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)CEANOG RAPHY
r
S
Towed Thermistor Chain
Observations Across the Gulf Stream
by
R. J. Baumann, L. M. deWitt, M. D. Levine,
C. A. Paulson and J. D. Wagner
Office of Naval Research
N00014-79-C-0004
NR 083-102
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
Reference 82-3
April 1982
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5. TYPE OF REPORT 6 PERIOD COVERED
Technical
TOWED THERMISTOR CHAIN OBSERVATIONS ACROSS
THE GULF STREAM
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7.
AUTHOR(.)
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R. J. Baumann, L. M. deWitt, M. D. Levine,
C. A. Paulson and J. D. Wagner
N00014-79-C-0004
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School of Oceanography
it.
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
NR 083-102
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February 1982
Ocean Science & Technology Division
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Towed Thermistor Chain
Gulf Stream
Warm Core Ring
Fronts
20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse eld. It neuuary and identify by bloek numbsQ
Vertical cross-sections of temperature in the Sargasso Sea and across
the Gulf Stream and a warm core ring were obtained with a towed thermistor
chain in September 1981.
The thermistors were distributed in the upper
70 to 120 m during three runs. Salinity was also measured at two locations
on the towed chain and in the ship's lab. A temperature inversion of about
4°C was found near the edge of the warm core ring.
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TOWED THERMISTOR CHAIN
OBSERVATIONS ACROSS THE GULF STREAM
by
R. J. Baumann, L. M. deWitt,
M. D. Levine, C. A. Paulson and J. D. Wagner
School of Oceanography
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
TECHNICAL REPORT
Office of Naval Research
Contract N00014-79-C-0004
Project NR 083-102
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
Technical Report
Reference 82-3
April 1982
G. Ross Heath
Dean
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The design and construction of the thermistor chain were carried out
by the Technical Planning and Development Group at Oregon State University
under the direction of Rod Mesecar.
We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation
of the captain, crew and scientists aboard the R/V OCEANUS, M. Palmieri,
commanding. and Robert Weller, chief scientist.
Our participation on the
cruise was made possible through the cooperation of Mel Briscoe.
This
research was supported by the Office of Naval Research through contract
N00014-79-C-0004 under project NR 083-102.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS--------------------------------------------i
INTRODUCTION -----------------------------------------------i
INSTRUMENTATION--------------------------------------------2
OBSERVATIONS-----------------------------------------------4
REFERENCES------------------------------------------------15
APPENDICES
A.
Temperature Cross-Sections-------=---------------16
B.
Isotherm Cross-Sections--------------------------47
C.
Surface Salinity, Temperature and Density--------79
D.
Salinity and Density From the Towed Chain-------- 88
INTRODUCTION
This report presents observations of temperature in the upper ocean
obtained by use of a towed thermistor chain.
The observations were taken
aboard the R/V OCEANUS on a cruise out of Woods Hole, Massachusetts in
The primary purpose of the cruise was to recover and deploy
September 1981.
moorings at 34°N, 70°W as a part of Mel Briscoe's Long-Term Upper Ocean
Study (LOTUS).
The objectives of our participation were:
To investigate the structure across the Gulf Stream and warm
core rings.
To investigate the spatial structure of the upper ocean in the
vicinity of Mel Briscoe's LOTUS mooring.
To test the towed chain after it was refurbished and lengthened
to 165 m.
To test improved versions of conductivity sensors installed on
the towed chain.
2
INSTRUMENTATION
The towed chain system and its use in other experiments have been
previously described by Spoering (1979), Baumann et al. (1980) and Paulson
et al. (1980).
The chain was refurbished and lengthened to 165 m in the
months preceeding its use on the LOTUS cruise. The refurbishment included
the replacement of electrical conductors, strain member and damaged fairing.
In addition to thermistors and pressure sensors, improved conductivity
sensors were installed at two locations on the chain.
The locations of
the sensors relative to the depressor and the mean depths of operating sensors
for each run are given in Table 1.
In addition to the measurements made on the towed chain, surface salinity
was measured throughout the cruise by use of a flow-through system in the
ship's lab.
This system is described by Baumann (1981).
Sea water from
the ship's sea water system was circulated through the salinometer.
values of temperature and conductivity were recorded once per minute.
Digital
3
Table 1.
Channel
No.
Location and mean depth of sensors on the towed chain.
The
stations have either a temperature, conductivity or pressure
sensor installed, denoted by T, C or P. The distance along
the chain from the depressor to the sensors is denoted by S
which has units of "chain-meters". One chain-meter equals
40 in. or 1.016 m.
