Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Web Services, EGEE and
Richard Hopkins
Training Team, National e-Science Centre, Edinburgh, UK
rph@nesc.ac.uk
National Grid Services Induction
March 11 2005
www.eu-egee.org
EGEE is a project co-funded by the European Commission under contract INFSO-RI-508833
Outline and Acknowledgements
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Grids and Web Services
• EGEE
• gLite
Acknowlegements
• This talk has drawn on material produced by many people,
including • Tony Hey
• Mike Mineter
• EGEE colleagues
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 2
Specialised DistributedComputing
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Grids come within the general field of
• Parallel / Distributed Computing
A computational task involves coordination of components which occur
• Simultaneously
And/or
• At physically separated locations
The Distribution dimension -
Parallel
Multiprocessor
Distributed
Processor
Pool
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
Embedded
Systems
Flexible
Manufacturing
...
GRIDS
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 3
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Grids & Web Services
A very inclusive formulation of “Grid Computing” is
• Coordination of computational components
• Processing / storage resources
• Of up to international level of geographic separation
• Crossing organisation boundaries
A (Web) service is a
• S/W system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine
interaction over a network.
Similar concepts
• For grids, the focus is on a computational model –
 Running a job
 Marshalling the data needed
• For web services – the focus is on service inter-operability
 A service can be any functionality you want to provide via the web
Need to bring these technologies together
• First we look closer at Web Services
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 4
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Web Services Approach
Web Services is the next step in the automation of inter-enterprise interaction
Web Browsing
• Human travel agent provides “organise holiday” service by surfing the web to
look for and invoking services – book a hotel; book a plane; book a car hire;
….; confirm bookings of best options to meet client needs.
Web Services
• The aspiration of Web services is to provide a framework that allows that
same model to be used in writing an application –
• which is itself becomes an “organise a holiday” service, finding and using
useful services
Mode
human intervention at –
service provider
service consumer
E-mail
Web browsing
Web Services
Yes
No
No
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
Yes
Yes
No
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 5
Service Interaction
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
I organise
holidays
Get a car rental quote
locate service
ask for quote
I know
the weather
Is quote good enough?
Yes
Reserve it
… get other resources reserved
I locate services
Confirm booking
I book planes
I book car
Rentals
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
I book hotels
I convert
currency
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 6
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Essentials of WS Approach
Need to achieve effective cooperation even though
• the different services are produced by different organisations, without
any design collaboration
• the services are autonomously evolving
• Loose coupling –
minimum prior shared information between the designer of the two
components of an interaction
This requires
• Self-description – Meta data
• Tolerance of partial understanding
Collaboration is on defining generic standards,
rather than on specific design
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 7
Core WS
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Policy
Quoteheld - 10 mins
Prov Reserv.
Held - 2 hours
….
Basic Requirements
• Service Description – WSDL
• Web services Definition language, defines  logical service –
Operations. Message structures for each
 Physical – protocol, location
• Allows service user to bind to the service
 Statically – use WSDL to generate code
register
 Dynamically – using • Service Registry and Discovery Services – UDDI
• Universal Description, Discovery and integration
• Allows one service to register with a registry
known by potential users
• User can discover it and obtain its description
• Usability Negotiation – Policies
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
I book hotels
I organise
holidays
I locate
services
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 8
Core WS
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Basic Requirements
• Communication Protocol - SOAP
• Request - Response
• Other patterns – e.g notification
Ask car rental service to notify me of any special
deals
To notify me if my reservation hold time is about to
expire
• Common Language – XML Documents
• Tag-value pair
• Defined by a Schema
• Used for messages, policies, service definition
• Specific extensibility mechanism
• Self Description – tagged values, WSDL
• Necessary for loose coupling
• Autonomous evolution
• Autonomous evolution –
discovery service – UDDI
or
out of band
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
Give me a
quote for …
Quote
Type = Quote
Validity = 1 hour
Price = £200
….
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 9
Evolving Standards
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
•
•
Collaboration is on defining generic standards, not specific design
Two main standards bodies –
• W3C – actually produces “recommendations” – web community
• OASIS – industry – IBM, Microsoft, Sun, ….
