CTO Forum, Colombo, Sri-Lanka
13 September 2010
Malcolm Johnson
Director of ITU-TSB
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International
Telecommunication
Union

 Background
 Concerns on IPv6 as a public policy issue
 Related ITU mandate and activities
 Observation
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ITU and International Telecommunication
Resource Management 1/2
ITU-T and Telecommunication naming/addressing resources
 a function of ITU since 1872
 international level – ITU, national level – each country
 ITU-T Recommendations:
 PSTN ： E.164 and E.164.1
 SS7 ： Q.708 for International Signaling
Point Codes (ISPCs)
 Mobile ： E.212 for International Mobile
Subscription Identities (IMSIs)
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ITU and International Telecommunication
Resource Management 2/2
ITU-R and Geosynchronous Orbital Position
 Orbital position plan with national allotments to guarantee ‘equitable access’
 Spectrum set aside for future use by all countries
 Predetermined orbital position & frequency spectrum
 “First Come, First Served” + “coordination before actual usage”
 Radio Regulations: a binding international treaty
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IP Address Management
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 Background
 Concerns on IPv6 as a public policy issue
 Related ITU mandate and activities
 Observation
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IPv4 Allocation 1/3
IPv4 allocation per economy as of 15 May 2009
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IPv4 Allocation 2/3
IPv4 addresses allocated during 2008
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IPv4 Allocation 3/3
# of IPv4 addresses
(as of 15 May 2009) (1)
# of Internet users
[k] (2008) (2)
# of IPv4 addresses per
Internet user
USA 1'458'625'280 230'630.0
UK 87'576'152 46'683.9
France 85'168'064 42'315.4
Japan 170'107'648 95'979.0
China
India
Egypt
Africa
201'264'896
18'577'664
2'771'968
23'714'816
298'000.0
51'750.0
13'573.0
80'903.2
6.32
1.88
2.01
1.77
0.68
0.36
0.20
0.29
# of IPv4 addresses per person (3)
4.68
1.43
1.37
1.34
0.15
0.02
0.03
0.02
Internet penetration [%]
(2008) (4)
74.0
76.2
68.2
75.4
22.3
4.4
16.7
8.2
23.4
World 2'850'885'432 1'587'419.8
1.80
(1) The NRO response to the TSB Questionnaire http://www.nro.net/news/nro-response-to-itu.html
(2) ITU ICT EYE (as of 18 March 2010)http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Indicators/Indicators.aspx
(3) IPv4 addresses/population, population data from ITU ICT EYE
(4) Internet users/population
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0.42
9

Diverged Opinions on IPv4 1/2
 Some ITU Members believe:
 IPv4 address distribution correctly reflects development history and current usage of the Internet
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Diverged Opinions on IPv4 2/2
 Some other ITU Members, mostly developing countries, feel that:
 they have been disadvantaged paid higher price for v4 addresses
 No extra v4 address in stock, forced to be early-adopter of v6
 They are more and more concerned that depletion of v4 might further disadvantage them
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 Predicted IPv4 depletion :
 IANA – 08.2011
 RIRs – 04.2012
 IPv6 Deployment
Status:
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IPv6 ADDRESS SPACE
How much has been allocated to the RIRs?
March 2010
Internet Number Resource Report
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IPv6 Allocations RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
How many allocations have been made by each RIR by year?
Internet Number Resource Report
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IPv6 ALLOCATIONS RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
(Jan 1999 – Mar 2010)
How many total allocations have been made by each RIR?
In terms of /32s, how much total space has each RIR allocated?
Internet Number Resource Report
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Diverged Opinions on IPv6
 Some believe:
 IPv6 deployment is driven by market forces at the economically optimum rate
 Government’s role in IPv6 should limited to set example to adopt IPv6, but not to set any obligation to the industry.
 Others believe:
 IPv6 deployment is a collective issue
 Slow uptake is the ‘failure of free market’
 Governments should intervene by making policies to provide incentive to encourage
IPv6 deployment
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Is Scarcity still an issue for IPv6?
