STATION BULLETIN 329
JUNE 1934
Growth, Reproduction, and Lactation of Dairy Cattle Fed Dry
Rations Varying in Mineral and
Vitamin Contents
By
I. R. JONES, J. R. HAAG, and
P. M. BRANDT
"
1868
Agricultural Experiment Station
Oregon State Agricultural College
CORVALLIS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Summary
4
Introduction
5
Review of Literature
Experimental
Object of the experiment
Plan of the experiment
Animals used
Rations used
Housing and care of the animals
Records obtained
Results: Growing Period
Feed consumption
Growth
Results: Reproduction
Group A
Group B
Groups C and D
Group B-i
Results: Milk Production
Milk-production data
Feed-consumption data
6
7
7
7
7
10
10
10
11
11
14
18
20
21
22
23
24
24
29
vVeight data
30
Comparison of nutrients required and consumed
Blood calcium and phosphorus
33
Practical Significance of Results
Appendix: Tables 1&24
Bibliography
35
35
36
45
SUMMARY
An experimental ration consisting of oat hay, barley, oats, and
peanut meal, after a milk-feeding period of about six months, approximately satisfied the requirements of dairy heifers for growth.
The same ration was not adequate for normal reproduction and
lactation.
The addition of bone meal to the oat-hay ration apparently
was of value in improving reproduction.
The addition to the oat-hay, bone-meal ration of cod-liver oil
did not improve growth but apparently considerably improved reproduction and lactation. The vigor of calves at birth was especially
improve& It should be pointed out, however, that as these results
were obtained with dry monotonous experimental rations fed over
long periods of time, beneficial results might not necessarily be obtamed from feeding bone meal and cod-liver oil under practical conditions.
A ration consisting of alfalfa hay, barley, and oats did not
produce as good growth as the oat hay and cod-liver oil ration, but
was equal to the latter for promoting lactation.
An intake of as low as 13 grams daily each of calcium and
phosphorus (slightly less than 0.3 per cent of the ration) appeared
barely sufficient for normal growth of dairy heifers.
Increasing the calcium intake to about 30 grams daily and
the phosphorus intake to about 20 grams daily by feeding bone meal
and the addition of cod-liver oil seems to have produced slightly
better growth.
A daily ration during lactation of about 19 pounds of oat hay,
6 pounds of ground barley, 3 pounds of ground oats, and 2 pounds
of peanut meal apparently supplied sufficient digestible protein and
energy and possibly sufficient phosphorus. There are indications
that the calcium supply was too low.
Fairly liberal milk production was obtained when 30 to 35
grams each of feed calcium and phosphorus was supplied daily.
Allowing 10 grams each of calcium and phosphorus per 1,000 pounds
live weight for maintenance, from 0.75 to 1 gram each of feed calcium
and phosphorus was available per pound of milk produced.
Perhaps the most striking feature of this experiment is the
failure of the group of animals receiving oat hay and grain to maintain itself as a herd because of reproductive disturbances, especially
temporary and permanent sterility and the giving birth to weak and
blind calves.
Growth, Reproduction, and Lactation
of Dairy Cattle Fed Dry Rations
Varying in Mineral and
Vitamin Contents
By
I. R. JONES, J. R. HAAG, and P. M. BI.aNwr5
INTRODUCTION
feeders have long appreciated the importance of having a
LIVESTOC:K
sufficient amount of protein and energy in the rations used for farm
animals. They likewise have recognized the advantage of having a variety
of palatable and succulent feedstuffs. Within comparatively recent years,
more and more attention has been focused on the mineral and vitamin
requirements of livestock. The importance of vitamins in normal nutrition
has been made evident by the results of research within the past quarter
century. in the case of growing animals, it is necessary in addition to the
demands for maintenance, to have an adequate supply of essential minerals
and vitamins for growth. In the case of the dairy cow, it is necessary to
have an additional supply of minerals and vitamins for reproduction and
milk production.
It is definitely known that mineral deficiencies of a severe nature are
prevalent in sonic regions and countries. In some other regions or under
other types of feeding conditions, moderate or borderline deficiencies are
implicated as possible causes of poor growth, reproductive disorders, and
low milk production. With the development of modern agriculture, more
difficulties may be expected than in times past. This belief is based upon
the fact that livestock breeders in general are attempting to grow animals
faster and to increase the production of milk per cow. Thus, many of our
dairy cows of today are producing from five to ten times as much milk in
a year as their ancestors. Some feedstuffs for dairy cattle are low in mineral
constituents, and as a result rapidly growing animals or animals in milk
may be unable to assimilate sufficient minerals to meet their requirements.
The Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station has been conducting
studies dealing with the mineral and vitamin requirements of dairy cattle
since 1924. One phase of this program has been to determine the mineral
balances in milk cows in various stages of lactation when receiving rations
with and without mineral supplements. The results obtained have been
published in various reports (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).
Another phase of this study has dealt with the growth, reproduction,
and lactation of animals kept for long periods of time on rations varying
"Acknowledgment: The authors are indebted to Dr. B. T. Simms and members of
his staff in the Department of Veterinary Medicine for their cooperation in supervising the
health of the animals and in diagnosing reproductive behavior and disorders.
5
6
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
in their mineral and vitamin contents. This phase of our work was begun
in 1925, and reports have appeared elsewhere from time to time (6, 7, 8, 9,
and 10). The detailed results of this investigation are reported in this
bulletin. Since these studies were begun, a number of other workers have
reported the results of somewhat similar investigations.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
As extensive literature reviews are available, it is considered unnecessary to reyiew in this publication the literature on the subject of minerals
and vitamins in the nutrition of animals. In 1930 Crichton (11) reviewed
the literature on the mineral requirements of dairy cattle. Literature reviews on phosphorus deficiency in dairy cattle have recently been made
by Eckles, Gullickson, and Palmer (12), Theiler and Green (13), and Huffman, Duncan, Robinson, and Lamb (14).
Crichton (11) made the following summary statement: "We know
that deficiency of calcium or phosphorus may affect rate of growth, milk
yield, breeding capacity, and in all probability susceptibility to certain diseases. We know also that even on what are counted good rations, depletion
of the tissues, especially of calcium, in heavy milking cows during lactation
is common. In some districts deficiency of iodine causes pathological
conditions; and it is common knowledge, based on practical observations,
that even on pasture there is liable to be a deficiency of chlorine. With
regard to the possibility of deficiencies of other mineral elements and the
effect of such deficiences on the health and milk production of cows, we
have not yet even begun to accumulate knowledge. It is thus impossible
to make a final pronouncement with regard to any of the main problems.
We need many more data on the metabolism of minerals in the lactating
animal, and on feeding experiments of long duration with rations with
different mineral contents. Such information as we have, however, suggests
that the subject is one of great potential practical importance, and that if
necessary information were available it might be applied to the more economical production of milkboth by increasing milk yield and by reducing
mortality from disease."
Within recent years several investigators have reported the results of
experiments of long duration. Reed and Huffman (15) in 1930 reported the
results of an eight-year experiment on the feeding of minerals to dairy
cattle. They found that a ration consisting of timothy hay, corn silage, and
a grain mixture of three parts of ground yellow corn, one part of ground
oats, and one part of cottonseed meal gave normal growth and reproduction. After the first freshening, the cottonseed meal in the grain mixture
was replaced by two parts of linseed oil meal and liberal milk production
was obtained. The supplemental feeding of bone flour improved the milk
production and general health of the animals and resulted in larger calves
being dropped. The feeding of raw rock phosphate as well as complex mineral mixtures was found to be detrimental to normal growth and development. The authors concluded that the feeding of mineral supplements to
dairy cattle under normal feeding conditions is probably not necessary.
Lindsey and Archibald (16) have reported the results of feeding mineral supplements to dairy cattle over a period of 6 years. The basal ration
consisted of mixed hay, a grain mixture, dried apple pomace, and green
GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND LACTATION OF DAIRY CATTLE
7
feeds in the summer months. They concluded that adding steamed bone
meal or a mixture of dicalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate in the
proportion of 4 to 1 did not significantly improve the growth, production,
and reproduction of dairy cattle. The authors stated that for heavy producers, meaning cows producing 10,000 pounds of milk and upward yearly,
it is probably good insurance to supply supplemental calcium and phosphorus. The problem was considered largely regional, however, depending
upon the mineral contents of the feed grown in the particular region.
Henderson and Weakley (17) in 1930 reported the results of feeding
dairy heifers rations containing various amounts of calcium and phosphorus. The effects were measured by weighing and measuring the animals,
by analyzing their blood for calcium and inorganic phosphorus, and by
analyzing their bones for moisture, ash, calcium, and phosphorus. The
authors found that rations low in calcium (0.286 per cent or less) and
rations low in both calcium (0331 per cent or less) and phosphorus (0.298
per cent or less) enabled animals to grow normally for some time but over
a period of two years resulted in subnormal growth. A ration low in phosphorus (0.131 per cent) resulted in practically normal growth between one
and two years of age. The low phosphorus ration, however, resulted in a
considerable decrease in the normal level of inorganic blood phosphorus.
The authors concluded that rations fed under practical conditions may be
dangerously near the lower limits of phosphorus requirements.
It has been definitely shown that dairy animals require vitamins A (18)
and D (19, 20) in their rations for normal growth and well-being. Experimental results indicate, however, that most rations are not likely to be low
in either vitamin. Sunlight also satisfies the requirement for tile Vitamin D
factor (19).
EXPERIMENTAL
Object of the experiment. The main ob]ect of this experiment was to
determine the growth, reproduction, and lactation of dairy cattle fed dry
rations differing especially in their calcium and phosphorus contents and
varying also in their vitamins A and D contents.
Plan of the experiment. The experimental plan, as outlined in the
summer of 1925, was to place purebred heifer calves on rations varying in
mineral and vitamin contents. The rations used consisted of commonly fed
feedstuffs. Hence the results obtained should be of practical significance.
The original plan was to select 20 heifers and place them in four groups
containing five animals each. This plan was followed with the exception
that an extra animal was placed in group D, inasmuch as one of the calves,
No. 640, did not at first like to consume cod-liver oil.
In 1929 an additional group of seven heifers was placed on a ration
similar to that received by group B.
Animals used. Data on the animals used in the study are given in
Table 1. This table shows the group allotment, herd number, breed, date
of birth, weight at birth, height at withers at 15 days of age, ration of dam,
the date on which animals were removed from the experimental ration and
the cause of removal.
Table 1. DATA ON ANIMALS USED
Animal
number
withers
Mo.Da.Yr.
Lb.
Cesttinteti'rs
642
68
Ayrshire
Guernsey
Jersey
Ayshire
Holstein
7-4.25
8-31-25
12-22-25
1-22-26
7-12-26
70
58
Regular herd
Regular herd
Regular herd
Regular herd
Regular herd
6-11-31
11-8-28
89
68.9
71.3
63.1
72.3
68.4
518
261
Ayrshire
8.15-25
12-6-25
Guernsey
1-lolstein
76
52
60
93
62
69.6
66.9
67.7
75.4
70.8
Regular herd
Regular herd
Alfalfa hay only
Regular herd
Regular herd
6-11-31
10-6-27
1-8-26
5-13-26
6-4-26
Holstein
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
Jersey
Guernsey
8-24-25
9-12-25
1-14-26
5-4-26
6-5-26
94
61
65
47
65
74.6
66.5
66.4
66.5
71.7
Regular herd
Regular herd
Alfalfa hay only
Regular herd
Regular herd
6-11-31
12-16-29
6-11-31
6-11-31
Guernsey
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
Jersey
Guernsey
8-22-25
9-27-25
3-22-26
5-28-26
30-5-26
11-4-26
56
78
75
60
43
65
67.7
69.3
69.0
Regular herd
Regular herd
Regular herd
Regular herd
Regular herd
Regular herd
6-11-31
6-11-31
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
10-14-29
11-1-29
11-1-29
11-25-29
12-4-29
12-8-29
12-23-29
62
65
68
70
54
57
95
No. 520-Group D
No. 515-Group D
No. 519-Group D
No. 645-Group C
No. 644-Group B
No. 648-Group D
No. 261-Group A
3-1-33
3-1-33
11-3-32
7-17-32
7-17-32
6-30-32
3-1-33
at
46
80
Ration of
Off experiment
Birth
weight
Group A
511
Height
Born
Breed
darn
Date
Cause
Mo.Da. Yr.