These standards are factored to allow partial adoption and combination
• The core standards
• WS-I – clarifications to aid interoperability
• Higher level standards built on them
WSsecurity
Core
WS
WS-Transaction UDDI*
Framework
WS-notification
…
WSRF
WSDL*
SCHEMAS*
SOAP*
DTD
*WS-Interoperability
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
XML*
WS-addressing
WS-MetaData
Exchange
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 10
Core WS
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
•
•
•
XML – the standard format for all information
SCHEMA –the standard language for defining the structure (syntax/type)
of a unit of information
DTD is a deprecated predecessor of Schemas
WSDL – the language for defining a service –
• Operations; Logical Message Structure; Bindings; locations
SOAP – the standard message format
WSsecurity
Core
WS
WS-Transaction UDDI*
Framework
WS-notification
…
WSRF
WSDL*
SCHEMAS*
SOAP*
DTD
*WS-Interoperability
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
XML*
WS-addressing
WS-MetaData
Exchange
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 11
Some Further Standards
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
•
•
•
•
WS-Security – Framework for authentication and confidentiality
WS-Transaction Framework – for robustness of correlated interactions,
e.g two phase – provisionally book everything, then confirm everything
UDDI – standard repository interface (included in WS-I)
WS-MetaDataExchange – how to communicate meta-data
….
WSsecurity
Core
WS
WS-Transaction UDDI*
Framework
WS-notification
…
WSRF
WSDL*
SCHEMAS*
SOAP*
DTD
*WS-Interoperability
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
XML*
WS-addressing
WS-MetaData
Exchange
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 12
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
•
•
WSRF-Related Standards
WS-Addressing - For communication of identities between services
WS-Notification - Framework of notification interaction – subscribe,
publish
WSRF – Web Services Resource Framework
– E.g. a quote is a persistent entity which will need to be identified in
subsequent interactions to finalise a provisional booking – a resource
– Consistent standard framework for creating, identifying, destroying
resources
WSsecurity
Core
WS
WS-Transaction UDDI*
Framework
WS-notification
…
WSRF
WSDL*
SCHEMAS*
SOAP*
DTD
*WS-Interoperability
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
XML*
WS-addressing
WS-MetaData
Exchange
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 13
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
Grid Services
Web Service Grids
• Grid middleware can be seen as a special application area of web
services dealing mainly with –
 VOs
 data replication
 job execution
• Many advantages to basing grids on web services
 Cooperation between autonomously evolving components
 Mix-and-match of components
 Combining Aspects of grids with other Web Service application
domains
 Rapid Development of higher-level services
 Leverage industrially-produced support packages
Previously, independent simultaneous developments
• Much of existing middleware components are not based on web
services
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
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Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
•
•
•
Grid Services
Now trying to unify these two major developmental thrusts - OGSA – Open
Grid Services Architecture
Quite central to Grids is dynamically created resources, particularly
• Files
• Jobs
• VO membership
Thus WSRF is important to this unification –
• WSRF originated from the grid world
A (web) resource is a concept similar to object in O-O programming
• Multiple instances of the same type
• Each with its own (changing) state
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
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Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Web Service grids : WSRF
Actual Grid (www/grid) –
Services & Resources
A Grid Access Service
Submit Job
Job Id : J6
Notify Started : J6
cancel: J6
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
www/grid
Job J6
A resource can
• Be created
Globally unique id
www/grid:J6
• Change state
• Notify change of state
• Be destroyed
• Self-destruct
(scheduled)
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Web Service Grids: Interoperability
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
WS-I – covers Schemas, WSDL, SOAP, UDDI (assumes XML)
Specifications that have/will enter
a standardisation process
but are not stable and are still experimental
WS-I
Specifications that are emerging
from standardisation process
and are recognised as being ‘useful’
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
‘WS-I+’ profile
minimal for grids
BPEL - workflows
WS-Addressing
WS-ReliableMessaging
‘WS-I+’ nextWSRF
Notification
Security
Portlets
Standards that have
broad industry support
and multiple interoperable
implementations
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 17
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Outline
• Grids and Web Services
• EGEE
• gLite
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
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EGEE – towards e-infrastructure
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
EGEE is building a large-scale
production grid service to:
• Underpin research, technology
and public service
• Link with and build on national,
regional and international
initiatives
• Foster international cooperation
both in the creation and the use
of the e-infrastructure
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
Pan-European Grid
Operations, Support and
training
Collaboration
Network
infrastructure
& Resource
centres
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Background
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• By 2003:
• Grid technology shown to be viable
• Large amount of functional middleware
• …thanks to:
 FP5 : DataGrid, DataTAG, CrossGrid, etc…
 USA: VDT, Globus, Condor, etc.
