors, Experiments
Visualising
Internet, networks
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The grid vision
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• The grid vision is of “Virtual
computing” (+ information
services to locate computation,
storage resources)
– Compare: The web: “virtual
documents” (+ search engine
to locate them)
• MOTIVATION: collaboration
through sharing resources
(and expertise) to expand
horizons of
– Research
– Commerce – engineering, …
“the knowledge economy”
– Public service – health,
environment,…
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“A grid”
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• The initial vision: “The Grid”
• The present reality: Many
“grids”
• Each grid is an infrastructure
enabling one or more “virtual
organisations” (VOs) to share
computing resources
• What’s a VO?
– People in different
organisations seeking to
cooperate and share
resources across their
organisational boundaries
• Why establish a Grid?
–
–
–
–
VO
Institute A
Institute B
Institute C
Institute D
Share data
Share computers
Share instruments
Collaborate
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Single Computer
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• The Operating System
enables easy use of
–
–
–
–
–
Input/Output devices
Processor
Disks
Display
Instruments
Application
Software
Operating
System
Disks, Processor,
Memory, …
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Local Area Network
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
User just perceives “shared
resources”, with no regard to
location in the organisation
LAN resources act like a single
virtual computer
Middleware (LAN O/S) presents
that image
Application Software
Middleware for sharing
computers, servers, printers, …
Operating System on each
computer
Resources connected by a LAN
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A grid
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Users join VO’s
• Virtual organisation
negotiates with
sites to agree
access to resources
• Distributed services
(both people and
middleware) enable
the grid
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INTERNET
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Grid
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Grid middleware creates
the image of the Grid being
a single virtual computer
(Ideally)
Issues
• Heterogeneity – hardware,
software, culture
• Scalability
• Reliability – tolerate
permanent partial failure
• Viable computing model batch processing
• Access control
– Authentication
– Authorisation
– Single sign on
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Application Software
Interface between app. and grid
Grid Middleware: “collective services”
Grid Middleware on each
resource
Operating System on each
resource
Resources connected by internet
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What characterises a grid?
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Co-ordinated resource sharing
– No centralised point of control
– Different administrative domains.
• Standard, open, general-purpose protocols and
interfaces
– NOT specific to an application
– EGEE, NGS support multiple VO’s
• Delivering non-trivial qualities of service
– Co-ordinated to deliver combined services,
greater than sum of the individual components
• http://www.gridtoday.com/02/0722/100136.html
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The components of a Grid
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Resources
– networking, computers, storage, data, instruments, …
• Grid Middleware
– the “operating system of the grid”
• Operations infrastructure
– Run enabling services (people + software)
• Virtual Organization management
– Procedures for gaining access to resources
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DRIVERS OF GRID COMPUTING
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Goal - To introduce the concepts of Grid computing assuming
no previous knowledge
• What is “a grid” ?
• Drivers of grid computing
• Current status of grids
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The first driver: e-Science
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• What is e-Science?
Collaborative science that is made possible by the
sharing across the Internet of resources (data,
instruments, computation, people’s expertise...)
– Often very compute intensive
– Often very data intensive (both creating new data and accessing
very large data collections) – data deluges from new
technologies
– Crosses administrative boundaries
• Examples….
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Astronomy
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
No. & sizes of data sets as of mid-2002,
grouped by wavelength
• 12 waveband coverage of large
Data and images courtesy Alex Szalay, John Hopkins University
areas of the sky
• Total about 200 TB data
• Doubling every 12 months
• Largest catalogues near 1Billion objects
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Large Hadron Collider at CERN
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Data Challenge:
– 10 Petabytes/year of data !!!
– 20 million CDs each year!
• Simulation, reconstruction,
analysis:
– LHC data handling requires computing
power equivalent to ~100,000 of today's
fastest PC processors!
• Operational challenges
– Reliable and scalable through project
lifetime of decades
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Mont Blanc
(4810 m)
Downtown Geneva
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Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
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INFSO-RI-508833
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Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
DAME: Grid based tools and Inferstructure for Aero-Engine Diagnosis
and Prognosis
Engine flight data
London Airport
Airline
office
New York Airport
•“A Significant factor in the success of the Rolls-Royce
campaign to power the Boeing 7E7 with the Trent 1000
was the emphasis on the new aftermarket support service
for the engines provided via DS&S. Boeing personnel
were shown DAME as an example of the new ways of
gathering and processing the large amounts of data that
could be retrieved from an advanced aircraft such as the
7E7, and they were very impressed”, DS&S 2004
Grid
Diagnostics Centre
Maintenance Centre
American data center
European data center
XTO
Companies:
Rolls-Royce
DS&S
Cybula
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Universities:
York,
Leeds,
Sheffield, Oxford
Engine Model
Case Based Reasoning
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Academic drivers: not only e-science!!