6-11-3 1
6-1 1-31
6-11-31
Experiment discontinued
[)iecl --bloat
Butchered 7-22-31-noim breeder
Experiment discontinued
Experiment discontinued
Group B
512
67
516
260
644
Jersey
Ayrshire
6-1 1-31
5-27-30
6-1 1-31
Experiment discontinued
Sold butcher-non-breeder
Sold butchem-non-breeder
Sold butcher-non-breeder
Sold btttcher-lumpjaw
Group C
259
50
514
517
70
645
6-1 1-31
Experiment discontinued
Sold butcher-Udder infection
Experiment discontinued
Experiment discontinued
Experiment discontinued
Group D
640
515
519
520
72
648
I
67.6
64.1
69.3
6-1 1-31
6-11-31
1-28-29
12-8-30
Experiment discontinued
Died 7-3-31-foreign body
Experiment discontinued
Experiment discontinued
Sold butcher-abortion suspect
Died---chronic pyometra
Group B-i
549
551
552
663
664
665
290
Guernsey
Guernsey
Guernsey
1-lolstein
I
67.4
70.5
72.9
67.4
66.1
67.3
72.9
Experiment discontinued
Experiment discontinued
Sold butcher-non-breeder
Sold as milk cow
Sold as milk cow
Sold butcher-lunipjaw
Experiment discontinued
Table 2. AVERAGE Cosi POSITION OF FEEDS USED
Feed
Whole milk
Skim milk
Ground barley
Ground oats
Peanut meal
Linseed oil meal
Alfalfa hay
Oat hay
Cheat hay
Bone meal
Cod-liver oil
'0
Water
Per cent
87.20
90.10
7.97
7.61
11.22
9.02
8.64
8.14
9.76
Ash
Protein
Per cent
Per Cent
0.70
0.70
2.50
3.60
3.80
5.30
6.69
5.11
5.97
3.50
3.80
7.46
8.80
42.46
36.22
11.83
4.42
2.76
Fiber
Per cent
4.65
12.60
3.56
8.21
29.70
28.38
31.40
Nitrogen
free
extract
Per cent
4.90
5.20
75.55
63.32
27.66
34.11
42.01
52.17
49.32
Ether
extract
Per cent
3.70
0.20
1.87
4.07
11.30
7.24
1.13
1.78
0.79
100.00
Calcium
Phosphorus
Per cent
Per Cent
0.12
0.13
0.02
0.10
0.09
0.37
1.16
0.30
0.22
31.20
0.09
0.10
0.37
0.36
0.51
0.75
0.17
0.16
0.25
14.60
AGRICULTJRAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
10
Rations used. As shown in Table 1, the original 21 calves were allotted
among Groups A, B, C, or D at birth, even though for the first several
months when milk was the main feed they were fed in a similar manner.
All of the calves received whole milk and skimmilk until six or seven
months of age. The actual amount of milk fed to each individual calf is
shown in Table 16.
The experimental rations were as follows:
Group A: The ration fed this group consisted of second-cutting
alfalfa hay of good quality and a grain mixture of two parts by weight
of ground barley and one part by weight of ground oats.
Group B: Cheat hay was fed in the early part of this experiment,
but owing to the fact that it was impossible to obtain a uniform quality
of cheat hay, it was decided to change the roughage of this group to
oat hay. Some of the animals born at later dates were fed oat hay only
(luring the entire experiment. This group received the same grain mixture as Group A and in addition a protein concentrate. For some time
in the early part of the experiment, linseed oil meal was fed, but later
peanut meal was used because of its lower phosphorus content.
Group C: This group of animals was fed a ration containing the
same feedstuffs as Group B except that additional calcium and phosphorus was supplied by feeding sterilized bone meal.
Group D: This group of animals received the same feedstuffs in
their ration as did Group C with an additional supplement of cod-liver
oil.
Group B-i: This group of animals received the same ration as
Group B, but was not placed on experiment until the fall of 1929.
Water and salt were available to all animals throughout the invesi gat ion.
Housing and care of the animals. All calves were stabled in individual
pens in a well-lighted and well-ventilated barn until about one year of age
when they were placed in stanchions adequately constructed to prevent
food exchange. Shavings were used for bedding throughout the investigation. All of the animals were turned out in a large graveled yard for exercise and exposure to the sun's rays from about May first to November first
of their first year ott experiment. Inasmuch as the first calf used in the original groups was born on July 4, 1925, and the last animal on November 4,
1926, there was considerable variation in the age of the animals when first
exposed to sunshine. After the individual animals were about one year of
age, they were turned out in the yard daily throughout the year.
Records obtained. All feeds were carefully weighed to the individual
animals and any refused feed weighed back and recorded. Samples of the
roughages and concentrates fed were taken from time to time and analyses
made of composite samples.
Growth records were obtained by weighing and measuring the height
at withers, belly girth, and heart girth every 30 days.
Complete ocstrus, breeding, and reproduction records were kept for
all animals. Nuiiietous ovarian and uterine examinations were made and
GRO\VTH, REPRODUCTION, AND LACTATION OF DAiRY CATTLE 11
difficult-breeding animals were treated. Monthly blood tests were made
for Bang's disease.
The amount of milk produced at each milking was weighed and recorded. Butterfat tests were made one day each month.
Abnormal conditions., .such as the chewing of wood, poor vitality, or
weak calves, were carefully recorded. All experimental animals were photographed from time to time to portray theii- condition and development.
RESULTS: GROWING PERIOD
Feed consumption. The average feed consumption per animal in the
various groups, by eight-month periods from birth to 24 months, is given
in Table 4. Tables 16, 17, and 18 give the individual feed-consumption
records from birth to 24 months. These tables show that the calves were
given a good start by being fed whole milk and skim milk in adequate
amounts, and that there were only small variations in the amounts of concentrates and hays consumed by the various groups.
Table 3. NUTRIENTS TN 100 POUNDS OF FEED
Feed
Whole milk
Skim milk
Ground barley
Ground oats
Peanut meal
Linseed oil meal
Alfalfa hay
Oat hay
Cheat hay
Bone nieal
Cod-liver oil
Digestible
crude tiroteina
Total digestible
nutrient s
Calciu,ii
Phosphorus
Pounds
Pounds
Grains
Grams
3.30
3.60
5.52
7.30
38.21
32.24
8.99
2.39
1.16
16.20
9.10
77.07
70.97
84.64
78.03
54.17
48.81
40.34
213.75
54.47
59.01
9.08
45.39
40.85
167.94
526.52
136.17
99.86
14,t61.6S
40.85
45.39
167.94
163.40
231.49
340.43
77.16
72.62
113.48
6,626.94
aCalculated from Henry and Morrison (21) digestion coefficients.
In Table 5 are recorded the average daily amounts of nutrients consunied by animals in the various groups by eight-month periods from birth
to 24 months. This table was derived from the individual feed consumption
data as given in Tables 16, 17, and 18 and the digestible nutrients, calcium
and phosphortis content of the feed stuffs as given in Table 3.
A study of Table 5 will show that the calves in Group A receiving
alfalfa hay consumed somewhat more digestible crude protein than those
in any other group, somewhat more protein being supplied than required
according to the Morrison (21) feeding standard for growing dairy cattle.
The average daily consumption of total digestible nutrients from birth to
24 months was very nearly the same for the ñve groups of animals.
As shown in Table 5, there was a considerable variation in the daily
calcium and phosphorus consumption tn the various groups from birth to
24 months of age. Groups A and B each received about 12 grams of
phosphorus daily, but Group A received about three times as much calcium
as Group B, the actual amounts being about 40 grams daily for Group A
and 13I grams for Group B. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus in Groups
C and D was approximately 1 to 1, the average daily consumption being
about 30 grams of calcium and 20 grams of phosphorus. As noted in Table
Table 4. AVERAGE Feco
Period
CONSUMPTION PER ANIMAL BY EIGHT-MONTh PERIODS FROM BIRTH -to 24 MONThS
Whole
milk
Skins
milk
Pounds
Pounds
Ground
barley
Ground Linseed
oil meal
oats
Pounds Pounds Pounds
Group A
Birth to 8 months
8 months to 16 months
16 months to 24 months
Total
198
57!
2,033
618
602
1,418
99
309
30!
709
Birth to 8 months
8 months to 16 nionths
16 itsonths to 24 months
70!
2,033
70!
2,033
222
523
313
1,058
261
156
528
Birth to 8 months
8 ntonths to 16 months
16 months to 24 months
Total
738
2,065
571
Group B
238
578
Itt
119
738
2,065
1,236
289
210
618
Birth to 8 months
8 months to 16 monthis
16 months to 24 months
524
2,398
524
2,398
203
479
28!
963
102
240
14!
483
Birth to 8 months ------------
579
1,904
Total
579
1,904
248
50!
482
1,23!
124
250
241
615
Group D
Total
Group B-i
8 months to 16 months
16 months to 24 nionths
Peanut
meal
Alfalfa
hay
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
-
2,033
Total
Group C
Calf
meal
420
'
Cheat
hay
Oat
Hay
Pounds
Pounds
698
1,870
2,517
5,085
i
5
12
13
22
208
95
203
34
400
22
303
12
24
33!
26
186
194
392
24
527
13
7
178
208
399
167
105
7
272
185
26
26
33
33
19
246
240
505
Bone
meal
Cnbtc
cent
Crams
19
19
2!
26
oil
meters
I
5
Cod-lIver
196
367
1,732
2,973
5,072
17,680
14,090
8,995
40,765
338
1,822
2,886
5,046
311
2,214
2,866
5,421
649
2,068
2,658
5,375
9,631
10,846
8,175
28,652
253
253
14,775
11,693
8,021
34,4S9
Table 5. CALCULATED AVERAGE DAILY NUTRIENTS CONSUMED PER ANIMAl. BY 8-MONTH PERIODS FROM BIRTH TO 24 MONTHS
Period
Group A
Dry
matter
Digestible
crude
protein
Total
digestible
Percentage
nutrients
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
4.961
10.678
13.120
0.730
0.944
1.181
3.684
7.142
8.559
9.586
0.952
4.855
tO.827
13.864
Calcium
of calcium
in ratton
Percentage of
phosphoi'us
in ration
Phosphorus
Ratio
Ca/P
Cod-liver
oil
Cubic
Grams
2t.91
4t.85
Per cent
Grams
Per cent
9.t9
56.10
0.973
0.863
0.942
12.44
14.45
0.408
0.257
0.243
2.38:1
3.36:1
3.88:1
6.462
39.96
0.918
12.03
0.273
3.32 :
None
0.580
0.735
0.714
3.524
6.937
8.177
10.43
11.41
18.74
0.473
0.232
0.298
9.81
13.39
14.04
0.445
0.272
0.223
0.85 :
1.06:1
1.33 :t
None
None
None
9.849
0.676
6.213
13.52
0.302
12.41
0.278
1.09:1
None
5.452
0.583
0.750
0.762
3.747
7.508
8.541
33.90
30.74
28.96
1.370
0.566
0.447
21.19
14.265
0.856
0.427
0.316
1.60:1
1.33:1
1.42 :
None
None
None
10.557
0.698
6.598
31.20
0.651
21.61
0.451
t.44 :1
None
4.795
12.962
14.033
0.557
0.733
0.728
3.447
7.845
8.034
29.37
29.33
27.42
1.349
0.498
0.430
18.50
21.39
18.49
0.850
0.363
0.290
1.59:1
1.37:1
1.48:1
40.1
45.2
34.1
10.596
(1.679
6.435
28.71
0.597
19.46
0.404
1.48:1
39.8
Birth to S months
8 montlts to 16 mnonths.
t6 months to 24 months
5.204
11.708
13.832
0.584
0.780
0.836
2.988
7.439
8.572
11130
12.82
15.93
0.436
0.241
0.254
9.83
13.84
15.34
0.416
0.260
0.245
1.05:1
0.93 :
1.04:1
None
None
None
Average
10.248
0.733
6.333
13.02
0.279
13.01
0.279
1.00:1
None
Birth to 8 months
8 months to 16 rnonths
16 months to 24 months
Average
centimeters
None
None
None
Group B
Birth to 8 months
8 tnonths to t6 montlts
16 months to 24 months
A Eel-age
J
Group C
Birth to 8 ntoitths
8 months to 16 months
16 months to 24 fllouths
Average
tl.955
23.t9
20.45
I
Group D
Birth to 8 months
8 months to 16 mouths
16 ntonths to 24 mouths
Average
Group B-I
14
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
5, the animals in Group D received an average of 40 cubic centimeters of
cod-liver oil daily from birth to 24 months.
It will be noted that the animals in Group B-i received about 10 per
cent more digestible crude protein and practically the same amount of
total digestible nutrients as the original Group B. About 13 grams each
of calcium and phosphorus were consumed daily by animals in group B-I
during the growing period.
Growth. The average weights of the animals by groups at various
ages from birth to 28 months is shown in Table 6. Table 19 gives the
individual weight data from which Table 6 is summarized Weight data
for ages other than those reported show that the calves grew at a fairly
normal rate.
Table 7 shows the average of the actual and the percentage of normal
gain in weight and height of calves in the various groups by eight months'
periods from birth to 24 months as computed from the individual growth
data. Inasmuch as animals of various breeds were used in this investigation, the percentages of normal gain-in-weight figures are possible somewhat more comparable than the actual gains. In computing the percentage
of normal gain in weight and height of the various experimental animals,
breed averages of the growth figures for the various breeds as reported.by
Eckles (22), Fitch (23), Espe, Cannon and Hansen (24), and Jones (25)
have been used as the normals.
A study of Tables 6 and 7 will show that for the period from birth to 8
months all groups of animals grew quite normally in both weight and
height. For the period from 8 to 16 months, the poorest growth in both
weight and height was made by Group A, receiving alfalfa hay. For the
period from 16 to 24 months Group A again made the poorest growth in
weight and made only about 80 per cent of the normal growth in height.
Both Groups B and B-i, receiving the oat-hay ration without mineral or
vitamin supplements, also showed only about 80 per cent normal growth in
height during the period from 16 to 24 months of age.
Considering the various groups from birth to 24 months, it is seen
that Group A made considerably the poorest gain in weight of the five
groups of animals, this group averaging 8.5 per cent below normal at 24
months of age. The other groups made practically normal gains in weight
from birth to 24 months of age, with Group D, receiving cod-liver oil,
making better than normal gain.
In so far as height at withers was concerned, it will be noted that from
birth to 24 months of age Groups A and B made gains in height 8 per cent
below normal. The animals in Group B-I, receiving the oat-hay ration,
made normal gains in height from birth to 24 months of age. From 8 to 24
months, however, their skeletal growth was below normal.
It would appear from a study of the data presented in Tables 6, 7, and
19 that in so far as growth was concerned, all of the rations were fairly
normal, the poorest growth being shown by animals in Group A, which
received alfalfa hay in their ration. As shown in Table 5, the animals in
Group A obtained 25 per cent more digestible crude protein, slightly more
total digestible nutrients, three and one-half times as much calcium, and
about the same amount of phosphorus in their rations as Groups B and B-i.