 … and others
• Next step - major production infrastructure
• EGEE was proposed to the EU in 2003
• 2 year project began in April 2004, with a 4-year vision.
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
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Grids for e-Infrastructure…
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• In 2003, what was missing?
• Production-quality (stable, mature) Grid middleware
• Production-quality operational support
 Grid Operation Centres, Helpdesks, etc.
• Multi-discipline grid-enabled application environment
 Now led by HEP, Bio-info
• Administrative and policy decision framework in order to share
resources at pan-European scale (and beyond)
 Areas such as AAA (Authentication, Authorisation, Accounting)
 End-to-end issues (Network related)
 Funding Policies (Grid economics)
 Resource Sharing Policies
 Usage Policies
• EGEE project is tackling most of the above issues
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 22
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
In the first 2 years EGEE
will
• Establish production quality sustained
Grid services
• 3000 users from at least 5 disciplines
• integrate 50 sites into a common infrastructure
• offer 5 Petabytes (1015) storage
• Demonstrate a viable general process
to bring other scientific communities on
board
• Propose a second phase in mid 2005
Pilot
New
to take over EGEE in early 2006
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 23
EGEE Organisation
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• 70 leading institutions in 27 countries,
federated in regional Grids
• ~32 M Euros EU funding for first 2 years
starting April 2004
(matching funds from partners)
• Leveraging national and regional grid
activities
• Promoting scientific partnership
outside EU
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 24
Activities Definition
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
Network Activities
•
•
•
•
•
•
Service Activities
•
•
•
NA1: Project Management
NA2: Dissemination and Outreach
NA3: User Training and Induction
NA4: Application Identification and Support
NA5: Policy and International Cooperation
SA1: Grid Support, Operation and Management
SA2: Network Resource Provision
Joint Research Activities
•
•
•
•
JRA1: Middleware Reengineering + Integration
JRA2: Quality Assurance
JRA3: Security
JRA4: Network Services Development
Emphasis in EGEE is on
operating a production
grid and supporting the
end-users
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 25
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Operations - Introduction
• Strategy has been to
• have a robust certification and testing activity,
• simplify as far as possible what is deployed, and to make that robust and
useable.
• In parallel construct the essential infrastructure needed to operate and
maintain a grid infrastructure in a sustainable way.
• Current service based on work done in LCG – culminating
in the current service (“LCG-2”)
• Now at the point where in parallel we need to deploy and understand gLite
– whilst maintaining a reliable production service.
