Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4(1): 26-31, 2012
ISSN: 2041-3890
©Maxwell Scientific Organizational, 2012
Submitted: August 01, 2011
Accepted: October 10, 2011
Published: January 25, 2012
Pattern of Inorganic Fertilizer use among Food Crop Farmers in
Ogun State, Nigeria
1
A.O. Otunaiya, 2P.A. Okuneye and 1J.O.Y. Aihonsu
1
Department of Agribusiness and Farm Management, College of Agricultural Sciences,
Olabisi Onabanjo University, Yewa Campus, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria
2
Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, University of Agriculture,
Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Abstract: If the world’s 1.5 billion ha of farm land were farmed organically, enough food would be available
for only about 2.4 billion people, leaving more than half the world’s 6.5 billion people without food. Improved
use of inorganic fertilizer has been adjudged as a possible solution to food insecurity in Nigeria. This study
seeks to analyse the pattern of inorganic fertilizer use among the food crop farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. A
multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 554 food crop farmers from 88 farming communities
in 44 cells, within 14 blocks of the four zones of the agricultural landscape of Ogun State, structured by the
Ogun State Agricultural Development Programme (OGADEP). Data were analysed using descriptive
techniques. Results show that only a quarter (25.6%) of the sampled farmers used fertilizer during the cropping
season, at an average of 28 kg per farmer per year and 21 kg/ha of land cultivated. The analysis of difference
of means shows that the average quantity of fertilizer used by food crop farmers varies with respect to sex, level
of education, extension contacts, crop-mix, and use of tractor services, herbicides, insecticides as well as farm
size and fragmentation.
Key words: Inorganic fertilizer, food crop farmers, Nigeria
.
INTRODUCTION
restore Africa’s nutrient-depleted soils and feed Africa
human population (Ahemba, 2009).
Inorganic fertilizers are chemical combinations of the
To feed her growing population, Nigeria must
nutrients that plants must have to grow, and available in
increase food production by 4% per year for the next 10
a form they can use. The main nutrients in inorganic
years. To accomplish this challenge, the use of inorganic
fertilizers are three essential elements: Nitrogen (N),
fertilizer must increase from an average of 10 to 50 kg/ha;
Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) (Louis, 1997).
since organic sources of soil nutrients will not be
Organic manure is an alternative avenue of soil
sufficient (Okoloko, 2006). This means that the use of
replenishment. However, organic farming is less efficient
inorganic fertilizers must increase at the rate of 18% per
and lower yielding than farming with inorganic fertilizers,
year, which is significantly more than the increases
especially in Nigeria (Otunaiya, 2010). This is partly
observed in South Asia (13%) and Southeast Asia (9%)
because inorganic fertilizers deliver far more essential
from the early 1960s to the late 1980s (Yanggen., 1998;
nutrients per unit weight than does organic matter. Also,
EPAT, 1993; Harold et al., 1994). It becomes imperative
Africa’s depleted soils can no longer deliver enough
therefore, to analyse the pattern of inorganic fertilizer use
organic matter to maintain soil health (IFDC, 1996).
among the food crop farmers in the study area.
If the world’s 1.5 billion hectares of farm land were
farmed organically, enough food would be available for
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
only about 2.4 billion people, leaving more than half the
world’s 6.5 billion people without food. Organic sources
Study area and data collection method: The study was
of mineral nutrients are certainly not available in
carried out in Ogun State, in the southwest geo-political
sufficient quantities to feed sub-Saharan Africa’s current
zone of Nigeria. The State has a landmass of about
population of about 750 million-and that population will
16,369.40 Km2 (Ogun State Central Department of
be 1.1 billion by 2020. Inorganic fertilizer seems to be the
Statistics, 2008). The study was conducted in year
only practical way to provide enough plant nutrients to
2010 using farm-level cross-sectional data for food
Corresponding Author: A.O. Otunaiya, Department of Agribusiness and Farm Management, College of Agricultural Sciences,
Olabisi Onabanjo University, Yewa Campus, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria
26
Asian J. Agric. Sci.,4(1): 26-31, 2012
Table 1: Average quantity of inorganic fertilizer use and average
application rate
Sample
Inorganic fertilizer use
Average rate of use
Total sample
QFERT (Kg)
27.4813
554
FERTRATE
(3.1685)
21.2233
(2.0354)
Non users
QFERT (Kg)
412
(Kg/ha)
Inorganic fertilizer QFERT (Kg)
107.2156
Users 142
FERTRATE
(9.6428)
(Kg/ha)
84.1297
(5.2060)
Figure in parenthesis are the standard error of estimate
characteristics of the farmers, and how these
considerations affect quantity (kg) and rate of inorganic
fertilizer use (kg/ha) by the farmers.