It may be that the additional calcium fed to the animals in Group A was
Table 6. AVERACE WEIGHT op ANIMALS AT VARIOUS ACps FROM BIRTH TO CALVING
Weight at ages indicated
Group
A
B
C
D
B-I
8
12
16
24
211
Birth
month
months
months
months
ntonths
nionlhs
months
months
months
Pounds
68.6
Pounds
101.2
98.6
98.8
95.0
91.0
Pounds
176.2
171.6
177.0
168.3
172.3
Pounds
260.8
254.4
265.6
252.7
274.3
Pounds
382.0
359.6
Pounds
Pounds
598.0
641.2
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
702.0
749.0
731.0
711.7
754.6
769.2
823.4
825.2
824.7
836.3
872.0
68.6
66.4
62.8
67.3
'vVeIghts of cows calvii g not used in averagea.
I
367.6
376.2
405.6
483.8
491.2
490.8
500.2
504.6
I
623.6
615.7
635.0
81 1.8V
922.8
907.0
16
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
not of value and may have been detrimental in so far as utilization for
growth of the available phosphorus was concerned. The growth results do
not show that alfalfa hay is a better feed for growing heifers than some
of the non-legume hays, provided a small amount of high-protein concentrate is fed with the latter.
Table 7. AVERAGE ACTUAL AND PER CENT OF NORMAL GAIN IN WEIGHT
AND HEIGHT BY 8-MONTH PERIODS
Period
Group
A
Group
Group
Group
B
C
D
Group
B-I
Birth to 8 months
Gain in weight, pounds
Percentage normal gain in weight, per cent
Gain in height, centimeters
Percentage normal gain in height, per cent.
313.4
103.0
32.0
100.8
291.0
301.2
95.4
30.9
96.5
99.1
31.1
98.2
313.4
107.7
30.7
98.5
338.3
111.6
32.5
103.9
216.0
85.6
229.4
88.6
13.0
93.2
Eight mont/is to 16 mont/i-s
Gain in weight, pounds
Percentage normal gain in weight, per ceni
Gain in height, centimeters
Percentage normal gain in height, per cent
Sixteen months to 24 months
Gain in weight, pounds
Percentage normal gain in weight, per cent
Gain in height, centimeters
Percentage normal gain in height, per cent....
Birth to 24 months
Gain in sveight, pounds
Percentage normal gain in weight, per cent
Gain in height, centimeters
Percentage normal gain in height, per cent
281.6
109.9
256.0
100.6
239.5
97.4
10.9
78.2
12.1
86.5
13.1
12.1
93.8
88.0
171.2
82.6
5.7
80.1
182.2
87.3
5.6
80.0
201.6
94.3
209.0
102.3
6.8
95.6
6.3
89.7
201.3
91.3
5.7
79.3
700.6
754.8
97.7
48.6
91.9
758.8
98.2
51.0
96.7
761.8
102.6
49.1
94.6
769.0
98.4
51.7
98.7
9t.5
48.6
92.0
The results obtained in this investigation seem to indicate that the
calcium and phosphorus requirements of dairy cattle for growth are not
particularly high, as evidenced by the good results obtained with Groups
B and B-l. These groups received rations containing about 0.3 per cent
each of calcium and phosphorus. The addition of about 50 grams of bone
meal to an average daily ration of about 10 pounds of oat hay, two pounds
of ground barley, one pound of ground oats, and one-half pound of peanut
meal appeared to be of some valtte in improving growth of dairy heifers
between 8 and 24 months of age. Likewise the feeding of 40 cubic centimeters of cod-liver oil daily appeared to give slightly better growth.
It should be emphasized that the animals used in this investigation
did not receive pasture or any other green or succulent feedstuff throughout the investigation. The complete ration after the milk-feeding period
consisted of dry hay and concentrates.
The results obtained in so far as growth is concerned agree very well
with results reported by other recent workers. Reed and Huffman (15)
have reported normal growth with animals receiving about 16 grams of
calcium and about 20 grams of phosphorus daily from six months to first
calving. Further studies by Huffman, Duncan, Robinson, and Lamb (14)
indicate that 10 to 12 grams of phosphorus daily was sufficient for normal
growth, maintenance, and development of a foetus to first calving,
especially when calves were started on milk and received an adequate
supply of vitamin D either as sunshine or in well-cured hay.
As indicated in our investigation, the calves in Group D, which received cod-liver oil, did not make appreciably greater weight or skeletal
GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND LACTATION OF DAIRY CATTLE 17
growth than those in Group C, which did not receive cod-liver oil. The hay
used in this investigation was cured in the sun without exposure to rain
and was considered of good quality. No effort was made to determine the
actual vitamin D content of the hay fed.
Fjgure 1. Growth and development of an Ayrshire in each original group at 25 to 27
months of age.
No. 518, Group A.
Age 811 days.
Weight 860 pounds.
Six months pregnant to fourth service.
No. 517, Group C.
Age 819 days.
Weight 925 pounds.
Four months pregnant to sixth service.
No. 516, Group B.
Age 826 days.
Weight 877 pounds.
Five months pregnant to sixth service.
No. 519, Group D.
Age 747 days.
Weight 901 pounds.
Six months pregnant to fifth service.
In so far as being exposed to sunshine is concerned, the heifers used
in this investigation were first turned out of doors in the sunshine on
April 11, 1926. It will be noted in Table 1 that several of the calves used
were born in the late summer of 1925, and these animals did not have
direct exposure to sunshine until the following spring. Other calves were
born tn the spring and summer of 1926 and were turned out in the sunshine
as early as three xrionths of age. After the individual calves were about one
year of age, they were turned out daily throughout the year in a large
graveled yard. No correlation could be ascertained between the time the
individual calves actually received sunshine and the growth rate of the
particular calves. It appears that dairy heifers receiving milk to about six
months of age, having free access to good-quality hay and with average
exposure to sunshine, obtain adequate vitamin D for normal growth.
It likewise seems that in respect to normal growth, the additional
vitamin A as supplied in the cod-liver oil was not of great value. This
agrees with other investigations dealing witlt the vitamin A requirement
of growing heifers (18) and (26).
18
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
RESULTS: REPRODUCTION
A summary of the reproduction records of the experimental animals
is given in Table 8. The individual reproduction records for the first, second, third, and fourth gestation periods are given in Tables 20, 21, 22, and 23.
A study of the tables referred to indicates that in general the experimental animals showed abnormal reproductive performance. This is indicated by the high average number of services, by the small total number
of conceptions, by the delay in return of oestrus after calving, and by the
number of calves weak at birth and dying shortly after birth.
Figure 2. No. 68, Group A, at the close of the experiment, age 5 years 176 days. Became pregnant to seventh service, first gestation, calving at 2 years 173 <lays of age. As she
did not shosv a return of oestrus in t43 days, a yellow body was removed from the right
ovary. Six days later oestrus occurred and service followed. This service was followed by
26 services to 7 different bulls in oestrus periods ranging from 2 to 96 days over a period
01 2 years 8 months. Examinations fro,mi time to time showed cystic ovaries and a uterus
lacking tone. She continued to produce milk for the 3 years on experiment after her
fIrst calving, averaging about 10 pounds of milk testing I pci cent for the last 2 years.
Sold as a non-breeder at 5 years 240 days of age.
The average number of services for the 28 experimental animals in
all groups for the first gestation period was 5. Two of the 28 animals on
experimentNo. 67 in Group B and No. 552 in Group B-Iwere sold as
non-breeders as heifers after 12 and 13 services respectively. For the 26
animals that conceived, an average of 4.42 services were required for conception. A compdation of tlte services required for conception of 77 heifers
in the regular herd during approximately the same pertod showed a total
of 256 services with 74 of the 77 animals conceiving, the average number
of services for conception being 3.05. The three stertle animals were disposed of as non-breeders after an average of 10 services. This comparison
i6dicates that the experimental groups taken as a whole experienced more
Table 8. SuMatARv OF Bisys000cTioN l2tscoaos av GRoups
I
Group
A
Number of animals in group
Average age at first oestrus observed_yr. mo. (lay
Average age of first serviceyr. nb. day
Average number of services first gestation
Average number of services second and later gestations
Average number of services all gestatiotts
Total number of conceptions
Number of conceptions to first service
Number of conceptions to second service
Number of conceptions to third service
Nuntber of conceptions to fourth service
Number of conceptions to fifth or later services
Number of animals disposed of as non-breeders
Total number of services, non-breeders
Average age of first calvingyr. nio. day
Average age of second calvingyr. mo. day
Average age of third calvingyr. iflo. (lay
Number of fttll-term calvings
Average days gestation period full-term calviitgs
Number of animals abortedfoetus dead
Nunsber of animals Bang's disease suspect
Number of calves normal at birth
Number of calves born dead
Number of calves weak at birth
Nuittber of calves dying soon after birth
Average birth weightfull-ternt calves
Number of persistent corpeus lutea removed
Number of ovarian cysts rensoved
Number of animals uterus and ovaries massaged
Number of retained placentas
Average rlays after calving before return of oestrus
'lncIud,tsg one set of tsvins.
SCalved full term.
fSecontl calf born of set of twins.
1-1-12
1-S-I?
5.0
4.2
4.5
14
Group
C
5
1-0-11
1-6-12
6.6
8.2
6.8
279.0
0
66.Sv
5
1-0-13
1-6--IS
4.0
2
1
4
2
0
2
2
3
48
Group
D
1-2-22
1-4-20
4.7
4.9
1.8
1.2
2.8
1
5
2
3
2
1
0
0
2-6-29
3-7-23
4-8-27
2626
7
12
276.1
2-7-17
3-11-19
4-10-18
Group
B-i
0-11-17
1-S S
2.2
2.8
16
3-10-3
5-013
l4
2-4-3
3-0-S
S
275.5
t
278.9
276.6
I
1
0
0
0
9
0
4
1
I
S
3
3
27
2-6-29
3-0-I 7
5-0-20
Group
B
4
59.0
8
5
2
2
4
107
lOt
2
1
2
2
63.9
4
0
0
It
14
5
0
0
0
3
60.3 v
2
59.4
0
0
2
62
0
18
123
65
20
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
breeding difficulty as measured by the number of services for conception
than was the case with animals in the regular herd during approximately
the same time and with most of the satnc herd sires.
Group A. Of the five animals that started in Group A, four were continued through the entire experiment. No. 642 died of bloat during the first
lactation period. Of the other animals, No. 68 calved after seven services
to two different bulls for the first gestation period, giving birth to a small
dead calf. She showed a return of oestrus in 149 days, followed by 27
services to seven different bulls over a period of three years. This animal
did not become a nymphomaniac and the heat periods were quite regular
Fi9ure 3. No. 67, Group B, at 2 years 29 days of age. Typical nymphomaniac with
niasculine head, neck, and behavior, and with coarse, high tail head. Sold to butcher as
ttcm-breetler at 2 years 305 days of age after 13 services to three different bulls. Exanitnation 01 reproductive organs showed cystic ovaries and a norntal uterus.
dttring the three-year period. She continued to produce milk and therefore
was retained until the close of the experiment. The animals in Group A
required an average of 5 services for conception in the first gestation
period, the individuals varying from 3 to 7. In the second gestation period,
all animals except No. 68 conceived to the first service. In the third gestation peri&d No. 511 required 3 services, No. 518 and No. 261 required 1
service each. No. 511 and No. 261 each were pregnant to the third service
for their fourth gestation when taken off experiment. After the first gestation period, the animals in this group were fairly normal in respect to services required for conception, except No. 68, which became a non-breeder.
There were eleven normal calvings with this group of animals, including
one set of twins. Including the twins, 10 calves were normal at birth, 1 calf
was born dead, and 1 calf was weak at birth, dying shortly after birth. In
vigor the calves in this group compared favorably with those in Group C.
GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND LACTATION OF DAIRY CATTLE 21
Group B. On comparing the reproductive performance of the various
groups of animals, it will be noted in Table 8 that Group B gave the poorest
results, Of the five animals in this group, No. 67, as already stated, was
disposed of as a nymphomaniac after 13 services to three different bulls.
The average nuniber of services for the first gestation period of Group B
was 6.6. In the second gestation period No. 516 and No. 260 become nonbreeders and were disposed of. No. 516 was bred 21 times to five different
bulls over a period of almost three years. No. 260 was bred 14 times to
Figure 4.No. 260, Group B, at 4 years 13 days of age. Gave birth to a weak calf at
2 years 3 days of age, the call dying on the day of birth. Eleven days after calving she
showed oestrus but was not bred. No further restrus was observed in 125 days to a yellow
body scas expressed from the right ovary and a follicle fioni the left ovary. Twenty.three
days later she showed oestrus and was bred. This service was followed by 13 additional
sei vices to three different bulls in oestrsis periods ranging from 6 to 100 days over a
period of 88 days. During this period cysts were twice removed from the ovaries. At 4
yeai-s 14 days of age, she was sold to the butcher as hopelessly sterile.
three different bulls, became a nymphomaniac, and was sold. This cow as
a heifer had become pregnant to one service. Of the other animals in this
group, No. 512 became pregnant after 11 services for the first gestation
period, but aborted a 243-day foetus. She did not, previous to abortion and
after isolation for a period of ninety clays, become a reactor to Bang's
disease. She was fairly normal in reproductive behavior for her second
and third gestation periods although her second calf was weak and died the
day after birth. After her third calf, no oestrus was observed during 197
days after calving, at which time the experiment was discontinued. The
fifth animal in Group B, No. 644, was fairly normal in reproductive performance during 3 gestation periods. This cow, however, was a very poor
pro cI Lice r.
