Security
PhD Comprehensive Exam Reading List
The following readings are in addition to those required by the core concentration courses.
History of IR
Thucydides. (1972). History of the Peloponnesian War (pp. 35-135; Book 1+ First
section of Book 2: “Outbreak of War”). London: Penguin.
Sun Tzu. (2012). The Art of War. Simon & Brown.
Von Clausewitz, Carl. (1968). On War (pp. 101-240; Books two & three). Penguin.
Kennedy, Paul. (1989). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and
Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (pp. 1-437). New York: Vintage.
Harkavy, Robert E. & Newman, Stephanie G. (2001). Warfare and the Third World (pp.
1-332). New York: Palgrave.
Carr, Edward H. (1981). The Twenty Years’ Crisis (pp. 25-90; Part 2). London: Palgrave.
Gaddis, John Lewis. (1982). The Strategies of Containment (pp. 3-54). Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Conflict, Stability, and Peace
Mearsheimer, John J. (1990). Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold
War. International Security, 15:1, pp. 5-56.
Kupchan, Charles A. (2010). How Enemies become Friends: The Sources of Stable Peace
(pp. 1-72). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Levy, Jack S. (1988). Domestic Politics and War. Journal of Interdisciplinary History,
18:4, pp. 653-673.
De Mesquita, Bruce Bueno & Siverson, Randolph M. (1995). War and the Survival of
Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Type and Political Accountability.
American Political Science Review, 89:4, pp. 841-855.
Vasquez, John. (1995). Why do Neighbors Fight? Proximity, Interaction, or Territoriality.
Journal of Peace Research, 32:3, pp. 277-293.
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Jepperson, Ronald L., Wendt, Alexander, & Katzenstein, Peter J. (1996). Norms, Identity, and
Culture in National Security. In Peter J. Katzenstein (Ed.), The Culture of National Security (pp.
33-75). New York: Columbia University Press.
Buzan, Barry. (1991). People States and fear: An Agenda for International Security
Studies in the Post-Cold War, 2nd ed. (pp. 35-56; Chapter 2). New York: Harvester
Wheatsheaf.
Fearon, James D. (1994). Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of
International Disputes. American Political Science Review, 88:3, pp. 577-592.
Hensel, Paul R. (2000). Territory: Theory and Evidence on Geography and Conflict. In
John Vasquez (Ed.), What Do We Know about War? (pp. 57-84). Lanham, Md: Rowman
& Littlefield.
Goemans, Hein E. (2009). Bounded Communities: Territoriality, Territorial Attachment,
and Conflict. In Miles Kahler and Barbara F. Walter (Eds.), Territoriality and Conflict in
an Era of Globalization (pp. 25-61). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Barbieri, Katherine. (1996). Economic Interdependence: A Path to Peace or a Source of
Interstate Conflict? Journal of Peace Research, 33:1, pp. 29–49.
Colgan, Jeff D. (Fall 2013). Fueling the Fire: Pathways from Oil to War. International
Security, 38:2, pp. 147–180.
Copeland, Dale C. (1996). Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade
Expectations. International Security, 20:4, pp. 5–41.
Transformation of Warfare (Historical and Current)
Holsti, Kalevi J. (2006). The State, War, and the State of War (pp. 19-40). New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Pinker, Steven. (2012). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence has Declined
(pp. 189-294). New York: Penguin.
Goldstein, Joshua S. (2011). Winning the War on War: the Decline of Armed Conflict
Worldwide (pp. 12-44). New York: Penguin.
Downing, Brian M. (1992). The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of
Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe (pp. 56-83). Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
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Fazal, Tanisha M. (Spring 2004). State Death in the international System. International
Organization, 58, pp. 311-344.
Levy, Jack S. & Thompson, William R. (2011). The Arc of War: Origins, Escalation, and
Transformation (pp. 186-217). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Van Creveld, Martin. (1991). The Transformation of War. New York: Free Press.
Goldstein, Joshua S. (2011). Winning the War on War: the Decline of Armed Conflict
Worldwide (pp. 12-44). New York: Penguin.
(2013). The Clash of Civilizations? The Debate: Twentieth Anniversary Edition (pp. 187; Includes Huntington, Samuel P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs,
72:3, pp. 22-49.). New York: Council of Foreign Relations.
The State and War
Tilly, Charles. (1992). Coercion, Capital, and European States, Ad 990-1992 (pp. 67-90).