Rate of use of inorganic fertilizer is traditionally the
indices by which inorganic fertilizer use is compared
across farms. However, in this study, the average
quantity of inorganic fertilizer used ause care must be
exercised in interpreting the values for the rate of
inorganic fby farmers is reported with the average rate of
inorganic fertilizer use. This is becertilizer use given the
way the estimates were generated. Following Knepper
(2002) Farmers who responded to the survey questions
indicated the total area they planted to food crops and
total inorganic fertilizer use. Since the total inorganic
fertilizer purchase is not necessarily applied to the total
area planted, the calculation of the rate of inorganic
fertilizer use may be prone to errors especially where
farmers do not know the actual area fertilized.
crop farmers in the study area. The main instrument for
collecting the primary data was scheduled interview with
the use of structured questionnaire
Sampling technique: Multi-stage random sampling
technique was adopted in this study. The sampling frame
was based on the division of Ogun State into agricultural
zones by OGADEP; each of which is further sub-divided
into blocks, cells (circles) and sub-cells (villages). The
first stage of the sampling process entailed a random
selection of two-third of the blocks in each of the four
agricultural zones in the state, depending on the total
number of blocks in each zone. This was followed by an
independent simple random selection of 50% of the cells
in each of the blocks, and 25% of sub-cells (farming
communities) in each of the selected blocks in stage 1 and
2, respectively. In the final stage, one food crop farmer
was interviewed in 10% of residential buildings randomly
selected from each of the sub-cells selected in stage 3.
This process enabled the drawing of 554 food crop
farmers across the four agricultural zones of the State.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Average quantity and average rate of inorganic
fertilizer use: The average quantity and the average rate
of inorganic fertilizer use in Ogun state are shown in
Table1.
Arable crop farmers in the state used an average of
27.5 kg of inorganic fertilizer per production year while
they had an average inorganic fertilizer rate of use of
21 kg/ha. However, among the food crop farmers that
used inorganic fertilizer, the mean inorganic fertilizer
quantity used was 107 kg. Moreover, the rate of use
among users was 84 kg/ha. Obviously, the average rate of
inorganic fertilizer use (i.e., 21 kg/ha) in Ogun State is
relatively higher than the average rate of use for Nigeria
which is put at mere 10 kg/ha (Okoloko, 2006). However,
this use rate is far lower and insignificant when compared
with the world average put at 90 kg/ha (IFDC, 1996).
Analysis of pattern of inorganic fertilizer use: Patterns
of fertilizer use was analysed by descriptive techniques.
This include computation of descriptive statistics (means,
standard error of means, etc) which were then
summarized and presented in simple tables to show the
variation in fertilizer use across socio-economic groups.
Frequency distributions were also used to describe the
type and mode of application of fertilizer used in addition
to the description of demographic and socio-economic
characteristics of the food crop farmers/farms, in the study
area.
Farmers’ socio-economic characteristics and the
Inorganic fertilizer use pattern: In the traditional
agricultural production system practiced by food crop
farmers in Ogun State, the farmers’ socio-economic
characteristics are important factors that could affect the
use or non-use of productive resource like inorganic
fertilizer on the farm. The summary description of
farmers by their socio-economic characteristics and the
inorganic fertilizer use pattern are provided in Table 2.
The results show that male farmers used more
inorganic fertilizer (29.8 kg) than female (16.0 kg) but
had fairly equal mean rate of use of 21.4 kg/ha and
20.3 kg/ha, for male and female farmers, respectively.
The t-test statistics showed that sex significantly affect the
mean quantity of inorganic fertilizer use; while for the
rate of inorganic fertilizer use, sex was not a significant
influence. Table 2 further reveals that farmers within the
Inorganic fertilizer use pattern among Arable Crop
Farmers : This study provides a basic analysis of the use
of inorganic fertilizer by food crop farmers in Ogun State.
