Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 4(19): 3811-3818, 2012
ISSN: 2040-7467
© Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012
Submitted: April 21, 2012
Accepted: May 24, 2012
Published: October 01, 2012
A Review of Performance of a Venturi Scrubber
Majid Ali, Yan Chang Qi and Khurram Mehboob
College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
Abstract: Due to stringent regulations of safety of nuclear power plants, numerous efforts have been made
to remove particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from a gas stream prior to its emission into the
environment during severe accidents. Venturi scrubbers are one of the most popular and highly efficient
gas cleaning devices, which frequently remove particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from the gas
stream via droplets formed by liquid atomization, usually in the venturi throat. The objective of this study is
to present the review of published studies in the last few decades related to the performance of the venturi
scrubber to make an optimal design to achieve the required standards.
Keywords: Nuclear power plants, particulate matter and gaseous pollutants, performance, venturi
scrubbers
INTRODUCTION
In many industries and power plants, the emission
of a broad spectrum of particulate matter and gaseous
pollutants are the major global concerns due to its
harmful effects. During severe accidents in nuclear
power plants due to core meltdown, the emission of
particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from
containment is the hazard for the people and
environment (Feng and Xinrong, 2009). To mitigate the
radioactive effects, FVCS (Filtered Vented Containment
System) is being installed in nuclear power plants
(Schlueter and Schmitz, 1990). A variety of different
designs for FVCS have been proposed and installed for
the separation of particulate matter and gaseous
pollutants from a gas stream (Schlueter and Schmitz,
1990; Kolditz, 1995; Rust et al., 1995; Reim and
Hurlebaus, 1995). Venturi scrubber is one of the most
competent devices to collect the particulate matter and
gaseous pollutants from a gas stream simultaneously in
FVCS.
A classic venturi scrubber consists of three main
parts: a convergent, a throat and a diffuser, as shown in
Fig. 1. Convergent part is used for acceleration of gas to
atomize the scrubbing liquid. Throat part is between
convergent and diffuser, which is used for interaction of
liquid and gas, whereas diffuser is used for deceleration
of gas to allow some pressure recovery. The geometrical
cross-section of a venturi scrubber is either circular or
rectangular. The liquid is injected into the venturi
scrubber in two ways; forced feed method through
pumps or self-priming method due to pressure
difference composed of hydrostatic pressure of the
liquid and static pressure of the gas (Lehner, 1998). The
liquid is introduced in a venture scrubber in three
different forms; film, jet or spray. In a wetted-wall
venturi scrubber, the liquid is introduced as a film just
upstream of convergence section, whereas the liquid is
injected from the orifices in a Pease-Anthony venturi
scrubber located on the venturi throat and an Ejector
venturi scrubber uses spray mostly upwards against the
gas flow in the throat (Gamisan et al., 2002). Venturi
scrubber is distinguished based on throat design: firstly,
Pease-Anthony has constant throat and secondly,
McInnis-Bischoff have variable throat to adjust the flow
rate (Viswanathan, 1998a). Venturi scrubber can be
categorized by pressure drop: low-energy scrubbers
(below and up to 2.42 kpa), medium-energy scrubbers
(2.42 to 4.9 kPa) and high-energy scrubbers (above 4.9
kPa) (Gamisan et al., 2002). Venturi scrubbers have the
advantage of being simple in design, easy to install, no
moving parts within the scrubber, low maintenance and
initial investment cost, can handle flammable and
explosive dusts, provides cooling for hot gases,
corrosive gases and dust can be neutralized and
collection efficiency can be varied. The main
disadvantage is the power required for its operation.
The purpose of this study is to present the review
of the published research studies in the last few decades
related to the performance of the venturi scrubber.
PERFORMANCE OF VENTURI SCRUBBER
The performance of Venturi scrubber depends on
many factors, some of them are: droplet dispersion,
pressure drop, atomization, size of droplets, injection
method and collection mechanism. The accurate
predictions of these important factors are valuable for
its optimization.
