F I R / S 1 2 5 Vol. 8
FA O F i s h e r i e s S y n o p s is No. 125, V o l u m e 8
FAO SPECIES CATALOGUE
VOL. 8. FUSILIER FISHES OF THE WORLD
AN ANNOTATED AND ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
OF CAESIONID SPECIES KNOWN TO DATE
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPM ENT PROGRAM ME
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
FAQ F isheries S yn op sis No. 125, V o lu m e 8
F IR /S 125 V o l. 8
FAO SPECIES CATALOGUE
VOL. 8
F U S IL IE R F IS H E S O F T H E W O R L D
An A n no tated and Illustrated C atalo gu e
o f C aesion id S p ecies Know n to Date
p repared by
K ent E. C a rp e n te r
M a ricu ltu re
and
F ish e rie s
D e p a rtm e n t
K uw ait In stitu te fo r S cie n tific R esearch
P .O . B o x 1 6 3 8
Salm iya 22017
K u w a it
FO O D A N D A G R IC U L T U R E O R G A N IZ A T IO N O F T H E U N IT E D N A T IO N S
R om e, 1988
The d e sig n a tio n s e m ployed and the pre se n ta tio n o f
m aterial in th is publication do not imply the expression of
any opinion w h a tso eve r on the part o f the Food and
Agriculture
O rganization
of
the
United
Nations
concerning the legal status o f any country, territory, city
o f area or o f its authorities, or concerning the delimitation
o f its fro n tie rs or boundaries.
M -40
ISBN 92 -5 -1 02 7 4 6 -3
All rights reserved. No part o f th is p ublication m ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system , or
transm itted in any form or by any m eans, electronic, m echanical, photocopying or otherw ise, w ithout
the
p rior
perm ission
o f the
co p yrig h t
owner.
A p p lica tio n s
for
such
perm ission,
w ith
a
statem ent
o f the purpose and extent o f the rep ro d u ction , should be add re sse d to the D irector, P ublications
D ivision, Food and A g ricu ltu re O rganization o f the United N ations, Via delle Term e di Caracalla,
00100 Rome, Italy.
© FA O 1 9 8 8
PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT
The a uthor has recently com pleted a w o rldw ide revision o f th is fa m ily w hich has been published in "IndoP a cific F ishes", H onolulu, Haw aii, No. 15, Sept. 1987. M ost o f th e ta x o n o m ic and e c o lo g ic a l in fo rm a tio n p re se n te d in
th e p re s e n t w o rk w a s ta k e n from th is p u b lic a tio n . H o w e ve r, th e a u th o r s u b s e q u e n tly had an o p p o rtu n ity to
exam ine, w ith FAO support, fu rth e r m aterial o f this fa m ily in various European M useums.
The FAO catalogue is designed
o f the
sp ecies a cce ssib le to the
s p e c if ic a lly
f o r the use o f fish e ry w orkers, laying em p h a sis on field identification
non-taxonom ists,
as well as on fish e rie s inform ation.
U nfortunately,
such
inform ation
is rather scarce and often unreliable due to dubious identifications in the past.
In view o f the im portance o f coloured patterns as d ia gnostic ch a ra cte rs for the
plates for all species have been included. M ost o f these are photographs m ade by J.E.
sp ecies identification, colour
Randall, a lready published in
the above-m entioned m onographic revision.
All b la ck and w hite dra w ing s w ere prepared at FAO under the su p ervision o f the au tho r and the editors.
T ec h n ic a l E ditors:
W . F ischer and N adia S cialabba, F ishe rie s R e so u rce s and E n vironm ent Division, FAO
Illustrator:
P. Lastrico, FAO, Rome
A B S TR A C T
This
is
the
catalogues
eighth
of
in
m ajor
the
FAO
groups
of
series
o f w orldw ide
organism s
that
annotated
en ter
m arine
and
illustrated
fisheries.
The
p re s e n t v o lu m e in c lu d e s 20 ca e s io n id s p e c ie s b e lo n g in g to 4 g e n e ra . It
provides com prehensive, illustrated keys and a glossary o f technical term s and
m e a su re m e n ts. Ind ivid u al a cco u n ts o f sp e cie s in clu d e d ra w ing s, s c ie n tific and
v e r n a c u la r
names,
inform ation
on
habitat,
biology
and
f is h e r ie s ,
and
a
d istrib u tio n m ap. Lists o f n o m in a l sp e cie s in th e fa m ily and o f va lid sp e cie s by
m ajor m arine fishing areas fo llo w the sp ecies accounts. The w o rk is f u lly
indexed and there is am ple reference to pertinent literature.
D is trib u tio n
F o r b ib lio g ra p h ic p u rp o s e s th is d o c u m e n t s h o u ld be
c ite d as fo llo w s :
A u th o r
FAO F ishe rie s O ffice rs
R egional F ishe rie s C o uncils
and C o m m issio n s
Selector SM
C a rp e n te r, K.E.,
1988
FAO s p e c ie s ca ta lo g u e .
V o l 8.
F u s ilie r fis h e s o f th e w o rld .
An
annotated and illustrated catalogue
o f Caesionid species know n to date.
FAO Fish.Synop., (125)V ol.8:75 p.
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iv
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page
1.
2.
IN T R O D U C T IO N
1
1.1
1 .2
P la n o f t h e S y s t e m a t ic C a t a lo g u e
.......................................................................................................................................
G e n e r a l R e m a r k s o n F u s il ie r s
................................................................................................................................................
1 .3
I l lu s t r a t e d
S Y S T E M A T IC
2.1
M e a s u re m e n ts
..........................................................................10
CATALOGUE
15
General Aids to Identification
15
2 .1 . 1
2 .1 .2
2 .1 .3
2 .1 .4
2 .1 .5
2 .2
G lo s s a r y o f T e c h n ic a l T e r m s a n d
2
2
D ia g n o s tic fe a tu r e s o f th e
f a m i l y C a e s io n id a e
............................................................................. 15
N o te s on th e id e n tific a tio n
o f fu s ilie r s
................................................................................................... 15
L a b o r a t o r y k e y t o s p e c ie s ................................................................................................................................................15
M e r is t ic f r e q u e n c y d is t r i b u t io n t a b le s
................................................................................................................ 21
F ie ld k e y t o s p e c ie s a n d c o lo u r p la t e s
.................................................................................................................2 4
I n f o r m a t io n b y S p e c i e s ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 5
Code
C a e s io
CAES Caes
35
C. c a e r u l a u r e a
CAES Caes
1
35
C. c u n in g
................................................................................................
CAES Caes
2
37
C. l u n a r i s
................................................................................................
CAES Caes
3
38
C. s t r ia t a
................................................................................................
C. s u e v i c a ................................................................................................
C. t e r e s
...................................................................................................
C A E S C a e s 4 ..................................................4 0
C A E S C a e s 5 ..................................................41
CAES Caes 7
42
C. v a r i lin e a t a
C. x a n t h o n o t a
CAES Caes
CAES Caes
D ip t e r y g o n o t u s
D.
..................................................................................
............................................................................................
b a l t e a t u s ...........................................................................................
C A E S D ip t
C A E S D ip t 1
8
6
44
45
................................................4 7
47
G y m n o c a e s io
...................................................................................................
G. g y m n o p t e r a
C A E S G ym n
................................................4 9
C A E S G y m n 1 ................................................4 9
P t e r o c a e s io
.......................................................................................................
P . c a p r ic o r n is
...................................................................................
C A E S P te r
C A E S P te r 5
................................................ 5 0
51
52
53
55
P.
P.
P.
c h ry s o z o n a
...................................................................................
d ig r a m m a
.......................................................................................
l a t i v i t t a t a ..........................................................................................
C A E S P te r 1
C A E S P te r 2
C A E S P te r 6
P.
m a rri
..............................................................................................
C A E S P te r 7
56
P.
p is a n g
..............................................................................................
C A E S P te r 3
58
P.
r a n d a l l i ..............................................................................................
C A E S P te r 8
59
P.
P.
P.
t e s s e lla t a
.......................................................................................
t i l e .........................................................................................................
t r ilin e a ta
..........................................................................................
C A E S P te r 9
60
C A E S P te r 4
61
C A E S P te r 1 0 ................................................ 6 3
3.
L IS T O F N O M I N A L S P E C I E S
O F C A E S IO N ID A E
4.
L IS T O F S P E C I E S
5.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 68
6.
IN D E X O F S C IE N T IF IC A N D V E R N A C U L A R
BY M A JO R
M A R IN E
F IS H I N G A R E A S
NAMES
65
66
72
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1
1.
on
INTRODUCTION
T his ca ta lo gu e is intended p rim a rily as an aid in fis h e rie s and fish e rie s-re la te d studies. E m phasis is th e re fo re placed
in clu d in g d e ta ils useful fo r id e n tific a tio n , and a v a ila b le fis h e rie s and b io lo g ica l in fo rm a tio n on th e 20 s p e cie s o f
caesionids. The ta xo no m ic acco u nts are based on a recent revision by C arpenter (1985, 1987) w hich contain m ore details
regarding the system atics o f the Caesionidae than the present catalogue.
Fisheries inform ation regarding caesionids is scarce in the literature. One reason for th is lack o f data is that
fu s ilie rs are o f relatively m inor im portance in industrial fisheries, although they m ake up a significant part o f artisanal
m ultispecies catches in som e countries. Caesionids are generally considered good eating but th e ir market size is rather
sm all (typically 17 to 40 cm in total length). They are com m on in m arkets throughout their range, but usually in small
quantities. Fusiliers dw ell prim arily over coral reefs, w here m ost com m ercial fishing gears do not operate. Therefore,
caesionids are m ost com m only harvested by artisanal fisheries, and hence, catch statistics are not well docum ented.
W here caesionids are fished in large com m ercial quantities, catch data are difficult to g ather because they are part o f a
com plex m ultispecies stock. In both artisanal and com m ercial fisheries, several caesionid species are usually caught
to g eth e r w ith a va riety o f unrelated species. In catch data, sp ecies o f fu silie rs are rarely reported separately, but rather,
lumped together under a fa m ily heading.
In m any areas, fu siliers are indirectly related to com m ercial fisheries, as tuna
species o f caesionids are used, to g eth e r w ith m any unrelated species. No explicit
proportion o f fusilie rs utilized as baitfish. W h e re ca e sio n id s are
as one o f the m ore im portant groups.
used
as baitfish
baitfish. In these fisheries, several
data are available on quantity or
how ever, th e y are g e n era lly considered
A fa cto r co n tributing to the lack o f sp e cific fish e rie s inform ation regarding fu silie rs is the d ifficu lty w h ich existed in
the identification o f species in th is fam ily. One can com pare the conflicting nam es assigned to sp ecies in recent w orks
(i.e. M asuda et a f, 1 9 7 5 ; Schroeder, 1980; Shen, 1984; and G loerfelt-Tarp & Kailola, 1984) to appreciate the confusion
that exists. It is tim ely therefore, to report
aid in studies on tropical m ultispecies fisheries.
T his catalogue
is intended to
on
the
ta xo no m ic
be as self-contained
status
and
fish e rie s-relate d
inform ation
on caesionids, to
as possible. A glossary o f technical te rm s and
included to help m inim ize the necessity to refer to related literature. In order to avoid cluttering
c ita tio n s are co nfined to the "B ib lio g rap h y," except in ca se s w here it is ne ce ssary to refer to a sp e cific w ork.
illustrations are
o f the
text,
literature
A c kno w ledg m ents
I offer special thanks to J.E.
th a nk again everyone
graduate studies.
I extend
my
m entioned
gratitude
to
in
the
Randall w ho has helped me in m any w ays during the revision o f the Caesionidae. I
m y dissertation
follow ing
and
persons
revision
and
paper w ho
institutions
w ho
contributed
assisted
to
during
w o rk on fu siliers
m useum
visits
during
or
my
provided
lo a n s o f specimens: H. Ahnelt and H.J. Paepke (N aturhistorisches Museum , Vienna); G.R. Allen (W estern Australian
Museum, Perth); M.L. Awai and A.Y. Suzum oto (B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu), M.L.Bauchot and
M.
Desoutter
(Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris); M. Boeseman and M.J.P. van Oijen (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie,
Leiden); W .N. Eschm eyer (California A cadem y o f Science, San Francisco); M.N. Feinberg and C.J. Ferraris
(Am erican
Museum o f Natural History, New York); R. Gillet (South Pacific Com m ission); T. Gloerfelt-Tarp; M.L. Holloway and P.J.P.
W hitehead [British Museum (Natural History), London]; S.L. Jewett, L.W. Knapp, L.P. Norrod, V.G. Springer, and J.T.
W illia m s (U n ited S ta te s N a tio n a l M useum o f N a tu ra l H isto ry, W a s h in g to n , D .C .); W . K la u se w itz (N a tu r-M u se u m
Senckenberg, Frankfurt); J.M. Leis (Australian M useum , Sydney); A.D. Lewis (M inistry o f Fisheries, Fiji); B. Ranchod (J.L.B.
Smith
Institute
of
Ichthyology,
G raham stow n,
South
Africa);
W .F.
S m ith-V aniz
(A cadem y
of
Natural
Sciences,
Philidelphia); and R. W interbottom (Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto).
I am grateful to P. Lastrico (FAO) w ho m asterfully drew the fig u re s fo r this catalogue. I th a n k W. F ischer who
provided m uch-needed encouragem ent and support for m useum visits through the Food and Agricultural O rganization
o f the United Nations. I am grateful to V.G . Springer w ho facilitated partial support for research on fish e s through the
Leonard P. Schultz Fund o f the Sm ithsonian Institution. The Open G rants o f the East-W est Center provided a degree
participant grant w hich supported me through m ost o f my graduate studies.
The revision o f the C aesionidae w as carried out in partial fulfillm ent o f PH.D. requirem ents at the D epartm ent of
Z oology, University o f Hawaii. I th a nk my doctoral com m ittee and com m ittee chairm an, J.W. Archie for their help and
guidance.
2
Last, and
never least,
I th a nk m y wife,
C ecilia
Luz, for her patience
and encouragem ent during
my ichthyological
pursuits.
The editors are indebted to Dr J.E. Randall, Editor o f "Indo-Pacific Fishes" for kindly perm itting the reproduction of
m ost o f the colour illustrations printed in No.
15 o f that series. Special thanks are due to Ms Giulia Sciarappa-Dem uro fo r
the page com position o f this docum ent. Ms G loria A. Soave (FAO) has kindly revised the bibliography.
1.1
Plan of the System atic Catalogue
A
fam ily
alphabetically
d escription
by
genera
is given,
and
follow ed
species.
by a
key to
C haracteristics
of
all genera
subfam ilies
and
species.
and
subgenera
The species
are
acco u nts
sum m arized
are
arranged
under
"G eneral
R em arks on Fusiliers." Each ge n us is introduced w ith its type reference, synonym s, and d ia gnostic features. M ultispecies
genera
also
have
com m ents on
general
biology,
habitat, distribution, and
interest to
fisheries. The inform ation
pertaining to each species is arranged by paragraphs, in the ord e r listed below:
(1)
S c ie n tific n am e :
(2)
Synonym s:
(3)
FA O
The reference for the original description and the type locality are given.
All invalid nam es and com binations that have been applied are referenced.
N am es:
F A O -a cce p te d
E n g lish
n a m e s and te n ta tiv e
F re n ch
and
S p a n ish
n a m e s are
g ive n
fo r e ach
sp e cie s. T he FAO English nam e is co n sid e re d th e sta n d a rd to be used fo r fis h e ry p urposes. T his sh o u ld avoid
confusion w h ich can be caused due to the existence o f m ultiple nam es fo r the sam e sp e cie s or to the use o f
th e sam e nam e fo r se ve ra l sp e cie s. T he FAO nam e is not in te n de d to s u p p la n t th e use o f local n a m e s but
rather, to se rve as a w o rld w id e reference.
(4)
D ia g n o s tic F ea tu re s : D istin ctive c h a ra c te rs o f th e sp e cie s, as an aid fo r id e n tific a tio n , a cco m p a n ie d by u seful
d ia g ra m s. T h e se d ia g n o s e s sh o u ld be co n su lte d , to g e th e r w ith th e fre q u e n c y
and scale counts, to confirm species identified by using the illustrated key.
(5)
ta b le s
o f fin
ray
G e o g ra p h ic a l D is trib u tio n : T he g e n e ra l g e o g ra p h ic ran g e is g ive n in th e te x t and illu stra te d on a m ap. The
m ap shading in clu d e s know n
species is expected to be found.
a re a s o f o ccu rre n ce
(6)
Habitat and Biology:
(7)
S ize : The approximate maximum total length
(8)
d is trib u tio n
and
in term ediate
a re a s
betw een
lo ca lity records w h e re
a
Inform ation on habitat, behaviour, food habits and reproduction.
In te re s t to F is h e rie s : G e n e ra l in fo rm a tio n on th e e xte nt, typ e o f fis h e rie s , and u tiliz a tio n .
D e ta ile d fis h e rie s
d a ta is u n a v a ila b le fo r all s p e c ie s and th e re fo re , o n ly a q u a lita tiv e a s s e s s m e n t is p o ssib le .
(9)
(1 0 )
L ocal N am es: T he se are g ive n w h e re p u b lish e d n a m e s are a va ila b le . O ften, a sin g le local nam e is a p p lie d to
s e v e ra l s p e cie s.
L ite ra tu re : R e ce n t re fe re n c e s w h ich c o n ta in illu s tra tio n s th a t co u ld be u se ful fo r id e n tific a tio n .
It is sta te d
if
an incorrect name is given in the reference.
(1 1 )
R e m a rk s : U seful
in fo rm a tio n
w h ich
is
not
a p p ro p ria te ly
co ve re d
in
th e
p re vio u s
p a ra g ra p h s.
F re q u e n tly
used incorrect scientific nam es are m entioned here.
1.2
G eneral Rem arks on Fusiliers
The caesionids are m arine perciform s found only in the tropical Indo-Pacific.
The English vernacular nam e for
m em bers o f this fam ily, "fusiliers", apparently derives from a m ilitary name.
The term f u s ilie r refe rs to certain
form ations o f eighteenth
and
nin e tee n th -cen tu ry in fa n try w h ich w ere often ch a ra cte rize d
by fla m b o ya n t uniform s.
C aesionids are colourful fishes; m any have bright yellow stripes and patches. T he y are also syn ch ro n o u s schooling fishes.
Hence, th e se fish are usually observed in form ation, w earing colourful "uniform s".
P h y lo g e n e tic re la tio n s h ip s and c la s s ific a tio n : T he C a e sio n id ae are related to th e lutjanid o r sn a p p e r fis h e s (see
FAO
S pecies
C atalogue, Vol.
6). Johnson
(1980) showed
that the
nearest relatives
(sister group) to
caesionids are the
snappers belonging to the subfam ily Lutjaninae. He used characters relating prim arily to ja w m usculature to prove this
relationship. The fu siliers are recognized as a separate fa m ily w ithin the sn a p pe r superfam ily Lutjanoidea, because they
p o s s e s s u n iq u e m o rp h o lo g ic a l fe a tu re s c h a ra c te ris tic o f th e ir fe e d in g m ode. T he c a e s io n id s a re s p e c ia liz e d fo r p la n k ti-
3
vo ra u s feeding, w hile th e ir nearest relatives, the
a ja w
m orphology and
body shape
very
lutjanine snappers, are typ ica lly benthic carnivores. The fusilie rs possess
distinct from typical snappers. The m ost striking
o f these specializations is the
fact that the ascending prem axillary process is a com pletely separate o ssification (Fig. 5). T his process is confluent w ith
the prem axilla in related perciform s. Fusiliers have a highly protrusible upper ja w
w hich is an adaptation for picking
Zooplankton
protrusibility.
W ithin
from
the
the
w a te r
C aesionidae,
colum n.
there
are
The
m odification
recognizable
of
trends
the
ascending
in ja w
structure
prem axillary
and
body
process
shape
is
related
related
to
a
to
ja w
presum able
refinem ent o f th e ir
adaptation to planktivory. One o f these trends relates to ja w protrusion. M em bers o f the m ore
prim itive genus Caesio have a single process on the prem axilla (nam ed the postm axillary process) projecting posteriorly,
w h ic h is la te ra l to th e m edian a s ce n d in g p re m a x illa ry pro ce ss. In th e rem a in in g , m ore d e rive d g e n e ra o f ca e sio n id s,
there are 2 postm axillary processes (Fig. 5). The additional process presum ably allow s g re a te r control, and perhaps
extent, o f ja w protrusion.
A n o th e r trend w ithin the caesionids relating to planktivory is the
caesionids, the lutjanine snappers, are prim arily benthic ca rn ivo re s w ith
reduction o f dentition. The closest relatives to
strong teeth suitable fo r grasping prey. T hese
snappers com m only have enlarged canines in th e ir jaw s, and teeth on th e ir vo m e r and palatines. Fusiliers feed prim arily
on Zooplankton, and there is
no need for a well developed dentition to seize and hold prey. T hey have sm all, w e a k
teeth, and som e species lack teeth on the vom er, palatines and prem axillaries. The m ost ancestral living caesionid
species, C aesio cuning, has larger, m ore num erous teeth than other fusiliers. In addition, C. cu n in g is the only caesionid
w ith a tooth plate on the third epibranchial. The snappers also possess this pharyngial tooth plate. The m ost derived
caesionids, G ym nocaesio gym noptera and D ipterygonotus balteatus, have ve ry sm all teeth and lack teeth com pletely on
th e ir palatines and prem axillaries.
The trend
in body shape
o f caesionids
reflects an
increased
adaptation to
a sem i-pelagic, planktivorous existence.
The m ore ancestral species
are high-bodied, like their snapper relatives. The more derived ones are m ore slender,
fusiform and elongate, sim ilar to m any pelagic fishes. The m ost derived caesionid species, D ip te ryg o n o tu s balteatus, has
a very slender and elongate body, com pared
w ith m ost other m em bers o f this fam ily, and it has developed a m ostly
n e a rsh o re p e la g ic e xiste n ce . U nlike all o th e r ca e sio n id s, D. b a lte a tu s in h a b its coral ree fs o n ly in th e ju v e n ile stage. As
adults, m em bers o f this sp ecies are captured to g eth e r w ith o th er nearshore pelagios such as sa rd in e s and anchovies.
Carpenter
(1 9 8 5 )
exam ined
the
relationships
w ithin
the
subdivided into 2 subfam ilies, 4 genera, and 6 subgenera (Fig.
C aesionidae.
There
are
20
species,
w hich
can
be
1). The ta xo no m ic ca te go rie s above the sp ecies level w ere
determ ined
using
a
num erical technique w hich
m axim izes the
classification, w ithin the fra m e w o rk o f hypothesized cla d istic relationships.
inform ation
content
T his classification does not follow the strict phylogenetic classification rules suggested
and
predictive
value
of
the
by som e au tho rs (e.g. W iley,
1 9 8 1 ) although the phylogenetic hypothesis can be retrieved from an annotated classification (C arpenter, 1987). A
p hylo g en e tic style cla ssifica tio n w a s rejected because it w a s found to contain a sig n ifica n tly low er inform ation content
and predictive value than the classification presented here.
In addition, a phylogenetic classification w ould have been
ve ry d ifferent from the one com m only used, w ith potential
phylogenetic hypothesis o f the C aesionidae is given in Fig. 2.
The
classification
system atic
accounts
ignoring subfam ilies
in
this
and
catalogue
subgenera.
are
confusion
organized
The g enus is
the
to
fish e rie s
a lp habetically
m ost
useful
scientists
by
the
and
g enus
supraspecific
oth er
and
taxon
biologists.
species
in
The
levels
of
caesionids
for
fis h e ry and general ta xo no m ic purposes. In com parative biology, system atics, and oth er studies however, it is often
desirable to have a detailed understanding o f relationships w ithin a group. T hese relationships are largely based on
osteological and m eristic characters w hich m ay also be useful to the fish e ry biologist if he needed to identify m utilated
specim ens at least to su bgenus level or to confirm
sp ecies identification that rem ained
inconclusive after use o f the keys
based on external m orphological characters.
T a b le s I and
ta xa o f caesionids.