A farmer is considered to use inorganic fertilizer if it
procured and applied any quantity of inorganic fertilizer
on any cropped land within the last two production
seasons. Inorganic fertilizer use pattern of farmers relate,
interaction to their socio-economic characteristics, their
spatial distribution, the crop enterprise mix and farm
27
Asian J. Agric. Sci.,4(1): 26-31, 2012
Table 2: Farmers socio-economic characteristics and the inorganic
fertilizer use pattern
Average quantity
Average
fertilizer inorganic
rate of use of
Farmers’socio
Use (kg)
(kg/ha)
economiccharacteristics
QFERT
FERTRATE
Sex
20.3413a
Female
16.0082a
(4.63462)
(5.09471)
21.4094a
Male
29.8861b
(3.69939)
(2.22069)
-0.192
t-value
-1.660; p#0.10
Age (Years)
24.5430a
Below 30
31.2984a
(12.44776)
(7.52068)
26.5506a
31-40
28.2408a
(5.71335)
(4.82259
18.8148a
41-50
23.6788a
(5.21750)
(3.87180)
19.7841a
51-60
33.9997a
(9.01357
(4.09471)
19.1579a
Above 60
21.9948a
(4.37348)
(4.17317)
F-value
0.552
0.577
Education
10.9727a
Non formally
15.8448a
(5.45270)
(3.34377)
18.3340b
Primary
18.3649 a
(2.80918)
(2.64362)
31.6850b
Secondary
50.25088b
(9.95714)
(4.70525)
54.6167c
Tertiary
79.5372c
(24.25898)
(18.25775)
6.859; p#0.01
F-value
9.807; p#0.01
Extension Contact
None last 1 year
15.5043
16.2563
(2.39099)
(2.14349)
At least once/year
75.2811
41.3647
(11.58624)
(5.08839)
-5.021; p#0.01
t-value
-7.967; p#0.01
Frequency of extension contact
16.2563a
None
15.5043a
(2.39099)
(2.14349)
31.2963a
1-2 times
67.1627b
(13.50724)
(5.20110)
1 75.1948b
At least 3 times
103.208c
(21.61164)
(11.479)
21.729; p#0.01
F-value
34.505; p#0.01
Figures in parentheses are standard errors of means. a, b, c: Duncan test
showing Average quantity and average rate of use within each socioeconomic grouping having different superscripts are significantly
different
farmers as well as quantity of inorganic fertilizer use and
the rate of use. Table 2 shows that mean quantity of
inorganic fertilizer used by the farmers in the state
increased as their level of formal education improved.
Farmers that attained tertiary education used an average
of 80kg of inorganic fertilizer per year while farmers
without any formal education used only 15 kg. Likewise,
the rate of inorganic fertilizer use also increased with the
level of farmer’s education. The highest rate of use
(55 kg/ha) was observed among farmers that attained
tertiary level education. The F statistics showed that
farmers’ educational attainment is associated, albeit
significantly, with the mean quantity of inorganic
fertilizer use as well as the mean rate of inorganic
fertilizer use.
It is noteworthy that extension contact increased the
use of inorganic fertilizer as well as the rate of use
(Table 2). Farmers that had no contact with extension
agent in the last one year used only 16 kg of inorganic
fertilizer while those that had at least a visitation per year
used 75 kg for the production period. Also the rate of use
for non-visited farmers and visited farmers were 16 and
41 kg/ha, respectively. The t-tests conducted show that
there were significant association between the number of
visitations by extension agents and the average quantity
and average rate of inorganic fertilizer used.
Food crop enterprise mix and Inorganic fertilizer use
pattern: The crop mixtures range from two to as many as
five, apart from the mono crop farmers. Table 3 shows
the crop mix and inorganic fertilizer use pattern in Ogun
State.
The table shows that food crop farmers rarely use
inorganic fertilizer when melon is included in the crop
mix. The mean quantity of inorganic fertilizer use and rate
of use were highest in cassava, maize, vegetable and
others mix farms, 133 kg and 54 kg/ha, respectively. The
analysis of equality of means between various crop mix
shows that there were no significant differences between
various crop mixes with respect to the rate of inorganic
fertilizer use. Conversely, there were significant
differences between enterprise mix and quantity of
inorganic fertilizer use.
age group 51-60 had highest average quantity of inorganic
fertilizer use (34 kg) while farmers above 60 years old
had the least average quantity of inorganic fertilizer use
(i.e., 22 kg). With respect to the rate of use, farmers
within the age bracket 31-40 years old had the highest rate
of inorganic fertilizer use (27 kg/ha) while those in the 4150 years age group had the least rate of use (19 kg/ha).