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 26
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
EGEE Service Activities
• Create, operate, support and
manage a production quality
infrastructure
• Offered services:
• Middleware deployment and
installation
• Software and documentation
repository
• Grid monitoring and problem tracking
• Bug reporting and knowledge
database
• VO services
• Grid management services
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 27
SA1 – Operations Structure
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
Operations Management Centre (OMC):
•
•
Core Infrastructure Centres (CIC)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Act as front-line support for user and operations
issues
Provide local knowledge and adaptations
One in each region – many distributed
User Support Centre (GGUS)
•
•
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
Manage daily grid operations – oversight,
troubleshooting
Run essential infrastructure services
Provide 2nd level support to ROCs
UK/I, Fr, It, CERN, + Russia (M12)
Taipei also run a CIC
Regional Operations Centres (ROC)
•
•
At CERN – coordination etc
In FZK – manage PTS – provide single point of
contact (service desk)
Not foreseen as such in TA, but need is clear
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 28
Grid Operations
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
•
RC
RC
ROC
RC
•
RC
•
RC
RC
RC
RC
ROC
CIC
CIC
RC
CIC
CIC
•
•
•
OMC
RC
CIC
RC
RC
RC
RC
ROC
RC
•
RC
•
ROC
RC
RC
Operational oversight (grid operator)
responsibility
rotates weekly between CICs
Report problems to ROC/RC
ROC is responsible for ensuring problem is
resolved
ROC oversees regional RCs
ROCs responsible for organising the
operations in a region
•
•
Essential to scale the operation
CICs act as a single Operations
Centre
•
RC
RC
CIC
The grid is flat, but
Hierarchy of responsibility
Coordinate deployment of middleware, etc
CERN coordinates sites not
associated with a ROC
RC = Resource Centre
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 29
(Human) Networking Activities
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Dissemination and Outreach: 5% of EGEE budget
•
•
Dissemination – to actively promote and raise awareness of the EGEE project
Outreach – to identify and contact potential new user communities
• Training and Induction: 4% of EGEE budget
•
•
Induction – to introduce and orient - users and members
Training – to create, collate, make available and deliver material and courses
• Application Identification and Support
•
•
Process for selecting new application areas
Supports selected VO’s in porting applications
• International cooperation
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 30
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Dissemination
• 1st project conference, Cork, April
• 2nd conference in The Hague
• 22-26 November
•
http://public.eu-egee.org/conferences/2nd
• Over 300 delegates
• Websites, Brochures and press
releases
• For project and general public www.eu-
egee.org
• Information packs for the general public,
press and industry
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 31
Training and Induction
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
NeSC
Edinburgh
UK & Ireland
IHEP
IMPB RAS
ITEP
JINR
Protvino
Russia
Moscow
Russia
Moscow
Russia
Dubna
Russia
KU-NATFAK
PNPI
RRCKI
Copenhagen
Denmark
Petersburgh
Russia
Moscow
Russia
GUP
Linz
Austria
FZK
Karlsruhe
Germany
Innsbruck
Austria
GRNET
Athens
Greece
INFN
CESNET
Rome
Italy
Prague
Czech Rep.
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
BUTE
Budapest
Hungary
II-SAS
Bratislava
Slovakia
ICM
PSNC
ICI
Warsaw
Poland
Poznan
Poland
Bucharest
Romania
ELUB
Budapest
Hungary
MTA SZTAKI
TAU
Budapest
Hungary
Tel Aviv
Isreal
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 32
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
“User
interface”
Current production m’ware:
LCG-2
Input “sandbox”
Output “sandbox”
DataSets info
Replica
Catalogue
Information
Service
Resource
Broker
Publish
Logging &
Book-keeping
Job Query
Job Submit Event
Author.
&Authen.
Storage
Element
Job Status
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
Computing
Element
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 33
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
Easily and quickly deployable
Use existing services where possible
 Condor, EDG, Globus, LCG, …
AliEn
LCG
...
Being built on Scientific Linux and Windows
Security
•
•
...
Portable
•
•
EDG
Allow for multiple interoperable
implementations
Lightweight (existing) services
•
•
•
VDT
Service oriented approach
•
•
gLite: Guiding Principles
Sites and Applications
•
Performance/Scalability &
Resilience/Fault Tolerance
•
Comparable to deployed infrastructure
Co-existence with deployed
infrastructure
•
•
Site autonomy
•
•
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
Co-existence with LCG-2 and OSG (US) are
essential for the EGEE Grid services
Reduce dependence on ‘global, central’
services
Open source license
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 34
gLite Services for Release 1
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
JRA3
Grid Access
Service
CERN
UK
API
Access Services
Authorization
Information &
Monitoring
Auditing
Authentication
File & Replica
Catalog
Storage
Element
Data
Management
Accounting
Job
Provenance
Package
Manager
Site Proxy
Computing
Element
Workload
Management
Data Services
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
Application
Monitoring
Information &
Monitoring Services
Security Services
Metadata
Catalog
IT/CZ
Job Management Services
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 35
Approach
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Role: gLite is intended as the middleware for Pan-European Grid
• Approach:
Combining and re-engineering existing components
(as far as possible)
• Middleware (MW) components now work reasonably well –
problems usually elsewhere
• Substantial body of experience of MW development, packing and use
• Based on LCG2
• What is currently used within the EGEE project
• Can be viewed as an initial version of
Pan-European Grid middleware
• gLIte deals with
VDT
EDG
...