II su m m a rize th o se o ste o lo g ica l and m e ristic ch a ra cte rs m ost u seful in d e lin e a tin g th e s u p ra s p e c ific
4
O dontonectes
cuning
lunaris
Flavicaesio
suevica
x a n th o n o ta
teres
Caesio
caerulaurea
varilineata
striata
Caesio
Pterocaesio
C A E S IO N IN A E
Pisinnicaesio
P te ro ca e sio
Squam osicaesio
CAESIONIDAE
G ym no ca e sio
tile
digram m a
chrysozona
p isa n g
randalli
m arri
la tiv itta ta
capricornis
trilin e a ta
tessellata
g y m n o p te ra
G YM N O ­
C A E S IO N IN A E
D ip te ry g o n o tu s
F A M IL Y
S U B F A M IL Y
Fig. 1
GENUS
balteatus
SUBGENUS
S tru c tu re o f th e L in n e a n C la s s ific a tio n o f C a e s io n id a e
SPECIES
5
L u tja n in a e
C a e s io (O .) c u n in g
C a e s io (O .) lu n a ris
C a e s io (F .) s u e v ic a
C a e s io (F .) x a n th o n o ta
C a e s io (F .) te re s
C a e s io (C .) c a e ru la u re a
C a e s io (C .) v a rilin e a ta
C a e s io (C .) s tria ta
P te ro c a e s io (P t.) tile
P te ro c a e s io (P i.) d ig ra m m a
P te ro c a e s io (P i.) c h ry s o z o n a
P te ro c a e s io (P i.) p is a n g
C A E S IO N ID A E
P te ro c a e s io (S .) ra n d a lli
P te ro c a e s io (S .) m a rri
P te r o c a e s io (S .) la tiv itta ta
P te ro c a e s io (S .) c a p ric o rn is
P te ro c a e s io (S .) trilin e a ta
P te ro c a e s io (S .) te s s e lla ta
G y m n o c a e s io
g y m n o p te ra
D ip te r y g o n o tu s b a lte a tu s
Fig. 2
P hylogenetic H ypo thesis o f the C aesion idae
TABLE I
C h ara c te rs useful in Distinguishing S u b fa m ilie s and G enera w ithin th e C a e s io n id a e
S cales on
m edian fin s
Teeth on pre­
m a xilla
Num ber o f pro­
Num ber o f post­
S h a p e o f p o s te rio r
cu rre n t caudal rays
m a xilla ry p ro ce sse s
e n d o f m a x illa
C aesioninae
Caesio
+
+
9 -1 0
1
B lu n t
Pterocaesio
+
+
9 -1 0
2
T apered
G ym nocaesio
-
-
7-8
2
T apered
D ip te ry g o n o tu s
-
-
7 -8
2
T ap e re d
G ym n o ca e sio n in a e
6
T A B L E II
C h a r a c te r s u s e fu l in D is tin g u is h in g S u b g e n e r a w ith in th e C a e s io n id a e
P ro ce ss
T ypica l
typ e on
basi­
o ccip ita l
Occipital-
pars
jugularis
epipleural
ribs
frontal
crest
3
A
10-13
+++
3-4
B
13-14
+
2
C
14
P te ro c a e s io
2
C
14
P is in n ic a e s io
5
D
S q u a m o sica e sio
5
G ym no ca e sio
D ipterygonotus
O penings
P ro ce ss
P ro ce ss
T ee th on
first e p i­
second
p a la tin e s
pleural
epi-pelural
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
14
-
+++
+
+-
+
E
14
-
+
-
-
-
5
E
14
-
+
-
_
_
5
F
14
_
(+)
-
-
-
P ro ce ss
firs t neural
arch
Caesio
O dontonectes
F la v ic a e s io
C a e sio
+
-
P te ro c a e s io
A b breviations used:
A
=
no
distinct
process;
B
=
sm all,
indistinct
process;
C
=
distinct
process,
separated
from
condyle by prom inent concavity on ventral surface o f basioccipital; D = relatively large process directly adjacent to
condyle; E = short, distinct process se parated from co ndyle by a narrow co ncavity; F = h o rn-like process, separated
from
condyle
by a narrow
co ncavity;
+ = present;
+ + + = ve ry w ell developed;
( + ) = present
in a different form
than + ; - = absent; + - = variable, either present or absent
F or an e x p la n a tio n o f th e c h a ra c te rs p re se n te d in th e se ta b le s , re fe r to th e "Illu s tra te d G lo s s a ry o f T e c h n ic a l T erm s
and M easurem ents" in this catalogue.
The fam ily C aesionidae (see Fig. 1) is divided into
2 subfam ilies. The subfam ily Caesioninae contains the genera
C aesio and P terocaesio. The Caesioninae are characterized by having scales on the m edian fins, teeth present on the
prem axilla,
a
num ber
o f procurrent
caudal
rays typ ica lly
9
or
10
and,
right
and
left
ascending
p rem axillary
processes
easily separable from one another into 2 distinct pieces.
The subfam ily G ym nocaesioninae is com prised o f the genera
G ym nocaesio and D ipterygonotus. T his subfam ily is characterized by the absence o f scales on the m edian fins, an
edentate prem axilla, a num ber o f procurrent caudal rays typically 7 or 8 and right and left ascending prem axillary
processes not easily separable from one a n other into 2 pieces.
The genus
the sp ecies
the
C aesio
C .(0 .) cuning
is partitioned
and
into the subgenera
C .(0 .) lunaris.
O dontonectes, F lavicaesio,
and
Caesio. O d o nto n e cte s
includes
T his su b g en u s is characterized by having typ ica lly 2 or 3 lateral o p e ning s in
pars ju g u la ris, there is no distinct process on the basioccipital for attachm ent o f B audelot's ligam ent, usually 10 to 13
epip le u ra l ribs, usually 11 soft anal rays, and a ve ry w ell developed su p ra o ccip ita l-fro n ta l crest. F lavicae sio co n sists o f the
species C.(F.) suevica, C.(F.) xanthonota, and C.(F.) teres. T his su b g en u s is distinguished in having 3 or 4 op e ning s in the
lateral wall o f the pars ju g u la ris, a sm all process on each ve n trolateral surface o f the basioccipital for attachm ent o f
B audelot's
ligam ent,
10 to
13 epipleural ribs,
usually
12 soft anal
rays and, a m oderately well developed
supraoccipital-
frontal crest. T he su b g en u s C aesio is co m p rise d o f the sp e cie s C.(C.) caerulaurea, C.(C.) va rilin e ata and C.(C .) striata.
M em bers o f th is su bgenus have 2 ope ning s in the lateral w all o f the pars ju g u la ris, a distinct process on the basioccipital
for attachm ent o f B audelot's ligam ent, typically 14 epipleural ribs, usually 12 soft anal rays and, a m oderately well
developed or not w ell developed su p ra o ccip ita l-fro n ta l crest.
7
The genus P te ro cae sio contains 3 subgenera; P te ro cae sio , P isinn ica e sio , and S q uam osicaesio. The subgenus
P te ro cae sio contains a single species, P .(P.) tile.
T his subgenus is differentiated from other P te ro cae sio by having 2
op e ning s in the lateral w all o f the pars jugularis, a sm all p rezygopophysis on the
first neural arch, no flattened
projections on the first or second epipleurals, and teeth on the palatines. The P is in n ic a e s io co n s is ts o f P.(P.) digram m a,
P.(P.) chrysozona, and P.(P.) pisang. This subgenus is distinguished by having typically 5 openings in the lateral wall o f
the
pars ju g u la ris,
a pronounced
p rezygopophysis
on the first
neural arch,
a flattened
projection
on the
first epipleural
rib,
w ith or w ithout a flattened
projection on the second epipleural rib, and teeth on the palatines.
S q u a m osicae sio
in c lu d e s 6 s p e c ie s ; P .(S .) ra n d a lli, P .(S .) m arri, P .(S .) la tiv itta ta , P .(S .) c a p rico rn is, P .(S .) trilin e a ta , and P .(S .) te s s e lla ta . The
sq u a m osicaesionids have 5 openings in the lateral w all o f the pars jugularis, a slightly pronounced prezygopophysis on
the
first neural arch, no
flattened projections on the first or second epipleurals, and no teeth on the palatines.
H ab itat and B io lo gy: A s m entioned
b e havior presum ably relates to predation
such
as groupers,
snappers, ja c k s
previously, fusiliers are
planktivorous,
pressure; caesionids are a ctively preyed
and tunas.
During
schooling fishes.
T heir schooling
upon by re e f residents
and visitors
norm al daytim e activity, fu siliers swim
actively in m idw ater around
or
near
reefs
in syn ch ro n o u s
form ation. W hen th e y e n co un te r favorable feeding co n ditions
predation pressure is m inim al, w hen the currents
are suitable and patches o f Zooplankton are
f u s il ie r s
break form ation
and assum e
a feeding
aggregation.
In these
aggregations, they
asynchronously,
m aking
quick,
short
lunges
forw ard
w hile
picking
Zooplankton
from
the
w a te r
(presum ably w hen
sufficiently dense),
swim
s lo w ly
and
colum n.
Fusiliers
can
so m e tim e s be observed sw im m ing around "cle a ne r stations" on the reef, w here som e m em bers o f the aggregation slow
dow n and interact w ith cleaner w rasses. During initial recruitm ent to a reef, ju ve n ile caesionids generally rem ain in a
restricted area close to the substrate. W hen threatened, th e y dart around, rather than in, coral heads and rocks in order
to escape. A t night, fusilie rs are quiescent and rem ain close to the reef, often in crevices and under coral heads. During
this tim e th e ir body colour frequently assum es a blotched, reddish tinge.
Fusiliers often school in m ixed sp ecies aggregations. It is not uncom m on to see a school com posed o f 3 or 4 species.
S pecies w ith sim ilar m arkings, e specially caudal m arkings, tend to be found m ost often in the sam e school. This strategy
pre su m a b ly a llow s g re a te r num bers to jo in a single school, w hile individual m em bers are not conspicuous. A highly
noticeable constituent o f a school w ould be m ore easily singled out by a predator. Therefore, fu siliers w ith a dark blotch
at the tip o f each caudal lobe, such as m ost sp ecies o f P te ro cae sio and the species o f G ym nocaesio, often school together.
The sp ecies w ith a black strea k inside the caudal lobes, such as C aesio caerulaurea, C. varilineata, C. striata, and
P te ro cae sio tile m ay be found in the sam e school. C aesio cuning, C. xanthonota, and C. teres, all w ith yellow caudal fins,
som etim es aggregate w ith one another. Juveniles o f C. lu n a ris often have a yellow caudal fin and th e y can be seen
schooling
to g eth e r w ith
ju venile
C.
cu n in g
close
to the
reef.
As
adults,
C.
lu n a ris
typ ica lly
loose
this yellow
caudal
colouration and th e y no longer are seen schooling w ith C. cuning.
This
Fusiliers are prim arily ree f inhabitants, although they often
range o ve r soft bottom s w hile sw im m ing from re e f to
is
traw lers,
evidenced
in
that
th e y
are
so m e tim e s
caught
by
fa r
from
reefs.
One
species,
reef.
D ip terygonotus
b alteatus, is found on reefs only as ju ve n ile s. A s adults, th e y are typ ica lly ca u g ht to g e th e r w ith sardines, anchovies, and
o th er nearshore p elagic species.
T he re p ro d u c tive b io lo g y o f c a e s io n id s has been e xa m in e d in o n ly a fe w sp e cie s. T h e y a p p e a r to be ty p ifie d by
early sexual m aturity, and high fecundity. T hey have a prolonged spaw ning
season, but recruitm ent peaks once or twice
a year. Like th e ir clo se st relatives, the snappers, fu silie rs have separate sexes (dioecious), w ith no sig n ifica n t diffe re n ce in
sex ratio. C aesionids are g o n och o ristic (sex rem ains constant after m aturity). Spaw ning b e haviour has been reported for
C aesio te re s (Bell and C olin, 1985) and P te ro ca e sio d ig ra m m a (Thresher, 1984). T hese c a e sio n id s sp aw n in large g ro u p s
a ro u n d th e fu ll m oon. T h e y m ig ra te to s e le c t a re a s on th e re e f at d u s k and in itia te sp a w n in g d u rin g s la c k w a te r. In C.
teres, spaw ning is preceded by periodic m ass vertical asce n ts
and de sce nts to w ith in about 1 m
spaw ning th e y stay near the surface and su b g ro u p s w ith in the m ass sw irl rapidly in circle s and
o f the surface. During
release gam etes. T hey
su b s e q u e n tly de sce nd and th e n rise ag a in to th e su rfa ce fo r fu rth e r sp a w n in g bursts. T h is is repeated se ve ra l tim e s o ve r
th e co u rse o f 10- 15 m inutes. P. d ig ra m m a m ass-sp a w n s a b o u t 1 m o ff th e bottom by dra w ing to g e th e r in a tig h t group,
releasing their gam etes, and rushing apart.
Fisheries: Fusiliers
th e re fo re
are
caught
by
m any fishing
m ost likely to be caught by nets. T he y are
m ethods.
A s m e n tio n e d , th e y a re m id w a te r, sc h o o lin g fis h e s , and
harvested
o ve r reefs by drive-in nets and gili nets, and over soft
bottom by traw l nets. F usiliers shelter on the re e f at night and are com m only captured by fish trap s designed to exploit
this behaviour. They feed on Zooplankton w hich m akes them unlikely candidates fo r hook-and-line fisheries. In certain
a re a s how ever, fu silie rs are
m ethod is however, illegal,
rou tin e ly taken by hook-and-line. Caesionids are caught by explosives in som e areas.
and obviously o f questionable application environm entally, especially in fragile coral
This
reef
habitats.
The developm ent o f ree f fisheries in a particular area will largely determ ine the fishing m ethods to be used and
the im portance o f caesionids to total fish e rie s production. In Sri Lanka fo r exam ple, som e re e f fisheries are com posed o f
num erous,
small,
catch fusiliers.
w in d -drive n
canoes
using
Several species are com m on
hook-and-line.
in m arkets
These
in Sri
fisherm en
use
sm all
hooks
Lanka w here they com m and
and
special
techniques
to
a m edium -range price. In the
G u lf o f T h a ila n d , tra w ls are th e p rim a ry fis h in g g e a r and re e f fis h e rie s a re not w e ll d e ve lo p e d . Flere, C a e sio c u n in g and
8
C. c a e ru la u re a are a m in o r pa rt o f th e ca tch
in th e tra w l fis h e rie s .
In so u th -w e s te rn
T h a ila n d
ho w e ve r, fu s ilie rs are
caught p rincipally w ith gillnetsand fish traps.
som e
Fusiliers are usually taken in m ultispecies ca tch es; th e y are e a s ily co n fu se d w ith o th e r c o lo u rfu l fish e s, p a rtic u la rly
species o f Lutjanidae, a fa m ily from w hich th e y w ere separated only recently. Landing statistics available at FAO
are still reported under Lutjanidae, and only a single genus (C aesio) is given separately (see Table III).
TA B L E III
R epo rted C atch in M etric T on s o f C a e s io S p e c ies by Fishing A rea , C o u n try and Y e a r
A re a
1983
1984
1985
1986
Indonesia
57
974
804
524
830
A rea total
57
974
804
524
830
Indonesia
71
9 598
10 235
12 695
13 3 40
M alaysia
71
922
432
446
620
Philippines
71
17 595
19 817
16 278
15 0 63
Singapore
71
2 098
1 830
1 308
1 150
A rea total
71
30 213
32 314
30 727
30 2 63
57 and 71
31 187
33 118
31 251
31093
Country
S p e cie s total
As
a
result
o f the
paucity
of
landing
sta tistics
fo r
individual
sp e cie s
or
even
genera,
and
o f the
w idespread
co n fusion o f fu s ilie rs w ith sp e cie s o f o th er fam ilies, these fig u re s p ro b a b ly represent only a fractio n o f the actual catch o f
caesionids taken in the Indo-Pacific area.
In the Philippines, fusiliers are landed and consum ed on a larger scale than in any
a
per
capita
basis
and
in
term s
of
total
fisheries
production
subsistence and artisanal fish e rie s and a m ajor fo cu s in
im portance o f fusiliers in sm all-scale fisheries production
(Table
specific
in the
III).
T hey
are
other place in the world, both on
a
com m on
com m ercial ree f fisheries.
Philippines are generally
catch com ponent
Estim ates
unreliable
in
o f the relative
because these
s ta tistics are d if f i c u l t to collect. A lc a la and L u ch ave z (1981) h o w e ve r, m on ito re d an a rtis a n a l re e f fis h e ry in th e ce n tra l
Philippines, which averaged overall yields o f 8 to over 14 t/km /yr T hey found that caesionids are the third-m ost
im portant group landed out o f 13 g ro u p s recorded in
fo r a total o f 0.48 m etric tons in a ree f area o f 1.56 km2.
The
Philippine large-scale
this fishery. T he y com prised about
15% o f the total catch per year
m uro-am i is the only com m ercial fish e ry in the w orld w hich fo cu ses on ca e sio n id s as a
m ajor catch com ponent. T h is g e a r re lie s on up to s e v e ra l h u n d re d s w im m e rs w h o u se a v e rtic a l s c a re - lin e to d riv e
reef fish into a movable net (Fig. 3). The Philippine com m ercial m uro-am i captures about 17,000 t/yr o f caesionids. T hey are
th e m ost im p o rta n t g ro u p by w e ig h t, and m ake up a p p ro x im a te ly 80% o f th e catch.
F ig. 3
M u ro -a m i o p e ra tio n
C aesionids are
im portant baitfishes in m any areas w here reefs
are in proxim ity to tuna fisheries. T his is m ost
notable in oceanic sm all island system s such as the Laccadive Islands and M aldives in the Indian Ocean and, the Caroline
Islands, Marshall Islands, and Fiji in the Pacific. In these areas, the success o f the tuna fish e ry depends on the availability
o f ca e sio n id s and a few oth er g ro u p s o f bait fishes. C a esionids are co m m o n ly caught by lift nets over the re e f flats.
These nets are baited by throw ing fin e ly m inced fish o ve r the net, and lifted w hen re e f fish e s ga the r to feed o ve r it.
Som e baitfish fusiliers are also captured at night w ith lights and dip nets. C aesionids survive nicely in bait wells. Juvenile
Caesio, small P terocaesio, G ym nocaesio, and D ip te ryg o n o tu s are all com m on as baitfishes.
W here catch statistics are recorded, fusiliers, as w ell as oth er re e f fishes, a p p ea r to be o f m inor im portance in term s
o f a c o u n try 's to ta l fis h e rie s p ro d u ctio n . In th e P hilipp in e s, w h e re th e y are fish e d m ost h eavily, th e y co m p rise o n ly a b o ut
1% o f the recorded
contribute to this total
total com m ercial and m unicipal catch. However,
alm ost 1 0 0 g ro u p s
production. Fisheries production in the tropics
typ ica lly depends on
o f fish e s and in ve rte b ra te s
diverse resources. In coastal
communities that rely
on sm all-scale coralre e f fisheries, fu siliers are often an im portant fish e rie s
com m unities, caesionid catches contribute substantially in nutritional and socio-econom ic term s.
com ponent.
In these
10
1.3
Illustrated Glossary of Technical Terms and Measurements
d orsal fin
sp in o u s ray
soft ray
axil
nape
caudal fin
caudal
peduncle
p rem axilla
m axilla
body depth
lateral line
pectoral fin
snout
leng ht
opercle
preopercle
pelvic fin
anal fin
head length
standard lenght
to ta l lenght
Fig.4
External m orphology and measurem ents
A n te rio r - Relating to the front portion.
A sc e n d in g p re m a x illa ry process - A p ro ce ss
prem axilla at the m idline (sym physis) w here
prem axillae
meet,
extending
posteriorly.
In
on each
the two
caesionids,
this is a separate bone from the prem axilla (Fig. 5).
asce n ding p re ­
m axilla ry process
\ post-
'
maxillary
process
p o st­
m axillary
pro ce sse s
p re m a xilla
m axilla
p re m axilla
prem axilla
(a) C a e s io
Fig. 5
(b ) P te ro c a e s io , D ip te ry g o n o tu s
E x p lo d e d v ie w o f u p p e r le ft s id e o f ja w
11
A x il - The a n g u la r reg io n b e tw e en th e p e ctora l fin and
the body (Fig. 4).
Ctenoid scales - S ca le s w ith sm all s p in y p ro je c tio n s on
the posterior end (Fig. 8b).
B asioccipital - The true flo o r o f the braincase (Fig. 6)
spiny
projections
sm ooth
p rezygoapophysis
su p ra o ccip ita l fron ta l crest
(a) cyclo id
(b) cte n oid
Fig. 8
p ro ce ss on
b a sio ccip ita l
basioccipital
pars jugularis
F ig .6
fo r
a tta c h m e n t
o f B a u d e lo ti
lig a m e n t
S k u ll and a n te rio r v e rte b ra e (P te ro c a e s io
S c a le s
Compressed - Flattened
relative body w idth.
Condyle
-
A
p ro ce ss
from
on
side
bone
a rtic u la tio n ,
e.g.
th e
c o n d y le
a rticu la te s w ith the first vertebra.
to
fo r
on
side;
refers
to
the
purpose
of
th e
b a s io c c ip ita l
Confluent - Jo in e d to g e th e r.
p is a n g ) (la te ra l v ie w )
Conical - Cone-shaped; refers to teeth.
B aud elot's ligam ent
-
T he
lig a m e n t
c o n n e c tin g
b a s io c c ip ita l w ith th e d o rsa l tip o f th e cle ith ru m
in the pectoral girdle).
th e
(a bone
Cycloid scales
- Scales w ithout spiny
projections at the
p o sterior end (8a).
D entary- The too th-b e a rin g bone o f the lo w e r ja w .
Canine - Elongate, conical tooth.
Caudal p eduncle - T he n a rro w end o f th e b o d y b e tw e e n
the p osterior end o f the dorsal fin and the base o f the
caudal fin (Fig. 4).
Edentate - W ithout teeth.
C h ee k scales - S ca le s on th e p re o p e rcle . T h is m eristic
c h a ra c te r is c o u n te d
on
th e
D is ta l - A w a y from th e c e n tre o f th e body, o u tw a rd
from th e p o in t o f a tta ch m e n t; th e o p p o site o f p ro xim a l.
p re o p e rcle ,
as th e
b e tw e e n
m axim um
th e
eye
n u m b e r o f row s
and
th e
ve n tra l
E p ib ra n c h ia l
-
The
se c o n d
upper
e le m e n t
in
branchial arch (Fig. 9).
m argin o f the preopercle (Fig. 7).
pharyngobranchials
epibranchials
ceratobranchials
xr
lo w e r
pharyngeal
basibranchials
Fig. 7
C h e e k s c a le s
Fig. 9
hypobranchials
Bones o f branchial arch es (schem atic)
th e
12
Ep ipleu ral ribs - Bones w hich attach on the outside
upper surface o f ribs and project into the m uscle o f the
N a p e - T he d o rs a l re g io n o f th e h ead w h e re th e sk u ll
jo in s the body (Fig. 4).
flanks (Fig. 10).
O p e r c le m a rg in - T h e p o s te r io r e d g e o f th e b o n e
covering the gili region (Fig. 4).
neural
P a la tin e - Paired bo n es on th e sid e s o f the ro o f o f the
sp in e s
m outh on either side o f the vom er (Fig. 12).
vertebral
centres
vom er
pleural
ribs
epipleural
— ribs
palatines
premaxillae
Fig. 12
V o m e r and p alatin e bones on ro o f of
m outh (schem atic)
Pars ju g u la ris
- A
cham ber outside
and
lateral to the
b ra in ca se w h ich se rve s as a co n d uit fo r n e rve s and blood
Fig. 10 T h o ra c ic vertebral colum n w ith ribs
(schem atic)
In te ro rb ita l s p a c e
vessels connecting the brain. In caesionids, there is one
The region o f the head above and
be tw e en th e eyes.
L ateral lin e - A series o f pored o r tubed sca le s form ing a
raised line alo n g th e sid e o f th e b o d y (Fig. 11). The
lateral-line scales are counted from the m ost anterior
pored scale
detected by
to the base o f the
the crease resulting
caudal fin w hich is
from folding the fin
fo rw a rd .
opening to the pars ju g u la ris w h ich fa ce s forw a rd into
the eye socket and, from 1 to 4 openings on the lateral
sid e (Fig. 6).
P e d u n c u la r s c a l e s - S c a le s fo u n d on the c a u d a l
peduncle.
U pper and
low er peduncular s c a le s
are
circu m fe re n ce scale row co u n ts (ro w s cou n te d on both
right and
left sides and
including the midline s ca le row )
w ith th e la t e r a l- lin e
ro w
in c lu d e d
pe d un cu la r count; these scale row s are
mid-portion o f the caudal peduncle (Fig. 1 3 )
in the
counted
upper peduncular scales
Fig. 11
M axilla
- The
bone
o f the
Lateral line
upper ja w
lying
above
the
premaxilla (Fig. 5)
lo w e r p e d u n c u la r sca le s
M e ris tic - D iv id e d in to p a rts o r d is c re te u n its ; p e rta in in g
to num ber o f parts as in sca le s or fin rays.
ch a ra cte rs include scale co u n ts and fin ray counts.