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
Hui, Victoria Tin-Bor. (2004). Toward a Dynamic Theory of International Politics:
Insights from Comparing Ancient China and Early Modern Europe. International
Organization, 58:1, pp. 175-205.
Centeno, Miguel Angel. (2003). Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin
America (pp. 101-166). Pennsylvania State University Press.
Reno, William. (1999). Warlord Politics and African States (pp. 1-44). Boulder, CO:
Lynne Rienner.
Ayoob, Mohammed. (1995). The Third World Security Predicament: State Making,
Regional Conflict and the International System. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Kaldor, Mary. (2007). New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, 2nd ed.
(pp. 16-32). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Herbst, Jeffrey. (2000). States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority
and Control. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Atzili, Boaz. (2011). Good Fences, Bad Neighbors: Border Fixity and International
Conflict (pp. 1-56). University of Chicago Press.
Brooks, Stephen. (October 1999). The Globalization of Production and the Changing
Benefits of Conquest. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43:5, pp. 646-670.
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Power, Polarity, and Hegemonic Order
Waltz, Kenneth N. (Summer 1964). The Stability of a Bipolar World. Daedalus, 93:3, pp.
881-909.
Layne, Christopher. (Fall 2006). The Unipolar Illusion Revisited: The Coming End of the
United States’ Unipolar Moment. International Security, 31:2, pp. 7-41.
Wohlforth, William C. (Summer 1999). The Stability of a Unipolar World. International
Security, 24:1, pp. 5-41.
Hurd, Ian. (1999). Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics. International
Organization, 53:2, pp. 379-408.
Baldwin, David. (1979). Power and Analysis in World Politics: New Trends versus Old
Tendencies. World Politics, 31, pp. 161-194.
Guzzini, Stefano. (1993). Structural Power: The Limits of Neorealist Power Analysis.
International Organization, 47:3, pp. 443-478.
Ikenberry, John. (2001). After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the
Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars (pp. 21-79). Princeton University Press.
Ikenberry, G. John & Kupchan, Charles. (1990). Socialization and Hegemonic Power.
International Organization, 44:3, pp. 283-315.
Clark, Ian. (2011). Hegemony in International Society (pp. 34-72). Oxford University
Press.
Grand Strategy, Military Doctrine and Innovation
Layne, Christopher. (2004). From Preponderance to Offshore Balancing. In Robert J. Art
and Kenneth N. Waltz (Eds.), The Use of Force: Military Power and International
Politics, 6th ed. (pp. 283-298). Lenham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Art, Robert J. (2004). The Strategy of Selective Engagement. In Robert J. Art and
Kenneth N. Waltz (Eds.), The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics,
6th ed. (pp. 299-320). Lenham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Posen, Barry R. & Ross, Andrew L. (1996/97). Competing Visions for U.S. Grand
Strategy. International Security, 21:3, pp. 5-53.
Christensen, Thomas. (1996). Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic
Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958 (pp. 3-31). Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
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Johnston, Alastair I. (1995). Thinking about Strategic Culture. International Security,
19:4, pp. 32-64.
Posen, Barry R. (1984). The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany
Between the Wars (pp. 34-80). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Kier, Elizabeth. (1997). Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine Between
the Wars (pp. 3-38). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mearsheimer, John J. (2004). Hitler and the Blitzkrieg Strategy. In Robert J. Art and
Kenneth N. Waltz (eds.), The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics,
6th ed. (pp. 138-152). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Adamsky, Dima. (2010). The Culture of Military Innovation: The Impact of Cultural
Factors on the Revolution in Military Affairs in Russia, the US, and Israel (pp. 1-23).
Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Brooks, Risa A. (2008). Shaping Strategy: The Civil-Military Politics of Strategic
Assessment (pp. 15-61). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Horowitz, Michael C. (2010). The Diffusion of Military Power: Causes and
Consequences of International Politics (pp. 18-64). Princeton: Princeton University
Press.
Rosen, Stephen Peter. (1991). Winning the Next War: Innovation and the Modern
Military (pp. 1-54). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Deterrence, Nuclear Conflict, and Proliferation
Jervis, Robert. (2004). The Utility of Nuclear Deterrence. In Robert J. Art and Kenneth
N. Waltz (eds.), The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics, 6th ed. (pp.
94-101). Lenham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
George, Alexander. (2004). Coercive Diplomacy. In Robert J. Art and Kenneth N. Waltz
(eds.), The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics, 6th ed. (pp. 70-76).
Lenham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Pinker, Steven. (2012). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence has Declined
(pp. 189-204). New York: Penguin.