Corresponding Author: Majid Ali, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin,
China
3811
Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technolog., 4(19): 3811-3818, 2012
Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of a venturi
Droplet dispersion: Droplet dispersion is a complex
function of factors such as mean droplet diameter,
droplet size distribution, the method of liquid injection,
the liquid trajectory, the rate of liquid atomization, gas
eddy diffusivity and mean gas velocity.
Fathikalajahi and Talaie (1997) studied the liquid
dispersion in a venturi scrubber by developing threedimensional dispersion model and investigated the effect
of droplet size distribution on droplet dispersion. The
experimental results obtained from Viswanathan were
compared with this model, which validated this model.
Goncalves et al. (2003) presented a mathematical
description for jet dynamic, i.e., jet trajectory,
penetration and breakups, which were tested,
parameterized and validated using data obtained by
imaging technique in a rectangular laboratory scale
venturi scrubber. It was concluded that atomization of
jet didn’t begin from the base but at a certain distance
from the orifice. Jet didn’t disintegrate at a single point,
but it lost its mass continually along its trajectory.
Goncalves et al. (2004) proposed a mathematical model
for droplet dispersion and studied it experimentally and
theoretically. It was assumed that only drag force is
acting on the droplets and force of gravity was ignored.
The obtained results from a model perform well with
experimental data. Scrubber performance increased with
uniform droplet throat coverage, which is also sensitive
like other operating parameters such as gas velocity and
jet velocity.
Ahmadvand and Talaie (2010) developed an
Eulerian model for two phase flow and k-ε turbulence
model to evaluate gas diffusivity for droplet dispersion
through a cylindrical Venturi scrubber having the same
inlet and outlet diameter. Boll (1973) correlation for
mean droplet diameter, Rosin-Rammler distribution
function for droplet size and Fathikalajahi and Talaie
(1997) method for eddy diffusivity of droplets was
applied for calculations. The results obtained from the
model agree with the experimental results at constant
Peclet number.
Lehner (1998) observed the scrubbing of liquid via
photography in a self-priming venturi scrubber. Jet
penetration was found sensitive to gas velocity working
in a self priming mode. No difference was observed
between self-priming venturi scrubber and forced feed
venturi scrubber in a jet atomization phenomenon.
Roberts and Hill (1981) studied atomization process
in three different types of nozzles namely: straight,
converging and orifice. Jet breaks up depends upon on
air and water velocities. The droplets formed at higher
air and water velocities were smaller results in shorter
wavelength and higher frequencies and vice versa.
Mayinger and Neumann (1978) suggested that
liquid did not break up into droplets at the start. Firstly,
sheets of structure were formed having the lifetime of
milliseconds with enlarging an interfacial area due to
high shear stress and momentum forces of the gas
stream, later than droplets of different size were formed.
Viswanathan et al. (1983) measured the jet
penetration in venturi scrubber which is important for
uniform throat coverage by liquid drops. It was noted
that dust collection efficiency was increased with the
increase of liquid to gas ratio, but decreased when film
was formed on the wall with excessive increase of liquid
to gas ratio.
Ananthanarayanan and Viswanathan (1999b)
developed a dimensionless venturi number between
1×10-3 to 1.5×10-3 to predict optimal liquid flux
distribution and collection efficiency in cylindrical
venturi scrubber.
Ananthanarayanan and Viswanathan (1999a)
studied the effect of nozzle arrangement on liquid flux
distribution using CFD code in rectangular venturi
scrubber. It was observed that liquid flux distribution
remains constant if the distance between nozzles was
same in different arrangement and produces nonuniformity if nozzle to nozzle distance was exceeded
10%.
Talaie et al. (2008) modified his model for droplet
dispersion and studied the effect of droplet size
distribution and droplet concentration distribution on it.
3812 Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technolog., 4(19): 3811-3818, 2012
Viswanathan et al. (1984) assessed two phase flow
in a venturi scrubber and developed a model based on
two-dimensional field and incompressible flow. It was
observed that when 7≤L/G≤9, droplets were distributed
uniformly. Liquid flux distribution is greatly dependent
on liquid to gas ratio and found independent on gas
velocity at constant liquid to gas ratio. The model was
validated using Particle-In-Cell approach numerically.