M eristic
Fig. 13
S c a le c o u n ts on c a u d a l p ed u n c le
lo w e r
in the
13
P o s tm a x illa ry p ro ce s s - A p ro ce ss located on the side o f
the
p re m a x illa
p o sterior
portion
w h ich
of
p o in ts
the
r o u g h ly
f is h
( a ls o
to w a rd s
c a lle d
P re m a x illa - The anterior bone o f the upper ja w (Fig. 5).
the
la te r a l
P re o p e rc le
- Bone on the cheek in front o f the
opercle
and form ing the front part o f the gili cover (Fig. 4).
prem axillary process) (Fig. 5).
P o s te r io r - The rear or hind portion.
P re z y g o p o p h y s is
- The
anterior
projecting
process
on
the upper portion o f the arch o f the vertebra (Fig. 6).
P re d o rs a l c o n fig u ra tio n
- Refers to the position o f the
(bones
P ro c u rre n t c a u d a l rays - Short ca u d al rays on the upper
supporting the fin rays) in relation to the neural spines
(spines projecting u pw ards from the vertebrae). The
and lo w e r m argin o f the ca u d al fin w h ich do not project
to the hind m argin o f the fin (Fig. 16).
predorsal
bones
and
first
dorsal
p te ryg io p h o re s
f o r m u la
fo r th is c o n f ig u r a t io n
contain
represent a predorsal bone, sla n ts w h ich
neural spine, and num bers w hich indicate
o f rays supported by pte ryg io p h o re s (Fig. 1 4 ).
0 's
w h ic h
represent a
the num ber
upper
p ro cu rre n t rays
spiny rays
soft
rays
dorsal fin
pterygiophores
predorsal bones
neural
sp in e s
lo w e r
p ro cu rre n t rays
vertebral
Fig. 16
C au d a l fin ( C aesio )
c e n tra s
P ro x im al - T ow a rd th e ce n tre o f th e body; th e o p p o site
o f distal.
P te ry g io p h o re
Fig. 14
- The bone w h ich su p p orts the base o f
each fin ray (Fig. 14).
S c h em atic representation o f predosal
bones and dorsal fin sup po rts
( i . e . 0 / 0 / 0 + 2 /1 + 1 )
R a y - A fin
su p p o rt e le m e n t; s o ft rays a re
se g m e n te d
and fle xib le ; sp in o u s rays are stiff, u n se g m e n te d , and
su p p o rt th e a n te rio r p o rtio n o f th e anal and d o rs a l fin s
in caesionids.
P re d o rs a l s c a le s - T he sca le s on th e m id lin e in fro n t o f
th e
d o rs a l fin
sca le
o rigin.
row s w h ich
as the
S c a le s a b o v e and b elo w la te ra l lin e - A tra n s v e rs e s e rie s
in te rse ct th e m id lin e from th e a n te rio r
T he se
s c a le s are
co u n te d
o f sca le row s; below la te ra l-lin e sca le s are co u n te d from
p o in t o f th e d o rs a l fin to th e a n te rio r
su p ra te m p o ra l band o f sca le s (Fig. 15).
su p ra temp.
predorsal
scales
p o in t
of
u p p er sca le row s
lateral
line
band
th e
th e o rig in o f th e a n a l fin , not in clu d in g th e
v e n tra l s c a le row , a lo n g a fo rw a rd d ia g o n a l
m ed ia n
to the
la te ra l line; a b o ve la te ra l-lin e sca le s are co u n te d from
th e o rig in o f th e d o rsa l fin , not in clu d in g th e m ed ia n
d o rsa l sca le row, on a d ia g o n a l b a ckw a rd to th e lateral
line; th e la te ra l line row is not in clu d e d in th e se co u n ts
(Fig. 15).
S u p ra o c c ip ita l-fro n ta l c re s t - On the dorsal surface and
ce n tre o f th e s ku ll, a rid g e o f b one ru n n in g lo n g itu ­
din a lly o ve r the fron ta l and su p ra o ccip ita l b ones (Fig. 6).
lo w e r s ca le row s
Fig. 15
P redo rsal sc a le s and c o u n ts o f sc a le rows
a b o v e and b elo w la te ra l lin e
14
S u p ra te m p o ra l band o f s c a le s - A distin ct band o f scales,
roughly "U "-shaped, on the upper head (Figs. 1 5,1 7 ).
su p ra temporal
band o f
scales
Fig. 17
Dorsal view o f head
V o m e r - A bone form ing the m iddle front part o f the ro o f o f
the mouth, som etim es bearing teeth (Fig. 1 2 ).
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15
2.
2.1
SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE
G eneral A ids to Id en tific atio n
2 .1 .1
Diagnostic Features of the Fam ily C aesionidae
O blong to fu sifo rm , m o d e ra te ly co m p re sse d , m e d iu m -size d to sm all lu tja n o id fish e s. L o n gitu d in a l a xis from tip
o f sn o u t to m id dle o f ca u d al fin p a ssing th ro u g h ce n tre o f eye. Eye m o d e ra te ly large, its d ia m e te r lo n g e r th a n sn o u t
length. M outh sm all and h ig h ly p ro tru sib le ; a sce n d in g p re m a xilla ry p ro ce ss a s e p a ra te o s s ifica tio n from p re m a xilla ;
e th m o -m a x illa ry lig a m e n t a b s e n t; 1-2 fin g e r-lik e p o s tm a x illa ry p ro c e s s e s (F ig . 2 a ,b ); a n g le o f ja w o b liq u e , a b o u t 4 0 50° to h o rizo n ta l. D e n titio n v a rio u s ly reduced; sm all o r m in ute co n ica l te e th; p re m a xilla e , v o m e r and p a la tin e s w ith
o r w ith o u t te e th. C audal fin d e e p ly fo rke d . M argin o f d o rsa l and anal fin s m ore o r le ss e ve n ly slo p in g ; th ird o r fo u rth
do rsa l s p in e s lo n g e st; second or th ird anal s p in e s longest, rem a in in g sp in e s and rays g ra d u a lly d e cre a sin g in length
(exce p t in D ip te ry g o n o tu s w ith d orsal fin pro file not e ve n ly slo p in g , last 4 -5 do rsa l s p in e s sm all and n e a rly se p a ra te ,
co n n e cte d o n ly at th e ir bases by m em b ran e , and d o rsa l rays m uch lo n g e r th a n th e se sp in e s). D orsal fin w ith 10-15
s le n d e r w e a k s p in e s and 8 -2 2 so ft rays; anal fin w ith 3 sp in e s and 9 -1 3 rays; p e lvic fin s w ith 1 sp in e and 5 rays;
pe ctora l fin s w ith 16-24 rays. B ra nchiostega! rays 7. S ca le s m od e ra te to sm all, w e a kly cte n oid; la te ra l-lin e sca le s 4588. A s e p a ra te A 1 ' se c tio n o f th e a d d u c to r
m a n d ib u la e w h ich
o rig in a te s on th e s u b o c u la r sh e lf. P re d o rs a l
c o n fig u ra tio n 0 /0 /0 + 2/1 + 1/, 10 + 0/0 + 2/1 + 1/ o r /0 + 0/2/1 +
1/. Epipleural ribs 10-15. P ro cu rre n t caudal rays ty p ic a lly
7-10. H yp u ra ls 1-2 and 3 -4 ty p ic a lly fu se d in all sp e cie s (exce p t som e ju v e n ile s ). O p e n in g s in e xte rn a l w a ll o f pars
ju g u la ris 2-5. C o lo u r: S id e s w ith o r w ith o u t lo n g itu d in a l strip e s; ca u d a l fin e ith e r w ith o u t m arkin g s, w ith a b la ckish
blotch on tips o f lobes, or with a longitudinal blackish streak in m iddle o f each lobe; axil o f pectoral fin black.
2 .1 .2 N o tes on th e Id e n tific a tio n o f F u s iliers
T here has been m uch co n fu sio n w ith sp e cie s n a m e s o f c a e sio n id s b ecause p re se rve d sp e cim e n s are d iffic u lt to
identify. T he s p e cie s o f th is fa m ily are e a sily d istin g u ish e d on th e b a sis o f th e ir life co lo u rs, a lth o u g h th e se c o lo u r
p a tte rn s u s u a lly do not p re s e rv e w e ll. T he m o rp h o lo g ic a l fe a tu re s o f c a e s io n id s are o fte n d iffic u lt to use in
id e n tific a tio n due to th e fe e b le n e s s o f the structu re s. S ca le s re a d ily d e tach , and rays are s le n d e r and e a sily broken;
te e th are sm a ll and w e a k and o fte n req u ire sta in in g fo r p ro p e r c h a ra c te riz a tio n . W h e n th e se e le m e n ts are not
broken or de tach e d , th e y are useful as m e ristic ch a ra cte rs. T he o ve rla p s in co u n ts o f th e se ch a ra cte rs, how ever, are
such that, based on m e ristics alone, th e re is often a p o ssib ility o f m isid e n tifica tio n . For th is reason, w h e n life co lo u rs
are not know n, it is b e tte r to base id e n tific a tio n s on a n u m b e r o f s p e cim e n s from e ach p o p u la tio n and id e n tify the
m ost fre q u e n t m e ristic co u n ts. T ab le s IV to VI list th e fre q u e n c y d is trib u tio n s o f th o se c h a ra cte rs m ost useful in the
id e n tific a tio n o f c a e sio n id s.
T w o keys are pro vid e d
below fo r the id e n tific a tio n o f fu silie rs. T he firs t is a la b o ra to ry key in te n de d fo r use
w ith p re se rve d sp e cim e n s. T h e re are som e ca s e s ho w e ve r, w h e re kn o w le d g e o f c o lo u r p a tte rn s is n e ce ssa ry fo r
id e n tific a tio n w h e n using th e la b o ra to ry key. O ften th e se p a tte rn s are d isce rn ib le in p re se rve d s p e cim e n s but it is
b e tte r if n o tes on c o lo u r pa ttern have been ta ke n on s p e cim e n s d u ring co lle ctio n . If d a ytim e life co lo u r p a tte rn s are
app are n t, c a e s io n id s can be easily and re lia b ly ide n tifie d. For th is reason, a second key is provided fo r use in th e field,
to g e th e r w ith c o lo u r pla te s, as an aid to id e n tifica tio n . If c a e s io n id s are ca p tu re d or o b se rve d at night, th e y often
a ssu m e a red d ish , b lo tch e d b a ckg ro u n d co lo u r. T h is can ca u se so m e p ro b le m s in id e n tific a tio n but g e n e ra lly , the
no rm a l d a y tim e p a tte rn can still be re co g n ize d .
2 .1 .3
Lab orato ry K ey to Species
Note: T h is key is in te n de d fo r use w ith
p a ttern
c o u n ts,
p re se rve d sp e cim e n s, a lth o u g h
in so m e ca s e s in fo rm a tio n on c o lo u r
is n e ce ssa ry or h e lp fu l in id e n tific a tio n . C h a ra cte rs used here in clu d e ja w s tru ctu re , fin ray
sca le co u n ts, e xte rn a l m o rp h o lo g y, p ro p o rtio n a l m e a su re m e n ts, and m arkin g s. T he m e ris tic
fre q u e n c y d istrib u tio n ta b le s (sectio n 2 .1 .4) w ill be u seful in u n d ersta n d in g th e v a ria tio n o f m ost m eristic
c h a ra c te rs used in th is key.
16
1a.
A s in g le
p o stm a xilla ry
process;
p re ­
m axilla
p o ste rio r end
o f m axilla blunt, its greatest depth posterior
to end o f prem axilla (Fig. 1 8 ) .............................C a e s io
^
2a.
Anal
fin u s u a lly w ith 3 s p in e s a n d
only one
post­
m axillary
process
11
s o ft rays
3a.
D o rs a l
sp in e s
f in u s u a lly
w ith
10
and
15
soft
rays;
supratem poral
band
of
scales
confluent at dorsal m idline (Fig.
19a);
caudal
fin
prom m ent blackish
w ith o u t
markings
any
(Fig.
end of
maxilla blunt
maxilla blunt
3b.
Caesio
zone
lobes
temporal
band o f
of
scales
interrupted
at
midline by a thin scaleless
(Fig. 19b);
w ith
a
tips o f
blackish
Fig. 18
supra-
Dorsal fin usually w ith
10 spines
and 14 soft rays; supratem poral
band
dorsal
mouth protracted
m outh closed
20)
(eastern
Indian
Ocean
to
w e ste rn P acific) ................. C. cu n in g
scales
caudal
blotch
(Fig. 21) (Red Sea to w estern
Pacific) .................................... C. lu n a ris
2b.
Anal
fin u s u a lly w ith 3 s p in e s a n d
12
s o ft rays
4a.
Lateral-line scales 51 to 61 ; upper
scale row s on sp in o u s po rtio n o f
d o rs a l
fin
2 2 a );
u s u a lly
c a u d a l fin
w ith o u t
o b liq u e
y e llo w
b la c k is h
in
m a r k in g s ,
(F ig .
life
(b) C. lunaris
(a) C. cuning
C. striata
C. caerulaurea
C. varilineata
or
p a r tia lly y e llo w , th e lo b e tip s w ith
a b la c k b lo tc h b o rd e re d by a
d is t in c t w h ite p r o x im a l b a n d
(a) C. su e v ic a
C. xantho no ta
D orsal view o f head
Fig. 19
C. cuning
Fig. 20
C. lunaris
Fig. 21
C. teres
(b) C. striata
C. caerulaurea
C. varilineata
Orientation o f scales on dorsal fin
Fig. 22
17
5a.
Caudal
fin
partially
yellow
in
life,
the
lobe tip s w ith a b la ck blotch w hich has
a
w hite
proxim al
border
(Fig.
23);
dorsal
peduncular scales
usually
11;
ventral p e duncular scales
13 to
15;
sca le s
below
lateral
fine
to a n al-fin
C. s u e v ic a
origin 15 to 17 (Red Sea)
5b.
C audal
fin
y e llo w
in
life ,
w ith o u t
prom inent
blackish
m arkings;
dorsal
p e d u n c u la r s c a le s 11 to 13; v e n tra l
p e d u n c u la r s c a le s 14 to 17; s c a le s
b e lo w la te ra l lin e to a n a l-fin o rig in
u s u a lly 17 to 20 (In d ia n O ce a n to
C .s u e v ic a
Fig. 23
w e ste rn Pacific, excluding Red Sea)
6a.
Body
side,
yellow
dorsally,
the
dem arcation
blue
on
horizontal
from interorbital
space
across
upper third
o f body;
predorsal
and
supratem poral
region
not
c o n s id e ra b ly
d a rk e r
th a n
d o rsa l
p a rt o f
caudal
p e d u n c le
in
a lc o h o l-p re s e rv e d
s p e c im e n s
(Fig. 24)
(Indian
O cean
to
Indonesia) ................... C. x a n th o n o ta
6b.
B o d y y e llo w d o rs a lly , b lu e on
side, the
dem arcation
oblique
fro m s lig h tly a n te rio r to o rig in o f
d o rs a l fin to lo w e r p o s te rio r p a rt
C. x a n th o n o ta
Fig. 24
o f c a u d a l p e d u n c le (in w e s te rn
and
central Pacific
the
yellow
region in adults is restricted to
caudal
peduncle);
predorsal
region,
e s p e c ia lly
s u p ra te m p o ra l
and in te ro rb ita l re g io n , d a rk in
a lco h o l-p re se rve d sp e cim e n s (Fig.
25) (Indo-Pacific) ..................... C. te r e s
4b.
/
Lateral-line sca le s 57 to 67; scale row s on
spinous portion o f dorsal fin horizontal (Fig.
22b); caudal fin not yellow , each lobe w ith a
m edian
blackish
streak or
a
black blotch
lacking a distinct w hite proxim al m argin
7a.
P e c to r a l
ra y s
18
or
19,
r a r e ly
20;
C. te re s
Fig. 25
s u p ra te m p o ra l b a n d o f s c a le s a lw a y s
confluent
at
dorsal
m idline
(see
Fig.
19a); body de p th 3 .5 to
4.5 (average
4 .1) tim e s in s ta n d a rd le n g th (Fig. 26)
(Red Sea) ...........................................
7b.
C. s tr ia t a
Pectoral rays 20 to 22 (ra re ly 19 except
in eastern Africa); supratem poral band
o f s c a le s o fte n
interrupted at dorsal
m idline by a thin sca le le ss zone (see Fig.
19b); b o d y de p th 3 .0 to 4 .2
3.5) tim e s in standard length
(ave ra g e
C. striata
Fig. 26
18
lateral stripe
8a.
A single yellow longitudinal stripe in life,
d ire c tly a b o ve th e la te ra l line fo r m ost o f
its length; tip o f each caudal lobe not
darker than blackish streak w ithin lobe;
eye d iam eter 3.3 to 5.1 (average 3.8)
tim es in head length (Fig. 27) (Indian
O cean to S a m o a ).................. C. c a e ru la u re a
8b.
Four to
side
w ith
6
longitudinal
in life; tip
a prom inent
yellow
stripes
C. caerulaurea
on
o f each caudal lobe
black blotch w hich is
Fig. 27
4 to 6 lateral stripes
da rke r
than
blackish
streak
w ithin
lobe; eye diam eter 3.7 to 5.5 (average
4.7) tim es
in
head
length
(Fig.
28)
(Indian
O cean
to
w estern
Indonesia,
including
Red
Sea
and
Arabian
(Persian) G u lf ............................. C. v a rilin e a ta
1b.
T w o p o s tm a x illa ry p ro c e s s e s ; p o s te rio r e nd o f
maxilla tapered, its greatest depth anterior to
end o f prem axilla (Fig. 29)
9a.
D o rs a l and a n a l fin s s c a le d ;
w ith
sm all
conical
teeth,
restricte d to fro n t o f j a w
10a.
p re m a x illa
som etim es
premaxilla
P te ro c a e s io
2 post maxil­
lary processes
Dorsal fin w ith 11 o r 12 (rarely 10)
sp ines and 19 to 22 soft rays; a
blackish strea k in each caudal lobe
(Fig. 30) (In d o -P a c ific )......................P. tile
10b.
Dorsal fin w ith 10 or 11 (usually
10) s p in e s and 14 to 16 s o ft rays;
tip s o f ca u d al lo b e s w ith a b la ck
blotch
11a.
D o rsal
p e d u n c u la r
s c a le s
usually 11 (rarely 10, 12 or
131: la te ra l-lin e s c a le s 6 2 to
72; p e c to ra l ra ys 17 to 21
(ra re ly
22,
m ost
end of
maxilla
tapered
maxilla
(a) m outh closed
(b) m outh protracted
Pterocaesio, G ym nocaesio, D ip teryg on otu s
Fig. 29
fre q u e n tly
19
or
20);
sca le s
above
lateral
line
to
dorsal-fin
origin usually 8 or 9; scales
below
lateral
line
to
anal-fin
origin usually 13 to 17;
w ith o r w ith o u t stripes
12a.
side
Pectoral rays usually
19 to 21 (m ost fre ­
quently 20); 3 light
and 3 d a rk strip e s on
u p p e r,
s id e
in
P. tile
Fig. 30
life
(F ig .
31)
(e a s te rn
Indian
Ocean
and
w e ste rn P acific east to
F iji)
12b
P. trilin e a ta
Pectoral rays 17 to 20
(m ost freq u e n tly 19);
side
w ith o u t
o r w ith
s trip e s
at
stripe s
m ost,
2
P. trilineata
Fig. 31
19
13a.
B ody w ith o u t s trip e s on sid e , its c o lo u r
reddish or greenish blue (Fig.32) (Indian
O cean to w e ste rn P a c ific )
13b.
P. p is a n g
B ody w ith 1 or 2 ye llo w s trip e s on sid e in
life
1 4 a . A s in g le , th in , y e llo w s trip e in life
covering
lateral
line
fo r
m ost
its
length, except above lateral line
on caudal peduncle (Fig. 33) (west­
ern Indian O c e a n )
14b.
P. p is a n g
T w o y e llo w s trip e s on sid e in life,
one on dorsal m idline on nape and
along
base
Fig. 32
P . c a p r ic o rn is
o f dorsal
fin
and
a single stripe
the
other, w h ich is b roader anteriorly,
directly below lateral line fo r m ost
its length, except above la te r a l
line
on
caudal
(Red Sea and
w e ste rn P a c ific )
11b.
D o rs a l
(rarely
p e d u n c u la r
11
or
14);
s c a le s
peduncle
(Fig.
34)
Indian Ocean to
P. c h ry s o zo n a
u s u a lly
12
or
13
lateral-line scales 66 to 88;
P. c a p ric o rn is
Fig. 33
pectoral rays 20 to 24 (alw ays m ost freq u e n tly
21 or above); s c a le s
above lateral line to
d o rsa l-fin origin 9 to 1 1 ; sca le s below lateral
line to anal-fin origin usually 16 to 1 8 ; side
w ith 1 or m ore
y e llo w blotch
15a.
2 stripes
longitudinal stripes or a large
Lateral-line sca le s 74 to 88; pectoral rays
21 to 23 (m ost frequently 22); a broad
y e llo w s t r ip e on side in life, w id e r
anteriorly, covering lateral line fo r m ost
its length (Fig. 35)
(Indian Ocean to
P. c h ryso zo n a
w e s te rn P a c ific ) ....................... P . la tiv it ta t a
15b.
Fig. 34
Latera l-lin e sca le s 66 to 80; pectoral rays
either usually 20 to 22 (most frequently
a single stripe
2 1 ) or 22 to 24 (m ost frequently 23);
either a thin yellow stripe on side or a
large
yellow
blotch
above
pectoral-fin
22
24
base
16a.
P e c to r a l
ra ys
frequently 23); 2
strip e s on side,
to
(m o s t
thin
y e llo w
the low er stripe
covering the lateral-line for m ost
its length, above lateral line
on
caudal
m ostly
Fig. 35
P. la tiv itta ta
peduncle, the upper stripe
1 o r 2 sca le s below the
dorsal profile o f the body (Fig.
36)
(Indian
O cean
to
w estern
2 stripes
P a c ific )....................................... P . m a r r i
'V
P. m a rri
Fig. 36
20
16b.
P e c to ra l
ra ys
u s u a lly
20
to
22
(m o st
blotch
fre q u e n tly 2 1 ); 1 or 2 yellow lines or a
large ye llow blotch on sid e (if th e re are
2 lines, the low er one is distin ctly below
lateral line for m ost its length, except
on caudal
lateral line)
peduncle
w here
it
is
above
W
ié
1 7 a . A la rg e y e llo w b lo tch a b o ve p e c ­
toral fin in life; no stripes on side
(Fig. 37) (ea ste rn Indian O cean to
w e ste rn P a c ific )
17b.
No
la rg e
P . ra n d a lli
P . r a n d a lli
y e llo w
b lo tc h
Fig. 37
a single thin stripe
above
pectoral fin; 1 or 2 ye llow stripes
on side
18a.
A single thin yellow stripe
on
side
covering
lateral
line for m ost its length, on
caudal
p e d u n c le
above
la te ra l line (Fig. 38) (e a s t­
ern Indian O cean to w est­
ern P a c ific )
P. tes s e lla ta
18b. T w o
th in
stripe s
on
d is tin c tly
line fo r
the
b e lo w
m ost
its
D o rs a l
and
low er
la te ra l
length,
p e d u n c le
line, th e
upper
profile
f o llo w in g
(Fig.
39)
d o rs a l
(eastern
Indian
O cean
w estern
P a c ific )
anal
Fig. 38
2 thin stripes
lo n g it u d in a l
side,
on
caudal
above
la t e r a l
9b.
P. tessellata
to
P. d ig ra m m a
fin s w it h o u t
P. d igram m a
Fig. 39
s c a le s ;
prem axilla w ithout teeth
19a.
D o rs a l
fin
10) s p in e s
w ith
and
10 o r
14 to
soft
rays,
the
notched; anal fin
11
(u s u a lly
16 (u s u a lly
fin
w ith
15)
not
d e e p ly
3 spines and
...
11
to
13 (u s u a lly 12) s o ft ra ys;
p e c to ra l rays 20 to 22 (Fig. 40) (Red
Sea and
P a c ific )
Indian O c e a n to w e s t e r n
G y m n o c a e s io g y m n o p te ra
G. g ym n o p te ra
19b.
D o rs a l fin w ith 12 to
15 ( u s u a lly
Fig. 40
14)
s p in e s and 8 to 11 (u su a lly 10) so ft rays,
the fin de e ply notched, the last few
spines joined only at base by fin mem­
brane; anal fin w ith 3 spines and 9 to
11 (u su a lly 10) so ft rays; p e ctora l rays
16 to 19 (Fig. 41) (Ind ia n O cean to w e s t­
ern P a c ific )
D ip te ry g o n o tu s b a lte a tu s
D. b alte a tu s
Fig. 41
21
2.1.4
M eristic F requency Distribution Tables
M eristic characters (counts o f different m orphological elem ents) have already been used In th e preceding key. In
c a e s io n is , th e y o ve rla p co n sid e ra b ly. H ow ever, a pile o f sp e cim e n s o f th e sam e sp e cie s can be id e n tifie d v e ry relia bly
on the basis o f the
m ost frequent (m odal) counts. Therefore,
and as com plem ent to the laboratory key, the 3 follow ing
m eristic frequency distribution tables (IV, V, V I) are presented as an additional aid to species identification.