Solingen, Etel. (2007). Nuclear Logics: Contrasting Paths in East Asia & the Middle
East (pp. 164-212 & pp. 249-299). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Schelling, Thomas. (1966). Arms and Influence (pp. 1-34). New Haven: Yale University Press.
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Posen, Barry R. (1991). Inadvertent Escalation: Conventional War and Nuclear Risks
(pp. 1-27). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Mueller, John E. (1988). The Essential Irrelevance of Nuclear Weapons: Stability in the
Postwar World. International Security, 13:2, pp. 55-79.
Sagan, Scott D. (2001). The Causes of Nuclear Weapons Proliferation. Review of
Political Science, 14, pp. 225-244.
Jervis, Robert, Lebow, Richard Ned, & Stein, Janice. (????). Psychology and Deterrence
(pp. 13-33 & pp. 203-232).
Huth, Paul & Russett, Bruce. (1984). What Makes Deterrence Work? Cases from 1900 to
1980. World Politics, 36:4, pp. 496-526.
Lebow, Richard Ned & Stein, Janice Gross. (1989). Rational Deterrence Theory; I Think
Therefore I Deter. World Politics, 41:2, pp. 208-224.
Achen, C. & Snidal, D. (1989). Rational Deterrence Theory and Comparative Case
Studies. World Politics, 41, pp. 143-169.
Morgan, Patrick M. (2003). Deterrence Now (pp. 1-41). New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Paul, T.V., Morgan, Patrick M., & Wirtz, James J. (Eds.). (2009). Complex Deterrence:
Strategy in the Global Age (pp. 1-30). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Press, Daryl G. (2005). Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Threats (pp. 8-41).
Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Security Institutions, Collective Security, and Regionalism
Kupchan, Charles A. & Kupchan, Clifford A. (Summer 1995). The Promise of Collective
Security. International Security, 20:1, pp. 52-61.
Adler, Emanuel & Barnett, Michael. (1998). A Framework for the Study of Security
Communities. In Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (Eds.), Security Communities (pp.
29-48). Cambridge University Press.
Acharya, Amitav. (2009). Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN
and the Problem of Regional Order, 2nd ed. (pp. 54-98). New York: Routledge.
Buzen, Barry & Waever, Ole. (2003). Regions and Power: the Structure of International
Security (pp. 40-92). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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Waltzer, Michael. (1977). Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical
Illustrations (pp. 1-50). Basic Books.
Wallander, Celeste A. & Keohane, Robert O. (1999). Risk, Threat, and Security
Institutions. In Helga Haftendorn, Robert O. Keohane, and Celeste A. Wallander (Eds.),
Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space (pp. 21-47). Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Human Security and expanded security definition
Tadjbakhsh, Shahrbanou & Chenoy, Anuradha M. (2007). Human Security: Concepts
and Implications (pp. 72-97). London and New York: Routledge.
Henk, Dan. (Summer 2005). Human Security: Relevance and Implications. Parameters,
35:2, pp. 91-109.
Sen, Amartya. (July 28, 2000). Why Human Security? Speech at the “International
Symposium on Human Security,” Tokyo, 28 July, 2000. Available at:
http://sicurezzaambientale.gruppi.ilcannocchiale.it/mediamanager/sys.group/447/fileman
ager/Sen2000.pdf
Acharya, Amitav. (2001). Human Security: East Versus West. International Journal,
56:3, pp. 442-460.
Commission on Human Security. (2003). Human Security Now: Protecting and
Empowering People. New York: United Nations.
Parris, Roland. (Fall 2001). Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air. International
Security, 26:2, pp. 87-102.
Kaplan, Robert T. (February 1994). The Coming Anarchy. The Atlantic. pp. 3-58.
Security Dilemma and Offense-Defense Balance
Glaser, Charles. (October 1997). The Security Dilemma Revisited. World Politics, 50:1,
pp. 171-201.
Van Evera, Stephen. (1998). Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War. International
Security, 22:4, pp. 5-43.
Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Relations (pp. 58-93).
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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Lynn-Jones, Sean. (Summer 1995). Offense-Defense Theory and its Critics. Security
Studies, 4:4, pp. 660-691.
Snyder, Jack. (1984). The ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the
Disasters of 1914 (pp. 15-40). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Glaser, Charles & Kaufman, Chaim. (1998). What is Offense–Defense Theory and can
we Measure it? International Security, 22:4, pp. 44-82.