The analysis of variance of means showed that there were
no significant differences between farmers’ age group on
the one hand, and the mean quantity of inorganic fertilizer
use (kg) and the rate of use (kg/ha) on the other hand.
Education is one of the major socio-economic factors
that are likely to influence output and productivity of
Use of other inputs and inorganic fertilizer use
pattern: Access to other farm inputs such as tractor
services, Herbicides and Insecticides is an indicator of
farmers’ level of knowledge about improved technologies.
Farmers’ use of other inputs and inorganic fertilizer use
pattern is presented in Table 4.
Farmers that utilized tractor services used 118 kg of
inorganic fertilizer at the rate of about 50 kg/ha while
farmers that utilized manual methods of land preparation
used only 21 kg at the rate of 19 kg/ha. This shows that
the use of tractor services enhances inorganic fertilizer
use. The t-value shows that the use of tractor services
28
Asian J. Agric. Sci.,4(1): 26-31, 2012
Table 3: Crop mix and inorganic fertilizer use pattern
Average quantity
Average rate
of inorganic
of use
fertilizer (kg)
(kg/ha)
Crop mix
(QFERT)
(FERTILIZER)
14.0126 a
Cassava and Maize
13.3824a
(6.63782)
(8.24832)
Cassava, Maize
4.2857 a
12.5000 a
and Yam1
(8.07420)
(9.22779)
Cassava, Maize
13.9054 a
22.3888 a
and Vegetable
(6.30980)
(10.28912)
26.4656 a
Cassava, Maize
52.2776 a
and Others
(28.64376)
(10.28811)
28.1744 a
Cassava, Maize,
7.0436 a
Melon and Yams
(7.04359)
(28.17438)
Cassava, Maize,
12.5000 a
6.2500 a
Melon and vegetable
(12.50000)
(6.2500)
Cassava, Maize,
15.3846 a
10.9890 a
Yams and vegetable
(15.38462)
(10.98901)
Cassava, Maize,
133.3333 b
54.1667 a
Vegetable and others
(88.19171)
(29.16667)
Cassava, Maize,
9.3750 a
7.6299 a
Melon, Yams and others (5.53163)
(5.04075)
Other mix
25.0000 a
10.4167 a
(25.00000)
(10.41667)
F-value
2.351***
0.547
Figures in parentheses are standard errors of means.a, b, c:Duncan test
showing Average quantity and average rate of use within the crop mix
having different superscripts are significantly different
Table 5: Spatial distribution of farmers and inorganic fertilizer use
pattern
Geographical
Average qqantity of
Average rate
Characteristics/
inorganic fertilizer
of use(Kg/ha)
Use (Kg)(QFERT)
(FERTRATE)
Agrozone
Rain forest
18.3745
20.2464
(2.30146)
(2.76781)
Savannah
36.3287
22.1826
(5.79001)
(2.98496)
10.476
t-value
2.851; p#0.0
Agrzone
34.2981 b
Abokuta
35.4700 b
(5.03134)
(4.48081)
13.2231 a
Ijebu-Ode
8.1867 a
(2.06187)
(3.66749)
15.7217 a
Ikenne
19.4249ab
(4.47637)
(4.23538)
16.6368 a
Ilaro
37.4719 b
(8.66940)
(3.17800)
6.436; p#0.01
F-value
4.597; p#0.01
Tarred Road
Not Tarred
28.2927
15.5802
(6.86544)
(3.55834)
Tarred
27.2325
22.9483
(3.56942)
(2.42070)
t-value
0.137
-1.535
Inorganic Fertilizer Depot
Not Available
14.7202
14.6883
(2.74652)
(2.38171)
Available
48.7088
32.1678
(6.85816)
(3.58541)
-4.218; p#0.01
t-value
-5.321; p#0.01
a, b, ab
: Duncan test showing Average quantity and average rate of use
within each geographical variable, grouping having different
superscripts are significantly different
Table 4: Use of inputs and inorganic fertilizer use pattern
Average quantity of
Average
Other farm
inorganic fertilizer use
rate of use (kg/ha)
inputs
(kg) (QFERT)
(FERTRATE)
Used tractor service
19.3560 a
No
21.2161a
(2.59420)
(2.06683)
Yes
117.6300b
49.6174 b
(27.60893)
(8.79023)
t-value
-7.907; p#0.01
-3.617; p#0.01
Used herbicides
No
21.8915 a
18.1976 a
(3.05664)
(1.98875)
Yes
t-value
Used insecticides
No
93.9083 b
(15.52054)
-6.290; p#0.01
insecticide, whose average quantity and rate of inorganic
fertilizer use were 22 and 18 kg. The rates of use were 18
and 17 kg/ha, respectively. This result shows that the use
of herbicides and/or insecticide enhance the use of
inorganic fertilizer. They go together as an improve
technological package. The result of the t-test shows that
both use of herbicides and insecticides were statistically
significant with respect to the quantity and rate of use of
inorganic fertilizer.