Rahimi et al. (2006) proposed a two dimensional
model for prediction of droplet distribution and liquid
film formation in a venturi scrubber. The eddy
diffusivity of droplet was calculated without assuming
constant Peclet number.
Shyan and Viswanathan (2000) deliberated the
effect of polydispersity of droplets in the prediction of
liquid flux distribution in a venturi scrubber. The
proposed model assumed the constant film flow rate and
no drop-to-drop interaction. The model used two
correlations for each droplet size and droplet size
distribution. The correlation for droplet size:
Sautermean diameter predicted by Boll (1973) and mass
median diameter predicted by Kim and Marshall (1971),
whereas for droplet size distribution: Upper-limit
function proposed by Leith and Licht (1972) and rootnormal distribution by Simmons (1977) were selected
and tested. The data obtained showed that the effect of
throat gas velocity was larger than liquid to gas ratio on
polydispersity in drop-size distribution.
Size of droplet: The droplet's formation due to
atomization of a liquid will act as cleaning elements in
the venturi scrubbers. The collection efficiency of
particle and gas absorption is dependent upon the size
of droplet. Therefore, droplet size is one of the
fundamental parameter for the scrubber performance.
Roberts and Hill (1981) used Nukiyama and
Tanasawa correlation for the prediction of size of
droplets via photography. Water was injected through
three different nozzles; straight, converging and orifice.
It was observed that diameters of droplet were similar in
three nozzles.
Alonso et al. (2001) estimated droplet size in a
cylindrical laboratory-scale venturi scrubber using a
laser diffraction technique. Two different methods were
arranged to inject the liquid. First, when liquid was
introduced as jet through orifices in a throat,
measurements were performed at three positions: two
located in the throat and one at the end of the diffuser.
Second, when liquid was injected as film through a
porous wall located at upstream of convergence, then
measurements were carried out at the end of diffuser. It
was concluded that Sauter mean diameter was well
correlated by the equation proposed by Boll (1973)
rather than Nukiyama and Tanasawa correlation and
Rosin-Rammler function for droplet size distribution
gives satisfactory results. Gamisan et al. (2002) measure
the droplet size in an ejector venturi scrubber using the
pressure-swirl atomizer with two different atomizer
angles through high speed photographs. It was noted
that Sauter mean diameter decreased with the increased
of liquid flow rate and atomization angle.
Costa et al. (2004) presented droplet size data in a
rectangular Venturi scrubber using laser diffraction
method, where liquid was injected as a jet. It was
observed that size of droplet was decreased with the
increase of gas velocity and increased with the distance
from the liquid injection system and neither Nukiyama
Tanasawa nor Boll (1973) correlation gave adequately
calculation of experimental results.
Lim et al. (2005) proposed two theoretical
distributions; the upper-limit distribution and root
normal distribution function in terms of droplet size and
frequency to verify experimental results in a rectangular
Pease Anthony venturi scrubber. Phase Doppler Particle
Analyzer (PDPA) method was used to measure the
droplet size and distribution in an annular two-phase
flow. It was observed that maximum velocity achieved
by the droplet is equal to throat gas velocity and the
Sauter mean diameter increases as the liquid-to-gas ratio
increases at a constant throat gas velocity, while it
decreases with an increase in the throat gas velocity at a
constant liquid-to-gas ratio. It was concluded that when
throat gas velocity was 60 m/s, a single average drop
size was adequate to describe the entire drop-size
distribution.
Silva et al. (2009a) employed Fraunhofer
diffraction technique by illuminating the flow with a
laser beam to measure the size of droplet in large scale
cylindrical venturi scrubber. The size of droplet was
measured at three different sections along the throat and
diffuser section. The experimental data was compared
with Nukiyama Tanasawa and Boll (1973) correlation
which under predicts the data. It was concluded that
turbulent breakup and coalescence mechanism control
the droplet size and liquid injection method was
important for the formation of droplet. It was observed
that size of droplet was decreased along the throat at
constant throat gas velocity and this phenomenon was
prominent when liquid was injected as film.