Shiping, Tang. (2010). Offence-Defiance Theory: Towards a Definitive Understanding.
The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3, pp. 213-260.
Lieber, Keir. (Fall 2007). The New History of World War I and what it Means for
International Relations Theory. International Security, 32:2, pp. 155-191.
Adams, Karen Ruth. (2003/4). Attack and Conquer? International Anarchy and the
Offense-Defense-Deterrence Balance. International Security, 28:3, pp. 45-83.
Alliance Politics
Snyder, Glen. (July 1984). The Security Dilemma and Alliance Politics. World Politics,
36, pp. 461-495.
Christensen, Thomas. (Winter 1997). Perception and Alliances in Europe, 1865-1940. IO,
51, pp. 65-98.
Christensen, Thomas J. & Snyder, Jack. (Spring 1990). Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks:
Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity. International Organizations, 44:2, pp. 137168.
David, Steven R. (1991). Explaining Third World Alignment. World Politics, 43:2, pp.
233-256.
Schweller, Randall L. (Summer 1994). Bandwagoning For Profit: Bringing The
Revisionist State Back In. International Security, 19:1, pp. 72-107.
Christa, Fotini. (2012). Alliance Formation in Civil Wars (pp. 1-56). New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Bureaucratic Politics, Organizational Theory, and Civil-Military Relations
Allison, Graham T. (1969). Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis. American
Political Science Review, 63:3, pp. 689-718.
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Krasner, Stephen. (2005). Are Bureaucracies important? (Or Allison in Wonderland). In
G. John Ikenberry (Ed.), American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (pp. 447-459).
New York: Pearson-Longman.
Posen, Barry R. (1984). The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany
Between the Wars (pp. 141-178). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Zegart, Amy B. (Spring 2005). September 11 and the Adaption Failure of U.S.
Intelligence Agencies. International Security, 29:4, pp. 78-111.
Barnett, Michael & Finnemore, Martha. (2004). Rules for the World: International
Organizations in Global Politics (pp. 121- 155). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1957). The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of
Civil-Military Relations (pp. 1-97). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Janowitz, Morris. (1977). Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations
(pp. 77-106). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Snyder, Jack. (1991). Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition
(pp. 1-65). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Feaver, Peter D., Kohn, Richard H., & Cohn, Lindsey P. (2001). The Gap Between
Military and Civilian in the United States in Perspective. In Peter D. Feaver and Richard
H. Kohn (Eds.), Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National
Security (pp. 1-12). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, Civil War
Kasfir, Nelson. (2010). Domestic Anarchy, Security Dilemmas, and Violent Predation:
Causes of Failure. In Robert I. Rotberg (Ed.), When states fail: causes and consequences
(pp. 53-76). Princeton University Press.
Posen, Barry. (1993). Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power. International
Security, 18:2, pp. 80-124.
Posen, Barry. (1993). The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict. Survival, 35:1, pp. 2747.
Van Evera, Stephen. (Spring 1994). Hypotheses on Nationalism and War. International
Security, 18:4, pp. 5-39.
Brown, Michael E. (1996). The Causes and Regional Dimensions of Internal Conflict. In
Michael E. Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (esp. 571590). MIT Press.
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Snyder, Jack & Jervis, Robert. (1999). Civil War and the Security Dilemma. In Barbara
Walter and Jack Synder (Eds.), Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention (pp. 15-37).
Columbia University Press.
Lake, David A. & Rothchild, Donald. (1996). Containing Fear: The Origins and
Management of Ethnic Conflict. International Security, 21, pp. 41-75.
Fearon, James D. (1998). Commitment Problems and the Spread of Ethnic Conflict. In
David A. Lake and Donald Rothchild (Eds.), The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict
(pp. 107-126). Princeton.
Gagnon, V.P. (Winter 1994-95). Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case
of Serbia. IS, 19, pp. 130-66.
Kaufmann, Chaim. (Spring 1996). Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil
Wars. IS, 20, pp. 136-175.
Snyder, Jack & Ballentine, Karen. (Fall 1996). Nationalism and the Marketplace of Ideas.
IS, 21, pp. 5-40.
Varshney, Ashutosh. (2003). Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Rationality. Perspectives
on Politics, 1:1, pp. 85-99.
Mueller, John. (Summer 2000). The Banality of ‘Ethnic War’. IS, 25:1, pp. 42-70.
Stathis N. Kalyvas, “The Ontology of ‘Political Violence’: Action and Identity in Civil
Wars,” Perspectives on Politics 1, No. 3 (2003): 475-494.