AliEn
LCG
...
• LCG2 shortcomings
• Advanced application needs
• State-of-the-art Internet approaches and standards
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 36
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
•
•
•
•
Improvements
Extended Functionality
• Incorporates features from other products
• Some new functionality
Increased Modularity
• Previous products tend to be monolithic – assumed to be used in entirety
• Now need to move towards smaller scale of component combinability
Improved Deployability
• Modularity
• Installation support
• Non-dedicated machines
Coherent architecture
• extending functionalities and increasing modularity requires –
• a revised picture of the organisation of functions
• rationalisation of interface
Adopt Web Services Approach and Standards
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
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Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Guiding Principles
•
Lightweight - Easily and quickly deployable
• Mix-and-match components
• Multiple services running on the same physical machine (if possible)
•
Interoperable
• Client may talk to different independent implementations of the same
service
•
Resilient and Fault Tolerant
•
Co-exist with deployed infrastructure
• Reduce requirements on site components
• Co-existence with LCG-2 essential for the EGEE Grid service
•
Platform support- Goal is to have portable middleware
• Building & Integration on RHEL 3 and windows
• Initial testing (at least 3 sites) using different Linux flavours (including
free distributions)
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 38
Guiding Principles
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
Service oriented approach
• Based on web services standards
•
Service autonomy
• User may talk to services directly or through other services (like access
service)
•
Open Source software license
• No restriction on usage (academic or commercial) beyond
acknowledgement
• That's for MW - for application software, Sites must obtain appropriate
licenses before installation
•
Main Documentation
Application requirements: http://egee-na4.ct.infn.it/requirements/
Architecture: https://edms.cern.ch/document/476451
Design: https://edms.cern.ch/document/476451
Release plan: https://edms.cern.ch/document/468699
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 39
Application communities and EGEE
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• LCG and Bio-informatics from day 1
• New application communities are selected
by the EGEE Generic Applications Advisory
Panel:
• For new applications
• See: EGEE web site (NA4 activity) and also
http://agenda.cern.ch/age?a042351
• Selected are:
•
•
•
•
Computational chemistry
Earth sciences
Earth observation
Astrophysics
• Also working with DILIGENT:
•
Virtual digital data libraries
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 40
Development Cycle
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
Prototyping short development cycles for fast user feedback –
Requirements
Deployment :
Prototype Infrastructure
→ Pre-production service
→ Production Service
Planning & Design
Implementation
Testing
LCG-1
Globus 2 based
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
LCG-2
gLite-1
gLite-2
Web services based
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 41
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Open Source Software
License
• The existing EGEE grid middleware (LCG-2) is
distributed under an Open Source License
developed by EU DataGrid project
• Derived from modified BSD - no restriction on usage
(academic or commercial) beyond acknowledgement
• Approved by Open Source Initiative (OSI)
• Same approach for new middleware (gLite)
• New license agreed by partners is derived from the
EDG license and takes into account feedback from
the World Intellectual Property Office (WIPO)
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 42
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Further Information
EGEE www.eu-egee.org
LCG lcg.web.cern.ch/LCG/
“Concertation event” and Second EGEE conference:
http://public.euegee.org/conferences/2nd/programme/outline.html
The Grid Cafe www.gridcafe.org
•More EU sites:
•http://www.cordis.lu/ist/grids/fp6_grid_projects.htm
•http://www.gridstart.org/concertation_mtg.shtml
•“e-Infrastructures Reflection Group http://www.e-irg.org
•NeSC www.nesc.ac.uk
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
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Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• THE END
Richard Hopkins, Training Team, NeSC
NGS Induction, NeSc, March 11 2005 – Web Service Grids - 44