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
The impact of grids when they support…
Curation, discovery, reuse of knowledge
e-Research
e-Science
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Academic drivers
Derived from a slide by
the UK’s JISC
• E-research
• Digital libraries
• Centrality of
curation,
preservation
• Under-recognised by
many researchers
• Virtual Digital Data
Libraries needed for
research as well as
learning
• E-learning
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• AAA Services
• e-Infrastructure
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Political drivers
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Entering the “knowledge society” from the “industrial society”
Industrial society = Transportation Infrastructure
Knowledge society = Communications infrastructure
• Lisbon strategy: Research and Innovation will be the most
important factors in determining Europe’s success through the
next decades
• THE GOAL: “UNLEASH CREATIVITY”- by investment in
– Human skills
– Infrastructures
• Growth of e-infrastructure (= networks + grid + operations)
– phase 1: mainly academia, some in industry: “an elite, privileged to do
this job”
– phase 2: ordinary people doing distributed work; SMEs, adopt, adapt
and use
– phase 3: the next generations
 Will transform e-infrastructure and its uses
 We don’t know how others will use what we devise
 Just as current use of WWW not predictable by its initiators
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EGEE – building e-infrastructure
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
EGEE is building a large-scale
production grid service to:
• Underpin research,
technology and public service
• Link with and build on
national, regional and
international initiatives
• Foster international
cooperation both in the
creation and the use of the einfrastructure
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Pan-European Grid
Operations, Support and
training
Collaboration
Network
infrastructure
& Resource
centres
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CURRENT STATUS OF GRIDS
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Goal - To introduce the concepts of Grid computing assuming
no previous knowledge
• What is “a grid” ?
• Drivers of grid computing
• Current status of grids
INFSO-RI-508833
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Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
If “The Grid”
vision leads us
here…
… then where are
we now?
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Grid projects
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Many Grid development efforts — all over the world
•UK – OGSA-DAI, RealityGrid, GeoDise,
•NASA Information Power Grid
Comb-e-Chem, DiscoveryNet, DAME,
•DOE Science Grid
AstroGrid, GridPP, MyGrid, GOLD,
eDiamond, Integrative Biology, …
•NSF National Virtual Observatory
•Netherlands – VLAM, PolderGrid
•NSF GriPhyN
•Germany – UNICORE, Grid proposal
•DOE Particle Physics Data Grid
•France – Grid funding approved
•NSF TeraGrid
•Italy – INFN Grid
•DOE ASCI Grid
•Eire – Grid proposals
•DOE Earth Systems Grid
•Switzerland - Network/Grid proposal
•DARPA CoABS Grid
•DataGrid (CERN, ...)
•Hungary – DemoGrid, Grid proposal
•NEESGrid
•EuroGrid (Unicore)
•Norway, Sweden - NorduGrid
•DataTag (CERN,…)
•DOH BIRN
•Astrophysical Virtual Observatory
•NSF iVDGL
•GRIP (Globus/Unicore)
•GRIA (Industrial applications)
•GridLab (Cactus Toolkit)
•CrossGrid (Infrastructure Components)
•EGSO (Solar Physics)
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Grids: where are we now?
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Many key concepts identified and known
• Many grid projects have tested, and benefit from, these
• Major efforts now on establishing:
– Standards (a slow process)
(e.g. Global Grid Forum, http://www.gridforum.org/ )
– Production Grids for multiple VO’s
 “Production” = Reliable, sustainable, with commitments to quality of
service
• In Europe, EGEE
• In UK, National Grid Service
• In US, Teragrid
 One stack of middleware that serves many research (and other!!!)
communities
 Operational procedures and services (people!, policy,..)
– New user communities
• … whilst research & development continues
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The key for new VO’s
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Application
Application
toolkits, standards
Middleware:
“collective services”
Basic Grid services:
AA, job submission, info, …
• The tools, services used
by the VO’s applications
• Application development
environment, portals,
semantics
• Insulate applications
from changing
middleware
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The vision of 2001: convergence of
Web Services and Grids
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Open Grid
Services
Architecture
Web services
World-wide web
OGSI
Grid prototypes
High-end computing
High throughput-computing
INTERNET
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Massively parallel
computing
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Key concepts
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Virtual organisation:
– people and resources collaborating - across admin, organisational
boundaries
 Individual joins VO
 VO negotiations with resource providers
• Grid middleware
– running on each resource to interface it to the Grid
– providing specific services
• Single Virtual Computer
– User just perceives “shared resources” with no concern for location or
owning organisation
– Issues





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Heterogeneity
Scalability
Reliability
Computing model
Access control
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Key Concepts
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Drives are towards
– Production services (reliable, sustainable,… – against which
research projects can plan with confidence)
 In Europe, EGEE
 In UK, National Grid Service
– Standards & convergence with WWW mainstream
– Empowering new user communities
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