As indicated in Table 8, the average number of services in all gestations for Group B was 6.8, which was much higher than that of any of the
other grostps. Also, the total number of conceptions in this group was only
8 compared with 14 and 16 in Groups A and C, which contained the same
22
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
number of animals. The other striking fact in regard to this group, as
shown in Table 8, is that of 7 full-term calves only 3 were normal at birth,
4 being weak and dying shortly after birth. The 5 animals in Group B, with
three and one-half years of possible reproductive life on experiment, actually gave birth to only 3 calves that lived. With perfect reproduction, 17
or 18 offspring might have been expected. It appears that the ration supplied to this group of animals was responsible for their poor reproductive
behavior.
Groups C and D. Group C, which received a supplement of bone meal,
and Group D, which received bone meal and cod-liver oil in addition to the
ration fed to Group B and Group B-i, were considerably more normal in
reproductive behavior than Group B, as indicated by the smaller number
of services for conception, by the larger number of conceptions, and
especially by the vigor of calves at birth. One animal in each of Groups
C and D aborted, No. 517 in Group C aborting a 238-day foetus in the second
gestation period, and No. 515 in Group D aborting a 186-day foetus in the
third gestation period. Neither of these cows reacted to Bang's disease
previous to or after abortion. Of the five animals in Group C at the start
of the experiment, four were on the experiment when it was discontinued
in June, 1931. No. 514 was disposed of after her second calving, owing to
the development of a severe udder infection. Of the six animals in Group D
at the start of the experiment, four were on experiment when it was discontinued. Of the other two animals, No. 72 became a low-dilution Bang's
disease suspect during her first gestation period. This was the only animal
of the 28 on experiment that reacted to Bang's disease during this investigation. No. 72 was isolated and dropped a normal calf with a 270-day gestation period. Owing to the fact that she was a Bang's suspect, she was sold
to the butcher shortly after calving. The other animal in this group that
was not on the experiment at its close was No. 648, which died of chronic
pyometra after removal of a retained placenta following the birth of her
second calf. The 14 normal calvings in Group D compare favorably with
the 12 notnial calvings for Group C.
The most striking fact brought out in comparing Groups B, C, and D
is the better vigor of the calves at birth in the case of Group D. The only
calf born dead or dying shortly after birth in Group D with 14 normal
calvings was the second calf of a set of twins born to animal No. 519 in
the third gestation period. In the case of Group C, with 12 normal calvings,
1 calf was born (lead and 2 others were weak and died shortly after birth.
Of the 7 normal caivings in Group B, 4 calves died shortly after birth. It
appears that the animals in Group C and certainly those in Group D were
superior to Group B animals in so far as the vigor of calves at birth is concerned. The addition of bone meal and more especially of bone meal and
cod-liver oil to a hay-and-grain ration was of value in the development and
delivery of vigorous calves.
Group B-i. A study of the reproduction records of Group B-i shows
that they gave more normal reproductive performance than Group B, which
received the same ration. This group was cai-ried on experiment for only
half the time of the other groups. There is no particular correlation between the reproductive performance of the animals in Group B-i and the
rations of the respective dams, as shown in Table 1. Two animals, Nos. 549
Figure 5. No. 552 Group B.1, at 3 years 11 days of age. Not pregnant after 12
services to three different bulls over a period of 18 months. The oestrus periods were
trre0ular, ranging front 20 to 70 days. Not pregnant when slaughtered 3 months after last
acre ice.
Figure 6., No. 665 group B-I, showing lumpjaw and 1.day.old calf. Calf was blind
and weak at birth. Cou'd not stand. Died at 7 days of age.
23
24
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
and 551, conceived to one service in their first gestation period. These
animals were daughters of animals in Group 1). At their first calving, however, numbers 549 and 551 gave bii-th to weak calves, one of which was
blind in both eyes at birth and the other blind in one eye. A third Ayrshire
in Group B-i, No. 552, also a daughter of an animal in Group D, was disposed of as a non-breeder when more than three years of age and after 12
services to three different bulls. The four other animals in Group B-i became pregnant after from 4 to 6 services. No. 665 dropped a weak calf, blind
in both eyes. The other calves from this group were normal.
It will be noted in Table 8 that considerable difficulty was experienced
with various animals with persistent corpus lutea and ovarian cysts. These
are indicated by the long periods after calving before the return of oestrus,
the animals in Group D receiving cod-liver oil having the poorest record
in this respect. The higher milk and butterfat production of this group may
have been a contributing factor.
Of the 52 normal calvings and 3 abortions, ii were followed by a re-
tention of placenta. 'fhe three animals that aborted premature calves retained placentae. Of the eight others retaining placentae, four were animals
in Group D receiving cod-liver oil.
Taking the group of animals on experiment as a whole, it is found that
of 66 conceptions, 40.9 per cent occurred to the first set-vice, 13.6 per cent
to the second service, 15.2 per cent to the third service, 10.6 per cent to
the fourth service, and 19.7 per cent to the fifth or later services.
RESULTS: MILK PRODUCTION
Milk-production data. The milk and butterfat production data for
experimental animals completing lactations are shown in Table 9. Similar
data arc given in Table 10 for incomplete lactations.
It will be noted in Table 9 that of the 5 original animals in Group A,
3 completed two lactations each, and 1 completed one lactation, a total of
seven complete lactations. In the case of Group B, 2 animals completed two
lactations each and 2 animals one lactation each, a total of six lactations for
the group. In the case of Group C, 1 animal completed three lactations, 3
animals completed two lactations each, and 1 animal completed one lactation, a total of ten lactations for the group. Of the 6 animals in Group D,
4 completed two lactations each and I completed one lactation, a total of
nine lactations. Only 2 animals in Group B-i had completed their first
lactation periods when the experiment was discontinued.
It will be noted in Table 10 that 4 animals in Group A gave incomplete
lactation data, 3 animals being in their third lactation and I animal, No. 642,
having died of bloat after 192 days on experiment. In Group B, 2 animals
were on experiment at the time it was discontinued, these being the only
2 animals remaining in this group, 3 having become non-breeders: Incomplete lactation data is given for 2 animals in Group C, 3 animals in Group
D, and 5 animals in Group B-i.
It will be noted in Table 9 that the data on total milk and butterfat
production for the total days in milk are given, as well as the milk and
butterfat production for a 305-day lactation period, the lactation being
started on the seventh day after calving. It will be noted, too, that the milk
Table 9. MiLK AN1) BUTTERFAT Pt)050CTtON DATA- C0MI'I.ETE l.ACTATi0N5
Total
Animal
number
Group A
Alfalfa hay
Barley
Oats
I
Lactation
lotal
Age at
calving
Calved
again
Yr.mo.da.
Days
Days
3-0-9
4-1-28
2-5-23
2-5-20
3-9-9
2-6-29
3-5-14
414
476
355
415
1,095
368
354
294
299
8,455
11,531
13,059
8,601
7,613
5,325
6,432
in
milk
I
4-tier-cent-
i
F
Iota!
milk
production
Pounds
days
butterfat
produc-
Butterfat
lion
Milk
305-day
lactation
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
318.2
422.0
785.4
321.3
286.0
199.8
245.0
10,182
5,580
7,714
7,393
5,325
6,432
305-day
lactation
fat-
corrected
milk,
305 days
Matureequivalent
fat-corrected milk,
305 days
Pounds
Pounds
7,485
9,619
6,425
7,364
7,094
5,127
6,248
9.042
10,340
8,224
9,036
8,059
6,752
7,498
49,362
7,052
23.1
58,95 i
8,422
I
51 1
511
6&
518
5t8..
26l.
261
First
Second
First
First
Second
First
Second
Total
Average
Average daily
3-1-19
475
555
320
352
2,592
432a
I
3,180
454
i
61,016
8,776
28.8
2,577.7
368.2
1.21
7,831
290.2
369.7
279.5
285.2
275.8
199.8
245.0
50,457
7,208
23.6
1,945.2
277.9
0.91
27.6
Group B
Oat hay
Barley
Oats
512....
5l2..
516....
First
Second
First
First
First
Peanut meal 260
644..
644.. Second
Total
Average
Average daily
3-2-299
4-4-8
2-7-13
404
338
2-6-2 3
3-6-0
18-4-- 18
2-1 5
3-0-23
372
420
299
245
1,013
569
220
229
5,364
5,303
14,679
8,432
2,190
2,853
224.5
193.0
544.0
297.7
100.8
031.1
5,364
5,303
6,466
6,262
2,190
2,853
224.5
193.0
237.7
205.3
100.8
131.1
5,513
5,016
6,152
5,583
2,388
3,108
6,571
5,287
7,487
7,890
2,966
3,217
1,534
384a
2,575
429
38,821
6,470
1,491.1
248.5
0.58
28,438
4,740
15.5
1,092.4
27,760
4,393
33,418
5,570
15.1
6,619
5,916
7,384
5,0179
5,651
5,700
3,893
2,610
2,031
1,925
262.4
223.5
265.1
181.09
215.1
211.9
231.5
141.6
101.6
88.6
6,018
5,916
7,340
5,0179
5,614
5,552
3,457
2,610
a
a
182.1
0.60
14.4
18.3
Group C
Oat hay
Barley
Oats
Peanut meal
Bone meal
259...
259
259..
5 l4.
517...
517...
70...
70.
First
Second
rhird
First
First
Second
First
Second
645.. First
645..
Total
Average
Average daily
Second
2-9 6
3-11-12
4-11-10
2-9-2
2-8-2
3-7-299
2-2-0
3-5-26
2-6-13
3-5-20
26-73-120
3-2-27
401
363
392
333
362
437
482
339
342
605
4,056
406
370
305
309
2819
314
329
381
262
202
213
2,966
297
46,746
4,675
15.2
1,922.3
192.2
0.63
2,03t
1,925
45,480
4,548
14.9
237.0
223.5
263.1
181.09
213.4
206.7
200.1
141.6
101.6
88.6
1,856.6
185.6
0.61
5,962
5,719
6,883
4,7229
5,447
5,321
4,385
3,168
2,336
2.098
4R,04t
4,604
15.1
7,691
6,549
7,330
5,7339
6,624
6,t14
5,832
3,612
2,911
2,402
54,798
5,480
18.0
Table 9. MILg AND lIUFTERFAT PilOIjucTioN DATA---COMrLETE LAcTATIONt- -Continued
Total
Animal
number
Lad a-
tirn
Age at
Tolal
(lays
in
niilk
inil k
l,roduct ion
Days
Days
484
605
499
444
470
324
406
437
423
cals' jug
Calved
again
Yr. sic . do.
Oats
Peanut neal
flone meal
Cod-liver oil
640
640
First
Second
,
First
5l5
515
Second
First
i
51 9
5l9, i
Second
First
520..,
520,
648
Second
First
Total
Average
Average daily
2-9-8
4- 1-6
2-8-21
4- 1-4
2-3-- 25
3-7 9
2-3--S
3-4-16
3-1-4
25-37-98
3--I --23
p rod u
4-tie r-ceiit-
itt ilk
305-day
fat -
Butterfat
corrected
305-day
milk,
Matureequivalent
fat-co
reeled milk,
lion
lactat nit
lactation
305 days
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
8,032
9,517
6,969
11,184
0,285
7,056
5,430
5,836
334.7
425.6
6,581
6,783
5,155
8,049
437
442
425
267
329
302
348
293
5,821
4,017
446
3,444
383
Group D
Oat hay
Barley
Total
bul terfat
526
70,130
7,792
25.5
239. 1
4 34.4
373.5
245.2
209.8
236.5
273.8
2,772.6
308.1
1.01
6,405
6,637
5,677
9,612
8,527
7,056
267.9
275.2
5,25!
5,836
5,821
201.1
236.5
273.8
60,822
6,758
2,371.9
263.5
22.2
192.3
375.8
304.1
245.2
0.S6
9,482
7,972
6,501
5,117
5,882
6,435
305 days
7,421
6,263
10,287
9,973
7,528
6,519
6,958
7,625
59,908
6,656
21.8
70,623
7,847
25.7
Group B-I
Oat hay
Barley
Oats
Peanut meal
Total
Average
Average daily
First
First
549.
551....
i
2-1-9
2-1-2
4-2-1
2-1-5
335
287
332
281
667
333
568
284
-- -
I
6,347
5,764
256.4
214.5
6,347
5,764
256.4
214.5
6,385
5,523
8,320
7,224
12,111
6,055
19.9
407.9
235.5
0.77
12,111
470.9
235.5
0.77
11,908
5,954
15,544
7,772
25.5
Did not calve again, non-breeders. Not a true average.
fAborted a 243-day foetus.
ODeveloped garget at two months. Milking rear quarters only after 4 months.
§Aborted a 238-day foeltis.
6,055
19.9
19.5
(JROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND LACTATION OF DAIRY CATTLE 27
yield has been corrected to a 4-per-cent-fat-corrected milk, using the Gaines
(27) formula, and also has been converted to a mature-equivalent 4-per-cent-
fat-corrected milk, using the Graves factors for Avrshires, the Norton
factors for Holsteins, the Copeland factors for Jerseys, and the Turner
factors for Guernseys, as reported by Graves, Fohrman, and Smith (28).