 Some believe scarcity is still a valid concern
 IPv6 space is immense, yet still not infinite
 Enormous assignment unit
 Extraordinary generous allocation at current stage
 Others believe:
 No scarcity issue in at least 50 years
 Should scarcity issue occur in the future,
Internet community will adjust policy accordingly
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Equitable Access to IPv6? 1/2
 Some are of the view that:
 ‘First come, First served’ + need assessment is the proven best method to ensure efficiency
 Same principle should apply for IPv6
 Citing IPv4 experience is misleading, because RIR system is already in place to ensure ‘equitable access’
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Equitable Access to IPv6? 2/2
 Others believe, for IPv6 resource policy design, that:
 If scarcity is not anymore an issue, fairness should precede efficiency
 If scarcity is still a valid concern, equitable access to IPv6 resource by nations should have even higher priority
 IPv6 resource should be managed in
Country Internet Registry (CIR) model
 The reasoning for regional allocation as opposed to central allocation could be seen as arguing in favor of national allocation as opposed to regional allocation
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Other Conflicting Opinions
 Some governments would like IP address management take into account other considerations
 Link IP address to identity to fight cybersecurity problems (e.g. spam, virus, cyber-attack, cybercrime, identity theft, etc)
 To facilitate ‘more reasonable’ international
Internet connectivity arrangement
 Internet community objects strongly
 Internet success = free market, anonymity
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 Background
 Concerns on IPv6 as a public policy issue
 Related ITU mandate and activities
 Observation
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ITU Mandates related to IPv6
WSIS
Principles and outcomes
Decisions of
ITU
Membership
WSIS - World Summit on the Information Society
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22

WSIS - Equitable access
 Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)
Report (June 2005) :
 “ In the light of the transition to IPv6, some countries feel that allocation policies for IP addresses should ensure balanced access to resources on a geographical basis.
” (paragraph 22)
 “ Transition to IPv6 should ensure that allocation policies for IP addresses provide equitable access to resources.
” (paragraph
77)
 Background Report of WGIG:
 “ Others have argued that, … , a review of the current numbering management is required to ensure equitable distribution of resources and access for all into the future .
” (Paragraph 85)
 “ Some governments have the position that the allocation of IP numbers , or some subset of these numbers, should be under the sovereignty of national governments and should be managed via a national Internet registry (NIR).
” (Paragraph
85)
 “ ensuring more balanced use of the IPv4 space, correcting the unbalanced distribution of IP numbers and sustainable transformation of the IP addressing system to IPv6.
”
(paragraph 105)
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WSIS - Governmental involvement
 Background report of WGIG (2005):
 “ There is a lack of a global mechanism for participation by
Governments, especially from developing countries, in addressing multisectoral issues related to global Internet policy development.
” (paragraph 19)
 there is currently limited involvement of either governments or civil society in the policy making or practical management of IP addresses, although generally RIRs encourage such groups to
participate in RIR policy development. (paragraph 85)
 The Tunis Agenda for the Information Society recognized:
 “that all governments should have an equal role and responsibility for international Internet governance” (paragraph
68).
 the need for enhanced cooperation in the future, to enable governments, on an equal footing, to carry out their roles and responsibilities , in international public policy issues pertaining to the Internet (paragraph 69)
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ITU Resolutions
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Standardization 1/2
 ITU-T study on ‘Impacts of IPv6 into the Next
Generation Network (NGN)’ – mainly in SG 13 Q.7
 Y.2051: General overview of IPv6-based NGN
 Y.2052: Framework of multi-homing in IPv6based NGN
 Y.2053: Functional requirements for IPv6 migration in NGN
 Y.2054: Framework to support signalling for
IPv6-based NGN
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Standardization 2/2
 ITU-T SG13 Roadmap for future IPv6 Standards
Draft
Y.ipv6-object
Title
Framework of Object Mapping using IPv6 in NGN
Target
End of 2010
Y.ipv6split
Y.ipv6-vmh
Y.ipv6-na
Y.ipv6-migration
Framework of ID/LOC separation in IPv6-based NGN
Framework of Vertical Multi-homing in IPv6-based NGN
Functional requirement for network access in IPv6-based NGN
Roadmap for IPv6 Migration from NGN Operators’ Perspectives
Y.ipv6-Transport
Y.ipv6-Service
Transport Stratum Extension in IPv6-based NGN
Service Stratum Extension in IPv6-based NGN
Y.ipv6-interworking Interworking with heterogeneous networks in IPv6-based NGN
Y.ipv6-adhoc Framework of ad-hoc network in IPv6-based NGN
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
End of 2010
End of 2010
End of 2010
End of 2010
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WTSA-2008 Resolution 64
‘IP address allocation and encouraging the deployment of IPv6’
 project to assist developing countries
 website on IPv6
 training activities
 study IPv6 address allocation and registration
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ITU-T Study Group 3 meeting
(19-23 Jan. 2009)
 Many developing countries had requested that the TSB become an additional registry for IP addresses so that countries could have the option of obtaining IP addresses directly from ITU.