Pressure drop: Pressure drop is one of the most
important parameter, which affects the performance of
venturi scrubber. Several models are developed and
investigated, which are available in literature for the
3813 Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technolog., 4(19): 3811-3818, 2012
prediction of pressure drop across the venturi scrubber
theoretically and experimentally.
Calvert (1970) model was one of the simplest
models used due to its assumption. This model does not
contain any effect of geometry of a venturi scrubber.
Pressure drop was only considered due to change in
momentum of droplets in the throat. The effect of
acceleration of gas in the throat and wall friction was
neglected. Calvert’s model based on the assumption was
(Calvert, 1970):






Flow was one-dimensional, incompressible and
adiabatic
Droplets entered with no axial velocity
Liquid introduced was atomized into drops
Size of droplet was uniform
Droplets accelerate to the gas velocity at the end of
the throat
Liquid fraction at any cross-section was small
Boll (1973) developed a mathematical model which
comprised of simultaneous equations of drop motion
and momentum exchange. Boll includes three
mechanisms, which were responsible for pressure drop
namely the acceleration of the gas, the acceleration of
droplets and friction. Boll assumed complete
atomization of the liquid.
Hesketh (1974) estimated pressure drop as a
function of throat gas velocity and liquid to gas in a
venturi scrubber and assumed that all energy expended
to accelerate the droplets equal to throat gas velocity.
Yung et al. (1977) modified the Calvert model for
pressure drop by assuming that droplets did not reach
the velocity of gas at the end of a throat. Yung et al.
(1978) obtained Nukiyama and Tanasawa correlation for
droplets having same size and Hollands and Goel
correlations for the drag coefficient of droplets.
Leith et al. (1985) enhanced the Yung et al. (1977)
model by accumulation of the pressure recovery due to
the deceleration of droplets in the diffuser.
Viswanathan (1985) model predicted pressure drop
accurately in a Pease-Anthony venturi scrubber in two
phase annular flow based on parameter viz. liquid to gas
ratio, throat gas velocity, venturi geometry and liquid
film flow rate. The data was compared with three other
correlations; Hesketh (1974), Calvert and Boll’s
Correlation. The model considered flow losses due to
frictional effect, acceleration of droplets and liquid film
flowing on the walls. The Lock-Chart-Martinelli
correlation provided better agreement with experimental
values at all liquid to gas ratio and throat gas velocity.
Allen et al. (1996) measured the total pressure drop
in terms of dry and wet pressure drop as a function of
operating conditions in industrial Scale Scrubber and
compare the data between two venturi scrubbers.
Goncalves et al. (2001) objective was to determine
the best model available for prediction of pressure drop.
For this purpose, the models viz. Calvert, Yung, Leith,
Hesketh (1974), Boll, Hollands and Goel and Azzopardi
models were considered and compared with
experimental data from a venturi scrubber of different
sizes, geometries, operating variables and liquid
injection method. It was concluded that special attention
must be paid to select the model due to its assumption.
Gamisan et al. (2002) evaluated pressure drop for
ejector venturi scrubber and adapted Sun and Azzopardi
(2003) model for boundary layer, which performs well
and studied the effect of throat diameter, throat length
and spray angle.
Sun and Azzopardi (2003) extended their previous
study of growth of boundary layer in diffuser to FBLM
(Full Boundary Layer Model) to all sections in a venturi
to predict an accurate pressure drop. The experimental
results of Yung et al. (1978) and Sun and Azzopardi
(2003), have been used to validate the FBLM. To check
the sensitivity of FBLM two different tests were carried
out; first, initial values of the boundary layer parameter
which were boundary layer blockage parameter and
boundary layer blockage fraction and second geometry
of liquid injection. The Full Boundary Layer Model
gives very good predictions of pressure loss for PearceAnthony Venturi scrubber, especially at high pressure.