T A B L E IV
F re q u e n c y D is trib u tio n s o f Fin R ays in C a e s io n id a e
10 11 12 13 14 15 8
C. cuning
58
C. lunaris
66
C. suevica
18
C. xanthonota
9
10 11 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22
3 52
3 62
Pector<al f n r ays
A n a l fin ra ys
Dorsal fin spines
D orsal spines
9
10 11 12 13 16 17
1 54
3
6
3
58 46
6
4 40 85 ’ 3
1 65
1
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
16
18
18 18
23
1 22
1 22
11 30
C. teres
84
1 80
2
82
2
C. caerulaurea
72
2 68
2
71
1
C. varilineata
65
2
56
6
2 59
5
C. striata
42
2
38
2
42
P. tile
'2
7
3 35 19
20 24
1
3 90
3
7 87
1
1
4
55
1
1 58
1
1 19
3
23
1 60
3
2 60
1
37
1 33
3
36
2
2
2
P. chrysozona
95
P. pisang
59
P. randalli
23
P. m arri
63
P. la tiv itta ta
P. capricornis
1
21
62 46
19 72 23
1
9
28 79
12
3 30
13
49 71
20 41
4
2
53 95
10
1
78
1
4
70
5
4 75
P. tessellata
71
1
1 69
2
1 70
1
12 77 55
C. gym noptera 55
6-
7 48
6
2 59
1
9 72 43
1
2
54
3
1
6 49
4
7
52
1
1
17 114 60
P. trilineata
0. balteatus
1
5
29 73
1 54
1
5 45 98 39
57
6
4
55
1 42 102 20
21 59
2 49
P. digram m a
1
5
1
24 66 28
19
7
22
TABLE V
F re q u e n c y D is trib u tio n s o f u se fu l M e ris tic C h a ra c te rs in C a e s io n id a e
U p p e r p e d u n c u la r
L o w e r s e d u n c u la r
S c a le r o w s a b o v e
S c a le r o w s b e l o w
sc a le s
sc a le s
l a t e r a l lin e
la te r a l lin e
9
10
11
42
15
1
C. lu n a ris
2 25
37
C. suevica
1
17
C. c u n in g
12
13
14
1
C. x a n th o n o ta
16
7
C. teres
32
32
12
13
14
1 41
16
15
8
13
7
30
24
2
21
13
1
4 41
11
4
20
40
16
4
23
2
2
10
10
1
6
1
53
5
5
4
1
2
36
1
8
1 20
30
22
34
19
3
11
44
1 85
7
2
4 49
42
1 56
1
1
29
28
3
14
7
2
1 15
7
10
42
11
2 23
28
10
9 24
2
5
15
8
12
4
1
2 23
36
11
15
3
13
1
16 45
2
5 20
38
6
3
16
13
1 74
4
1
21
32
19
2
6 25
7 38
1
1
1 62
16
26
27
9 26
15
22
1
42
1
2
2
3
8
42
11
■ 5 30
2
11
43
3
5 24
44
3
25
51
4
12
30
2
10
1
31
2
5
13
33
20
6
10
4
1 15
6
19
3
1
39
1
11
7
4 48
88
7 39
3
3
43
3
15
19
1 11
D. b a lte a tu s
28
36
5
2
8
11
28
57
7
9
24
G g y m n o p te ra
1
50
P. tile
28
6
10
1
31
31
14
42
11
20
29
16
e s tria ta
P. tessellata
18
1 39
3 60
61
4
17
9
4
75
16
11
1
1
15
2
2 20
2
P. tr ilin e a ta
14
6
60
P, ca p rico rn is
13
9
16
22
12
3
4
4
20
11
11
6
C. v a rilin e a ta
P. la tiv itta ta
1 37
10
1
55
P. m a rri
9
10
13
P. r a n d a lli
8
53
2
.2
7
2
58
P. p is a n g
18
28
7
P. ch ryso zo n a
17
5 32
C. ca e ru la u re a
P, d ig ra m m a
16
1
23
T A B L E VI
F re q u e n c y D is trib u tio n o f L a te ra l-lin e S c a le s in C a e s io n id a e
54
55
56
57
58
6
9
6
7
1
1
2
4
9
11
11
8
13
16
25
25
22
12
12
10
C. caerulaurea
4
13
19
30
31
22
C. varilineata
1
1
7
15
22
7
9
45
46
47
49
C. cuning
1
2
18
30
34
24
7
C. lunaris
1
2
2
19
42
38
48
52
53
17
4
5
1
5
50
51
C. suevica
C. x a n th o n o ta
C. teres
5
25
59
63
64
65
66
67
68
P. tile
1
P. digram m a
P. chrysozona
1
P. pisang
6
5
69
70
71
72
73
1
15
19
23
14
15
6
2
1
4
8
9
19
15
4
1
10
7
1
1
18
7
36
27
6
4
4
10
17
27
24
22
11
3
1
2
4
2
4
3
3
11
16
27
30
6
15
P. tessellata
G gym n o p te ra
D. balteatus
1
1
6
P. la tiv itta ta
P. trilin e a ta
2
19
42
P. capricornis
6
23
25
1
76
31
26
P. m arri
75
20
17
P. ra n d a lli
74
11
5
1
1
22
37
34
21
17
2
2
1
1
1
11
27
31
36
18
12
5
3
17
24
28
28
15
2
2
2
1
10
7
24
20
24
1
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
12
5
4
29
28
13
9
3
2
11
20
16
11
7
2
2
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
2
4
2
1
7
7
8
6
7
5
3
1
1
1
C. striata
62
60
1
84-88
11
1
5
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24
2.1.5
N o te:
Field K e y to S p e c ie s and C o lo u r P la te s
T his key is intended fo r use in u n d erw a te r surveys,
m arket surveys, and fo r fre sh ly collected specim ens.
The ch a ra cte rs used in th is key consist
m a rk in g s ,
and
r e a d ily
o b s e rv a b le
m orphology.
1a .
o f colour,
e x te rn a l
Caudal fin w ithout prom inent dark markings
2a.
2b.
C a u d a l fin c le a r to p in k is h ; b o d y s le n d e r and
elongate; dorsal fin notched, the last sp in o u s rays
sh o rte r than the soft rays (Fig.42) (Indian O cean to
w e ste rn P acific) ...................... D ip t e r y g o n o t u s b a lte a tu s
C audal
fin
y e llo w ;
continuous,
the
body
last
fa ir ly
spinous
deep;
rays
d o rs a l
fin
a p p r o x im a t e ly
equal in size to the first soft rays
3a.
E n tir e
upper
t h ir d
of
body,
in c lu d in g
interorbital
region,
supratem poral
region,
upper caudal peduncle, and caudal fin, bright
yellow;
a ,b );
m iddle third o f
s u p ra te m p o ra l
in te rru p te d at
scaleless zone
3b.
body blue
band
of
(Fig. 43
s c a le s
d o rsa l m id lin e by
(Fig. 1 9 b )
(Indian
a n a rro w
Ocean to
In d o n e sia )..................................... C a e sio
x a n th o n o ta
Caudal
fin ,
som etim es
p rom inently
upper
caudal
posterior portion
yellow; m ost o f
p e d u n c le ,
and
o f upper body
upper body blue
or
g r e y is h
blue, in c lu d in g
in t e r o r b it a l,
s u p ra te m p o ra l
and
p re d o rs a l
re g io n ;
s u p ra te m p o ra l
interrupted
by
band
a
of
narrow
s c a le s
sca le le ss
e ith e r
zone
(Fig.
19b) or, c o n flu e n t at d o rsa l m id lin e (Fig. 19a)
4a.
S u p ra te m p o ra l band o f s c a le s c o n flu e n t
at d orsal m idline
(Fig. 19a); u p p er body
g re y is h b lu e ; in fre s h ly c a u g h t and
liv e s p e c im e n s , th e s k in b o rd e rin g th e
lo w e r
p o rtio n
o f th e
s u p ra te m p o ra l
band o f scales, and 2 o r 3 sh o rt stre a ks
b e h in d e ye , d a rk b lu e (F ig .
(e a s te rn
In d ia n
O ce a n
to
P a c ific )
4b.
C a e s io c u n in g
S u p r a te m p o ra l
in t e r r u p t e d
4 4 a,b)
w e s te rn
at
band
d o rs a l
of
m id lin e
s c a le s
by
a
narrow , sca le le ss zo n e (Fig. 19b); upper
body in fron t o f ye llow region m ore or
le ss uniform d eep blue (Fig. 45 a,b)
(In d o -P a c ific )................................ C a e sio te re s
25
PLATEI
Fig. 42
D ip te ry g o n o tu s balteatus, 89 mm SL, Philippines (K. Carpenter)
Fig. 43a C a e s io x a n th o n o ta , 139 mm SL, Maldive Islands
(J. Randall)*
Fig. 43b Caesio x a n th o n o ta , Thailand
(J. Randall) underw ater photo*
-
F ig .44a C aesio c u n in g , 157m m S L, Sri Lanka (J. Randall)*
Fig. 4 5 a C aesio teres, 239 mm SL, M arshall Islands
(J Randa||).
Fig. 4 4 b C aesio cu n in g , G reat B a rrier R eef
(J. Randall) underw ater photo*
F ig .45b C aesio teres, S am oa Islands
(J. Randall) underw ater photo*
Reproduced from "Indo-P acific Fishes" No. 1 5, Septem ber 1987, by kind perm ission o f the Editor
26
1b .
Caudal fin w ith prom inent dark markings
5a.
A d istin ct b la ckish s tre a k w ith in each lobe o f caudal
fin, the tips o f each lobe w ith o u t a f a ir l y large dark
blotch
6a.
F o u r to
6 p ro m in e n t s trip e s
on sid e ;
slender (Fig. 46 a,b) (Red S e a )
6b.
body
C a e sio s tria ta
A sin g le p ro m in e n t s trip e on side; body e ith e r
fa irly d e e p o r s le n d e r
7a.
B o d y m o d e ra te ly d e e p; a s in g le y e llo w
stripe, about 2 or 3 sca le s w ide, d irectly
above lateral line fo r m ost o f its length,
b ordered d ire ctly above and below by a
thin w hite or light blue zone (Fig. 47
a,b) (juveniles som etim es have a thin
b la ck
and
stripe
each
(Indian
betw een
o f the
Ocean
and
Sam oa)
7b.
Body
the
o u ter
ye llow
w h itish
stripe
zones)
Pacific Ocean to
C a e s io c a e r u la u r e a
sle n d e r; a s in g le b la c k is h
strip e ,
about 1 scale w ide, covering the
lateral
line fo r m ost o f its length; often a
brilliant blue streak anteriorly on sides,
below lateral line (Fig. 48 a,b) (IndoP a c ific ).................................. P te r o c a e s io t i l e
5b.
W ith
o r w ith o u t a d a rk is h
lobe
(usually
without);
a
s tre a k
prom inent
in e a c h
dark
caudal
blotch
on
tips o f each caudal lobe
8a.
B ody m o d e ra te ly d e e p ;
caudal fin yellow ish,
trian g u la r patch on
b a c k g ro u n d
c o lo r o f
bluish or dusky; a black
upper outside base o f
pectoral fin
9a.
S id e s
w h ich
lateral
w ith
3
to
6 y e llo w
s tr ip e s
are both above and below the
line
on
side (Fig.
49
a,b)
(Indian
Ocean
th e Red S ea
to
Indonesia,
and A ra b ia n
including
(P e rs ia n )
G u lf) ................................. C a e s io v a r ilin e a t a
9b.
S id e s w ith o u t ye llo w
s trip e s
single stripe above lateral line
or, w ith
a
27
PLATE II
Fig. 4 6 a
C aesio s tri ata, 132 mm SL, Red Sea (J .Randall)*
Fig. 4 6 b C aesio s tria ta , Red Sea (J. Randall)
un d erw a te r photo*
Fig. 4 7 a C aesio c a e ru la u re a , 208 mm SL, S olom on Islands (J.
Randall)*
Fig. 4 8 a P te ro c a e s io tile, 172 mm SL, M arshall Islands (J. R andall)*
Fig. 49a
C aesio varilineata, holotype, 1 7 2 mm SL, Arabian
(Persian) G u lf (J. Randall)*
Fig. 4 7 b C aesio ca e ru la u re a , M arshall Isis.
(J. Randall) underw ater photo*
Fig. 48b P te ro c a e s io tile, Philippines
(J. Randall) underw ater photo*
Fig. 49b C aesio varilin e a ta , Arabian
(Persian) G u lf (J. Randall)
u n d erw a te r photo*
Reproduced from "Indo-P acific Fishes" No. 1 5, Septem ber 1987, by kind perm ission o f the Editor
28
10a.
T h e d a rk b lo tc h on tip s o f c a u d a l lo b e s b o r ­
d e re d a n te rio rly by a w h ite ba n d; s id e s w ith a
s in g le
y e llo w
s trip e ,
b e tw e e n
la te ra l lin e and
b ase o f d o rsa l fin, its a n te rio r o rig in b e lo w d orsal
fin and e xte n d in g to ca u d a l fin (Fig. 50 a,b) (Red
S e a ) .................................................................... C a e s io s u e v ic a
10b.
The
d a rk
b lo tc h
on
tip s
of
caudal
lo b e s
not
bordered a n terio rly by a w h ite band; sid e s w ithout
d istin ct ye llo w strip e s (Fig. 51 a,b) (Ind ia n O cean to
w e s te rn P a c if ic ) ........................................... C a e s io lu n a r is
8b.
Body
e lo n g a te ,
caudal fin light
patch on upper
not
v e ry
deep;
b a c k g ro u n d
c o lo u r
of
bluish to pinkish; no triangular black
outside base o f pectoral fin (although
p e c to ra l axil is black)
11a.
S id e s w ith o u t a n y p ro m in e n t d a rk o r y e llo w s trip e s
or
blotches,
although
adjacent s c a le s
(Fig.
lateral
line
d a rk e r
than
52 a,b) (Indian O cean to
w e ste rn P a c ific ) ....................................P te ro c a e s io p is a n g
11b.
S ides w ith
one
or m ore
stripes or blotches,
d a rke r lateral line
in
pro m in e n t
addition
to
d a rk o r yellow
the
generally
12a. S id e s w ith a s in g le y e llo w b lo tch on sid e s
b e h in d eye and a b o ve p e c to ra l fin , 6 o r 7
s ca le s w id e , a b o ve p e ctora l fin and ta p e rin g
a n te rio rly and p o ste rio rly; no s trip e s on sid e s
(Fig. 53 a,b) (ea ste rn Indian O cean to w e ste rn
P a c ific )
P te ro c a e s io r a n d a lli
29
PLATE III
Fig. 5 0a C aesio s u evica, 178 mm SL, Red Sea (J. Randall)*
Fig. 51a
C aesio lun aris, 260m m SL, A ra b ia n (P e rsian ) G u lf
(J. Randall)*
Fig. 52a P te ro c a e s io p isan g, 107 mm SL, S o lom on Islands (J.
Randall)*
Fig. 5 3a P te ro c a e s io ra n d a lli, paratype, 114 mm SL, P h ilipp in e s
Fig. 50b
C aesio s u e v ic a , Red Sea
(J. Randall) underw ater photo*
Fig. 51b C aesio lu n a ris , Red Sea
(J. Randall) underw ater photo*
Fig. 52b P te ro c a es io p is a n g , Philippines
(K. C arpenter) u n derw ater photo*
Fig. 53b P te ro c a e s io ra n d a lli, Thailand
(J. Randall)*
(J- Randall) underw ater photo*
Reproduced from "Indo-Pacific Fishes" No. 1 5, Septem ber 1987, by kind perm ission o f the Editor
click for next page
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30
12b.
O ne or m ore yellow or dark stripes on sides
13a.
A
s in g le
som etim es
p r o m in e n t
an
y e llo w
s t r ip e
on
s id e ;
additional
y e llo w
stripe along
base
p ro m in e n t
s in g le
s trip e
side
o f d orsal fin
14a.
T he
on
n o tice a b ly b ro a d e r a n terio rly
1 5 a . T he p ro m in e n t s trip e on sid e a b o u t 2
sca le s w ide anteriorly, tapering to 1
sca le w ide;
lateral line
exce p t
it runs
T he
stripe
m ost
on
caudal
above the
54 a,b)
P a c ific )
15b
th e
for
directly below
o f its length,
peduncle
w here
lateral line (Fig.
(Indian O c e a n to w e s t e r n
P te ro c a e s io c h ry s o zo n a
p ro m in e n t s trip e
scales
w ide
on sid e
anteriorly,
3 to 5
tapering to
1 scale w ide on
caudal
peduncle;
the stripe straddles the lateral line for
m ost o f its
p a rt
of
above the
(eastern
length
so that
th e y e llo w
lateral
line
Indian Ocean
at
least
is
a lw a ys
(F ig .
55)
to w e s t e r n
P a c ific ) ..................P te ro c a e s io la tiv itta ta
14b.
T h e s in g le s trip e
broader anteriorly
16a
on
s id e
not
n o tic e a b ly
B ody v e ry sle n d e r, fu s ifo rm and e lo n ­
gate; upper sides dark bluish green,
w ith
a
single
yellow
stripe,
about
1
scale w ide, covering lateral line for
m ost o f its length except above the
lateral line on the caudal peduncle;
sid e s below lateral lin e s o m e tim e s
w ith a bright blue streak anteriorly;
dorsal and anal fin s w ith o u t s c a le s
(Fig. 56)
P a c ific )
16b.
(Indian Ocean and w estern
G y m n o c a e s io g y m n o p te ra
B o d y n o t v e ry s le n d e r,
and
elongate;
g re y ,
about
but
upper sides
w ith a
1 sca le
fu s ifo rm
light
s in g le y e llo w
w id e , c o ve rin g
lin e fo r m o st o f its
above the lateral line
bluish
s trip e ,
lateral
le n g th , e x c e p t
on the caudal
p e d u n c le ;
w it h o u t
s id e s
b e lo w
la te ra l line
a
b r ig h t
b lu e
s tre a k
anteriorly;
scales
dorsal
17a.
( F ig
57)
and
anal
( w e s te r n
fin s
with
In d ia n
O c e a n ).. P tero caesio capricornis
31
PLATE IV
Fig. 5 4a P te ro c a e s io c h ry s o z o n a , 105 mm SL, In donesia (J R andall)
Fig. 54b P te ro c a e s io chrysozo na, Sri Lanka
(J. R andall) u n d e rw a te r photo*
Fig. 55 P te ro c a e s io lativ itta ta , holotype, 104.5 mm SL, C ocosKeeling Islands (W S m ith -V a n iz)*
Fig. 56
G y m n o c a e s io g ym no ptera, 112 mm SL, Solom on Islands (J.
R andall)*
Fig. 57
P te ro c a e s io caprico rn is, draw ing by P. Lastrico
Reproduced from "Indo-Padfic Fishes" No 1 5, Septem ber 1 9 8 7 , by kind perm ission o f the Editor
32
1 7 b.
(Fig. 58 a ,b) (eastern Indian Ocean to w estern
P a c ific ) ....................................... Pterocaesio tessellata
13b.
Two or m ore
sid e s
18a.
prom inent y e llo w
or d a rk
U p p e r s id e s w ith th re e a lte rn a tin g
stripe s
on
w h itis h and,
dark or y e llo w is h stripes, low est stripe about 2
scales w ide (Fig 59 a,b) (eastern Indian O cean to
w e ste rn Pacific
18b.
P te ro c a es io trilin e a ta
U pper s id e s w it h 2 stripes, each about 1 scale
w id e
1 9 a . T h e lo w e r s trip e c o v e rs la te ra l lin e fo r
m ost o f its length, on caudal peduncle it
is above lateral line (Fig. 60 a,b) (IndoP a c if ic ) ................................P te ro c a e s io m a rri
19b.
T h e lo w e r s trip e a b o u t 1 s c a le b e lo w
la te r a l lin e f o r m ost o f its le n g th , on
caudal peduncle it is above
(F ig .
61)
(e a s te rn
In d ia n
w estern P a c ific )
lateral line
O cean
to
P te ro c a es io d ig ram m a
33
PLATE V
Fig. 5 8 a P te ro c a e s io tessellata, h o lo typ e , 104 mm SL, P h ilip p in e s (J
Randall)*
Fig. 5 9a P te ro c a e s io trilin e a ta , holotype, 99.4 mm SL, Fiji
(R. W interbottom and A. Emery)*
Fig. 60a
Fig. 5 9 b P te ro c a e s io trilin e a ta , G reat B arrier
R eef (J. Randall) underw ater photo*
P te ro c a e s io m arri, 192 mm SL, M arshall Islands (J. R andall)*
Fig. 61
*
F ig .5 8 b P te ro c a e s io te s s e lla ta , P h ilip p in e s
(K. C arpenter) u nderw ater photo*
Fig. 60b P te ro c a e s io marri, Marshall Islands
(J. Randall) underw ater photo*
P te ro c a es io d ig ram m a, 230 mm TL,
Philippines, underw ater photo*
Reproduced from "Indo-Pacific Fishes" No 1 5 , Septem ber 1987, by kind perm ission o f the Editor
click for next page
click for previous page
35
2.2
Inform ation by Species
C a e s io L a c e p è d e , 1 801
G enus:
C a e s io
C A E S C aes
L a ce pè d e ,
18 0 1:8 5
T ype
sp e cie s, C a e s io
c a e ru la u re a
L a ce pè d e ,
1801,
by
s u b se q u e n t
designation (Bleeker, 1 8 7 6 ).
S y n o n y m s : G enus O d o n to n e c te s G unther, 1 8 5 9
D ia g n o s tic Features: Body f a ir l y high to f u s if o r m and elongate, and m o d e r a te ly c o m p r e s s e d . A s in g le
p o s t m a x illa r y process; p o sterio r end o f m a x illa blunt, its g r e a t e s t depth posterior to end o f p r e m a x illa , s m a ll, c o n ic a l
teeth
on jaw s, vom er,
f la p .
Dorsal fin continuous, w ith 10 spines, all broadly connected by m em branes, and 13 to 16 soft rays; anal fin w ith
and
palatines;
interorbital space c o n v e x ;
m argin o f opercle w ith a pronounced
d o rso p o ste rio r
3 s p in e s and 10 to 13 soft rays; pectoral fin w ith 17 to 23 rays; pro cu rre n t caudal rays t y p ic a lly 9 or 1 0 . Scales w e a k ly
ctenoid; sca le s on dorsal and anal fins; sca le s in lateral line 45 to 67; upper pe d un cu la r scale row s 9 to 13, low er
peduncular s c a le row s 12 to 1 7 ; scale row s above lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin 7 to 1 1 ; s c a le row s b e lo w lateral
line to o rig in o f a n a l fin 14 to 20; s u p ra te m p o ra l b a n ds o f
s c a le s d istin ct, c o n flu e n t at
d o rsa l m id lin e or in te rru p te d by
a th in s c a le le s s zo n e . P re d o rsa l c o n fig u ra tio n 0 /0 /0 +
2/1 + 1/.
E p ip le u ra l rib s 10 to 14, w ith o u t fla tte n e d p ro je c tio n s
on firs t o r se co n d e p ip le u ra l. A n te rio r p ro file o f firs t a n a l p te ry g io p h o re s tro n g ly co n v e x d ista lly. C o lo u r m a rk in g s :
side w ith or w ith o u t longitudinal stripes; caudal fin e ith e r w it h o u t m arkings, w ith a blackish blotch on tips o f lobes,
o r w ith a lo n g itu d in a l
b la ckish s tre a k in th e m id dle o f e a ch lobe.
Biology, H abitat and
D istribu tio n: The sp ecies o f th is
genus inhabit Indo-W est P a c ific coastal areas,
p r im a r ily
on co ra l reefs. T h e y a re s c h o o lin g fis h e s w h ich are o fte n fo u n d in m ix e d -s p e c ie s sch o o ls. T h e y fe e d on Z oo p la n kto n
in m id w a te r a ggregations. From w h a t is know n o f the few sp ecies studied, reproduction is ch a ra cte rize d by early
sexual m aturity, high fecundity, sm all pelagic eggs, spaw ning prolonged throughout m ost o f the year, and m ass
spaw ning on a lunar c y c le .
In te re s t
to
F is h e rie s :
O f m inor to m oderate im portance to coastal fisheries. Caught by drive-in nets, gili nets,
traps, traw ls, and handhnes. M arketed fresh or dried-salted.
S p e c ies : T here are 8 species in 3 subgenera:
J u v e n ile s o f som e species are im portant as tuna baitfish.