Inasmuch as No. 68 in Group A, milked for three years, and No. 516
and No. 260 in Group B, milked for 33 and 16 months, respectively, without
a second calving, the total milk and butterfat production data are not parti-
cularly comparable. The total production of 4-per-cent-fat-corrected milk
of all animals during the experiment was as follows: Group A, 81,539
pounds; Group B, 45,571 pounds; Group C, 55,439 pounds; Group D, 86,624
pounds. Using Group D as 100 per cent, Group A gave 94 per cent, Group B
53 per cent, and Group C 64 per cent of the Group D production.
It appears that a comparison of the production for 305-day lactations
is the most satisfactory, although there was considerable variation iii the
ages at which the animals calved again. Thus in the case of No. 261 in
Group A, only 320 clays elapsed between her first and second calves. There-
fore, she would not be expected to produce as much as other animals in
Group A in a ten-month lactation period. Similarly animals No. 512 in
Group B, No. 70 and No. 645 in Group C, No. 519 and 648 in Group D, and
No. 549 and No. 551 in Group B-i calved again in less than a year. Consequently the average production in the ten-month period might be somewhat reduced over what would be expected if the animals calved again at
about one year. It should also be pointed out again that one animal in
Group A, No. 68, and two animals in Group B, Numbers 516 and 260, became non-breeders after their first calves, and consequently Groups A and
B have an advantage when daily average production is compared. The two
animals not calving a second time in Group B gave 70 per cent greater
production than the other two cows in the group and thus materially increased the average production.
As shown in Table 9, on a 305-day lactation basis, Group A, which
received alfalfa hay and a grain mixture of two parts barley and one part
oats, gave the highest average daily milk yield, 23.1 pounds of 4-per-centfat-corrected milk, equivalent to 27.6 pounds daily at maturity.
Group D, receiving oat hay, barley and oats, peanut meal, cod-liver oil,
and hone meal gave the second highest daily milk yield, the average procluction of 4-per-cent milk being 21.8 pounds or, on a mature-equivalent
basis, 25.7 pounds.
The animals in Group B-i showed the third highest average daily milk
production, 19.5 pounds of 4-per-cent-fat-corrected milk and 25.5 pounds
daily on a mature-equivalent basis. The average production of animals in
Group B was 14.4 pounds of 4-per-cent-fat-corrected milk daily, equivalent
to 18.3 pounds on a mature basis. Groups B and B-i received as their ration
oat hay, barley, oats, and peanut meal.
The average daily production of animals in Group C, which i-eceived
a ration the same as that of Group B but with the addition of 25 grams of
bone meal daily, was practically the same as that of Group B, the average
production in Group C being 15.1 pounds of 4-per-cent-fat-corrected milk
daily, equivalent to 18.0 pounds when computed to maturity.
In studying the individual milk and butterfat production data as given
in Table 9, one notes that three animals produced much less than the
28
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
others. These particularly poor producing individuals were No. 644, in
Group B, which completed two lactations, averaging about 3,000 pounds
of milk per lactation; No. 645, in Group C, which for two lactations averaged only about 2,700 pounds; and No. 70, in Group C, which in one lactation produced only 3,600 pounds. The milk-production data of the two lowproducing animals lowers considerably the average production of animals
in Group C.
A study of Table 10 showing incomplete lactation data points to the
fact that the rations fed to Groups A and D again promoted the best milk
production. The production in Groups B and C was about equal.
Table 10. Mitx AND BUTTERFAT PRODuCTiON DATA-INCOSiPLETE LACTATIONS
Total
Animal
number
Lacta.
tion
Yr,ino.da. Days
Group A
Ill
Third
261
Third
Third
642
518
days
Age at Calved in
calving again milk
First
Total (4)
Average
Average daily
milk
produc
lion
Production,4- MatujeTotal per-cent. equivabutterfat fat-car- lent fatproducrected corrected
I
Pounds
7.009
5,216
1,253
5,754
239.2
207.0
19,932
718.3
179.6
457
l72
9
1929
351
414
37
182
17-10-7
1,222
407
583
146
4,808
32.9
niitk
milk
lion
Days
5-5-19
2-7-28
5-3-10
4-5-1
4-5-17
Tntal
T3ounds
45.1
217.0
Pounds
Pounds
6,392
5,191
1,178
5,557
6,392
6,401
1,178
6,149
20,120
5,030
18,318
4,580
31.6
1.23
34.5
Group B
Third
Third
Total (2)
Average
Average daily
l93
l53
5,208
2,613
201.0
102.2
5,098
2,578
5.098
2,722
509
509
346
7,821
3,911
303.2
173
7,676
3,838
22.2
7,820
3,910
22.6
4-10-It
4-5-0
568
330
1 l6
245
3,634
3,399
129.0
210.5
3,389
4,517
3,457
4,729
9-3-1 1
898
449
361
7,033
181
3,5 17
19.4
339.5
169.8
0.94
7,906
3,954
21.9
l42
4,150
7,819
5,310
165.2
288.3
217.9
4,138
7,452
5,393
17279
671.4
223.8
16,983
5,661
29.9
17,403
5,801
30.7
3,801
3,025
1,874
1,694
4,513
4,592
3,654
2,384
2,128
5,880
593.3 14907
18,638
3,728
5-3-11
4-7-25
- 509
9-11-6
4-11-18
9
22.6
151.6
0.88
I
512
644
Group C
517
70
Third
Third
Total (2)
Average
Average daily
4-7-22
i
8,186
4,093
22.6
Group D
515
519
320
Third
Third
Third
Total (3)
Average ......
Average daily
5-3-238
9
473
329
26ln
4--6-28
14-4-19
4-9-16
802
568
189
4-5-28
401
165
5,760
30.5
1.18
I
4,138
7,705
5,560
(-oup B-i
549
551
663
664
290
Total (5)
Average
Average daily
'econd
5econd
First
First
First
3-0-9 I
379
365
3-0-0
2-4-2
2-5-14
2-8-2
13-5-27
2-8-15
nExperiment discontinued.
9
9
3,586
3,084
9l
1,583
4,794
109k
371
l86
1,115
372
631
Iflied of bloat-pregnant 4 months.
OSold at died before calving again.
§Aborted a 186-day foetus.
ll9
126-
P26
1,971
15,018
3,004
23.8
157.8
119.4
72.4
70.7
173.0
118.7
0.94
2,981
23.6
29.6
GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND LACTATION OF DAIRY CATTLE 29
Feed-consumption data. Individual and group average feed-con sumplion data for the 305-day lactation periods are given in Table 11. It will be
noted that the average amount of hay consumed by the various groups of
animals was very similar. Individual animals within the groups showed
considerable variation in amounts of hay consumed. This would be expected inasmuch as animals of four breeds were used.
It will be noted that Groups A, D, and B-i consumed considerably
more concentrates than Groups B and C. This was mainly due to the fact
Table 11. INDIVIDUAL FEED CONSUMPTION DATA DURING 305-DAY LACTATIONS
Animal
number
Lactation
(;round
barley
Ground
oats
Peanut
ni cal
Alfalfa
hay
Oat
has'
Bone
meal
Pounds Pouud
Pounds
Pounds
Po uitds
Grants
Cod-
liver
oil
Cubic
Group A
511
511
68
518
518
261
261
First
Second
First
First
Second
First
1,985
2,509
2,034
2,409
1,679
1,871
993
1,254
968
1,017
1,205
840
935
5,277
5,962
5,141
5,134
6,038
5,995
6,100
2,060
1,030
5,664
1,161
1,468
1,365
1,613
639
1,137
581
734
682
807
319
568
610
490
526
528
610
503
1,231
615
545
1,719
1,293
1,556
1,529
1,211
1,164
907
1,192
523
1,172
859
647
778
764
606
582
453
596
54 I
1.227
First
1,657
First
1,561
1,506
Second
Average
1935
cCisli-
meters
Group B
512
512
516
260
644
644
First
Second
First
First
First
Second
Average
5,490
5,490
5,315
5,309
5,490
5,347
I
5,407
c;rovp C
259
259
259
514
517
517
70
70
645
645
First
Second
Third
First
First
Second
First
Second
First
Second
Average
261
606
610
575
670
595
495
546
602
586
515
6,033
6,517
6,943
5,496
5,487
5,511
4,602
5,465
5,490
5,479
613
576
5,702
7,525
741
2,127
647
1,964
1,295
1,568
1,479
828
780
753
1,063
823
982
648
784
740
587
667
560
520
5,407
5,907
5,586
6,017
5,221
5,893
5,267
5,435
5,470
7,625
7,625
7,625
7,625
7,625
7,575
7,625
7,625
7,625
7,625
7,625
7,625
7,625
7,625
7,575
7,625
7,625
7,625
1,645
822
684
5,578
7,619
7,619
1,867
1,897
934
949
591
591
4,590
4,888
1,882
942
591
4,889
7,625
6,625
7,625
7,625
7,625
7.625
7,625
7,625
7,625
7,625
Group .0
640
640
515
515
519
519
520
520
648
Second
Second
First
First
Second
First
Second
Average
802
738
816
721
Group B-i
549
551
Average
First
First
30
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
that Groups B and C started lactation at a lower level of production and
did not respond to an increase in the amount of grain fed. This is clearly
illustrated in Figure 7, showing the average daily milk production by
months of the five groups of animals on experiment as compared to the
Eckles (29) normal. It appears that the animals in Groups B and C did not
have the inherited capacity to produce milk at a higher level, or else the
ration did not supply the necessary nutrients for a higher production.
Table 23 shows the nutrients consumed daily by individual cows during the 305-day lactation periods.
AVERAGE DAILY MILK YIELD WITH THE ADVANCE IN LACTATION
35
30
25
a
0
20
8
z5
a
I0
'1
z
-
H
..
-I
I.I1I
0
MONTHS OF LACTATION
Figure 7. Average daily milk yield of the various groups in comparison with the Eckles
normal over a ten-months lactation period.
Weight data. Table 12 shows the weight data of the experimental
animals during periods of lactation. Records are given on only those
animals which had complete lactations as indicated in Table 9, and for
which feed-consumption data are given in Table 11. It will be noted that
the last weight previous to calving, the first weight after calving, the
average monthly weight during the lactation period, the weight at the
end of the lactation period, and the gain in weight during lactation are
given for the individual animals and as the group average.
Table 12 shows that the animals in Group C were the largest animals
on the avisrage during the periods of lactation. Also this group of animals
made the largest average gain in weight, 178 pounds, in the 10 months
lactation, or an average gain of almost 0.6 pound daily. It appears that the
GROWTH, REPRODPCTION, AND LACTATION OF DAIRY CATTLE 31
animals in Group C tended to utilize the feed supplied for gain in body
weight rather than for milk production. The animals in Group D made the
next highest average gain in weight, approximately 0.5 pound daily. The
animals in Groups A and B made an average daily gain of about 0.4 pound,
and the animals in Group B-i about 0.3 pound daily. Individual animals
showed a considerable variation in the actual amount of gain in weight.
On the average the cows within the groups that produced the most milk
and butterfat showed the lowest gain in weight.
Table 12. WEIGHT DATA BEFORE, DURING ANT) AT THE END OF PERIODS OF LACTATION
Last
Animal
number
Lactation
Group A
511
511
518
518
Pounds
Pounds
1,006
First
725
921
Ft 1st
Second
First
261
261
weight
First
Second
6$
Second
Average
First
after
weight
previous to
calving
1035
Average
weight
during
lactation
calving
Pounds
Weight at
Gain in
weight
lactation
lactation
Pounds
Pounds
end of 305- during 305day
day
772
775
869
864
654
764
857
990
1,058
905
920
690
860
910
1,153
1,233
852
953
131
133
51
48
1,153
642
730
815
942
987
977
822
1,003
1,097
911
1,055
788
921
873
955
721
935
706
805
915
1,013
780
994
750
817
1,005
1,178
846
223
125
852
891
146
86
962
832
878
965
133
1,250
1,143
1,159
1,189
827
898
957
688
577
865
980
1,262
1,337
1,274
978
989
1,055
751
987
981
1,071
23$
1,083
1,048
731
902
892
1,022
1,044
1,158
1,161
725
799
880
650
793
802
908
1,061
892
958
1,070
920
$95
1,016
1,190
1,005
1,160
912
1.061
1,010
785
780
835
922
785
926
785
926
910
787
S02
982
962
574
1,036
865
981
925
801
21
1,058
1,060
1,000
1,255
929
1,110
1,013
223
1,019
850
913
1,006
156
1,098
882
963
820
978
1,068
912
105
871
940
882
924
990
980
1,017
I
130
95
211
246
Group B
First
First
First
First
512
512
516
260
644
644
Second
Second
Average
132
I 020
85
Group C
First
Third
First
First
Second
First
Seconti
First
259
250
259
Second
514
517
517
79
70
645
645
Second
Average
1,361
1,411
910
1 79
113
253
190
175
lot
194
1 79
163
I
178
First
Second
First
Second
First
Second
First
640
641)
51 5
515
519
519
5211
520
648
Second
Ft rst
Average
I
Group D
830
45
1 38
215
329
144
184
103
Group B-I
First
First
549
551
Average
92
99
Table 13. GROUP COMPARISON OF AVERAGE DAII.y REQuIREMENTs AND CCNSUMFTION OF NUTNIENTS DURING 305-DAY LACTATION PERIODS
Group
Average daily requirements
For
For milk and
mainbuttertal
production
Total
tenance
Average daily consumption
Alfalfa
hay
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
0.596
0.615
0.671
0.639
0.647
1.376
0.850
0.89!