57.8916 b
(9.98499)
-5.301; p#0.01
17.0429 a
17.7174 a
(2.34324)
(1.95920)
Yes
116.0664 b
60.5032 b
(20.36689)
(8.83196)
t-value
10.093; p#0.01
-6.530; p#0.01
Figures in parentheses are standard errors of means. a, b: Duncan test
showing Average quantity and average rate of use within each other
farm inputs grouping having different superscripts are significantly
different
Spatial distribution of farmers and inorganic fertilizer
use pattern: It is believed that the socio-economic
characteristics of a farmer go a long way to affect his farm
performance and whether or not he will use certain inputs,
such as inorganic fertilizer. This study investigated,
beyond the socio-economic characteristics of farmers, the
effects of farm and farmers spatial distribution on the
quantity and rate of use of inorganic fertilizer. The spatial
distribution of farmers and inorganic fertilizer use pattern
in Ogun State is presented in Table 5.
There are two main agro-ecological zones in the
state, namely: Rain forest and Savannah zones. Results in
Table 5 shows that farmers located in Rain forest zone
used less quantity of inorganic fertilizer (18 kg) to those
was significantly different with respect to the quantity and
rate of use of inorganic fertilizer.
Herbicide and insecticides are other agro-chemical
use apart from inorganic fertilizer on arable crop farms.
Table 4 shows that farmers that used herbicide and
insecticides utilized an average of 94 kg and 116 kg of
inorganic fertilizer respectively. The rates of use were 58
and 61 kg/ha, respectively. This amount is high when
compared with farmers that did not utilize herbicide and
29
Asian J. Agric. Sci.,4(1): 26-31, 2012
Table 6: Farm characteristics and inorganic fertilizer use pattern
Averageq quantity of
Average
inorganic fertilizer
rate of use (kg/ha)
Farm characteristics use (Kg) (QFERT)
(FERTRATE)
Farm size (ha)
27.5921 a
Below 1
12.5739 a
(1.62112)
(3.74756)
14.9427 a
1.0-<3.0
21.9252 a
(3.59450)
(2.45003)
17.3753 a
3.0 or more
71.4154 b
(13.43677)
(3.29151)
4.296
F-value
26.992; p#0.01
Farm fragmentation
Non fragmented plot 38.3139
25.0460
(6.65588)
(3.47099)
Fragmented flots
20.1282
18.6047
(2.74587)
(2.46583)
-1.556
t-value
-2.835; p#0.01
Figures in parentheses are standard errors of mean
community where there was inorganic fertilizer depot had
mean inorganic fertilizer quantity use of 49 and 32 kg/ha,
as the rate of use. The result of the t-test conducted shows
that presence of inorganic fertilizer depot within a
community made significant differences in the quantity
and rate of inorganic fertilizer a farmer uses.
Farm characteristics and inorganic fertilizer use
pattern: The farm size of a farmer is believed to affect
the quantity and the rate of use of inorganic fertilizer.
Table 6 shows farm characteristics and inorganic fertilizer
use pattern in arable crop production in the state.
Farmers that cultivate below 1 ha of arable crop used
13 kg of inorganic fertilizer while those that cultivated
between 1-3 ha used 22 kg. Farmers with 3 or more
hectares used an average of 71 kg of inorganic fertilizer.