Nasseh et al. (2007) used the first time ANN
(Artificial Neural Network) technique to predict the
pressure drop in a venturi scrubber, which performs well
than the other empirical and semi empirical correlations
in literature. Data was obtained from five different
venturi scrubbers and three separate neural networks
were designed. First neural network had three
parameters; liquid flow rate, throat gas velocity and
axial distance, two parameters in second neural network
for dry pressure drop; throat gas velocity and axial
distance and four parameters in third neural network;
throat diameter, liquid flow rate, throat gas velocity and
axial distance. The simulated results of these ANNs and
calculated results from different models were compared
with the experimental data.
Nasseh et al. (2009) improved their previous study
by optimizing parameters of neural network using the
genetic algorithm. The experimental data was extracted
from seven different venturi scrubbers and two neural
networks were designed to estimate the wet pressure
drop and the dry pressure drop in venturi scrubbers. The
first neural network evaluates the wet pressure drop with
3814 Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technolog., 4(19): 3811-3818, 2012
five input variables and dry pressure drop was evaluated
in second neural network with four variables. The output
variable for both neural networks was the pressure drop.
Silva et al. (2009b) used different injection system
to predict the pressure drop across the large scale venturi
scrubber and studied the effect of liquid to gas ratio and
throat gas velocity on it. The experimental values were
compared with Cruz's model, which shows a good
prediction. It was observed that there was slightly
difference in the values of pressure drop for both
injection systems.
Viswanathan (1998b) modified his previous model
for two phase annular flow to assess the effect of liquid
film on the pressure drop in a venturi scrubber.
Furthermore, the effect of injection orifice diameter,
throat gas velocity and liquid loading on film flow rate,
film thickness and pressure drop was investigated. The
pressure drop predicted from this correlation was
according to experimental values.
COLLECTION EFFICIENCY
The collection efficiency of a venturi scrubber is
affected
by
several
mechanisms
operating
simultaneously. These include inertial impaction,
interception, diffusion, electrostatics, nucleation and
growth and condensation. The contribution of any one
mechanism depends on size of particle and droplet and
their relative velocity.
Ekman and Johnstone (1951) carried out to study
the variables which affect the performance of a venturi
scrubber in laboratory scale. The water was introduced
in three distinctive ways and oil aerosols of three
different sizes were used in the experiment. The graphs
were plotted in logarithmic scale.
Calvert (1970) developed a mathematical model to
predict the collection efficiency. The experimental
results of Walton and Woolcock correlation were used
to estimate the single droplet collection efficiency based
on an inertial impaction mechanism.
Boll (1973) calculated the collection efficiency
numerically by considering the effect of geometry and
drag coefficient.
Hesketh (1974) measured the collection efficiency
in terms of penetration as a function of pressure drop as
well as throat area and liquid to gas ratio.
Goel and Hollands (1977a) determined the charts
due to dependence of efficiency on numerous variables
to evaluate the performance of a venturi scrubber.
Yung et al. (1978) modified the Calvert’s equation
to measure the particle collection. The drag coefficient
was determined from Hollands and Goel Correlation.
The obtained results were compared with experimental
results of Ekman and Johnstone (1951).
Placek and Peters (1981) purpose was to develop a
realistic computer model for venturi scrubber
performance. The location of an injecting liquid and
length of throat with respect to geometry and operating
variables viz. liquid loading ratio, gas velocity were
important, which mostly affect the collection efficiency.
Cooper and Leith (1984) studied the effect of
geometry, throat velocity and particle size to optimize
scrubber performance. For this purpose, the model was
developed similar to Boll’s model. The results were
expressed in terms of specific cleaning volume.
Rudnick et al. (1986) investigated the particle
collection efficiencies and compared the data with three
most important models in literature viz. Calvert’s,
Yung’s and Boll’s models. Three different dimensions
of a venturi scrubber were used. It was compared that
Yung’s model performed better than the other.
Allen (1996) measured the grade efficiency in two
different geometries viz. circular and prismatic venturi
scrubber. The obtained result shows that the
performance of a scrubber was independent of liquid to
gas ratio, throat velocity and throat design, but it was a
function of the pressure drop. Grade efficiency was
predicted by using the contacting power law.
Pulley (1997) specified the performance of the
venturi scrubber in terms of pressure drop and collection
efficiency with two different venturi scrubber
differentiated on the basis of liquid injection method.