Jackson, Robert H. (1992). Juridical Statehood in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of
International Affairs, 46:1, pp. 1-16.
Collier, Paul. (2007). Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for
Policy. In Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler and Pamela Aall (Eds.), Leashing the Dogs of
War: Conflict Management in a Divided World (pp. 197-218). Washington, D.C.: United
States Institute of Peace.
Young, Joseph K. (2012). Repression, Dissent, and the Onset of Civil War. Political
Research Quarterly, 20:10, pp. 1-17.
Collier, Paul & Hoeffler, Anke. (2005). Resource Rents, Governance, and Conflict.
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49:4, pp. 625-633.
Petersen, Roger D. (2002). Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Haterd, and
Resentment in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe (pp. 17-84). New York: Cambridge
University Press.
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Transnational Conflict, Spillover and International Intervention
Finnemore, Martha. (1996). Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention. In Peter
J. katzenstein (Ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World
Politics (pp. 153-185). New York: Columbia University Press.
Power, Samantha. (2007). A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide (pp.
503-516). New York: Harper Perrenial.
Wheeler, Nicholas J. (2000). Saving Strangers: Humanitarian intervention in
International Society (pp. 21-54). Oxford University Press.
Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede, Salehyan, Idean, & Schultz, Kenneth. (August 2008).
Fighting at Home, Fighting Abroad: How Civil Wars Lead to International Disputes.
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52:4, pp. 479-506.
Taliaferro, Jeffrey W. (2004). Power Politics and the Balance of Risk: Hypotheses on
Great Power Intervention in the Periphery. Political Psychology, 35:2, pp. 174-211.
Patrick, Stewart. (2011). Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats, and International
Security (pp. 3-17 & pp. 61-104) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kaufman, Chim. (2004). Intervention in Ethnic and Ideological Civil Wars. In Robert J.
Art and Kenneth N. Waltz (Eds.), The Use of Force: Military Power and International
Politics, 6th ed. (pp. 394-414). Lenham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Sounders, Elizabeth N. (Fall 2009). Transformative Choices: Leaders and the Origins of
Intervention Strategy. International Security, 34:2, pp. 119-161.
Terrorism and Insurgency
Laquer, Walter. (2004). The Changing Face of Terror. In Robert J. Art and Kenneth N.
Waltz (Eds.), The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics, 6th ed. (pp.
450-457). Lenham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Jenkins, Brian M. (2004). International Terrorism. In Robert J. Art and Kenneth N. Waltz
(Eds.), The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics, 6th ed. (pp. 77-84).
Lenham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Lake, David. (2002). Rational Extremism: Understanding Terrorism in the Twenty
First Century. International Organization, 56:1, pp. 15-29.
Findley, Michael G. & Young, Joseph K. (2012). Terrorism and civil war: A spatial and
temporal approach to a conceptual problem. Perspectives on Politics, 10:02, pp. 285-305.
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Hoffman, Bruce. (1998). Defining Terrorism. In Inside Terrorism (pp. 13-44). New
York: Columbia University Press.
Crenshaw, Martha. (2003). Coercive Diplomacy and the Response to Terrorism. In
Robert Art and Patrick Cronin (Eds.), The United States and Coercive Diplomacy (pp.
305-358). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Methods and Approaches in Security Studies
Sjoberg, Laura. (2011). Gender, the State, and War Redux Feminist International
Relations across the ‘levels of analysis’. International Relations, 25:1, pp. 108-134.
Booth, Ken. (1991). Security and Emancipation. Review of International Studies, 17:4,
pp. 313-326.
Buzan, Barry, Waever, Ole, & de Wilde, Japp. (1997). Security: A New Framework for
Analysis (pp. 21-48).
Gaddis, John Lewis. (2002). The Landscape of History (Chps. 4-5). New York: Oxford
University Press.
Fearon, James. (1991). Counterfactuals and Hypothesis Testing in Political Science.
World Politics, 43, pp. 169-195.
Levy, Jack S. (1997). Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations.
International Studies Quarterly, 41, pp. 87-112.
Domestic Regimes and International Security
Chan, Steve. (1997). In search of democratic peace: Problems and promise. Mershon
International Studies Review, 41:1, pp. 59-91.
Mansfield, Edward & Snyder, Jack. (1995). Democratization and the Danger of War.
International Security, 20:1, pp. 5-38.
Walt, Stephen M. (1996). Revolution and War (pp. 1-45). Ithaca: Cornell University
Press.
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