This shows that quantity of inorganic fertilizer use
will increase as the farm size increases. Conversely,
farmers with less than 1 ha of arable crop farm had the
highest rate of inorganic fertilizer use (28 kg/ha).
Whereas, farmers with large farm size (3 or more ha) used
inorganic fertilizer at the rate of 17 kg/ha. The reduction
observed in the rate of inorganic fertilizer use, as farm
size increases, suggests a cost constraint faced by large
farms in inorganic fertilizer procurement, hence, resulting
in low rate of use. ANOVA result shows that there were
significant differences in farm sizes with respect to the
quantity of inorganic fertilizer use but not significantly
different in rate of use.
The nature of the farm plot is also believed to affect
the use of inorganic fertilizer. Table 6 also reveals that
farmers with non-fragmented plot used more inorganic
fertilizer (38 kg) and applied more inorganic fertilizer per
hectare (25 kg/ha). This is unlike fragmented plot where
the average quantity used was 20 kg and 21 kg/ha as the
rate of use. This confirms the a priori expectation that
non-fragmented plot enhances the use of inorganic
fertilizer. The t-test statistics show that there were
significant differences in the nature of the farm plot with
respect to average quantity of inorganic fertilizer use but
not with the rate of use.
in Savannah zone (36 kg). The rates of use in the two
zones are almost the same. In the Rain forest, the use rate
was 20 kg/ha while it was 22 kg/ha in Savannah zone. It
is important to note, from the result of the t-test statistics
that the agro-ecological location of a farmer only affects
the quantity of inorganic fertilizer the farmer uses but has
no effect on the rate of inorganic fertilizer use. This
result, contrary to a priori expectation, revealed that
farmers in the Rain forest zone had less access to
inorganic fertilizer but had tendency for high rate of use
if the inorganic fertilizer were available.
The agricultural zone where farmers are located were
also found to show significant differences in the quantity
of inorganic fertilizer use and the rate of use by farmer.
Farmers in Ilaro zone had the highest QFERT of 37 kg.
This was closely followed by farmers in Abeokuta zone
(35 kg). Farmers in Ijebu-zone and Ikenne zones used 8
and 19 kg of inorganic fertilizer, respectively. Abeokuta
zone had the highest rate of inorganic fertilizer use of 34
kg/ha. The next to it was Ilaro and Ikenne zones with the
rate of use of 17 and 16 kg/ha, respectively. Ijebu-Ode
zone had the lowest rate of application of 13 kg/ha.
Table 5 further reveals that farmers located in a
community with untarred road used (28 kg) almost the
same quantity of inorganic fertilizer with those located in
a community with a tarred road (27 kg). Farmers located
in a community with a tarred road had higher rate of use
(23 kg/ha) when compared with those in a community
with untarred road (16 kg/ha). The t-test statistics,
however, shows that there were no significant differences
between communities with tarred road and untarred road
with respect to the quantity and rate of inorganic fertilizer
use.
The presence of inorganic fertilizer depot or sales
point within a community where the farmers were located
was also examined in Table 5. The mean quantity of
inorganic fertilizer use in communities where inorganic
fertilizer depot was not available was 15 kg. Their rate of
use was about 15 kg/ha. Whereas farmers located in a
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
It can be concluded from the findings in the study
that the quantity of inorganic fertilizer use and the rate of
application are lower than the recommended standards
thereby, limiting inorganic fertilizer users in the state to
wholly benefit from the impacts of inorganic fertilizer on
soil fertility and crop output.
Since tractor services, herbicide and insecticide usage
enhance the use of fertilizer by food crop farmers. It is
recommended therefore, that agro-service centres and
extension agents should provide and introduce tractor
30
Asian J. Agric. Sci.,4(1): 26-31, 2012
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Ogun State Central Department of Statistics (CDS), 2008.
Ogun State Statistics. Abeokuta: Ogun State Central
Department of Statistics, Nigeria, pp: 2.
Okoloko, O., 2006. African Green Revolution Paper
Delivered at African Inorganic fertilizer Summit,
(June 9-13, 2006), Abuja, Nigeria. Retrieved from:
http://www.africainorganic.fertilizersummit.org
(Accessed on: December 10, 2008).
Otunaiya, A.O., 2010. Economics of fertilizer use among
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fertilizer, as a technology package to farmers.
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