1.286
1.972
1.465
1.562
1.925
1.798
1.681
6.752
6.958
7.597
4.723
14.349
10.060
B
C
7-593
4.95 3
12. 54 6
Digestible crude
protein
A
B
C
D
B-i
Total digestible
Pounds
I
1.151
i
Oat
hay
Barley
and oats
Pounds
Pounds
0.424
0.447
0.437
0.383
0.640
0.382
0.380
Peanut
meal
Bone
meal
Cod-
liver
oil
Total
Daily
excess
Daily
deficiency
Pounds [-'ozinds Pounds Pounds Pounds
0.5 10
0.682
0.729
0.856
0.585
0.74 0
2.321
1.488
1.556
1.803
1.708
0.349
0.023
17.744
3.39 5
Pounds
0.006
0.122
0.090
nutrients
A
1)
B. 1
Calcium
A
B
C
U
B-!
11.681
7.236
7.323
7.150
6.396
14.386
13.719
Graitis
Crams
Crattis
19.76
20.36
22.22
21.18
21.43
19.16
12.58
12.09
16.15
38.92
32.94
34.3!
39.20
37.58
8.52
8.78
9.58
9.13
9.24
17.70
11.63
11.18
16.65
14.93
26.22
20.41
20.76
25.78
24.17
iS.02
7.684
7.825
6.118
7.002
1.511
1.614
1.867
1.640
Crams
Grants
Grants
8.65 3
9.126
8.9 09
Crc nis
97.78
24.14
25.42
24.90
21.83
4.5 77
4.5 79
2.15
1.28
1.28
1.71
1.96
0.73
0.78
0.92
0.79
15.3 19
3.060
2.773
16-167
2.62 5
2.74 8
14. 74 1
0.117
Grants Crattis
7.70
7.80
17,01!
Crams
Grants
99.92
26.15
35.18
61.00
35.33
24.58
D
B-i
14.33
12.87
13.58
13.26
11.64
16.86
10.07
10.04
13.46
15.41
4.13
4.41
5.19
4-49
3.60
3.65
31.19
27.07
31.63
35.56
31.54
6.79
0.87
3.87
t
Phosphorus
A
B
C
Grants
4-97
6.66
10.87
9.78
7-37
13.00
GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND LACTATION OF DAIRY CATTLE 33
Comparison of nutrients required and consumed. Table 13 gives a comparison of the calculated digestible crude protein, total digestible nutrients,
calcium, and phosphorus required and consumed per animal daily in the
various groups on the basis of the 305-day lactation period. Table 14 gives
a similar group comparison based on the consumption and maximum production in early lactation. The average of the figures given by Morrison
(21) for maintenance and for milk production have been used to determine
the digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients required. In
Table 13 the average weight during lactation has been used for the maintenance determinations, no consideration being given for the gain in weight
during the lactation. In the case of Table 14, the maintenance requirement
of the individual animals has been based on the first weight after calving.
The calcium requirement has been based on Kellner's (30) suggested
standard of 100 grains of lime daily per 1,000 kilograms of live weight for
maintenance and 50 grams of lime for each 20 kilograms of milk produced.
The computed figures used were 23.2 grams of calcium per 1,000 pounds
of live weight for maintenance and 0.812 gram of calcium for each pound
of milk produced. The phosphorus standard used was that suggested by
Huffman and coworkers (14), 10 grams of phosphorus daily per 1,000
pounds of live weight and .75 gram of pho.sphorus for each pound of milk
A study of Table 13 shows that on the complete lactation basis the
digestible crude protein supplied was approximately sufficient to meet the
requirements in the case of all groups. For the maximum production of
early lactation, all groups except Group A receiving alfalfa hay showed a
deficiency in digestible crude protein supplied. This deficiency was equal
to that supplied in approximately one pound of high protein concentrate
daily. An excess of total digestible nutrients above the requirements was
supplied to all groups whether based on production in early lactation or
on the 10-months-lactation production. Likewise, the phosphorus supplied
was sufficient in all cases to meet the requirements of the Huffman (14)
standard. In the case of Group A the 31 to 32 grams of phosphorus supplied
daily in early lactation was just above the requirements. Groups C and D
had an average of 7 to 8 grams of phosphorus daily in excess of the requ i reme n ts.
All groups in early lactation with the exception of Group A receiving
alfalfa hay were deficient in calcium intake based on the Kellner (30)
standard of calcium requirements. Group A consumed more than twice
the calcium required, whereas the consumption of 25 to 35 grams daily of
calcium in the other groups was from 3 to 8 grams daily below the requirements. The relative amounts of calcium and phosphorus supplied to
Groups B, C, D, and B-I were about equal, where it is usually accepted
that perhaps 1 to 2 times as much calcium as phosphrous is required. It
appears that a deficiency of calcium may have been a contributing factor
to the lower milk production in Groups B, C, and B-i as compared to
Group A. The better production performance of Group D may be due to
the somewhat higher calcium and phosphorus intake above maintenance
requirements and the inclusion of cod-liver oil in the ration. The additional
vitamin D supplied to Group D may have resulted in better utilization of
the calcium and phosphorus available. As shown in Table 15, the inorganic
phosphorus content of the blood plasma was the highest for Group D
animals.
Table 14. GROUP COMPARISON OF AVERAGE DAILY REQUIREMENTS AND CONSUMPTION op D1GE:TIiiLE CRUDE PROTEIN, TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS,
CALCIUM, AND PHOSPHORUS BASED ON MAXIMUM PRODUCTION AND FEED CONSUMPTION IN EARLY LACTATION
Average daly consumptIon
Average daily requirements
For
For milk and
butterfat
maintenance production
Group
Digestible crude
protein
A
B
C
D
B-i
Total digestible
nutrients
A
B
C
D
B-i
Calcium
A
B
C
D
B-i
...
Total
Alfalfa
hay
Oat
hay
Bailey
and oats
Pounds
Pounds
i
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
0.575
0.582
0.624
0.595
0.617
1.778
1.404
1.359
1.774
1.673
2.353
1.986
1.837
6514
9.883
7.806
7.554
9.863
9.299
Grants
23.012
16,397
14.400
14.623
16.599
16.289
Grams
43.521
38.615
39.381
44.122
43.468
8.220
8.320
8.920
8.500
8.820
22.598
17.850
17.273
22.553
21.263
30.818
26.170
26.193
31.053
30.083
24.456
19.318
18.693
24.408
0.433
0.382
2.290
6.594
7.069
6.736
6.990
Groom
19.065
19.297
20.688
19.714
20.456
0.697
0.434
0425
1.983
2,369
9.192
0.492
0.564
0.631
8.511
8.869
8.688
8.839
7.810
Grains
92.616
0516
Grams
24.742
24.238
24.660
21.787
6.180
5.900
6.762
7.564
Grams
2.134
meal
Bone
meal
0732
0.745
1.108
oIl
..
2.534
...
1.662
2.105
1.777
1682
....
1.623
1.650
2.455
1.693
...
..
0.117
Grains
Gains Grams Grams
.
..
..
1.894
2.118
7.800
7.800
18.523
13.597
12.981
14.879
16.643
4.438
4.514
6.713
4.630
3.650
3.650
L652
liver
0764
0.783
0.797
1.185
0.817
1.731
Cod-
Daily
Daily
excess deficiency
Total
Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds
Peanut
..
..
.
...
17.703
16.672
16.238
18.173
17.067
0.181
1.303
2.272
1.615
1.574
0.778
Grams
94.750
27.256
34.487
35.539
24.722
51.229
31.644
31.230
34.071
38.757
32.992
0.826
5.060
7.878
7.704
2.909
Phosphorus
A
B
C
D
B-i
13.121
13.195
12.926
13.515
11.619
.
..
.
....
...
0.304
0.321
0.264
0.413
Groins
11.359
4.894
8.583
18.746
GROWTH, REPRODI-CTION, AND LACTATION OF DAIRY CATTLE 35
Blood calcium and phosphorus. During the course of this investigation
samples of blood were taken at irregular intervals for the determination of
plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus. The summarized results are
given in Table 15. Calcium values were normal for all groups, averaging
approximately 10.0 milligrams for 100 cubic centimeters of blood plasma.
The inorganic phosphorus values given in Table 15 were obtained after
calving and are therefore largely from animals two to five years old.
The significance of the average plasma phosphorus values is not clear.
It may be that they reflect the possible influence of the Ca/P intake ratios
and the level of production incident to the rations fed.
Table 15. SUMMARY OF BLooD CALCIUM AND Poospnoaus DETERMINATIONS
Phosphorus
Average
Calcium
Group
Number of
determinations
Number
A
25
19
13
14
B
C
D
Average calcium
in 100 cc. blood
Number pf
determinations
plasma
Milligra eta
9.84
10.20
9.99
9.93
Number
inorganic phos-
phorus in 100
cc. blood plasma
Milligrams
28
21
19
23
4,38
5.39
4.78
5.99
PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS
This long-time investigation was primarily initiated to study the influence of various levels of calcium and phosphorus in the ration on the
growth response, reproductive behavior, and milk and butterfat production
of dairy cattle. The rations used consisted entirely of dry feeds after a
normal milk-feeding period, and as fed to the groups were as follows:
Group A, alfalfa hay, barley, and oats; Group B, oat hay, barley, oats, and
peanut meal; Group C, the same ration as fed to Group B plus bone meal;
Group D, the same ration as fed to Group C plus cod-liver oil; Group B-i,
the same ration as fed to Group B.
Essentially normal growth was obtained on all rations, Group A giving
the poorest results. This group received the highest calcium intake, about
ounces daily and the lowest phosphorus intake, less than ounce daily.
Reproductive performance was distinctly unsatisfactory and abnormal
in Group B, somewhat better in Groups B-i, C, and A, and about normal
in Group D. Cod-liver oil, as fed to Group D, apparently was of considerable value in improving foetal development and delivery of strong calves.
Of the 40 calves normal at birth born to the 28 experimental animals, 14
were offspring of Group D animals. Of the 7 calves born to animals in
Group B, only 3 were normal at birth. Three experimental animals of
I
Group B became non-breeders.
Milk and butterfat production results approached normal in Groups A
and D but were 35 per cent and 50 per cent below normal in Groups C and
B, respectively. Group B-i likewise declined very rapidly in production on
the ration fed.
More important perhaps than the differences between groups is the
general failure of the experimental animals, accentuated particularly by
animals in Group B, to maintain themselves as a herd. To exactly what
factors this failure is due we are unable to say with certainty. It is difficult
to escape the conclusion that the use of monotonous dry rations over long
periods of time involves some danger of dietary deficiences which might
otherwise be avoided.
Appendix: TABLES 16-24
Table 16. INDIVIDUAL FEED CONSUMPTION RECORDS FROM BIRTH TO 8 MoNTHS
Animal number
Group A
511
642
68
261
518
Total
Average
Group B
512
67
516
260
644
Total
Average
Group C
259
514
517
70
645
Total
Average
Group D
640
515
519
520
648
72
Total
Average
Group B-i
549
551
552
663
664
665
290
Total
Average
Whole
milk
Skim
milk
Ground
barley
Ground
oats
Linseed
meal
Peanut
meal
Alfalfa
hay
Cheat
hay
Oat
hay
Col -liver
oil
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Cubic
cellO.
met ers
2,446
665
853
1,582
1,801
2,054
2,284
272
192
88
92
83
136
96
571
10,167
2,033
990
198
495
99
563
582
674
711
977
2,114
2,274
2,284
1,840
1,654
204
102
69
3,507
10,166
2,033
1,112
222
684
624
628
780
973
2,220
2,015
2,284
1,740
270
192
172
280
276
3,689
738
10,323
2,065
1,190
238
595
119
516
490
442
481
2,434
2,620
2,639
2,190
2,338
2,168
160
170
218
300
180
192
80
85
109
150
90
96
14,389
2.398
1,220
203
610
76
42
102
13
7
2,388
2,018
1,400
1,766
1,764
1,971
216
222
223
270
245
279
283
108
112
112
134
122
139
141
13,325
1,904
1,738
248
868
124
563
558
652
529
553
2,855
701
2064
571
646
3,146
524
535
504
511
735
594
577
588
4.054
579
I
201$
176
184
166
138
166
326
278
83
163
I
556
Ill
135
96
86
140
t38
meal
Calf
meal
Grams
Pounds
511
26
858
605
3,492
698
26
S
I
12
35
16
139
I
B one
112
491
315
236
7
55
63
62
13
12
I
112
22
1,042
208
83
36
810
599
231
14
119
24
1,654
331
1,692
338
42
421
527
53
26
26
12
11
28
20
17
20
29
33
48
130
19
1,835
367
329
766
597
10
62
130
282
821
602
1,001
167
536
653
400
457
2,046
341
481.0
562.5
570.5
653.0
694.5
702.5
876.0
4,540.0
648.5
22,725
24,625
21,100
10,700
9,250
88,400
17,680
10,630
13,755
9,975
10,325
7,130
5,970
22,525
26,125
14,000
12,900
7,130
5,970
57,785
9,631
88,650
14,775
18.5
650
625
500
1,775
253
38.5
36.5
15.5
43.5
15.5
63.5
231.5
33.1
Table 17.