C aesio (O d o n to n e c te s ) c u n in g ,
C. (O .) lu n a ris , C. (F la v ic a e s io )
s u e v ic a , C. (F .) teres, C. (F .) x a n th o n o ta , C. (C a e s io ) c a e ru la u re a , C. (C .) v a rilin e a ta , and C. (C .) s tr ia ta .
Caesio caerulaurea Lacepède,
C a e s io c a e ru la u re u s
L a ce p è d e , 1 8 0 1 , H ist N a t.P o is s ., 3 :8 5 (M o lu cca s).
S y n o n y m s : S m a rts m a u ritia n u s Q u o y & G a im a rd ,
C u v ie r in C. & V., 1830, C a e s io n o r i T h io lliè re , 1856
FAO N am es:
CAES Caes 1
1801
1824; C a e s io a z u ra u re u s R üppell,
1830;
C aesio
m a c u la tu s
En - B lu e -a n d -g o ld fu s ilie r; Fr - C a e sio a zu ro r; Sp - F usilero azur.
is
See a lso p a g e 27, p la te II, F igs 4 7 a ,b
36
D ia g n o s tic F e a tu re s : B o d y m o d e ra te ly d e e p , fu s ifo rm , e lo n g a te a n d m o d e ra te ly c o m p re s s e d . R a tio o f eye
diam eter to head length usually around 3.4 to 4.2; a single postm axillary process; small conical teeth in jaw s, vom er
and pala tin es. Dorsal fin w ith 10 sp in e s and 15 (ra re ly 14 or 16) soft rays; anal fin w ith 3 s p in e s and 12 (ra re ly 13) soft
rays; pectoral fin w ith 20 to 22 (ra re ly
19)
rays. Scales
in lateral line
57 to 65 (m ost
frequently around
6 1 ) ; upper
p e d un cu la r scale row s usually 11, lo w e r p e d un cu la r sca le
row s u su a lly
1 5 ; scale row s
above lateral line to origin o f
dorsal fin 8 to 10 (m ost freq u e n tly 9); scale row s below lateral line to origin o f anal fin usually 15 to 17; sca le row s on
ch e e k usually
about 3/4 o f
4; predorsal sca le s usually 22 to 25; dorsal and
anal fin s scaled, the sp in o u s part o f the dorsal w ith
its greatest height covered w ith scales; supratem poral bands o f sca le s often interrupted at dorsal
m idline by a scaleless zone, alw ays a V shaped scaleless zone anteriorly at m idline intruding b etw een the supratem poral band o f scales. Colour: upper body bluish, low er body w hite to pale bluish; a single yellow stripe directly
above the lateral line except on caudal peduncle w here it is about 1 scale above lateral line, the yellow stripe 2 o r 3
sca le s w ide, bordered d ire ctly above and below by a w h ite or light blue stripe w h ich is a b o ut 1 scale w ide (ju ven iles
so m e tim e s have a n o th e r b la ck stripe betw een the yellow stripe and each o f the w h itish o uter stripes); caudal lobes
w ith a black m edian streak, the tips not m arkedly darker than the streak; outer m argin o f each caudal lobe
often
bordered in w hite, and inner m argins pale; pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins white; axil o f pectoral fin black, and a black
trian g u la r patch on outside upper base; dorsal fin light blue to pale w ith a black distal border.
Geographical Distribution:
Sea but not
Caledonia.
the
Arabian
W idespread
(Persian)
in
Gulf, to
the
tropical
Samoa;
north
Indo-W est
to
Pacific,
southern Japan
120“
from
East
and
Africa,
south
to
including
M auritius
the
and
Red
New
120"
150‘
30" -
~ 30‘
CE
180“
150“
120“
Habitat and Biology: Inhabits coastal areas, p rim arily around coral
Zooplankton in large m idw ater aggregations. Com m only schools together
P te ro c a e s io t i l e .
reefs. A
with C.
schooling fish w hich fe e d s on
v a r ilin e a t a ,
C. s tr ia ta , and
S iz e : Maximum size to about 35 cm.
and
In te re s t to F is h e rie s : M oderately im portant in coastal fisheries. This species is com m on in m arkets in Indonesia
the Philippines. Caught by drive-in nets, gili nets, traps, traw ls and handlines. M arketed fresh and som etim es
dried-salted.
L ocal
Sasamuro;
Juveniles are im portant as tuna baitfish in som e areas.
Nam es:
LACCADIVE
CAROLINE
ISLANDS:
ARCHIPELAGO:
Duri,
Ikonid,
Dongio
mas;
Tinika,
Tinipu;
PAPUA
INDONESIA:
NEW
Pisang-pisang,
GUINEA:
Kibiri,
Bawang;
Vaber-vaber,
JAPAN:
G ow ana;
P H ILIP P IN E S : Baranti (llokano), D alagang bukid (Tagalog), Sulid (V isayan); T H A ILA N D : Pia lerng prong m or.
L ite ra tu r e : M asuda et a f ( 1 9 7 5 ) ;
(1984); Sheri(1984); C arpenter (1987).
Schroeder (1980);
F ischer &
Bianchi
(eds.)
(1984);
G loerfelt-Tarp
& Kailola
37
CAES Caes 2
Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1791)
S p aru s cu n in g
Bloch, 1 7 9 1 , N aturg.A usländ.Fische, 5:31, pi.263 (Indonesia).
S yn on ym s:
C ic h la c u n in g S ch n e id e r (1801);
1830; C aesio e ry th ro c h ilu ru s Fowler, 1904
F A O N am es:
C aesio e ry th ro g a s te r C u vie r [K uhl & van H asselt, m s] in C. & V.,
En - R e d b e lly y e llo w ta il fu s ilie r; F r-C a e s io à v e n tre rouge; S p - F usilero v ie n tre co lo ra d o .
‘V
See also page 25, plate I, Figs 4 4 a ,b
Diagnostic Features:
Body
fairly
deep
and
com pressed
A
single
postm axillary
process;
small,
conical
teeth
in
jaw s, vo m e r and palatines. Dorsal fin w ith 10 spines and 15 (rarely 14 or 1 6 ) soft rays; anal fin w ith 3 sp in e s and 11
(ra re ly 10 o r 12) so ft rays; p e cto ra l fin w ith 18
o r 19 (ra re ly 17 o r 20) rays. S ca le s in la te ra l line 45 to 51 (m ost
fre q u e n tly 49); u p p er p e d u n cu la r sca le row s u su a lly 9 o r 10, lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s u su a lly 13 o r 14; sca le row s
above lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin usually 8
o r 9; scale row s below lateral line to origin o f anal fin usually 15 to
17; 4 or 5 scale row s on cheek; predorsal scales usually 21 to 25;
dorsal and anal fin s scaled, the sp inous part o f the
dorsal w ith about 1 12 o f its greatest height covered w ith scales; su p ra te m po ra l band o f sca le s co n flu en t at dorsal
m id lin e . C o lo u r: ca u d al fin, u p p e r ca u d a l p e d u n cle and p o s te rio r p o rtio n o f b a ck ye llo w ; u p p e r body, w h e re not
ye llo w , g re y is h blue; lo w e r s id e s and b e lly w h ite o r p inkish; p e ctora l, p elvic, and a n a l fin s w h ite to pink; axil and
upper base o f pectoral fin black; dorsal fin yellow p o sterio rly and greyish blue anteriorly.
Geographical Distribution: Tropical eastern Indian Ocean to w estern
Hebrides), and from southern Japan to northw estern and northeastern Australia.
Pacific,
from
Sri
Lanka to
V anuatu
(New
38
120'
120'
“
180'
150'
120'
150'
30'
I N D I / I .V O C E A N
30'
30'
120'
90'
150'
180'
150'
120'
120'
H abitat and Biology: Inhabits coastal areas, usually o ve r rocky and coral reefs to depths o f around 60 m. O f all
th e c a e sio n id s,
C. c u n in g a p p e a rs m ost to le ra n t o f m urky w a te r; it is u su a lly th e m ost a b u n d a n t ca e sio n id
in re e f
a re a s c h a ra cte rize d by low u n d e rw a te r visib ility. T his sp e cie s ran g e s w id e ly b e tw e en reefs as it is o fte n ca p ture d by
traw l net o v e r soft bottom . A sch o o lin g fish , fo u nd in sm all to large a g g re g a tio n s. F eeds p rim a rily on Z oo p la n kto n in
m idw ater.
S iz e : In m ost areas throughout its range, m aximum total length to
u n u s u a lly la rge size , and o fte n a tta in s a to ta l le n g th o f a b o u t 60 cm.
In te re s t
to
F is h e rie s : A
about 50 cm; in Sri
m oderately im portant foodfish in m any areas.
Lanka
it grow s to an
It is com m on in m arkets in Sri Lanka,
w h e re it is ta ke n p rim a rily by h a n dlin e; w e ste rn T ha ila n d and M alaysia, w h e re it is ca u g h t m ostly by fis h tra p s ; the
G u lf o f T h a ila n d , w h e re it is ca u g h t in tra w ls; In d o n e sia , th e P h ilip p in e s and Papua New G u in e a by a v a rie ty o f
m ethods including drive-in nets, fish trap s and gili nets. M arketed m ostly fresh.
Local N am es:
G U IN E A : Cavi,
IN DIA: Cul kilchi (T am il); IN D O N E S IA :
Kera;
P H IL IP P IN E S :
B iluson (V isa ya n ),
E kor kuning, Lapi;
D a la g a n g-b u kid
lapad
JA P A N : Y u m e -u m e iro ;
(T a g a lo g ), Y e llo w -ta il
PAPUA NEW
fu s ilie r (E nglish);
THAILAND: Pia hang luang; VIETNAM: Cá c h a m bi.
L ite ra tu re : M asuda et aL (as C. e ry th ro g a s te r) (1975);
Bianchi (eds.) (1984); G loerfelt-Tarp & Kailola (1984); Carpenter (1987).
R e m a rk s : C. c u n in g has often incorrectly been referred to
S ch ro e d e r (as C. e ry th ro g a s te r)
in the literature as C. e ry th ro g a s te r.
Caesio lunaris Cuvier, 1830
C a e s io lu n a ris C u vie r [E h re n b e rg , m s] in C. & V., 1830, H is t.N a t.P o is s ., 6:441 (N ew Ireland).
Synonym s:
FAO N am es:
(1980); F isch e r &
None.
En - Lunar fu silie r; F r - C aesio à croissan t; S p - Fusilero luna.
CAES Caes 3
39
W
M
w
M
if t f i
$ M ï
is M
w
—
\ n
i
i
ñ ^
See also page 29, plate III, Figs 51 a ,b
D ia g n o s tic
F ea tu re s : Body fairly
deep,
fusiform ,
and
m oderately
com pressed.
A
single
postm axillary
process;
sm all conical teeth in jaw s, vo m e r and palatines. Dorsal fin w ith 10 spines and 14 (rarely 13 or 1 5 ) soft rays; anal fin
w ith 3 s p in e s and 11 (ra re ly 10) soft rays; pectoral fin w ith 19 or 20 (rarely 18 o r 21) rays. S ca le s in lateral line 45 to 53
(m o st fre q u e n tly 49); u p p er p e d u n cu la r sca le row s u su a lly 10 o r 11, lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s u su a lly 14 o r 15;
sca le s above lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin usually 8 or 9; scale row s below lateral line to origin o f anal fin usually
15 to 19; usually 4 scale row s on cheek; predorsal scales usu a lly 20 to 23; dorsal and anal fin s scaled, the dorsal w ith
about 3/4 o f the gre a te st height o f sp inous part covered w ith scales; su p ra te m po ra l band o f sca le s g e n era lly
in te rru p te d at d o rsa l m id lin e by a n a rro w s c a le le s s zo n e . C o lo u r: body bluish, b e lly p a le r th a n u p p e r sides; tip s o f
caudal lobes, axil and upper base o f pectoral fin black; caudal fin blue (except in Arabian (Persian) G u lf adults and in
ju ve n ile s, w here caudal fin and portions o f caudal peduncle are often yellow ); pectoral, pelvic and anal fin s w h ite to
pale blue; dorsal fin bluish.
G e o g ra p h ic a l D is trib u tio n : W idespread in the Indo-W est
the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, to southern Japan and the Solom on Islands.
Pacific, from
East Africa, including the
Red Sea and
Tokein
Cocoi Heeling
WiHis S fo rt im* 1
Tujmoti
Loyally
40
H abitat and Biology: Found in coastal areas, m ainly on or near coral reefs. Feeds on Zooplankton in large
aggregations. Unlike m ost other caesionids, this species changes colour during developm ent. In the ju venile stage, it
sta ys close to the re e f and schools w ith ju v e n ile s o f o th er caesionids, co m m o n ly w ith C. c u n in g . During th is stage, it
ty p ic a lly h a s a y e llo w c a u d a l fin a n d p e d u n c le . T h e a d u lts ty p ic a lly fe e d a little fu r th e r o f f th e r e e f th a n o th e r
fusiliers, in deep, cle a r water, returning to the re e f only at night to shelter. A d u lts loose the ye llow coloration,
p e rh a p s b ecause it is c o n sp icu o u s in clear, d eep w ater. In th e A ra b ia n (P e rsian ) G u lf how ever, w h e re w a te r n e a r reefs
is g e n era lly shallow and m u r k y , th is sp ecies retains the yellow caudal co louration as adults.
Size:
M axim um size to a b o u t 40 cm.
In te re s t to
and fishtraps.
Local
F is h e rie s : O f m inor im portance to fisheries in m ost areas. Caught prim arily by drive-in nets, seines
M arketed m o s tly fresh .
Nam es:
JAPAN:
Hana-takasagu;
INDONESIA:
Pisang-pisang;
MALAYSIA:
Delah;
PHILIPPINES:
Dalagang-bukid (Tagalog), Moon caesio (English), Morong (Tagalog), Sinao-an (Visayan), Sulid (Visayan).
Literature: M asuda et a f (1975), F ische r & Bianchi (eds.) (1984); G lo e rfe lt-T a rp & Kailola (1984); Randall (1983);
C a rpe n te r (1987)
Caesio striata
CAES Caes 4
Rüppell, 1830
C a e s io s t r ia t u s Ruppeli, 1830, Fische des R othen M e e rs, 131, pi. 34 (M assaw a, Red Sea).
Synonym s:
FAO Nam es:
None
En - Striated fu silie r; Fr - F usilier strié; S p - F usilero estriado.
i « * ftoV-A •
See also page 27, plate II, Figs 4 6 a ,b
D ia g n o s tic F eatures: Body fusiform , elongate, and m oderately com pressed. A single postm axillary process;
sm all, conical te e th in ja w s, v o m e r and p alatines. D orsal fin w ith 10 s p in e s and 15 (ra re ly 14 o r 16) so ft rays; anal fin
w ith 3 spines and 12 soft rays; pectoral fin w ith 18 to 20 rays. Scales in lateral line 59 to 67 (m ost freq u e n tly 62);
u p p e r p e d u n c u la r sca le row s u su a lly 11, lo w e r p e d u n c u la r sca le row s u su a lly 15; sca le row s a b o ve lateral line to
origin o f d orsal fin 8 o r 9; scale row s b elow lateral line to origin o f anal fin usu a lly 14 to
16; usu a lly 4 scale row s on
cheek; p re d o rsa l sca le s u su a lly 22 to 25; d orsal and anal fin s sca le d , th e do rsa l w ith a b o u t 3 /5 o f the g re a te st height
o f its sp inous part covered w ith scales; supratem poral band o f scales co n flu en t at dorsal m idline. C o lo u r: upper
body light bluish to greenish, low er body w h ite ; 4 narrow black longitudinal stripes on upper side; upper caudal
p eduncle and p osterior portion o f body w ith a yellow stripe betw een the 2 black stripes above lateral line; caudal fin
w ith a b la ck strea k w ithin each lobe, the tips o f lobes w ith a sm all black blotch; outer m argin o f each caudal lobe
often bordered in white, the inner m argin pale; pectoral, pelvic, and anal f in s
b la c k tria n g u la r pa tch on u p p e r base o f p e cto ra l fin ; d o rsa l fin lig h t b lu e to w h ite .
G e o g ra p h ic a l D is trib u tio n :
Restricted to the Red Sea.
w h ite ;
a x il
o f pectoral fin
black,
a
41
120'
120e
150'
180'
NORTH
120e
150'
PACIFIC
OCEAN
30'
IN D IA N
OCEAN
Cocos Keeling
SOUTH
120'
120'
150'
PACIFIC
180'
OCEAN
15 0 ‘
120'
Habitat and Biology: Inhabits coastal areas, prim arily around coral reefs. Feeds on Zooplankton in m idw ater
aggregations. A schooling fish, som etim es in groups to g eth e r w ith C. c a e ru la u re a , C. v a rilin e a ta , and G y m n o c a e s io
gym noptera.
S iz e : T his species reaches a size o f about 25 cm, w hich is the sm allest m axim um size o f m em bers o f the genus
Caesio.
In te re s t to
F is h e rie s : O f very m inor im portance to coastal fisheries. O ccasionally caught by gili nets, trap s and
handlines.
L ocal N a m e s :
L ite ra tu r e :
Unavailable.
Randall (1983); Fischer & Bianchi (eds) (1984); C arpenter (1987).
Caesio suevica Klunzinger, 1884
CAES Caes 5
C aesio s u e v ic u s Klunzinger, 1884, Die F ischedes Rothen M eeres, p .46, pi.5, fig .2 (Red Sea).
S y n o n y m s : None.
FAO N am es:
En - Suez fu silie r; Fr - F usilier de Suez; S p - F usilero de Suez.
8
S e e a ls o p a g e 2 9 , p la te III, F ig s 5 0 a ,b
42
D ia g n o s tic
F e a tu re s :
Body
m o d e ra te ly
sm all conical teeth in jaw s, vo m e r and
sle n d e r,
palatines.
fu s ifo rm ,
Dorsal fin w ith
and
c o m p re s s e d .
10 spines and
A
s in g le
p o s tm a x illa ry
p ro ce ss;
14 or 15 soft rays; anal fin w ith 3
s p in e s and 12 soft rays; pectoral fin w ith 20 or 21 rays. Scales in lateral line 51 to 58 (m ost frequently 54); upper
p e d u n c u la r sca le row s u su a lly 11, lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le
row s usu a lly
14 or 15; sca le row s a b o ve lateral line to origin
o f dorsal fin 7 to 9; sca le row s below lateral line to origin o f anal fin 15 to 17; scale row s on ch e e k 4 or 5; predorsal
sca le s usually 22 or 23; dorsal and anal fin s scaled, the dorsal w ith about 3/5 o f the greatest height o f its spinous part
covered w ith scales; su p ra te m po ra l band o f sca le s g e n era lly interrupted at dorsal m idline by a narrow sca le le ss zone.
C o lo u r: m ost o f body light to silve ry blue, paler ventrally; a single, narrow, yellow stripe on side follow ing the dorsal
profile m idw ay betw een dorsal profile and lateral line, extending from base o f caudal fin anteriorly to a vertical at
the first dorsal spine; a ye llow stre a k w ith in each lobe o f caudal fin; tip s o f caudal fin lobes w ith a large black blotch
w hich is bordered proxim ally by a w hite
fin s w hite to pale blue; dorsal fin bluish grey.
G e o g ra p h ic a l D is trib u tio n :
120'
band;
axil and
upper base o f
pectoral fin black;
pectoral, pelvic, and anal
R e stricte d to th e Red Sea.
120'
90'
180‘
15 0 '
NORTH
120“
150‘
PACIFIC
OCEAN
30'
- 30'
•Gilbertii.
-
0'
,
0'
IN D IA N
OCEAN
SOUTH
120'
150'
90'
H a b ita t and B io lo g y :
PACIFIC
OCEAN
120'
In h a b its c o a s ta l a re a s , p rim a rily on c o ra l re e fs. F e e d s on Z o o p la n k to n in la rg e m id w a te r
a g g re g a tio n s . O fte n s c h o o ls to g e th e r w ith th e o th e r c a e s io n id s fo u n d in th e Red Sea.
S iz e :
Maximum size to about 35 cm.
In te re s t to F is h e rie s : N ot c o m m o n ly fis h e d . It is o c c a s io n a lly c a u g h t by g ili n e ts a nd h a n d lin e s .
L ocal N a m e s :
L ite ra tu re :
Caesio teres
C a e s io te re s
Synonym s:
FAO N am es:
Unavailable
F is c h e r & B ia n ch i (e d s.) (1 9 8 4 );
R a n d a ll (1 9 8 3 ); C a rp e n te r (19 8 7 )
CAES Caes 7
Seale, 1906
Seale, 1906, O cc.P a p .B .P .B ish o p M u s., 4 :4 4 (S hortland Island, S olom on Islands).
C a e s io p u lc h e r r im u s
Smith & Smith, 1963.
En - Y e llo w -a n d -b lu e b a c k fu s ilie r; F r - F u silie r à d o s ja u n e et bleu; Sp - F usilero a m a rillo azu la d o.
43
See also page 25, plate I, Figs 4 5 a ,b
D ia g n o s tic
F ea tu re s : Body
m oderately
deep,
fusiform
and com pressed.
A
single
postm axillary
process;
sm all
te e th in ja w s, v o m e r and palatines. Dorsal fin w ith 10 sp in e s and 15 (rarely 14 or 16) soft rays; anal fin w ith 3 spines
and 12 (ra re ly 13) soft rays; p e ctora l fin usu a lly w ith 20 to 22 (m ost fre q u e n tly 21) rays. S ca le s in lateral line 51 to 61
(m ost fre q u e n tly 55); u p p er
p e d u n cu la r sca le row s 11 to 13, lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s u su a lly 15 or 16; sca le row s
above lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin usually 8 to 10 (m ost freq u e n tly 8); scale row s below lateral line to origin o f
anal fin usually 17 to 20; 4 o r 5 scale row s on cheek, predorsal sca le s usually 21 to 25; dorsal and anal fins scaled, the
d orsal w ith about 2/3 o f the g re a te st height o f its sp in o u s part covered w ith scales; su p ra te m po ra l band o f scales
interrupted at dorsal m idline by a narrow scaleless zone. Colour: bright yellow on caudal fin, caudal peduncle, and
body
above
a
diagonal
from
ju st
anterior to
dorsal-fin
origin
to ventral
origin
o f caudal
peduncle,
except
in
large
individuals, p articularly in the w e ste rn Pacific, w here the yellow does
not extend as fa r anteriorly; rem ainder o f
u p p e r tw o -th ird s o f body bright blue, the low er third
silvery w hite; axil and upper base o f pectoral fin black;
pectoral, pelvic and anal fins white; dorsal fin bluish proxim ally and yellow distally.
G e o g ra p h ic a l
D is trib u tio n :
W idespread in
the
tropical
Indo-W est
Pacific,
from
East Africa,
not
including
Red Sea or the A ra b ia n (P ersian) G ulf, to the Line Islands.
NORTH
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Midway
ritima 11(Christmas)
Penrhyn
Marquetas,
Society Is.
ratlin'
Norfolk
the
44
Habitat
m oving
and
schooling
Biology:
fish
w hich
Found
prim arily
ranges
w id e ly
around
around
coral
reefs.
reefs,
w ith
Feeds
on
to g e th e r w ith o th e r c a e s io n id s , m o s t o fte n w ith C. x a n th o n o ta .
moon. Eggs pelagic, spherical, unpigm ented, usually with a single
a
preference
Z ooplankton
in
fo r
coralline
large
lagoons.
A
m idw ater groups.
rapidly
S chools
It s p a w n s in la rg e a g g re g a tio n s a ro u n d th e fu ll
transparent oil globule and a diam etre o f 0.77 to
0.78 mm.
S iz e :
M a xim u m siz e to a b o u t 40 cm .
In te re s t
to
F is h e rie s :
O f m inor to
m oderate
im portance
in coastal fisheries.
Caught by drive-in nets, gili nets,
handlines and traps. M arketed m ostly fresh.
L ocal
Nam es:
IN D O N E S IA :
E kor kuning
pisang;
P H IL IP P IN E S :
B ilason
(V isa ya n ),
D alagang
bukid
(T agalog),
Morong (Tagalog), Sulid (Visayan).
L ite ra tu r e : A m e sb u ry & M yers (as
(1 9 8 7 ).
R e m a rk s :
C. x a n th o n o ta ) (1982), M asuda et ak (as C. x a n th o n o ta ) (1975); C a rpe n te r
T his sp ecies has m ost often
been
erroneously
referred to as
C. p u lc h e rrim u s
o r c o n fu s e d w ith C.
x a n th o n o ta .
CAES Caes 8
Caesio varilineata Carpenter, 1987
C a e s io v a rilin e a ta C a rp e n te r, 1987, In d o-P a c. F is h ., 15:24, p i.2 fig .B , p i.6 fig .G [A ra b ia n (P e rsia n ) G ulf],
S y n o n y m s : None
FAO N am es:
En - V a ria b le -lin e d fu s ilie r; F r - F u silie r à b a n d e s va rié e s; Sp - F usilero listado.