 This request should be evaluated and its advantages and disadvantages should be reported in the study that the Director of
TSB is instructed to present to Council 2009
(Resolution 64).
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Assisting Developing Countries
 ITU IPv6 Project led by ITU-BDT
 Objectives
 understand the regional needs of developing countries
 raise awareness
 encourage deployment and create joint programs between developing country members with similar agenda
 to facilitate the adoption of IPv6 in the world.
 Key elements:
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 Country Internet Registry (CIR)
 A Study on IPv6 Address Allocation and
Distribution Methods by NAv6 , Universiti
Sains Malaysia, impact of CIRs to the global routing table.
 Economic Factors in IP Policy
Design
 Economic Factors in the Allocation of IP
Addresses by Prof. Milton Mueller
 Transferable Address Block Lease (TABL): provider-independent blocks (/48~/32) at a fee, no ‘need assessment’
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 ICANN, RIPE-NCC, ITU (mid 2009)
 cooperation to help developing countries:
 awareness-raising on IPv6 urgency
 Training on IPv6 policy
 capacity building
 a global policy proposal suggested
 Draft by ITU, follow the RIR policy process
 Reserve an IPv6 block for future needs of developing countries
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 Approved DirTSB recommendation to create a joint ITU-T/D Group on IPv6, to
 Draft the global policy proposal
 Study
 ‘equitable access’ to IPv6 resource
 Should ITU become another Internet Registry? How
ITU should manage a reserved IPv6 block?
 Should the CIR model be recommended to those countries requesting it?
 Assist the implementation of the ITU IPv6 project
 Open to Internet Community
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 1st meeting on 15-16 March 2010
 Emphasized:
 Problem/failure of current system needs to be identified first
 Solution within the existing system first
 Only after failure of current system has been proven, any other arrangement, such as involvement of ITU in the IP address allocation, should be considered.
 Two Correspondence Groups setup:
 CG1 to implement the project to encourage IPv6 deployment
 CG2 to further identify/study issues related to IP address management policy/system
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 CG1 hasn’t provided much guidance to the ITU Project document on capacity building for IPv6
 CG2 had active discussions, but concerns/issues raised were considered by the majority of contributors as out of its Terms of
Reference. It concluded that there was no technical issues identified with the current system.
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 2 nd meeting on 1-2 Sept 2010
 Continue work on the ITU capacity building Project in a group coordinated by
ITU-BDT
 CG2 was put in dormant
 Consult Internet technical community
(IETF/IAB, NRO, ICANN) on
 Syria contribution ‘problems & solutions’ (C19)
 Concerns on ‘IPv4 issues’ raised by Saudi
Arabia (TD14)
 NAv6 study on the Country Internet Registry model (TD3)
 3 rd meeting on 7-8 April 2011, in
ITU, Geneva, Switzerland
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 Background
 Concerns on IPv6 as a public policy issue
 Related ITU mandate and activities
 Observation
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Observations 1/2
 Development of Internet is at a critical moment
 IPv6 could be a ‘market failure’ if solely rely on industry initiative
 Governments and inter-governmental organizations are asked to play their respective roles
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 ITU could help to get all 192 Member
States involved
 However ITU membership are diverged on what role it should play
 Look forward to more contributions from ITU Members to the upcoming PP-
10
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 ITU IPv6 portal: http://www.itu.int/ipv6
 ITU IPv6 Group homepage: http://www.itu.int/ITU-
T/othergroups/ipv6/index.html
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！
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