Skin
Whole
milk
milk
Ground
barley
[
Grim id
oats
16 MONTHS
neal
Peso ut
meal
Alialfa
hay
l'ounds
I'o iUIdS
Pounds
1,972
1,994
1,531
2,260
JAn seed
F
TO
Oat
hay
Cheat
hay
511
642
68
261
518
Total
Average
Group B
512
67
516
260
644
Total
Average
Group C
259
514
517
70
645
Total
Average
Group B
640
515
519
520
648
72
Total
Average
Group B-i
549
551
552
663
664
665
290
Total
Average
Pounds
I
I'oiiads
680
616
656
520
618
l-'oiiiic!s
340
308
328
260
309
1,545
309
462
512
558
636
446
231
77
256
279
318
223
30
2,614
1,307
261
107
21
842
594
560
452
442
421
64
64
2,890
578
1,445
289
628
618
604
210
286
314
309
302
2,876
479
1,438
240
624
311
618
523
480
480
480
480
480
480
3,504
501
297
280
226
I'ounds
i'Ot4ildS
icntinictcrs
I
Grains
9,348
1,870
1
I
96
476
1,208
1,421
1,707
2,395
1,931
1,014
203
476
8,662
1,732
105
124
649
330
1,950
1,423
1,856
1,923
1,959
18,000
17,048
12,000
12,000
11,402
979
9,111
1,822
70,450
14,090
209
240
240
229
240
240
222
221
128
26
77
77
105
143
931
186
98
140
240
230
170
95
196
393
234
192
154
26
1,070
178
627
105
1,254
1,588
1,974
2,201
2,035
2,017
13,150
12,300
12,000
11,625
7,625
8,375
11,069
65,075
10,846
2,2t4
240
240
240
240
240
240
218
328
236
240
240
240
240
2088
1,751
1,722
246
14,476
2,068
250
Bone
inca!
1,591
3090
F
Group A
Cod-liven
oil
Cubic
F
Animal number
raost 8
INDIvIDUAL FEED CONSUMPTION RECOND
2,204
2,212
1,836
1,924
1.894
2,318
F
F
14,180
16,350
12,000
11,625
7,625
8,375
70,155
11,693
Table IS. 1NDJ'IDUAI. FEED CONSUMPTION I4ECORI) FROM 16 TO 24 MONTIIS
Whole
milk
Aulnial number
Skim
mtlk
Ground
barley
Alfalfa
hay
Peanut
Ground
oats
meal
Bone
Cod-liver
Oat
hay
meal
oil
Cubic
Ponuds
Group A
Pounds
51!
642
68
261
518
-
Total
Average
Group B
512
67
516
260
644
404
122
126
Total
Average
Group I)
640
515
519
520
648
Total
Average
Group B-i
549
551
552
663
664
665
290
Total
Average
7
812
636
259
514
517
70
645
72
14
I
--
782
156
-
63
568
780
226
46
284
390
113
23
12
22
96
12,586
2,517
96
19
-.
2,58
164
159
159
205
2,536
927
185
14,864
2,973
-
2.760
2,735
3,065
2,972
2,899
3,161
3,682
2,896
- - -
236
240
159
149
186
61
1,050
210
24
44
240
406
318
202
2,100
420
2,291
3,083
2,448
301
780
436
334
970
-----
i
14,431
11,800
12,000
8,950
6,225
6,000
44,975
8,995
i
194
2,886
240
234
149
150
12,000
11,725
7,35
240
237
2,589
2,623
3,129
2,965
3,019
2,872
6,000
6,000
6,000
11,075
11,725
7,325
6,000
6,000
6,000
49,050
48,125
-
1,688
281
844
141
1,250
208
17,197
2,866
480
480
480
480
480
497
240
240
240
240
240
238
248
240
240
240
240
240
238
240
2,876
2,877
2,876
2,196
2,412
2,390
2,97S
3,372
482
1,oS6
241
1,678
240
475
Grams
I
2,443
1,506
390
218
167
centi-
meters
Pounds
2,321
271
70
205
3,012
602
1,564
313
Total
Average
GroupC
482
478
964
956
542
140
410
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
i
18,603
2,658
-
8,175
-
8,021
Table 19.
Animal
number
Group A
511 A
642 G
68 J
518 A
261 H
Average
Group C
512 A
67 J
516 A
2601-1
644 G
Average
Group B
259 1-1
514 A
517A
70 j
645 G
Average
Group I)
640 G
515 A
519 A
520 A
72 J
648 G
Average
Groap B-I
549 A
551 A
552 A
663 G
664 G
665 G
Weight at
birth
Pounds
70
58
46
80
89
68.6
76
52
60
93
62
68.6
94
61
65
47
65
66.4
56
78
75
60
43
65
62.8
290 H
62
65
68
70
54
57
95
Average
67.3
\'EtcHT
or
ANIMALS ANt) Geou
AvrRAuEs IOWM BIRTH To 28 MONThS
Weight at
1 month
Weight at
3 months
Weight at
S months
Weight at
8 months
Weight at
Weight at
16 months
Weight at
20 months
Weight at
24 months
Weight at
28 months
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
100
88
79
104
135
101.2
407
80
86
128
92
98.6
141
96
88
177
145
137
181
241
176.2
191
130
151
280
234
198
260
332
260.8
264
403
386
303
352
466
382.0
355
12 months
495
506
397
428
593
617
596
518
570
689
483.8
598.0
702.0
598
529
645
476
861
573
742
659
810
909
625
456
390
733
704
627
715
731
216
170
236
327
258
282
336
457
368
171.6
254.4
359.6
491.2
641.2
749.0
257
349
246
237
471
761
911
679
187
475
659
24 I
33 I
351
255
348
582
439
483
468
482
337
552
640
853
800
655
750
788
920
850
769.2
872.0
917
677
817
1,019
687
823.4
1,034
793
843
692
764
7.08
915
967
927
687
886
Calved
747
811.8
1,102
833
940
98
164
156
136
172
98.8
177.0
265.6
367.6
490.8
623.6
731.0
825.2
922.8
168
173
177
187
147
316
397
377
438
424
480
482
670
800
919
867
849
735
778
815
951
995
368
543
629
678
725
549
570
694
769
733
766
638
158
226
255
248
307
237
243
168.3
252.7
376.2
500.2
615.7
711.7
824.7
719
650
585
882
769
694
712
624
633
938
935
821
754.6
71
81
111
110
96
77
95
95.0
90
92
98
86
67
78
126
91.0
361
513
528
574
-153
612
307
292
478
438
611
557
216
.296
262
215
225
323
401
372
318
344
488
470
472
395
426
601
535
562
783
172.3
274.3
405.6
504.6
635.0
183
176
188
164
133
146
611
790
615
660
789
607
700
767
1,035
836.3
Calved
816
Calved
Calved
868
907.3
Calved
Calved
861
901
774
87 1
1,128
907.0
Table 20. REPRODUCTION RECORDS OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALSFIRST GESTATION
First
Age
Seroestrus
first Ser- vice
observed service vices bulls
Animal
number
Days
Group A
Days
534
537
507
504
1\Tum. Nuns-
ber
2
3
7
1
2
4
1
518
261
394
543
4
Average
407
532
5.0
512
67
478
382
636
528
516
260
644
357
288
375
Average
376
404
68
Group B
croup C
259
514
517
ber
7
534
438
338
329
511
642
Normal
Normal
Normal
413
475
Female
41
..
Dead at birth
404
511
6
2
487
623
1
1
2
2-7-13
2-1-5
2-6-23
271
275
285
Male
Female
Male
65
76
2
Died day born
Weak, died in 1 day
Normal
372
557
6.6
2.2
2-7-17
269
652
573
2-9-6
2-9-2
2-8-2
2-2-0
2-6-13
2-6-29
281
273
276
268
2-9-8
2-8-21
2-3-25
2-3-5
3
2-3-2
3-1-4
286
277
273
277
270
296
1.5
2-6-26
280
2-1-7
2-1-2
280
276
2-4-2
2-5-4
2-5-3
2-8-2
278
2-4-3
277
378
563
4.0
1.6
627
563
483
449
518
477
3
5
5
1
1
1
1
3
2
648
462
415
326
319
239
322
Average
347
520
419
377
424
487
486
562
Average
2
1
2
1
1
1
12
3
1
369
496
503
540
458
496
503
540
5
5
1
6
4
1
447
505
4.86
1
1
1.3
280
271
279
276
42
Normal
Weak, died in 2 days
Normal
Normal
Normal
72
63
70
34
53
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
57
61
66
53
49
57
57.2
Female
Female
Female
Male
Female
Female
401
333
362
482
342
384
58.4
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
484
499
470
406
348
I Blind, weak, died
I Blind one eye, weak
----
I
335
332
I
41
83
Retained placenta
Retained placenta
Sold, Bang's disease suspect
441
54
50
50
40
Aborted, non-reactor, retained placenta
Non-breeder, cystic ovaries, nymphomaniac, sold at age of 841 days
Retained placenta, became non-breeder
Became non-breeder
388
56.0
276
Retained placenta
Died of bloat 4 months pregnant
Became non.freeder
Retained placenta
403
54.0
Male
Male
Male
Male
Female
Remarks
320
243
2
2
Average
Dead at birth
Days
3-2-29
11
595
663
664
665
290
males
Female
Normal
Weak, died in 2 days
65
41
30
55
52
80
3
3
466
I
TwLn
Pounds
13
70
645
552
270
272
Female
Female
Male
276
2
2
551
281
Calved
agaIn
2-6-29
1
549
279
Condition
of calf
1.6
6
6
Group B-i
Days
Weight
of calf
280
4
72
3-0-9
2-4-3
2-5-23
2-5-20
Sex
of calf
2-6-29
531
640
515
519
520
Yr.,no.da.
Gesta-
lion
period
2
395
331
410
350
GroupD
Age at
calving
Normal
I Normal
I Weak, died in 7 (lays
Normal
I
371
346
Non-breeder, cystic ovaries,
sold at age of 1,097 days
Sold before pregnancy determined
Sold before pregnancy determined
Sold before pregnancy determined
Cystic ovaries
lahlc 21. gEPDOt)iICTiON RECORDS OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALs- -SECOND GESTATION
Animal
flu mber
Group A
511
Return of
oestrus Serobserved vices
Days
642
136
27
68
518
261
149
195
21
Average
106
Ser.
vice
bulls
I
ATum-
her
tier
1
Gcsta-
Age at
calving
Days
Yr.mo.da.
4-1- 26
1
27
3-9-0
3-5-14
284
277
6.2
2.2
3-9-17
279
4 1- .4
4-4-8
277
Female
72
Died 1 day
338
3-7-0
279
Female
54
Normal
420
3-11-19
278
276
270
238
278
14
5
3
644
93
1
1
Average
84
9.3
1
I
1
1
Cmv died of bloat, 192 days in
H
2.5
259
514
517
70
77
62
124
3
1
1
1
1
1
91
4
1
3-11-12
3-8-0
3-7-29
3-5-26
645
38
1
1
3-5-20
283
Average
78
2.0
1.0
3-7-23
269
4-16
4-0-lI
259
280
280
270
281
3-10-3
250
1
3
I
1
1- 1
4-I--I
3-7-9
3-4-16
I
2
2
1
1
1
1
Male
Female
70
95
75.3
j Normal
Normal
milk, 4 months pregnant
Non-breeder, ovariaut cysts, sold to butcher
Cystic ovaries
555
352
461
I
Yellow bodies removed twice
Non-breeder, cystic ovaries, sold to butcher
Non-breeder, cystic ovaries,
Group C
135
Ovaries massaged
476
1
2!
Average
Remarks
Days
Normal
61
1
11
197
137
136
136
67
I
again
1
130
102
515
519
520
648
Pounds
Female
277
Calved
1
512
516
260
640
Condition
of calf
1
Group B
Group D
Weight
of calf
Sex
of calf
Gnu
period
1.6
1.2
1
1
63.0
I
Male
Male
Male
Male
Female
379
Dead at birth
Normal
Dead at birth
100
55
Weak, died day
born
Normal
41
70
Female
Female
Female
Male
Retaine4 placenta
Sold, udder infection
Cystic ovaries, aborted, norm-reactor
363
437
331
Sold, S ito. lregiiali I
377
66.5
Male
nymphomaniac, sold to butcher
Normal
Nornial
Normal
Normal
Normal
49
65
68
62
61
61.0
605
444
324
437
Cyst renioved
Retained placenta-- -died chronic pyometra
- -17th day after calving
453
Group 13-1
549
551
60
55
1
290
87
1
Average
67
1.0
3 -0-9
.5!
3-0-0
I
275
278
I
1.0
3-0-5
277
Male
Male
Normal
Normal
79
78
75.5
I
Ovarian cyst removed
379
365
72
Ovarian cyst rermioved
Pregnant 3 monthsoff experiment
I
Table 22. REPRODUCTION RECORDS OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALSTHIRD GESTATION
Animal
number
Group A
Return
of oestrus
observed
Services
Service
bulls
Age at
calving
Days
Number
Number
Yr.mo.ds
511
518
261
94
3
1
267
1
1
Average. - -
142
1.7
144
30
2
3
87
2.5
259
517
70
645
59
72
25
36
2
2
1
1
1
5
2
Average
48
75
65
1
1.0
Group B
512
644
Average....
Gesta.
tiOn
5-0-20
i
2S2
280
287
I
283
Male
Male
Female
4-7-2 5
773
272
4 10-18
273
4- 11-10
4-10-Il
4-5-0
282
270
272
2.5
1.3
4-8-27
275
4
5-9-3
5-3-23
278
186
Male
Male
4-5-28
4-6-28
5-0-13
271
Twin
males
Male
1
1.0
-
Group D
640
515
260
1
1
1
519
52
1
1
520
162
1
1
Average...