See a lso page 27, p la te II, F igs 4 9 a ,b
D ia g n o s tic F e a tu re s : B o d y m o d e ra te ly d e e p , fu s ifo rm
and m o d e ra te ly c o m p re s s e d . R a tio o f e ye d ia m e te r to
head length usu a lly around 4 .3 to 5.0; a single p o stm a xilla ry process. Dorsal fin w ith 10 sp in e s and 15 (ra re ly 14 or
1 6 ) soft rays; anal fin w ith 3 sp in e s and 12 (rarely 11 or 1 3 ) soft rays; pectoral fin w ith 20 to 23 (m ost fre q u e n tly 2 1 )
rays. Scales in lateral line 57 to 67 (m ost freq u e n tly 62); upper peduncular scale row s usually 11, low er peduncular
sca le row s u s u a lly 15; sca le row s a b o ve lateral line to o rig in o f d o rsa l fin 8 to 10 (m o st fre q u e n tly 9); sca le row s
below lateral line to origin o f anal fin usually 15 to 17; usually 4 scale row s on cheek; predorsal scales 21 to 26;
dorsal and anal fins scaled, the dorsal usually w ith about 4/5 o f the gre a te st height o f its sp inous part covered w ith
scales; supratem poral band o f scales often interrupted at dorsal m idline by a scaleless zone; alw ays a ‘v ’-shaped
scaleless zone anteriorly at m idline intruding into the supratem poral band o f scales. C o lo u r: upper body blue, low er
body w hite to pale bluish; 3 to 6 (usually 4) yellow longitudinal stripes on side, 2 or 3 o f th e se stripe s covering a nd/or
above lateral line, and 2 or 3 below lateral line; w idth o f stripes variable, usually narrow , a b o ut 1
sca le w ide;
s o m e tim e s th e strip e a b o ve the lateral line is a b o ut 2 sca le s w id e ; ca u d a l fin w ith an in d istin ct b luish or d a rk s tre a k
w ith in e a ch lobe, th e tip s o f ca u d a l
lo b e s
w ith a large b la ck blotch; pe ctora l, p elvic, and a n a l fin s w h ite ; axil o f
p ectoral fin black; a b la ck
distal border.
tria n g u la r patch
on upper
base o f pectoral fin; dorsal fin light blue to pale w ith a black
45
G e o g ra p h ic a l D istrib u tio n :
(Persian) Gulf, to w estern Indonesia.
P rim a rily Indian O cean, from East A frica , in cluding the Red Sea and th e A ra b ia n
180‘
150'
120'
120 '
NORTH
120'
150'
PACIFIC
OCEAN
- 30'
Vap
-
0‘
SOUTH
120'
90'
120'
PACIFIC
OCEAN
120 '
150'
Habitat and Biology: Prim arily found around coral reefs. Feeds on Zooplankton in m idw ater aggregations.
schooling fish, com m only in groups to g eth e r w ith C. c a e ru la u re a , e s t r ia t a , and P te ro c a e s io tile.
A
S iz e : Maximum size to about 40 cm.
In te re s t
to
F is h e rie s :
Of
m inor
to
m oderate
im portance
to
coastal
fisheries.
Fairly
com m on
in
m arkets
in
tro p ic a l East A frica and Sri Lanka. C a u g h t by gili nets, h a n d lin e s and trap s. M arketed fresh . J u v e n ile s im p o rta n t as
tuna baitfish in the M aldives and Laccadives.
L ocal N a m e s :
L ite ra tu r e :
R e m a rk s :
L A C C A D IV E A R C H IP E L A G O : C h u ra ic h a la , F urrua, K e kku rim u g rh a n g .
C arpenter (1987).
T his species has previously been identified as C a e s io c a e ru la u re a .
Caesio xanthonota Bleeker, 1853
C a e s io x a n th o n o tu s B le e ke r, 1853, N a t.T ijd s c h r.N e d e r.-,In d ië , 4 :4 6 6 (In d o n e sia ).
S y n o n y m s : None.
FAO Nam es: En - Y e llo w b a ck fu silie r; Fr - F usilie r à dos ja u n e ; Sp - F usilero de lom o am arillo.
CAES Caes 6
46
See also page 25, plate I, Figs 4 3 a ,b
D ia g n o s tic
F ea tu re s : Body
m oderately
deep,
fusiform
and
com pressed.
A
single
postm axillary
process;
sm all
conical teeth in jaw s, v o m e r and palatines. Dorsal fin w ith 10 sp ines and 15 (rarely 14) soft rays; anal fin w ith 3 spines
and 12 (rarely 11) soft rays; pectoral fin w ith 20 to 22 (m ost fre q u e n tly 21) rays. S cales in lateral line 52 to 59 (m ost
fre q u e n tly 56); upper p e d un cu la r scale row s 11 o r 1 2 , lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s usu a lly 1 5 ; sca le row s a bove
lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin usually 9 o r 10; scale row s below lateral line to origin o f anal fin usually 18 o r 19; 4
o r 5 scale row s on cheek; predorsal sca le s usually 21 to 23; dorsal and anal fin s scaled, the dorsal w ith about 2/3 o f
the greatest height o f its spinous part covered w ith scales; supratem poral band o f scales interrupted at dorsal m idline
by a n a rro w sc a le le ss zone. C o lo u r: upper third o f body and caudal fin bright yellow, m iddle third blue, low er third
w hite; axil and upper base o f pectoral fin black; pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins w h ite ; d o rsa l fin ye llo w .
G e o g ra p h ic a l
D is trib u tio n : Prim arily Indian Ocean, from
East Africa, not including the
Red Sea or the Arabian
(Persian) Gulf, to Indonesia.
120“
150'
60 ”
NORTH
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Palmyra
W$mßsAr
IN D IAN
OCEAN
Loyalty it.
SOUTH
120 °
150 °
PACIFIC
150 °
OCEAN
120 °
Habitat and Biology: Inhabits coastal areas, prim arily around coral reefs. A schooling fish w hich fe e ds on
Z ooplankton in large m idw ater aggregations. T his species ranges w idely am ong reefs during the day but shelters on
the re e f at night. It som etim es schools to g eth e r w ith C. teres, which has a sim ilar colour pattern.
a p p ea rs to p re fe r th e co ra llin e lagoon ha b itat m ore th a n m ost o th er sp e cie s o f ca esionids.
C. x a n th o n o ta
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47
S ize: M axim um size to about 40 cm.
In te re s t to
handlines.
F ish eries:
O f m in or to m od e ra te im p orta n ce in coastal fish e rie s.
C aught by gili nets, tra p s and
M arketed m ostly fresh.
Local
N am es:
M A LD IV E S : D onnom as.
IN D O N E S IA :
E kor ku n in g pisang;
L A C C A D IV E A R C H IP E L A G O :
D o n ke vu m a s (M in ico y);
Literature: F ischer & Bianchi (eds.) (1984); G lo e rfe lt-T a rp & Kailola (1984); C a rp e n te r (1987).
R e m a rk s : C. x a n th o n o ta
Dipterygonotus
a n d C. te re s h a v e o fte n b e e n c o n fu s e d w ith o n e a n o th e r in th e lite ra tu re .
CAES Dipt
Bleeker, 1849
G e n u s : D ip te ry g o n o tu s B le e ke r, 18 4 9, J o u r.In d ia n A rc h .E a s t.A s ia , 3 :7 1 . T yp e s p e c ie s ,
le u c o g ra m m ic u s , B leeker, 1849 (= S m a ris b a lte a tu s Val. in C .& V ., 1830), by o rig in a l d e sig n a tio n .
D ip te ry g o n o tu s
S y n o n y m s : None.
D ia g n o s tic
F ea tu re s :
Body
s le n d e r,
fu s ifo rm ,
e lo n g a te
and
m o d e ra te ly co m p re sse d .
Two
p o s tm a x illa ry
p ro ce sse s; p o s te rio r end o f m axilla ta p ere d , its g re a te st d e p th a n te rio r to hind end o f p re m a xilla ; sm all co n ica l teeth
on dentary and vom er; prem axilla and palatines w ithout teeth; interorbital space convex; m argin o f opercle w ith a
p ro n o u n c e d d o rs o -p o s te rio r fla p . D o rsal fin d e e p ly no tche d , th e last fe w s p in e s a lm o s t se p a ra te , u su a lly
w ith 14
s p in e s and 8 to 11 so ft rays; a n a l fin w ith 3 s p in e s and u su a lly 9 o r 10 so ft rays; p e ctora l fin w ith 16 to 19 rays;
p ro cu rre n t caudal rays ty p ica lly 7 o r 8. S ca le s w e a kly ctenoid; dorsal and anal fin s w ith o u t scales; sca le s in lateral line
68 to 80; u p p e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s 11 to 14, lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s 15 to 18; sca le row s a b o ve lateral line to
o rig in o f d o rsa l fin 9 to 11; sca le row s below lateral line to o rig in o f anal fin 15 to 18; su p ra te m p o ra l band o f sca le s
in d is tin c t, s c a le s in in te ro rb ita l reg io n re a ch in g n e a r to a sce n d in g p re m a x illa ry p ro ce ss. P re d o rsa l
co n fig u ra tio n
/0 + 0/2/1 + 1/. E p ip le u ra l rib s 14, w ith o u t fla tte n e d p ro je c tio n s on th e firs t 2. M arkin g s: 3 s trip e s a b o ve la te ra l line,
the 2 up p erm o st strip e s irre g u la r and u su a lly inte rru p ted ; caudal lo b e s w ith o u t d istin ctive m arkings.
Sp ecies: A single sp e cie s recognized - see D . balteatu s.
Dipterygonotus balteatus
S m a ris b a lte a tu s
CAES Dipt 1
(Valenciennes, 1 83 0)
V a le n cie n n e s in C. & V. 1830, H ist.N at P o is s ., 6 :4 2 4 (Sri Lanka).
S y n o n y m s : D ip te ry g o n o tu s le u c o g ra m m ic u s Bleeker, 1849;
D ip te ry g o n o tu s g ru v e li Chabanaud, 1924a.
FAO Nam es: En - M ottled fu silie r; Fr - F usilie r m arbré; S p - F usilero ja sp e a do .
48
D ia g n o s tic
F ea tu re s : Body
slender,
fusiform ,
elongate and
m oderately
com pressed.
Two
postm axillary
processes; sm all conical teeth on dentary and vom er; prem axilla and palatines w ithout teeth. Dorsal fin usually w ith
14 s p in e s and 8 to 11 soft rays; anal fin w ith 3 sp in e s and usu a lly 9 o r 10 soft rays; p e ctora l fin w ith 16 to 19 rays.
S ca le s in lateral line 68 to 80; upper p e d un cu la r scale row s 11 to 14, lo w e r p e d un cu la r scale row s 15 to 18; scale row s
above lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin 9 to 1 1 ; sca le row s below lateral line to origin o f anal fin 15 to 18; usually 6
to 9 scale row s on cheek; predorsal sca le s usually 29 to 34; dorsal and anal fins w ith o u t scales, supratem poral band o f
scales indistinct, scales in interorbital region reaching near to ascending prem axillary process. C o lo u r: upper body
brow nish bronze; a thin, straight, tan stripe about 1 scale w ide from orbit to caudal fin, directly above lateral line for
the anterior h a lf o f
its length, about 2 scales above lateral line on caudal peduncle; above and parallel to this stripe 2
thin, irregular, and usually interrupted
stripes
o f the sam e colour; low er body silvery w hite; dorsal, anal, pelvic, and
pectoral fins clear
to pinkish; axil o f pectoral
body and fin s are often reddish.
G e o g ra p h ic a l
D is trib u tio n :
fin
black; caudal fin tan to
pinkish;
w hen
captured at night, the entire
W idespread in the Indo-Pacific, from East Africa, not including the Red Sea or
A rabian (Persian) Gulf, to the Solom on Islands.
NORTH
PACIFIC
OCEAN
A ra b ia n
1P e rs ia n I C u lf
Ryukyu
Kazan Gp
R ed Sea
Manhall is
■Gilbertii.
i
Palmyra
mali (Christmas)
,
Phoenix is
Tokelau
;• chagosArth
Penrhyn
Marquesas is.
IN D IA N
va n u a tu \\
Hebrides;,
OCEAN
wallis « fortuna
,■■■
*
Society
Samoa
Tuamotu Arch.
, Loyalty IS
'* / / ,
Pitcairn'
'Oude
Rapa
30°
SOUTH
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Habitat and Biology: This is the only caesionid that, in the adult stage, is prim arily a nearshore pelagic rather
than a coral reef species. In the m arkets o f the Philippines, D. b a lte a tu s is m ost freq u e n tly found m ixed w ith sardines
and an ch ovies.
Zooplankton.
As
juveniles,
it
schools
to g eth e r
w ith
ju ve n ile s
of
o ther
caesionids
on
coral
reefs.
Feeds
on
S iz e : A tta in s a to ta l le n g th o f a b o u t 14cm , w h ic h is th e s m a lle s t m a x im u m s iz e o f a ll fu s ilie rs .
In te re s t to
F is h e rie s : Im portant as a tuna baitfish in the M aldives and the Laccadive Archipelago. O ccasionally
m arketed fresh along w ith s a rd in e s and a n ch o vie s in th e P hilipp in e s. C a u g h t at night using lig h ts and dip nets.
Local Nam es: JA P A N : T osoku chibiki;
L ite ra tu r e :
LA C C A D IV E A R C H IP E L A G O : D handi m uguram .
G loerfelt-Tarp & Kailola (1984); Sainsbury et a f (1985); C arpenter (1987).
R em arks: T his sp e cie s is often m istake n as an e m m e lich th yid due to the s im ila rity in body and d orsal fin shape.
49
Gymnocaesio
Bleeker, 1876
CAES Gymn
G en u s: G y m n o c a e s io B leeker, 1876, V e rs l.M e d e d .A k a d .A m s te rd a m , (Ser.
g y m n o p te ru s Bleeker, 1856, by o rigina l d e signation.
9),
2 :152.
T ype
sp e cie s,
C a e s io
S y n o n y m s : None
D ia g n o s tic
F ea tu re s :
processes; posterior end
on dentary and vom er;
Body
slender,
fusiform ,
elongate
and
m oderately
com pressed.
Two
postm axillary
o f m axilla tapered, its greatest depth anterior to hind end o f prem axilla; sm all conical teeth
prem axilla and palatines w ithout teeth; interorbital space flat; m argin o f opercle w ithout a
pronounced dorso-posterior flap. Dorsal fin continuous, all spines broadly connected by m em branes, usually w ith 10
s p in e s and 15 soft rays; anal fin w ith 3 sp in e s and usu a lly 12 rays; pectoral rays 20 to 22; pro cu rre n t caudal rays
typ ica lly 7 or 8.
sca le row s 11 or
scale row s below
midline. Predorsal
Scales w eakly ctenoid, m edian fins w ithout scales; scales in lateral line 64 to 74; upper peduncular
1 2 , lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s 13 to 1 5 ; sca le row s above lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin 7 to 9;
lateral line to origin o f d orsal fin 12 to 15; su p ra te m po ra l band o f sca le s d istinct, co n flu e n t at dorsal
configuration /0 + 0/0 + 2/1 + 1/. Epipleural ribs 1 4 , w ith o u t flattened p rojections on the first 2.
M arkings: a single thin
(som etim es faint).
stripe
covering
lateral line for m ost o f its length; tips o f caudal lobes with
a blackish
blotch
S p e c ie s : A single sp ecies recognized - see G. g y m n o p te ra .
Gymnocaesio gymnoptera (Bleeker, 1856)
CAES Gymn 1
C a e s io g y m n o p te r u s B leeker, 1856, N a t.T ijd s c h r.N e d e r.-In d ië , 10 :37 2 (T e rna te , In d on e sia ).
S y n o n y m s : None.
FAO N am es: En - S le n d e r fu s ilie r; Fr - F u silie r é lé g a nt; S p - F usilero e le g a nte .
See also page 31, plate IV, Fig. 56
D ia g n o s tic
F ea tu re s :
Body
slender,
fusiform ,
elongate
and
m oderately
com pressed.
Two
postm axillary
processes; posterior end o f m axilla tapered, its greatest depth anterior to hind end o f prem axilla; sm all conical teeth
on dentary and vom er; prem axilla and palatines w ithout teeth. Dorsal fin w ith 10 (rarely 1 1 ) sp in e s and 15 (rarely 14
o r 1 6 ) s o ft rays; anal fin w ith 3 spines and 12 (rarely 11 or 1 3 ) rays; pectoral fin w ith 20 to 22 rays. S cales in lateral
line 64 to 74 (m ost freq u e n tly 70); upper pe d un cu la r scale row s usually 11, lo w e r pe d un cu la r scale row s usually 14 or
15 ; scale row s above lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin 7 to 9; scale row s below lateral line to origin o f anal fin usually
13 o r 1 4 ; usually 4 scale row s on cheek; predorsal scales usually 23 to 26; dorsal and anal fin w ith o u t scales. C o lo u r:
upper
about
often
w h ite
body bluish
1 scale w ide
a bright blue
ventrally; axil
green, the centres o f scales lighter, giving a striped appearance; a single yellow or brow n stripe
covering the lateral line fo r m ost o f its length, running dorsal to lateral line on caudal peduncle;
longitudinal band directly below the lateral line stripe covering up to 1 /3 o f the side; body silve ry
o f pectoral fin black; pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fin s w hite; caudal fin dusky, the tip s o f
the lobes black.
G e o g ra p h ic a l D is trib u tio n : W id e sp re a d
in th e In d o-W e st P acific, from
East A frica , inclu d in g th e Red Sea, to
Fiji.
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50
120'
60'
150°
180‘
NORTH
120'
150 '
PACIFIC
OCEAN
M idw ty
- 0‘
IN D IAN
OCEAN
30“
-3 0 ‘
SOUTH
120'
120'
PACIFIC
150'
180'
150'
OCEAN
120'
H a b ita t and B io lo g y : In h a b its co a s ta l a re a s ra n g in g w id e ly a ro u n d co ra l ree fs. F ee d s on Z o o p la n kto n in la rge
m id w a te r a g g re g a tio n s. A sch o o lin g fish, often in g ro u p s w ith m em b e rs o f the g e n us P te ro c a e s io .
S ize: R eaches a m axim um size o f a b o ut 18 cm.
In te re s t
to
F is h e rie s : O f m inor im portance to fisheries.
O c c a s io n a lly ca u g h t w ith tra p s and d rive -in n e ts and
m arketed fresh in the Philippines. Used as a baitfish for tuna fisheries in the
Pacific.
Local
Nam es:
L A C C A D IV E A R C H IP E L A G O :
Dandi m ugurang;
M aldives, the Laccadives, and the W est
P H IL IP P IN E S :
D alagang
bukid
(Ta g a lo g );
Sulid
(V isayan).
L ite ra tu re :
Randall (1 9 8 3 ); G lo e rfe lt-T a rp & Kailola (1984); Carpenter (1 9 8 7 ).
Pterocaesio Bleeker, 1876
CAES Pter
G e n u s : P t e r o c a e s io
B le e k e r,
1 8 7 6 , V e r s l.M e d e d .A k a d .A m s te rd a m , (S e r. 9 ), 2 :1 5 3 . T y p e s p e c ie s , C a e s io
m u l t i r a d ia t u s Steindachner, 1 861 (= C a e s io t i l e Cuvier in C. & V ., 1830), by original designation.
S y n o n y m s : L io c a e s io B le e ke r, 1876; C lu p e o la b r u s N ic h o ls , 1923.
D ia g n o s tic
F ea tu re s :
Body
fusiform ,
elongate,
and m oderately com pressed.
Two
postm axillary
processes;
posterior end o f m axilla tapered, its greatest depth anterior to hind end o f prem axilla; sm all conical teeth in jaw s;
v o m e r and palatines w ith or w ith o u t sm all conical teeth; interorbital space convex; m argin o f opercle with a distinct
d o rso -p o ste rio r flap. Dorsal fin continuous, w ith 10 or 11 spines and 14 lo 16 soft rays, or 10 to 12 s p in e s and 19 to 22
soft rays; s p in e s connected b roadly by m em branes, anal fin w ith 3 sp ines and 11 to 13 soft rays; pectoral fin w ith 17
to 24 rays; p ro c u rre n t ca u d al rays ty p ic a lly 9 or 10. S ca le s w e a k ly cte n o id ; m ed ia n fin s w ith sca le s in o b liq u e rows;
scales in lateral line 62 to 88,
circum peduncular scales 10 to 14 + 13 to 1 8 ; scale row s above lateral line to origin o f
dorsal fin 7 to 11; scale row s
below lateral line to origin o f anal fin 13 to 20; supratem poral band o f scales distinct,
confluent at dorsal m idline. Predorsal configuration 0/0/0 + 2/1 + 1/or/0 + 0/0 + 2/1 + 1 . Epipleural ribs 14 (rarely 13 or
1 5 );
flattened
pterygiophore
projections
either
present
strongly
or
stripe(s), o r w ith a large blotch
blackish streak in m iddle o f each lobe.
on first
and
w e a kly
above
second
convex
p ectoral-fin
epipleural
distally.
base;
ribs
in
som e
M arkings: side
caudal-fin
lobes
species.
w ithout
w ith
A n te rio r profile
m arkings,
black
tips
or
o f first
w ith
w ith
anal
longitudinal
a
longitudinal
51
B io lo g y H ab itat and D is trib u tio n : T h e y in h a b it co a sta l a re a s o f th e In d o-W e st Pacific, p rim a rily around coral
reefs. T he y are s ch o o lin g fish e s, often fo u nd in m ixed a g g re g a tio n s w ith o th er sp e cie s o f P te ro c a es io . T he y feed on
Zooplankton in m idwater.
Reproduction
appears to be characterized by
prolonged sp a w n in g season and group sp a w n in g on a lunar cycle.
early
sexual
m aturity,
high
fecundity,
In te re s t to F is h e rie s : O f m in o r to m o d e ra te im p o rta n ce as fo o d fish. C a u g h t by d rive -in nets, gili nets, traps,
tra w ls and h a n d lin e s. M arke te d fre sh and d rie d -sa lte d . Ju ve n ile s and a d u lts o f so m e sp e cie s are ve ry im p o rta n t as
b a itfish fo r tu n a fish e rie s.
S p e c ies : Ten species and 3 subgenera are recognized: P te ro c a e s io (P te ro c a e s io ) tile , P . (P is in n ic a e s io )
d ig ra m m a , P . (P i.) c h ry s o z o n a , P . (P i.) p is a n g , P . (S q u a m o s ic a e s io ) m a rri, P . (S .) r a n d a lli, P . (S .) la tiv itta ta , P.
(S .) c a p ric o rn is , P . (S .) tr ilin e a ta and, P. (S .) te s s e lla ta .
Pterocaesio capricornis Sm ith & Sm ith, 1963
CAES Pter 5
P te ro c a e s io c a p ric o rn is S m ith & Sm ith, 1963, T he Fishes o f S e y c h e lle s , p. 29, p i.94, Fig. E (Pinda, M ozam bique).
S y n o n y m s : None.
FAO Nam es:
D ia g n o s tic
En - C a pricorn fu silie r; F r - F usilie r ca p rico rn e ; S p - F usilero Capricornio.
F ea tu re s :
B ody
fu sifo rm ,
e lo n g a te
and
m o d e ra te ly
sm all con ica l te e th in ja w s ; v o m e r and p a la tin e s w ith o u t te e th.
co m p re sse d .
D orsal fin w ith
Two
p o s tm a x illa ry
10 s p in e s and
p ro ce sse s;
15 so ft rays; anal fin
w ith 3 s p in e s and 12 so ft rays; p e ctora l fin w ith 19 rays. S ca le s in la te ra l line 65 to 68; u p p e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s
11, lo w e r p e d u n c u la r sca le row s 15; sca le row s a b o ve la te ra l line to o rig in o f d o rsa l fin 8 or 9; sca le row s below
lateral line to origin o f anal fin 15; 4 sca le row s on cheek; p re d o rsa l sca le s 24; d o rsa l and anal fin s sca le d , the d orsal
w ith a b o u t 1/3 o f th e g re a te st h e ig h t o f its sp in o u s part co ve re d w ith sca le s. C o lo u r: (acco rd in g to S m ith & Sm ith,
1963) b o d y c h e q u e re d b ro n zy g re e n ye llo w and blue ab o ve, b e lly pink; a n a rro w ye llo w strip e alo n g th e b o d y from
behind th e eye co ve rin g th e la te ra l line fo r m ost o f its le n g th, a b o ve th e la te ra l line on ca u d a l p e d un cle ; d o rs a l fin
blue and ye llow in front, p in k behind; pectoral, pelvic and ca u d al fin s pink; tip s o f caudal lobes d a rk brow n to black.