Station
S
(Chain-meters)
0
TO
8
1
PO
10
2
Ti
3
12
16
9
10
T2
CO
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
11
T8
12
T9
T10
4
5
7
8
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
16.5
17
20
24
28
32
36
40
Depth of
Run 1
Operating Sensors (m)
Run 2
Run 3
68.4
66.3
116.7
114.7
107.2
105.2
62.3
61.8
110.6
101.1
100.6
61.3
58.3
109.6
50.3
.98.5
46.3
42.3
38.4
94.5
89.2
85.2
34.5
90.5
86.5
82.5
81.3
77.5
73.6
22.9
70.7
62.3
19.1
66.8
58.6
15.3
62.8
55.0
7.9
55.1
47.8
110.1
106.6
100.1
97.1
Til
44
48
T12
T13
52
56
P1
58'
T14
T15
T16
T17
T18
T19
T20
60
64
80
84
47.4
40.7
43.6
37.3
T21
T22
T23
T24
T25
P2
T26
T27
88
39.8
33.8
27.1
106
32.2
28.5
24.8
22.9
108
112
21.1
17.4
18.9
.17.3
14.1
13.3
12.8
10.6
10.2
10.1
7.8
68
72
76
92
96
100
104
T28
116
Cl
116.5
117
120
T29
T30
23.8
20.5
4
OBSERVATIONS
The thermistor chain was towed on three occasions during the cruise.
The tow tracks and the ship's track during the entire cruise are shown in
The tow tracks are shown in more detail in Figure 2 and bihourly
Figure 1.
positions are tabulated in Table 2. As the result of a malfunction,
there was no data recorded between 0830 and 0852 on 12 September during
Run 1.
Data from the period 0715 to 0830 was not processed because of the
previously noted malfunction.
The towed chain tended to kite, i.e., tow off to the side during the
cruise.
This had not occurred on previous cruises and is believed to have
been caused by excessive friction between the strain member and fairing.
The excessive friction originated from a splice in the strain member and
the use of a larger diameter strain member than before.
The depths of the sensors (see Table
2)
were estimated by fitting a
model of the chain shape (Baumann et al., 1979; Paulson et al., 1980) to
mean observations of depth at 10.2 and 107.7 m above the depressor.
An
artificially large drag coefficient was required for the fit because of
the
kiting.
Values of C A p were 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 for Runs 1, 2 and 3
respectively where C is the drag
coefficient,
A is the cross-sectional area
of the chain per unit length and p is the density of water.
These values
may be compared to C A p = 1.7 used in the FRONTS experiment where the chain
did not kite.
The temperature conductivity and pressure observations were low-pass
filtered by computing sequential 30-s
averages.
Filtering removes fluctua-
tions caused by variations in sensor depths associated with surface gravity
waves and the pitch, roll and heave of the
ship.
However there still
5
1-I
42°N
18
WARM CORE
RING
40°N
17
38°N
F
i
GULF
M
STREAM
36°N
55
1.
34°N
76°W
Figure 1.
74°W
72°W
70°W
68°W
Map showing the ship's cruise track and approximate locations of
the Gulf Stream and a warm core ring. The dates in September are
plotted at the noon position on the cruise track. The three heavy
segments of the cruise track correspond to tows of the thermistor
chain. The circle at 34N, 70W encloses unplotted track associated
with mooring work.
6
I
w
0
41
37
W
36
39
35
38
34
37
33
36
32
I-
rr
2
I
72
71
70
70.5
a
69.5
LONGITUDE
Figure 2.
Track of the towed thermistor chain during Runs 1, 2 and 3.
Symbols are plotted at the beginning and end of each Run and at
two-hour intervals from the beginning with the exception of
Run 1 where there is a break near the end.
7
Table 2.
Run
No.
1
Two-hourly LORAN-C positions during the tows. Distance traveled,
direction and speed are computed for the interval subsequent
to the given time and position.
Date
(Sep
Time
GMT)
(GMT)
(min)
(deg)
(min)
Dir.