137
1.8
1.0
Condition
of calf
Remarks
Male
Male
Normal
Normal
Normal
83.7
1
63
41
Normal
Died in 4 hours
52.0
Group C
1
59
87
105
-
--
5-3-li
1
of calf
Pounds
5-5-19
5-3-10
4- 5-1
Weight
Sex of
calf
I
period
Male
Female
Female
112
65
32
Normal
Normal
Pregnant 8 monthssold
69.7
276
68
565
61
63
Normal
Dead at birth
I normal
1 dead
Normal
Aborted, non-reactor,
retained placenta
Retained placenta
64.3
253
-
Grou-p B.1
549
32
551
91
Average
62
Pregnant 2 monthsoff
experiment
Pregnant 1 monthoff
2
experiment
1.5
I
1.0
GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND LACTATION OF DAIRY CATTLE 43
Table 23. REPRODUCTION RECORDS OP EXPERIMENTAL ANTMALSFOURTR GESTATION
Return of
oestrus
Animal
number
observed
Days
Services
Service
Remarks
bulls
Number Number
Group A
511
65
3
Pregnant to service 5 days after close of experi.
ment
1
518
261
55
3
1
Average
60
3.0
1.0
No return of oestrus 40 days after calvingoff
experiment
Pregnant 3 monthsoff experiment
_j
Group B
512
644
87
Average
87
No return of oestrus observed in 197 days;
yellosv bodies removed twiceoff experiment
Possibly 2 months pregnantsold
1
Group C
259
517
40
107
52
70
Average
3
Pregnant 6 monthsoff experiment
Not pregnantoff experiment
Pregnant 6 months-off experiment
1
1
66
1.7
71
4
1
2.5
1.0
1.0
Group D
640
519
520
Average
-.
I
56
64
1
No return of oestrus 17 days after calvingoff
experiment
Pregnant 2 monthsoff experiment
1 Pregnant 4 monthsoff experiment
1
44
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
Table 24. NUTRIENTS CONSUMED Dairy ny INDivIDuAL Cows DURiNG 305-DAY LACTATIONS
Animal Ladsnumber lion
Total
Digestible
crude
digestible
protein
nutrients
Calcium
Phosphurus
Cod-
liver
oil
Ratio
Ca/P
Cnbic
cenli-
meters
Pounds
Pounds
Grams
Grams
2.17
2.54
2,12
2.14
2.61
2.29
2.38
16.76
20.05
16.33
16.69
19.69
16.90
17.79
93.16
105.53
90.77
90.75
106.74
105.24
107.25
29.60
35.62
28.85
29.63
35.00
28.91
30.74
3.15:1
2.96:1
3.18:1
3.06:1
3.05:1
3.64:1
3.49:1
2.32
17.74
99.92
31.19
3.20:1
1.56
1.50
1.50
1.58
1.39
1.40
14.80
15.56
15.04
15.96
12.85
14.18
26.54
26.70
25.85
26.09
25.99
25.73
27.21
28.81
27.82
29.85
22.92
25.85
0.98:1
0.93:1
0.93 :
0.88 :1
1.49
14.73
26.15
27.07
0.97:1
1.69
1.68
1.79
1.60
37.25
38.03
41.23
1.54
1.28
1.48
1.31
1.54
1.65
17.55
16.92
18.59
16.08
15.31
14.80
12.09
14.70
13.38
14.72
34.46
34.41
29.95
34.17
33.66
34.25
36.19
33.87
37-55
33.61
31.71
30.81
25.78
30.56
25.55
30.65
1.01:1
1.12:1
1.10:1
1.03:1
1.09:1
1.12:1
1.16:1
1.12:1
1.32:1
1.12:1
1.56
15.41
35.21
31.63
1.11:1
1.95
1.95
1.65
1.61
1.54
16.99
17.60
16.71
19.92
16.60
18.48
15.21
16.04
15.82
34.51
36.87
35.30
37.97
33.79
36.90
33.56
34.46
35.71
36.57
34.88
41.58
34.80
38.19
31.85
33.67
32.73
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
1.79
17.04
35.31
35.55
25.00
Oat hay 549W First
1.70
16.41
1.71
16.52
24.57
24.59
31.41
31.65
0.78:1
0.78:1
Average
1.71
16.47
24.58
31.53
0.78:1
Group A
Alfalfa
hay
Barley
Oats
51l.. First
51l... Second
68. First
5l8
5l8
26l.
26L
First
Second
First
Second
Average
Group B
Oat hay
Barley
Oats
Peanut
meal
512...
5l2..
5l6.
260
644
First
Second
First
First
First
Second
Average
Group C
Oat hay 259.
Barley
259
Oats
259
5 14
Peanut
5 17.
meal
5l7
Bone
meal
70
70
First
;econd
Third
First
First
Second
First
Second
First
645. Second
Average
Group D
First
Second
First
5l5
Second
5l5.
First
5l9
meal
Second
5l9
Bone
First
520
meal
Cod-liver 520. Second
First
648
oil
Oat hay
Barley
Oats
Peanut
640
640..
Average
1.83
2.13
1.82
1.82
Group B-I
Barley
Oats
55l
First
3470
34.4 5
1.13:1
1.00:1
0.97:1
1.01:1
1.01 :1
0.91:1
0.97:1
0.97 : 1
1.05:1
1.02:1
1.05:1
0.99 :
1
GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND LACTATION OF DAIRY CATTLE 45
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 329
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Illinois Agr. Experiment Station But. 308, 1928.
Graves, R. R., Fohrman, M. H., and Smith, R. H. A Study of AgeCorrection Factors. Bureau of Dairy Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agr. Mimeograph, 21 p. 1933.
Eckles, C. H. Dairy Cattle and Milk Production. The Macmillan
Company, New York. Revised Edition. pp. 409-410, 1923.
Kellner, 0. Translation by Goodwin, W. The Scientific Feeding of
Animals. Duckworth, London. 2nd Edition Revised, p. 190, 270-271, 1926.
OREGON STATE BOARD OF HIGHER EDUCATION
E. C. Sammons
Lief S. Finseth
B. F. Irvine
Willard L. Marks
Herman Oliver
Cornelia Marvin Pierce
F. E. Callister
C. B. McLeod
C. A. Brand..._
W. J. Kerr, D.Sc., LL.D
Portland
Dallas
Portland
Albany
John Day
La Crande
Albany
Portland
Roseburg
Chancellor of Higher Education
STAFF OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Staff members marked a are United States Department of Agriculture
investigators stationed in Oregon
Geo. W. Peavy, M.S.F
President of the State College
Wm. A. Schoenfeld, B.S.A., M.B.A
Director
R. S. Besse, M.S
Vice Director
Division of Agricultural Economics
E. L. Potter, M.S
gricultural Economist; In Charge, Division of Agricultural
Economics
W. I-I. Dreesen, Ph.D
H. D. Scudder, B.S
H. E. Selby, M.S._
G. W. Kuhlman, M.S
A. S. Burner, M.S
P. H. Brandt, A.M
Agricultural Economics
Agricultural Economist
Farm Management
Economist (Farm Management)
Associate Economist Farm Managemetit)
Associate Economist (Farm Management)
Associate Economist (Farm Management)
Division of Animal Industries
Dairy Husbandman; In Charge, Division of Animal Industries
0. M. Nelson, M.S
B. W. Rodenwold, B.S
A. W. Oliver, M.S
Gustav Wilster, Ph.D
I. R. Jones, Ph.D
Animal Hnshandrai
Aninial Husbandinan
Assistant Animal Husbandman
Assistant Animal Husbandman
Dairy 1-Iiisbandry
Dairy Husbandnian (Dairy Manufacturing)
Associate Dairy Husbandman
Poultry Husbandry
A. G. Lunn, B.S
F. L. Knowlton, M.S
F. E. Fox, M.S
Poultry Husbandnian
Poultry Husbandman
Associate Poultry Husbaadrnan
Veterinary Medicine
B. T. Simms, D.V.M
W. T. Johnson, B.S., D.V.M
J. N. Shaw, ES., D.V.M
R. Jay D.V.M
M. Dickinson, D.V.M
M. Bolin, D.V.M
0. H. Muth, D.V.M
0. L. Searcy, B.S
R. I-Iyslop, B.S
Veterinarian
Poultry Pathologist
Associate Veterinarian. Bur. of Anim. Industriesa
Assistant Poultry Pathologist
Associate Veterinarian
Assistant Veteninarian
Technician
Division of Plant Industries
Agronomist; In Charge, Division of Plant Industries
,uissociate Veterinarian
Farm Crops
D. D. Hill, M.S
Associate Agronomist
H. A. Schoth, M.S.Associate Agronomist; Forage Crops and Disease Investigationa
D. C. Smith, Ph.D
Assistant Agronomist5
B. B. Robinson, Ph.D
Assistant Plant Breeder, Fiber Flax Investigations"
Grace Cole Fleischmann, A.B
Assistant Botanist, Division of Seed Investigations"
Horticulture
\V. S. Brawn, D.Sc
Horticulturist
A. G. B. Bouquet, M.S
Horticulturist (Vegetable Crops)
E. H. Wiegand, B.S.A
1-lorticulturist (Horticultural Products)
Hartman, M.S
Horticulturist (Pomology)
C. E. Schuster, M.S
Horticulturist (Nut Culture)"
W. P. Duruz, Ph.D
Horticulturist (Plant Propagation)
F. Waldo, M.S
Assistant Pomologist (Small Fruit Investigations)"
L C. Moore, M.S
Assistant Horticulturist (Pomology
T. Onsdorff, B.S
Assistant Horticulturist (1-lorticultural Products
STATION STAFF(Continued)
Soil Science
W. L. Powers PhI)
Soil Scientist
Soil Scientist (Fertility)
Irligation and Drainage Engineer, Bur. of Agric. Engineering
M. R. Lewis, CE
Associate Soil Scientist
R. E. Stephenson, Ph.D
Assistant Soil Scientist (Soil Survey)
E. 1'. Torgerson, 8.S
Other Departments
Agricultural Chemistry
Chemist in Charge
S. Jones, M.S.A
Chentist (Insecticides and Fungicides)
I-i. Robinson, M.S
Chemist
(Animal
Nutrition)
T. R, Haa5, Ph.D
Associate Chemist (Horticultural Products)
D. F. Bullis, M.S
Assistant
Chemist
NI. B. Hatch, B.S
Agricultural Engiitecring
Agricultural Engineer
F. F. Price, B.S
Assistant Agricultural Engineer
C. ivan Brasiton, 13.5
C. V. Ruaek, KLS
I
G. \i. Copson, M.S
j. F. Simmons, M.S
Vt'. B. Bollen, Ph.D
D. B. Charlton, Ph.D
Bacteriology
-
Bacteriologist in Charge
Associate Bacteriologist
..Associate Bacteriologist
Assistaitt Bacteriologist
Eistôsiologv
I). C. Mote, Ph.D
0. Larson, M.S
G. Thompson M.S
F. G. Hinman, Ts?.S
K. E. Diniick, M.S
S. C. Jones, M.S
K. Vt. Gray, B.S
NV. I). Edwards, B.S
Entomologist in Charge
Entomologist (Stored Products Insects)"
Assistant Entomologist
Junior Entomologist (Stored Products Insects)"
Assistant Entomologist
Assistant Entomologist
Field Assistant (Entomology)
Field Assistant (Entomology)
Home Econoniics
-
Home Economist
ilaud M. Wilson, A.M
Plonl Pathology
-
C. E. Owens, Ph.D
S. M. Zeller, Ph.D
B. F. Dana, M.S
F. P. McWhorter, Ph.D
F. I). Bailey, M.S
P. NV. Miller, Ph.D
G. R. Hoerner, M.S
T. Dystra, M.S
Roderick Sprague, Ph.D
H. H. Millsap
Plant Pathologist
Plant Pathologist
Pathologist (Curly Top Diseases of Vegetables)"
Plant Pathologist
Associate Pathologist (Enforcement of Insecticide Act
Associate Pathologist (Nut Disease Investigations
Agent (Hop Disease Investigations)"
Assistant Plant Pathologist (Potato Diseases)"
Assistant Pathologist (Cereal Diseases)"
Agent (Bulb Diseases)"
Publications and News Service
C. I). Byrne M.S
E. V. Reed, B.S., Alt
D. M. Goode, B.A
J. C. Burtrier, B.S
-
-
Director of Information
Editor of Publications
Associate Editor of Publications
Associate in News Service
Branch Stations
Supt., Sherman Br. Expt. Six., Moro; Sr. Agronomist"
D. E. Stephens, B.S
Superintendent, 1-lood River Br. Extit. Station, Stood River
L. Childs, A.B
Superintendent, Southern Oregon Br. Expi. Station, Talent
F. C. Reimer, M.S
Superintendent, Livestock Br. Expt. Station, Union
D. F. Richards, B.S
Superintendent Umatilla Br. Expi. Station, 1-lermisiori
I-I. K. Dean, B.S
Superintendent, TIarney Valley Br. Expi. Station, Burns
0. Shattuck, M.S
Superintendent, John Jacob Astor Br. Expt. Sta., Astoria
1-I. B. Howell B.S
Acting Superintendent, Pendleton Field Station, Pendleton;
G. A. MitchelL 13.5
Assistant Agronomist, Division of Dry Land Agriculture"
Acting Supt. Medford Br. Expi. Six., Medford; Associate
Arch Work B.S
Irrigation Engineer, Bureau of Agricultural Engineering"
Vi. Vv. Aldrich, Pht.D...Assistant Horticulturist, Bureau of Plant Industry, Medford"
G. 6. Brosvn, A.B., B.S Borticulturist Hood River Br. Expt. Station. Flood River
Associate Entomologist, Son. Or. Br. Expt. Six., Talent
L. G. Gentnec, M.S
J. F. Martin, M.S Junior Agronomist, Div. Cereal Crops and Diseases, Pendleton"
Assistant to Supt., Sherman Br. Experiment Station, Moro
H. H. Oveson, M.S
Jr. Agronomist, Sherman Branch Experiment Station, Morn
R. B. Webb, M.S
Assi. to Supt., Harney Valley Br. Expt. Sta., Burns
R. E. Hutchinson, B.S
I