The Sun and Azzopardi (2003), model to predict the
pressure drop and Ingebo correlation for droplet size
were used. The inertial mechanism was founded the
dominant mechanism, which enhance the efficiency of
particle collection.
Gamisans et al. (2004a) developed a hydrodynamic
model based on a boundary layer model for the
absorption of gaseous pollutants in pilot plant venturi
scrubber. The agreement between theoretical and
experimental values increased the importance of
presence of liquid film travelling along the walls of a
venturi scrubber. The experimental results show an
increase in removal efficiency with the increased of the
liquid film thickness.
Gamisans et al. (2004b) investigated the efficiency
of an ejector venturi scrubber by pumping the gas flow
rate. Gas entrainment efficiency was evaluated from two
approaches. The experimental results shows that jet
pump for gas flow rate are not suitable for ejector
venturi scrubber.
Costa et al. (2005) proposed a new model to
analyze the performance of laboratory scale rectangular
venturi scrubber. Grade collection efficiency varied with
3815 Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technolog., 4(19): 3811-3818, 2012
an increase of throat gas velocity and liquid injection
under certain limits. Two collection mechanisms were
observed: Inertial mechanism for the large particles and
diffusion mechanism for small particles.
Pak and Chang (2006) estimated the performance of
a venturi scrubber through computational model by
using Eulerian-Langrangian for three phase flow where
gas flow in Euler approach and dust and droplets in
Lagrangian were simulated.
Economopoulou and Harrison (2007) developed
graphical tools to predict the overall collection
efficiency under particular design configuration and
operating conditions of a venturi scrubber. Calvert and
Yung models were used to develop these nomographs
for evaluation and selection of efficient venturi scrubber
design.
Monabbati et al. (1989) presented the mathematical
model to investigate the collection efficiency of an
atomizing venturi scrubber. The experimental and
theoretical data was compared, which shows that the
model performs well in predicting the effect of particle
size, liquid and gas flow rates.
Taheri and Mohebbi (2008) attempted for the first
time to design artificial neural network in GA (Genetic
Algorithm) to calculate the collection efficiency of a
venturi scrubber. It was concluded that GA method
performed well than the trial-and-error method.
Huang et al. (2007) designed a venturi scrubber
system to collect the submicron particles. For this
purpose, saturated steam at 100ºC was mixed with steam
at a normal temperature before the venturi scrubber. The
submicron particles were grown to micron size particles
pursuant to heterogeneous nucleation and condensation.
Efficiency of a venturi scrubber was significantly
improved at the expense of low pressure drop.
Kumar et al. (2008) developed mathematical model
to evaluate capture efficiency in terms of penetration
where an intermediate drop Reynolds number
(1<ReD<1000) effects are accounted for different throat
length and gas velocity.
Goniva et al. (2009) simulated venturi scrubber in
Open FOAM framework to analyze the performance of
a venturi scrubber. Eulerian-Langrangian approach was
used to solve the model numerically. The dust particles
were simulated in additional passive Eulerian approach
while droplets were treated in Langrangian phase. The
atomization of liquid was modeled in a Taylor Analogy
Breakup (TAB) model. The numerical results were
found better when compared with experimental results
in literature.
Ribeiro et al. (2005) studied the impact of multiple
orifices, droplet size, gas velocity and liquid flow rate on
the collection efficiency of laboratory scale venturi
scrubber. It was noted that efficiency was higher for
higher liquid flow rate and one orifice was operating.
Mayinger and Lehner (1995) studied the operating
condition and collection efficiency of a self-priming
venturi scrubber where liquid flow rate depends on gas
flow rate and hydrostatic pressure of liquid in a tank. It
was observed that the separation efficiency was
improved with multistage injection of liquid. The film
flowing on the diffuser wall was extracted from the
immersion tube.
Goel and Hollands (1977b) proposed a design
procedure for optimization of a venturi scrubber. The
charts for optimizing a design were developed based on
air-water system and pneumatic atomization.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to thank the Chinese Scholarship
Council (CSC) for awarding Scholarship and his
supervisor and friends for their informative advices in
writing this study.
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