G e o g ra p h ic a l D istrib u tio n : W e ste rn Indian O cean, restricte d to East A frica.
52
i2 r
120*
180*
150° '
NORTH
120*
1 50 ®
PACIFIC
OCEAN
" 30*
-
0*
IN D IAN
OCEAN
- 30*
SOUTH
120*
1 20 *
H abitat and
150 *
B io lo gy: In h ab its coastal areas, p rim a rily around coral reefs.
PACIFIC
180*
OCEAN
120 *
150*
F eeds on Z ooplankton in m id w a te r
aggregations.
S iz e : M a x im u m s iz e p ro b a b ly a ro u n d 21 cm .
In te re s t to F is h e rie s :
R are in m arke ts.
L o c a l N a m e s : U navailable
L ite ra tu r e : C arpenter (1987).
Pterocaesio chrysozona
CAES Pter 1
(Cuvier, 1830)
C a e s io c h ry s o z o n a C u vie r [K uhl & va n H asselt, m s] in C. & V., 1830, H is t.N a t.P o is s ., 6 :4 4 0
Synonym s:
FAO Nam es:
P r is t ip o m o id e s
a u r o iin e a tu s
(In d o n e sia )
Day, 1867.
En - G o ldband fu silie r; Fr - C aesio à ce in tu re d'or; S p - F usilero cinta dorada.
See also page 31, plate IV, Figs 5 4 a ,b
53
D ia g n o s tic
Features:
Body
fusiform ,
elongate
and
m oderately
com pressed.
Two
postm axillary
processes;
sm all conical teeth in jaw s, vo m e r and palatines. Dorsal fin w ith 10 (rarely 11) spines and 15 (rarely 14 or 1 6 ) s o ft rays;
anal fin w ith 3 spines and 12 (ra re ly 11 o r 1 3 ) soft rays; pectoral fin w ith 17 to 20 (m ost fre q u e n tly 1 9 ) rays. S cales in
lateral line usually 64 to 69; upper peduncular scale row s usually 1 1 , lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s usu a lly 1 5 ; scale
row s above la te ra l line to o rig in o f d o rsa l fin 7 to 9; sca le row s below lateral line to o rig in o f anal fin u su a lly 14 to 16;
usually 4 scale row s on cheek; predorsal scales usually 23 to 26; dorsal and anal fin s scaled, the dorsal w ith about 1 /2
o f the gre a te st height o f its sp in o u s part covered w ith scales. C o lo u r: upper body light blue to brow nish, lo w e r body
w hite to pinkish; a bright yellow band directly below lateral line fo r m ost o f its length, from behind eye to base o f
caudal fin, 2 or 3 scales w ide anteriorly, tapering to 1 scale in w id th on caudal peduncle w here it is above lateral line;
a le s s c o n s p ic u o u s y e llo w s trip e a lo n g d o rs a l m id lin e ; fin s w h ite to p in k is h ; a x il o f p e c to ra l fin b la c k ; d o rs a l fin
slig h tly du sky d istally; tip s o f ca u d al lobes black.
G e o g ra p h ic a l
D istrib u tio n :
W idespread
in the
Indo-W est
Pacific, from
East Africa,
including
the
Red
Sea, to
eastern A ustralia.
180'
150'
120'
120 '
NORTH
120 '
15 0 '
PACIFIC
OCEAN
- 30'
0'
IN D IAN
OCEA
Loyalty Is
SOUTH
Habitat and Biology: R anges w id e ly around coral reefs
F eeds on Z o o p la n kto n in large m id w a te r a g g re g a tio n s .
in
schools.
O ften
OCEAN
120 '
150'
180'
150'
120'
90'
60'
120'
PACIFIC
found
in
g ro u p s
w ith
o ther
c a e s io n id s .
Size:
R e aches a m axim um size o f a b o ut 21 cm.
In te re s t to
F is h e rie s : M oderately im portant as
a food fish in som e areas. C om m on in the m arkets o f Sri Lanka
and th e P hilipp in e s. C a u g h t by d rive -in nets, gili nets, trap s, h a n d lin e s and, o c c a s io n a lly by traw ls. A v a lu a b le tuna
baitfish in th e Lacca dives and M aldives.
L ocal
N am es:
IN D O N E S IA :
P is a n g -p isa n g ;
JA P A N :
F urrua, H uden m u g u ra n g ; M A L A Y S IA : D elah ka ra n g ;
(Visayan), Dalagang bukid (Tagalog); SRI LANKA: Hemala, llitta.
L ite ra tu r e : S ch ro e de r (as
P. p is a n g
T a ka sa g o ;
PAPUA
225-A) (1980);
NEW
L A C C A D IV E
G U IN E A :
Randall (1983);
A R C H IP E L A G O :
G a w a n i;
C h u ra ich a la ,
P H IL IP P IN E S :
B id la w a n
Fischer & Bianchi, eds. (1984); G loerfelt-
T arp & Kailola (1984); S a in sb u ry et aL (as P. d ig ra m m a ): C a rpe n te r (1987).
Pterocaesio digramma (Bleeker, 1865)
CAES Pter 2
C a e s io d ig ra m m a Bleeker, 1865, N a t.T iid s c h r.D ie rk ., 2 :1 80 (Am bon, Indonesia).
S yn on ym s: None.
FAO Nam es:
En - D ouble-lined fu silie r; F r - F usilie r à deux b a ndes ja u n e s; S p - F usilero de dos bandas.
54
mmm
See also page 33, plate V, Fig. 61
D ia g n o s tic F ea tu re s : B ody fu sifo rm , e lo n g a te and m o d e ra te ly c o m p re sse d . T w o p o s tm a x illa ry p ro ce sse s;
sm all co n ica l te e th in ja w s, v o m e r and pala tin es. D orsal fin w ith 10 s p in e s and 15 (ra re ly 14 or 16) soft rays; anal fin
w ith 3 s p in e s and 12 (ra re ly 11) soft rays; pectoral fin usu a lly w ith 20 to 22 (m ost fre q u e n tly 21) rays. S ca le s in lateral
line 66 to 76 (m ost fre q u e n tly 72); u p p e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s u su a lly 12 o r 13, lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s usually
16 o r 17; sca le row s above la te ra l line to origin o f d o rsa l fin 9 to 11; sca le row s below lateral line to o rig in o f anal fin
u su a lly 17 o r 18; 4 o r 5 sca le row s on cheek; pre d o rsa l sca le s u su a lly 26 to 28; d orsal and anal fin s scaled, th e do rsa l
w ith a b o ut 1/2 o f th e g re a te st h e ig h t o f its sp in o u s part co ve re d w ith sca le s. C o lour: body blue to g re e n ish do rsa lly,
w h ite ventrally; 2 longitudinal yellow stripe s laterally, the low er running from behind
upper orbit about 1 scale
b e lo w th e la te ra l line to a ve rtic a l at a b o u t m id dle o f soft p o rtio n o f d o rsa l fin w h e re it c ro sse s and u su a lly passes
a b o ve la te ra l line fo r th e length o f th e ca u d a l pe d un cle ; u p p er strip e 1 to 2 s c a le s below d o rsa l p ro file fo r m ost o f
le n g th o f body, e n d in g d o rs a lly on ca u d a l p e d u n cle ;
s lig h tly du sky d ista lly; tip s o f ca u d al lo b e s black.
G e o g ra p h ic a l D is trib u tio n : P rim a rily
C aledonia, north to so u th e rn Japan.
in
th e
fin s
w e ste rn
w h ite
P acific,
to
p in kish ;
from
a xil
In d on e sia
o f p e cto ra l
and
fin
w e ste rn
bla ck;
d o rs a l
A u s tra lia
to
fin
New
Johnston
tj« jd iv v is
Ponap?
¡(Christina)
Phoet
ChagosAi
rq u ts a i
Tuamotu Arch.
iy i lt y
H abitat and
B io lo gy:
,
Found in co a stal areas, p rim a rily around coral reefs.
A sch o o lin g fish , often in m ixe d-
sp e cie s g ro u p s co n taining o th e r p te ro ca e sio n id s. F eeds on Z ooplankton in m id w a te r agg re g a tio n s.
Size: R e aches a m axim um size o f a b o ut 30 cm.
55
In te re s t to F is h e rie s : M od e ra tely im p orta n t as a food fish. T his sp e cie s is one o f the m ost co m m o n ca e sio n id s
in P h ilip p in e m arke ts. C a u g h t m ostly by d rive -in nets, gili nets, and trap s. M arke te d m ostly fresh ; s o m e tim e s d rie d salted.
L ocal N am es:JA PA N : Nisen-takasago;
L ite ra tu r e :
S ch ro e de r
(as
P.
PHILIPPINES: D a la g a n g b u kid (T a g a lo g ), U tdan (V isa ya n ).
c h rysozo nu s)
(1980);
Fischer &
Bianchi
(eds)
(1984);
G loerfelt -Tarp
&
Kailola
(1984); G loerfelt-Tarp & Kailola (1984); Shen (as C a e s io c h ry s o zo n a ) (1984); C arpenter (1987).
R e m a rk s :
P te r o c a e s io d ig r a m m a
h a s fr e q u e n tly b e e n m is s p e lle d in th e lite r a tu r e a s 'd ia g ra m m a '.
Pterocaesio lativittata Carpenter, 1987
CAES Pter 6
P te ro c a e s io la tiv itta ta C a rp e n te r, 1987, In d o -P a c . F is h ., 1 5 :40 , p i.4 f ig . B (C o c o s -K e e lin g Isla n d s).
S y n o n y m s : None
FAO N am es:
En - W id e -b a n d fu s ilie r; Fr - F u silie r à b a nde large; S p - F usilero de b a n da ancha.
■v^
See also page 31, plate IV, Fig. 55
D ia g n o s tic
F e a tu re s :
B o d y fu s ifo rm , e lo n g a te a n d m o d e ra te ly c o m p re s s e d . T w o p o s tm a x illa r y p ro c e s s e s ;
sm all conical teeth in ja w s and vom er; palatines w ith o u t teeth. Dorsal fin
w ith 10 sp ines
and 15 (rarely 14 o r
16) soft
rays; anal fin w ith 3 sp in e s and 12 (ra re ly 13) soft rays; p e ctora l fin w ith 21 to 23 (m ost fre q u e n tly 22) rays. S ca le s in
la te ra l line 74 to 88; u p p er p e d un cu la r scale row s 12 to 14, lo w e r p e d u n cu la r scale row s usually 16 or 17; sca le row s
above lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin usually 9 or 10; scale row s below lateral line to origin o f anal fin usually 16 to
18; usually 4 scale row s on cheek; predorsal scales 23 to 30; dorsal and anal fin scaled,
the dorsal w ith about
1 /2 o f
the height o f its spinous part covered w ith scales; supratem poral band o f scales confluent at dorsal m idline. Colour:
upper body bluish or reddish, lighter ventrally; a bright yellow band straddling the lateral line for m ost o f its length,
from tip o f snout to base o f caudal fin, 3 to 5 sca le s w ide anteriorly, tapering to 1 scale in w idth on caudal peduncle
w here it is above the lateral line; fin s w hite to pinkish; dorsal fin slightly dusky distally and yellow ish near base; axil
o f pectoral fin w ith a b la ck blotch; tip s o f caudal lobes black.
G e o g ra p h ic a l D is trib u tio n : E astern Indian O cean and w e ste rn
New G uinea.
P acific, from th e C ha g o s A rch ip e la g o to Papua
56
120 *
120 *
180e
150‘
120*
150e
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
30*
Palmyra
I N D I A N OCEAN
SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN
120'
H a b ita t and
B io lo g y :
In h a b its co a sta l
a re a s
a ro u n d
coral
reefs.
A sch o o lin g
120“
150'
180'
150'
120 '
fish , s o m e tim e s
in g ro u p s
w ith
o th e r s p e c ie s o f P te ro c a e s io . F eeds on Z o o p la n kto n in m id w a te r a g g re g a tio n s.
S ize: M axim um size estim a te d to be about 20 cm.
In te re s t to F ish eries:
O f m in or im p orta n ce in fish e rie s; rarely seen in m arkets.
Local N am es: U navailable
Literature: C a rpe n te r (1987)
R e m arks:
a lth o u g h th e tw o
T h is s p e c ie s
has b een m ista ke n fo r P . c h r y s o z o n a due to th e clo se
re se m b la n ce
in c o lo u r pattern,
s p e cie s are e a sily se p a ra te d by m e ristic and o s te o lo g ic a l c h a ra cte rs.
Pterocaesio m arri S chultz, 1953
CAES Pter 7
P te ro c a e s io m a r r i S chultz, 1953, U .S .N a tl.M u s.B u ll., 2 0 2 :5 4 5 (B ikini A toll, M arshall Islands).
S y n o n y m s : P te r o c a e s io k o h le r i
S ch u ltz, 1953.
F A O N a m e s : En - M a rr's fu s ilie r; F r - F u s ilie r de M arr; S p - F u sile ro de M arr.
See also page 33, plate V, Figs 6 0 a ,b
57
D ia g n o s tic
F ea tu re s :
Body
fusiform ,
elongate
and
m oderately
com pressed.
Two
p ostm axillary
processes;
sm all con ica l te e th in ja w s; v o m e r and p a la tin e s w ith o u t te e th . D orsal fin w ith 10 (ra re ly 11) s p in e s and 15 (ra re ly 14
or 16) soft rays; anal fin w ith 3 sp in e s and 12 (ra re ly 11 or 13) soft rays; p e ctora l fin w ith 22 to 24 (m o st fre q u e n tly 23)
rays. Scales in lateral line usually 70 to 75; upper p e duncular scale row s usually 12 or 1 3 , lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s
u su a lly 16 o r 17; sca le row s a b o ve lateral line to origin o f d o rsa l fin 9 to 11; sca le row s below lateral line to origin o f
anal fin usually 16 to 18; usually 5 scale row s on cheek; predorsal scales usually 26 to 30; dorsal and anal fins scaled,
th e d o rsa l w ith a b o u t 1/2 o f the g re a te st h e ig h t o f its sp in o u s part co ve re d w ith sca le s; s u p ra te m p o ra l band o f sca le s
c o n flu e n t a t d o rs a l m id lin e . C o lo u r: b o d y b lu e to g re e n is h d o rs a lly , w h ite v e n tra lly ; 2 lo n g itu d in a l s trip e s la te ra lly ,
about 1 scale wide each, the low er running from behind the supratem poral m em brane, covering the lateral line to a
vertical at about m iddle o f soft portion o f dorsal fin w here it passes above lateral line fo r the length o f caudal
p e d u n c le ; u p p e r s tr ip e 1 to 2 s c a le s b e lo w d o rs a l p ro file fo r m o s t o f le n g th o f b o d y , e n d in g d o rs a lly on c a u d a l
p e d u n c le ; fin s w h ite to p in kish , d o rsa l fin s lig h tly d u s k y d is ta lly ; axil o f p e cto ra l fin and tip s o f ca u d a l lo b e s black.
G e o g ra p h ic a l D is trib u tio n : W idespread in the Indo-W est Pacific, from
East Africa, not including the Red Sea or
th e A ra b ia n (P e rs ia n ) G ulf, to th e M a rq u e sa s Isla n d s.
SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN
120'
150"
180"
H ab itat and B io lo gy: R anges w id e ly around co ra l ree fs in schools. T his sp e cie s a p p e a rs to p re fe r cle a r w a te rs
o f oceanic islands or reefs fa r from large land m asses. F ee d s on Z o o p la n kto n in m id w a te r a g g re g a tio n s .
Size:
R eaches a m axim um size o f a b o ut 35 cm.
In te re s t
to
F is h e rie s :
O f m in o r im p o r ta n c e to fis h e r ie s . C a u g h t f a ir ly o fte n by d r iv e - in
n e ts in w e s te rn
Pa la w a n , P h ilip p in e s, and in o th e r a re a s o c c a s io n a lly by g ili n e ts and tra p s. S o m e tim e s used as b a itfish in th e Indian
O cean and W e st P acific tu n a fish e rie s.
Local N am es: PH ILIP P IN E S : D alagang bukid.
L ite ra tu r e : A m e sb u ry & M yers ( a s P. c h ry s o z o n a ) (1982); C arpenter (1987).
R e m a rk s : This species has often been m isidentified as P . d ig ra m m a .
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58
CAES Pter 3
Pterocaesio pisang (Bleeker, 1 85 3)
C a e s io p is a n g
B leeker, 1853, N a t,T ijd s c h r.N e d e r.-In d ië , 4 :1 1 3 (A m bon, M olucca Islands).
S y n o n y m s : None
FAO Nam es:
En - Banana fu silie r; Fr - F usilie r banane; Sp - F usilero banana.
See also page 29, plate III, Figs 5 2 a ,b
D ia g n o s tic
F e a tu re s :
Body
fusiform ,
elongate
and
m oderately
com pressed.
Two
p ostm axillary
processes;
sm all conical teeth in jaw s, vo m e r and palatines. Dorsal fin with 10 (ra re ly 11) s p in e s and 15 (ra re ly 14 o r 16) s o ft rays;
anal fin w ith 3 spines and 12 (rarely 11 or 1 3 ) soft rays; pectoral fin w ith 18 to 20 (m ost fre q u e n tly 1 9 ) rays. S cales in
lateral line 63 to 7 1 ; upper p e d un cu la r scale row s usually 11, lo w e r p e d u n c u la r s c a le ro w s u s u a lly 15; s c a le ro w s
above lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin 8 to 1 0 ; scale row s below lateral line to origin o f anal fin usually 14 or 15;
usually 4 scale row s on cheek; predorsal sca le s usually 23 to 26; dorsal and anal fins scaled, the dorsal w ith about 1 /2
o f the gre a te st height o f its sp in o u s part covered w ith scales. C o lo u r: body colouration variable, d a rk red to silvery,
paler ventrally; lateral line da rke r than background colouration; no stripes or bands on side; snout often yellow ish;
axil o f pectoral fin black; tips o f caudal lobes dark red to black.
G e o g ra p h ic a l D is trib u tio n : W idespread
or the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, eastw ard to Fiji.
in the
Indo-W est
Pacific, from
East Africa,
NORTH
"
30 °
not including
PACIFIC
the
OCEAN
Okasawara.
Kazan Gp
Red
Marshall is.
• Palmyra
Gilbtrt i
.C o m o ro
Cocoi Keeling
(New Hebrides) ,
loyalty H.
SOUTH
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Red
Sea
59
H a b ita t and
B io lo g y :
R a nges w id e ly
a ro u n d
co ra l
reefs.
A
sch o o lin g
fish ,
so m e tim e s
in g ro u p s w ith
o th er
sp e cie s o f P te ro c a e s io . Feeds on Z ooplankton in m id w a te r ag g re g a tio n s.
Size: R eaches a m axim um size o f a b o ut 21 cm.
In te re s t to
F is h e rie s :
A
com m on
fo o d
fis h
in th e
P h ilip p in e s;
m o s tly by d riv e -in nets, gili nets, and tra p s. M a rke te d
b aitfish in the Indian O cean and in the W e st Pacific.
fre s h
and
o f m in o r im p o rta n ce
s o m e tim e s
as
in
o th e r a re a s.
d rie d -s a lte d .
Local N am es: IN D O N E S IA ; P is a n g -p is a n g ; JA P A N : T a k a s a g o ; L A C C A D IV E
Huden m ugurang; P H ILIP P IN E S : B idlaw an (V isayan); D alagang bukid (Tagalog).
An
Caught
im p o rta n t
A R C H IP E L A G O :
tu n a
C h u ra ic h a la ,
Literature: F ische r & B ianchi (eds.) (1984); G lo e rfe lt-T a rp & K ailo la (1984); C a rp e n te r (1987).
Pterocaesio randalli
C arpenter, 1987
CAES Pter 8
P te ro c a e s io r a n d a lli C arpenter, 1987, In d o -P a c.F ish ., 15:35, pi.3 fig .D , p i.7 fig .F (P h ilip p in e s).
S yn on ym s:
None.
FAO Nam es: En - R a n d a ll's fu silie r; F r - F usilie r de Randall; Sp - F usilero de Randall.
See also page 29, plate III, Figs 5 3 a ,b
D ia g n o s tic F ea tu re s :
B ody
fu sifo rm ,
e lo n g a te and
m o d e ra te ly
co m p re sse d .
Two
p o s tm a x illa ry
p ro ce sse s;
sm all co n ica l te e th in ja w s; v o m e r and p a la tin e s w ith o u t te e th. Dorsal fin w ith 10 s p in e s and 15 (ra re ly 14 or 16) soft
rays; anal fin w ith 3 sp in e s and 12 soft rays; pectoral fin w ith 20 to 22 (m ost fre q u e n tly 21) rays. S ca le s in lateral line
69 to 80; u p p e r p e d u n c u la r sca le row s u su a lly 11 to 13, lo w e r p e d u n c u la r sca le row s u su a lly 15 o r 16; sca le row s
a bove la te ra l line to origin o f d o rsa l fin u su a lly
9 o r 10; sca le row s b elow la te ra l line to o rig in o f anal fin usu a lly 16 or
17; 4 sca le row s on ch e e k; p re d o rsa l s c a le s 22 to 27; d o rsa l and anal fin sca le d , th e d o rsa l w ith a b o u t 1/2 o f the
h e ig h t o f its s p in o u s pa rt co ve re d w ith sca le s; s u p ra te m p o ra l band o f s c a le s c o n flu e n t at d o rsa l m id lin e . C o lour:
body
blue-green to
reddish dorsally,
lighter
ventrally; a
large
yellow
blotch
of
va riab le
size
above
pectoral
fin,
ro u g h ly rho m b o id in sh a p e, w ith th e o b liq u e sid e sla n tin g a n te rio rly, ty p ic a lly sta rtin g p o s te rio r to u p p e r rim o f orbit,
co ve rin g the o p e rcle a b o ve p e ctora l base and 2 o r 3 sca le s above lateral line, stretch in g p o ste rio rly to a b o ut a v e rtica l
at a n a l-fin o rigin, 6 o r 7 sca le s in h e ig h t and a b o ut 14 sca le s in w id th ; p e ctora l, pe lvic and anal fin s w h ite to pinkish;
d orsal fin blu e -g re e n to pinkish; axil o f pectoral fin and tip s o f ca u d al lobes black.
G e o g ra p h ic a l
Philippines.
D is trib u tio n :
E a ste rn Indian O ce a n and w e ste rn C e n tra l P acific, from th e A n d a m a n Sea to the
60
150‘
NORTH
IN D IAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
OCEAN
H a b ita t and B io lo g y : R a nges w id e ly a ro u n d coral ree fs in sch o o ls. O fte n o ccu rs in g ro u p s w ith o th e r sp e c ie s
o f P te r o c a e s io . F eeds on Z ooplankton in m id w a te r agg re g a tio n s.
Size: R eaches a m axim um size o f about 25 cm.
In te re s t to F is h e rie s : O f m in o r im p o rta n c e to fis h e rie s . O c c a s io n a lly c a u g h t by d riv e -in n e ts , g ili n e ts , tra p s
and handlines.
L ocal N am es: P H IL IP P IN ES: D a la g a n g bukid.
L ite ra tu r e : Carpenter (1 9 8 7 )
Pterocaesio tessellata
CAES Pter 9
Carpenter, 1987
P te r o c a e s io te s s e lla ta C a rp e n te r, 1987, In d o -P a c .F is h ., 15:47, p i.5 fig .D , p i.7 fig .J (P h ilip p in e s).
S y n o n y m s : None
FAO Nam es: En - O n e -strip e fu silie r; Fr - F usilie r à une bande; Sp - F usilero de una banda.
See also page 33, plate V, Figs 5 8 a ,b
61
D ia g n o s tic
F ea tu re s :
Body
fusiform ,
elongate
and
m oderately com pressed.
Two
postm axillary
processes;
sm all conical teeth in ja w s and vom er; palatines w ith o u t
teeth. Dorsal fin w ith 10 (rarely 11) spines and 15 (rarely 14
or 16) soft rays; anal fin w ith 3 sp in e s and 12 (ra re ly 11
o r 13) so ft rays; p e ctora l fin w ith
20 to 22 (m o st fre q u e n tly 21)
rays. Scales in lateral line usually 69 to 74; upper peduncular scale rows usually 11 to 1 3 , lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s
15 to 17; scale rows above lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin usually 9 o r 10; scale row s below lateral line to origin o f
anal fin u s u a lly 16 to 18; u su a lly 5 sca le row s on cheek; p re d o rsa l sca le s 22 to 29; d o rsa l and anal fin s sca le d , the
d o rs a l w ith a b o u t 1/2 o f th e g re a te s t h e ig h t o f its s p in o u s p a rt co ve re d w ith sca le s; s u p ra te m p o ra l band o f s c a le s
confluent at dorsal midline. C o lo u r: upper body light bluish green; low er part w h itish to pink; ce n tre s o f scales
lig h te r th a n d is ta l p o rtio n on u p p e r tw o -th ird s o f b ody, g ivin g a ch e c k e re d a p p e a ra n c e (in m a n y in d iv id u a ls th e sca le
row s are uneven, giving a m osaic appearance); a single yellow longitudinal stripe laterally, about 1 scale wide,
covering the lateral line for m ost o f its length, usually
pelvic, and anal fins w hite to pinkish; axil o f pectoral
running dorsal to lateral line on caudal peduncle; pectoral,
fin black; dorsal fin light bluish green; caudal fin dusky, the
tips o f lobes black.
G e o g ra p h ic a l
D is trib u tio n : Eastern Indian O cean and w estern Central Pacific, from
Sri Lanka to V anuatu (New
Hebrides).
A r o b io n
J P r r s ia n K t u lf
t'pyukyui
Johnston
Marshall Is.
• Palmyra
Gilbert i
Seychelles
ChagofArch
IN D IAN
H a b ita t and
Penrhyn
OCEAN
tuamotu Arch.
B io lo gy: In h a b its co a stal a re a s aro u n d co ra l reefs. A sch o o lin g fish, o fte n fo u nd in g ro u p s w ith
o th e r s p e c ie s o f P te ro c a e s io . Feeds on Zooplankton in m idw ater aggregations.
S iz e :
Maximum size to about 25 cm.
In t e r e s t to F is h e r ie s : M o d e r a te ly im p o r ta n t a s a fo o d fis h . C o m m o n in m a rk e ts in th e P h ilip p in e s . C a u g h t
p rim a rily by d rive-in nets, gili nets, and traps. M arketed m ostly fresh.
Local N am es: P H IL IP P IN E S : D a la g a n g bukid.
L ite ra tu re : S c h ro e d e r (as P . p is a n g 2 2 5 -B ) (1 9 8 0 ); G lo e rfe lt-T a rp & K a ilo la (a s P. sp .) (1 9 8 4 ); C a rp e n te r (19 8 7 ).
Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier, 1830)
C aesio t ile
CAES Pter 4
Cuvier in C. & V., 1830, Hist.Nat.Poiss., 6:428. Type locality, Caroline Islands.
S y n o n y m s : C aesio tric o lo r C u vie r [P a rkin so n, pi ] in C. & V., 1830; C a e s io c y lin d ric u s G unther, 1859; C aesio
m u lt ir a d ia t u s Steindachner, 1 861 ; C lu p e o la b ru s d u b iu s Nichols, 1923.
FAO N am es: En - D a rk-b a n d e d fu silie r; F r - F u silie r à lig n e o live ; Sp - F usilero a ce itu n e ro .
62
See also page 27, plate II, Figs 4 8 a ,b
D ia g n o s tic
F e a tu re s :
Body
fusiform ,
elongate
and
com pressed.
Two postm axillary
processes;
sm all
conical
teeth in ja w s, v o m e r and palatines. Dorsal fin w ith 11 o r 12 (rarely 10) sp ines and 19 to 22
soft rays; anal fin w ith 3
s p ines and 13 soft rays; pectoral fin w ith 22 to 24 (m ost frequently 23) rays. Scales in lateral line 69 to 76 (most
fre q u e n tly 71); u p p e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s u su a lly 11 o r 12, lo w e r p e d u n cu la r sca le row s u su a lly 15 or 16; sca le
row s a b o ve lateral line to o rig in o f d o rsa l fin 7 o r 8; sca le row s below la te ra l line to origin o f anal fin usu a lly 16 or 17;
usu a lly 4 sca le row s on cheek; pre d o rsa l sca le s usu a lly
o f the g re a te st h e ig h t o f its sp in o u s part covered w ith
27 to 30; do rsa l and anal fin s scaled, the do rsa l w ith a b o ut 1/2
scales. C o lo u r: sca le s a bove lateral line bluish green in th e ir
centres and black on th e ir m argins, giving the appearance o f a checkered pattern; lateral line covered for m ost o f its
length by a black stripe about one scale wide (on caudal peduncle this stripe is above the lateral line); a brilliant light
blue zone below the
black stripe, usually covering the m iddle third o f body, but
som etim es restricted to anterior part
o f body, or absent;
low er third o f body w h ite to pinkish; pectoral, pelvic and anal fin s w h ite to pinkish; axil and
upper base o f pectoral fin black; dorsal fin light bluish green to pinkish; caudalfin w ith a black streak w ithin each
lobe, the u p p er s tre a k co n tin u o u s w ith the lateral stripe.
G e o g ra p h ic a l D is trib u tio n : W id e sp re a d in th e In d o -W e st P acific, from E ast A frica , not in clu d in g th e Red S ea or
the Arabian
(Persian)
Gulf, to the Tuam otu Archipelago,
as fa r north as southern Japan
the A ustral Islands.
Artif>r«n
Ottawa
Scxolu
Mrdwiy
and south to
M auritius
and
63
Habitat
and
Biology:
R anges
w id e ly
around
coral
reefs.
A
schooling
fish,
found
som etim es
in
groups
with
o ther caesionids. Feeds on Zooplankton in m idw ater aggregations.
Size: R eaches a m axim um size o f a b o ut 30 cm.
In te re s t to F ish eries: M od e ra tely im p orta n t in sm a ll-sca le fish e rie s. C aught by d rive-in nets, gili nets, tra p s and
h a n d lin e s . M arke te d fre s h and d rie d -s a lte d . Im p o rta n t as tu n a b a itfis h in th e L a cca d ive A rc h ip e la g o and in th e
w e s te rn Pacific.
Local N am es: C A R O L IN E IS L A N D S : Duri, Ikonid, T in ika , T in ip u ; JA P A N : K u m a s a s a -h a n a m u ro ;
A R C H IP E L A G O : R ym u g u ra n g ; P H IL IP P IN E S : D a la g a n g b u kid (T a g a lo g ), S ulid (V isa ya n ).
L ite ra tu re :
M asuda
et aL
(1975); A m e s b u ry & M yers (1982);
F isch e r & B ianchi (eds.)
(1984);
L A C C A D IV E
Shen
(1984);
C a rp e n te r (1987).
Pterocaesio trilineata
Carpenter, 1987
CAES Pter 10
P te r o c a e s io t r ilin e a t a C a rp e n te r, 1987, In d o -P a c .F is h ., 1 5 :43 , p i.4 fig .D , p i.7 fig .I (F iji).
Synonym s:
FAO N am es:
None.
En - T h re e -s trip e fu s ilie r; F r - F u s ilie r à tro is b a n de s; S p - F u sile ro de tre s ba n da s.
U L . J L ~ Í ~ - Í l * Á . ~ - ****■
• ’
tVVWVV,’'"
i .v/ nv /* v a v a '.v .v m . ( i f n i i
D ia g n o s tic
F e a tu re s :
Body
fusiform ,
sm all conical teeth in ja w s; vo m e r and
o r 16) soft rays; anal fin w ith
elongate
and
m oderately
com pressed.
palatines w ithout teeth. Dorsal fin w ith 10 (rarely
Two
postm axillary
processes;
11) spines and 15 (rarely 14
3 sp in e s and 12 (ra re ly 11) soft rays; p e ctora l fin u su a lly w ith 19 to 21 (m ost fre q u e n tly
20) rays. Scales in lateral line usually 63 to 69; upper pe d un cu la r scale row s usually 11, low er pe d un cu la r scale rows
usually 15; scale row s above lateral line to origin o f dorsal fin usually 8 or 9; scale row s below lateral line to origin o f
anal fin 14 to 17 (m ost freq u e n tly 15); usually 4 scale row s on cheek; predorsal scales 20 to 30; dorsal and anal fin
scaled, the dorsal w ith about 1 /3 o f the height o f its sp inous
part covered w ith scales; su p ra te m po ra l band o f scales
c o n flu e n t at d o rsa l m id lin e .
C o lo u r: 3 d a rk b ro w n to y e llo w a nd 3 lig h t b lu is h w h ite lo n g itu d in a l s trip e s on u p p e r
s id e ; lo w e s t d a rk s trip e a b o u t 2 s c a le s w id e , o rig in a tin g on s n o u t and u p p e r o rb it, a nd c o v e rin g th e la te ra l lin e fo r
m ost o f its length, running dorsal to lateral line on caudal peduncle; m iddle dark stripe about 2 scales wide,
originating on snout, running about m idw ay betw een
dorsal profile
and low er dark stripe; upperm ost stripe
o rig in a tin g on sn o u t and stra d d lin g th e d o rsa l p ro file fo r
1.5 s c a le s w id e , c o ve rin g th e sp a c e s b e tw e e n th e d a rk
ventrally; pectoral,
w ith lobe tips black.
pelvic,
and
anal
fins
white;
axil
of
a b o u t 1 sca le to e ith e r side; blu ish w h ite stripe s, a b o ut 1 to
s trip e s and ju s t b e lo w th e lo w e s t
pectoral fin
black;
G e o g ra p h ic a l D is trib u tio n : W e s te rn P a cific, from th e P h ilip p in e s to Fiji.
dorsal
fin
d a rk strip e ; b o d y w h itis h
light bluish;
caudal
fin
dusky
64
180 '
150 '
120'
120'
NORTH
120 '
150 '
PACIFIC
OCEAN
o°
- o'
INDIAN
OCEAN
- 30 '
OUTll
150'
120'
120'
H a b ita t
and
B io lo g y :
R a n g e s w id e ly
a ro u n d
c o ra l
re e fs
in s c h o o ls .
180'
F e e d s on
PACIFIC
OCEAN
120'
1 50 '
Z o o p la n k to n
in
m id w a te r
aggregations.
S iz e :
M axim um size a b o u t 2 0 cm .
In t e r e s t t o F is h e r ie s : N ot c o m m o n as a fo o d fis h . A fa irly im p o rta n t tu n a b a itfis h in th e w e s te rn P a c ific .
L o c a l N a m e s : U n a v a ila b le
L it e r a t u r e : C arpenter (1 9 8 7 ) .
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65
3.
LIST OF N O M IN AL SPECIES OF CAESIO N ID AE
N o m in a l S p e c ie s
C o rre c t N am e
P r is tip o m o id e s a u ro lin e a tu s
C a e s io a z u ra u re u s
S m a ris b a lte a tu s
Day, 1867
Ruppeli, 1830
C a e s io c a e ru la u re a
V a le n cie n n e s, 1830
C a e s io c a e ru la u re u s
P te ro c a e s io c h ry s o z o n a
Lacepède, 1801
D ip te ry g o n o tu s b a lte a tu s
C a e s io c a e ru la u re a
P te r o c a e s io c a p r ic o r n is S m ith & S m ith, 1963
P te r o c a e s io c a p r ic o r n is
C a e s io c h ry s o z o n a C uvier, 1830
P te ro c a e s io c h ry s o z o n a
S p a ru s c u n in g Bloch, 1 7 9 2
C a e s io c u n in g
C a e s io c y lin d r ic u s G unther, 1859
P te ro c a e s io tile
C a e s io d ig ra m m a
P te ro c a e s io d ig ra m m a
Bleeker, 1865
C lu p e o la b r u s d u b iu s
N ichols, 1930
P te ro c a e s io tile
C a e s io e r y th r o c h ilu r u s
Fowler, 1904
C a e s io c u n in g
C a e s io e r y th r o g a s te r C uvier, 1830
C a e s io c u n in g
D ip te ry g o n o tu s g r u v e li Chabanaud, 1 9 2 4
D ip te ry g o n o tu s b a lte a tu s
C a e s io g y m n o p te ru s
G y m n o c a e s io g y m n o p te ra
Bleeker, 1856
P te ro c a e s io k o h le r i Schultz, 1 9 5 3
P te ro c a e s io m a r r i
P te ro c a e s io la tiv itta ta Carpenter, 1987
P te ro c a e s io la tiv itta ta
D ip te ry g o n o tu s le u c o g ra m m ic u s
D ip te ry g o n o tu s b a lte a tu s
C a e s io lu n a r is
C uvier, 1830
C a e s io m a c u la tu s
C uvier, 1830
S m a ris m a u r itia n u s
C a e s io m u ltir a d ia tu s
C a e s io n o r i
Bleeker, 1849
Q uoy & G aim ard, 1824
S te indachner, 1861
C a e s io lu n a r is
C a e s io c a e ru la u re a
C a e s io c a e ru la u re a
P te ro c a e s io tile
T hio lliè re , 1856
C a e s io c a e ru la u re a
C a e s io p is a n g Bleeker, 1853
P te ro c a e s io p is a n g
C a e s io p u lc h e r r im u s S m ith s & Sm ith, 1963
C a e s io te re s
P te ro c a e s io r a n d a lli Carpenter, 1987
P te ro c a e s io r a n d a lli
C a e s io s t r ia tu s
C a e s io s tr ia ta
Ruppeli, 1830
C a e s io s u e v ic u s K lunzinger, 1884
C a e s io s u e v ic a
C a e s io te re s Scale, 1906
C a e s io te re s
P te ro c a e s io te s s e lla ta Carpenter, 1987
C a e s io tile C uvier, 1830
C a e s io t r ic o lo r C uvier, 1830
P te ro c a e s io tr ilin e a ta Carpenter, 1987
C a e s io v a rilin e a ta C arpenter, 1987
C a e s io x a n th o n o tu s Bleeker, 1853
P te ro c a e s io te s s e lla ta
P te ro c a e s io tile
P te ro c a e s io tile
P te ro c a e s io tr ilin e a ta
C a e s io v a rilin e a ta
C a e s io x a n th o n o ta
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66
4.
LIST OF SPECIES BY M AJO R M ARINE FISHING AR E AS
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
SPECIES
MAJOR MARINE FISHING AREAS FOR
STATISTICAL PURPOSES
PAGE
51
57
58
61
67
71
77
•
Caesio caerulaurea
35
•
•
•
•
Caesio cu ning
37
•
•
•
•
Caesio lunaris
38
•
•
•
•
Caesio striata
40
•
Caesio suevica
41
•
Caesio teres
42
•
•
•
•
Caesio va riline a ta
44
•
•
Caesio x a n th o n o ta
45
•
•
D ip te ry g o n o tu s balte a tu s
47
•
•
Gymnocaesio g ym n o p te ra
49
•
•
Pterocaesio capricornis
51
•
Pterocaesio chrysozona
52
•
Pterocaesio dig ram m a
53
Pterocaesio la tiv itta ta
55
•
•
Pterocaesio m a rri
56
•
•
Pterocaesio pisang
58
•
•
Pterocaesio ra n d a lli
59
Pterocaesio tessellata
60
•
•
Pterocaesio tile
61
•
•
Pterocaesio trilin e a ta
63
81
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
M AJO R MARINE FISHING A R E A S FOR S TA TISTIC AL PURPOSES
iins'n
<,0*30^
G)
-vj
1,5*08' S*
.55*00'
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68
5.
BIB LIO G R A P H Y
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In P ro ce e ding s o f the fo u rth In te rn a tio n a l C oral R e e f S ym p o siu m , e dited by E.D. G om ez, et
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G .R .,1985. FAO S p e cie s C ata lo g ue V ol. 6 S n a p p e rs o f the W orld.
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Bradbury,
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1985.
A ta xo n o m ic
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__________
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(L u tja n o id e a ),
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C h ab anau d
M.P., 1924. R e m a rq u e s su r D ip te r y g o n o tu s g r u v e li C hab. et su r la fa m ille d e s D ip te ry g o n o tid a e . B u ll.Soc.
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69
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B ull.S ea F ish .R e s.S tn .H a ifa , 49:15-31
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__________
__________5
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__________5 1934.
and
a d jacent
regions.
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Lutjanidae,
Steam er "Albatross," chiefly
The
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and
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Tarp,
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__________5 1938. A lis t o f fish e s know n from M alaya.
G lo e rfe lt-
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1859.
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__________5 1873. A n drew G arrett's Fischeder Südsee. Heft I.
J.M us.G o d e ffro y , 2(3): 1 -2 4
H e e m s tra , P.C. & J.E. R and all, 1977. A revisio n o f the E m m ilich th yid ae (P isces: P e rcifo rm e s). A u s t.J .M a r F re sh w a t.R e s ..
28:361-96
H erre, A .W ., 1953. C heck list o f Philippine fishes.
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72
6.
INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC A N D V E R N A C U LA R NAMES
EXPLANATION OF THE SYSTEM
The index a p p lie s e xclu sive ly to the ge n era and sp e cie s a cco u nts
(S e ctio n 2.2 In form ation by Species)
T ype fa ce s used:
Ita lic s (bold)
V alid scie n tific nam es (double e n try by ge n era and
species)
Ita lics
S yn o n ym s (double en try by genera and species)
R o m a n (bold)
In ternational (FA O ) sp e cie s nam es
Rom an
Local sp e cie s nam es
73
Page
Page
A
au ro lin e a tu s,
azu ra u re us,
P ris tip o m o id e s
C aesio
52
35
C a e s io x a n th o n o ta
45
C aesio xa n th o n o tu s
C a p ric o rn fu s ilie r
c a p ric o rn is , P te ro c a e s io
Cavi
ch ryso zo n a , C aesio
45
51
51
38
52
52
c h ry s o zo n a , P te ro c a e s io
C h u ra ich a la
C ichla c u n in g
4 5 ,5 3 ,5 9
37
C lu p e o la b ru s
C lu p e o la b ru s d u b iu s
Cul kilchi
c u n in g , C aesio
50
61
b a lte a tu s , D ip te ry g o n o tu s
47
cuning, S p a ru s
38
37
37
37
ba lte atu s, S m a ris
B anan a fu s ilie r
47
58
cylin d ricu s, C aesio
61
B aranti
B aw ang
36
36
B
cuning, C ichla
B id la w a n
B ilason
5 3 ,59
44
B iluson
38
D
B lue and gold fu s ilie r
35
D alagang bukid
3 6 ,4 0 ,4 4 ,5 0 ,5 3 ,5 5 ,
5 7 ,5 9 ,6 0 ,6 1 ,6 3
D alagang bukid lapad
D andi m ugurang
38
D a rk -b a n d e d fu s ilie r
Delah
50
D elah karang
61
40
53
38
C
D handi m uguram
48
c a e ru la u re a ,
C a e s io
35
digram m a, C aesio
c a e ru la u re us,
C a e s io
C aesio
35
35
d ig ra m m a , P te ro c a e s io
D ip te ry g o n o tu s
D ip te ry g o n o tu s b a lte a tu s
D ip te ry g o n o tu s g ru v e li
53
53
47
47
Cá ch a m bi
C a e s io à c e in tu re d 'o r
52
C a e s io à c ro is s a n t
C a e s io à v e n tre ro u g e
38
37
C aesio a z u ra u re u s
47
D ip te ry g o n o tu s le u co g ra m m icu s
47
35
D ongio m as
C a e s io a z u ro r
35
D o n ke vu m a s
36
47
C a e s io c a e ru la u re a
C aesio c a e ru la u re u s
35
35
C aesio c h ryso zo n a
C a e s io c u n in g
52
37
Donnom as
D o u b le-lin e d fu s ilie r
dubius, C lu p e o la b ru s
Duri
C aesio c y lin d ric u s
61
47
53
61
3 6 ,63
C aesio d ig ra m m a
53
C aesio e ry th ro c h ilu ru s
C aesio e ry th ro g a s te r
37
37
C aesio g y m n o p te ru s
C a e s io lu n a ris
49
38
E ko r kuning
C aesio m a c u la tu s
35
E ko r kuning pisang
C aesio m u ltira d ia tu s
61
e ryth ro ch ilu ru s, C aesio
37
C aesio n o ri
35
e ryth ro g aste r, C aesio
37
C aesio p is a n g
C aesio p u lc h e rrim u s
58
42
C a e s io s tria ta
40
C aesio s tria tu s
C a e s io s u e v ic a
40
41
F
C aesio s u e v ic u s
41
Furrua
C a e s io tere s
42
F u s ile ro a c e itu n e ro
C aesio tile
C aesio tric o lo r
61
61
F u s ile ro a m a rillo a zu la d o
F u s ile ro a zu r
42
C a e s io v a rilin e a ta
44
F u s ile ro b an ana
58
E
38
44,47
45 ,53
61
35
74
Page
Page
F u silero C apricornio
51
F u silero c in ta d o rad a
F u silero d e banda an c h a
F u silero d e dos b andas
52
55
53
F u silero d e lom o a m a rillo
45
F u silero d e M arr
F u silero d e R andall
F u silero d e S u ez
56
59
41
F u silero d e tre s bandas
63
F u silero
F u silero
F u silero
F u silero
60
49
40
47
d e una banda
e le g a n te
e s tria d o
ja s p e a d o
F u silero listad o
F u silero luna
F u silero v ie n tre c o lo ra d o
F u s ilier à bande larg e
44
38
37
55
F u s ilier
F u s ilier
F u s ilier
F u s ilier
44
53
45
42
à
à
à
à
b andes variées
d eu x b andes ja u n e s
d os ja u n e
d os ja u n e et bleu
F u s ilier à lign e o liv e
F u s ilier à tro is b andes
F u s ilier à u ne bande
61
63
60
F u s ilier b an ane
58
F u s ilier c a p rico rn e
51
F u s ilier de M arr
F u s ilier de R andall
F u s ilier de S u ez
56
59
41
F u s ilier élé g a n t
49
F u s ilier m arbré
F u s ilier strié
47
40
G
Ikonid
llitta
K
K e kkurim ugrhang
45
Kera
38
Kibiri
36
kohleri, P te ro cae sio
K um asasa hanam uro
56
63
Lapi
38
la tiv itta ta , P te ro c a es io
leu co g ra m m icu s, D ip te ryg o n o tu s
55
47
L io ca e sio
L u n ar fu s ilie r
50
38
lu n a ris , Caesio
38
M
m aculatus, C aesio
35
M arr's fu s ilie r
56
m a rri, P te ro c a es io
m auritianus, S m arts
56
35
M oon caesio
M orong
G awani
53
G o ld b a n d fu s ilie r
52
G ow ana
gruveli, D ip te ryg o n o tu s
G ym n o c a e s io
36
47
49
G ym n o c a e s io g y m n o p te ra
49
g ym n o p te ra , G ym n o c a e s io
g ym nopterus, C aesio
49
49
3 6 ,63
53
M ottled fu s ilie r
m ultira d ia tu s, C aesio
40
40,44
47
61
N
Nisen ta ka sag o
nori, C aesio
55
35
O d o nto n e cte s
O n e s trip e fu s ilie r
35
60
H
Hana ta ka sag u
Hem ala
Huden m ugurang
40
53
5 3,59
75
Page
p isang, C aesio
P isang-pisang
p is a n g , P te ro c a es io
Pia hang luang
Pia lerng prong m or
P ris tip o m o id e s a u ro lin e a tu s
P te ro c a es io
58
36,40,53,59
58
38
Page
T inipu
T oso ku chibiki
tricolor, C aesio
trilin e a ta , P te ro c a e s io
36,63
48
61
63
36
52
50
51
u
52
P te ro c a e s io d ig ra m m a
P te ro cae sio k o h le ri
53
50
P te ro c a e s io la tiv itta ta
P te ro c a e s io m a rri
55
56
V
P te ro c a e s io p is a n g
58
59
V a b e r-va b e r
36
V a ria b le -lin e d fu s ilie r
44
60
61
v a rilin e a ta , C aesio
44
P te ro c a e s io ra n d a lli
P te ro c a e s io tes s e lla ta
P te ro c a e s io tile
P te ro c a e s io trilin e a ta
p u lch e rrim us, C aesio
Utdan
55
P te ro c a e s io c a p rico rn is
P te ro c a e s io c h ry s o zo n a
63
42
w
W id e-b an d fu s ilie r
R and all's fu s ilie r
ra n d a lli, P te ro c a es io
Red b elly y e llo w tail fu s ilie r
Ry m ugurang
59
59
37
63
x a n th o n o ta , C aesio
xa n tho n o tu s, C aesio
S asam uro
36
Sinao an
S le n d e r fu s ilie r
40
49
47
35
S m a ris b a lte a tu s
S m aris m a u ritia n u s
S p a ru s cu n in g
s tria ta , C aesio
S triated fu s ilie r
striatus, C aesio
s u e v ic a , C aesio
suevicus, C aesio
S u e z fu s ilie r
Sulid
37
40
40
40
41
41
41
3 6 ,4 0 ,4 4 ,5 0 ,6 3
T
T aka sa g o
53 ,59
teres, C esio
te s s e lla ta , P te ro c a es io
42
60
T h re e -s trip e fu s ilie r
tile, C aesio
63
61
tile, P te ro c a es io
T inika
55
61
36 ,63
45
45
Y e llo w and b lu eb ack fu s ilie r
Y e llo w tail fu silier
42
Y e llo w b a c k fu s ilie r
Yum e umeiro
45
38
38