Speed
(km)
(deg)
(m/s)
2230
39
55.80
70
44.38
20.11
184.6
2.79
11
0030
39
39
44.97
70
45.51
70
70
45.93
46.62
181.6
182.8
3.01
33.27
22.20
21.66
20.51
19.76
191.8
2.74
11.75
70
49.43
19.37
193.6
2.69
0630
70
52'.60
19.47
190.5
2.70
51.22
38
41.11
70
70
55.05
56.68
18.85
19.26
187.2
187.6
2.62
2.67
1430
38
30.79
70
58.44
20.04
188.3
2.78
1630
38
38
20.07
71
0.42
21.74
169.1
3.02
37
37
8.53
56.75
45.43
70
70
70
57.60
54.35
51.45
22.31
21.36
21.11
167.7
168.5
169.2
3.10
2.97
2.93
0030
37
34.22
70
48.77
21.85
165.9
3.04
0230
37
22.76
70
45.16
19.71
173.1
2.74
0430
0630
37
37
12.18
1.12
70
70
43.55
41.99
20.58
173.6
172.4
2.86
2.96
0830
36
49.70
70
40.10
-
-
0852
1052
36
36
47.59
36.50
70
70
39.61
20.88
169.1
36.94
16.61
166.4
1228
36
27.77
70
34.33
-
-
0130
33
45.85
69
59.81
13.64
000.3
1.90
0330
0530
0730
33
34
34
53.23
0.36
69
13.23
14.35
14.81
354.8
357.0
8.11
70
70
59.76
0.54
1.03
001.1
1.84
1.99
2.06
0930
34
16.12
70
0.85
14.26
000.6
1.98
1130
1225
34
70
70
0.76
0.95
5.71
357.1
1.73
34
23.84
26.92
38
38
40.52
49.81
71
39
0.11
71
18.39
20.37
20.14
20.8
20.7
22.8
10.14
19.39
71
17.97
17.9
0315
39
39
71
29.62
25.12
20.15
14.74
10.90
4.77
16.8
0350
39
21.85
71
9.94
1830
2030
2230
14
17
18
2.85
1.57
1030
1230
12
39
39
39
38
0830
3
(deg)
Dist.
10
0230
0430
2
W. Long.
N. Lat.
1915
2115
2315
0115
71
21.31
-
-
-
-
-
2.90
2.88
-
-
2.55
2.83
2.80
2.50
2.27
-
8
remain fluctuations associated with kiting of the chain.
The filtered
observations are shown in Appendices A and B.
Filtered observations of depth measured by one of the pressure sensors
are shown in Appendix B together with the depths of isotherms.
There
were errors in the pressure measurements caused by a ground loop to sea
water.
These errors appear as long term drifts and sudden changes in
measured depth as occurred for example at 2340 on 10 September (Appendix B).
Observations of surface salinity throughout the cruise and surface
temperature and density during the tows of the chain are shown in Figures
The fluctuations of surface variables show the location
3, 4 and 5.
and characteristics of shelf, slope and Sargasso water, a warm core ring,
the Gulf Stream and
various:
fronts.
The northern edge of the Gulf Stream was crossed at about
on 12 September (Figure
3).
0100 GMT
The edge was characterized by a narrow band
of low-salinity water, sudden increase in temperature and a sudden decrease
in
The band of low-salinity water has been often observed
density.
(see Stommel, 1966).
Salinity and temperature fluctuations within the
Stream were generally in phase and associated density fluctuations were
therefore small.
The southern edge of the Gulf Stream was crossed at about
0530 GMT on 12 September.
The southern edge exhibited a sudden decrease
in temperature and a corresponding increase in
density.
There was also
a temperature and density anomaly that occurred between 0530 and 1030 on
12 September.
uncertain.
The relationship of this anomaly to the Gulf Stream is
The chain was not being towed when the ship crossed the Gulf
Stream while heading north on 17
September.
However,
the salinity record
is qualitatively similar to the record from the crossing on 12 September.
26.0
37
32.5
36
30.0
25.5
25.0
35
24.5
24.0
CD
34
25.0
33
22.5
32
20.0
U,
23.5
23.0
22.5
10
12
11
13
10,13-SEP-81
Figure 3.
Surface salinity (light line), temperature (medium line) and density (heavy line) from
10 to 13 September.
0
I
I
I
26.0
37
32.5
36
30.0
25.5
25.0
--i
Cn
35
24.5
z
`--
-i
m
3
27.5 D
x
C
M
24.0
34 m
m
v
25.0 m
C,
r)
23.5
33
22.5
32
20.0
23.0
22.5
I
13
15
14
16
13.16-SEP-81
Figure 4.
Surface salinity (light line), temperature (medium line) and density (heavy line) from
13 to 16 September.
26.0
37
32.5
36
30.0
25.5
25.0
35
v
CC
24.0
U'
34
25.0
33
22.5
32
20.0
U,
23.5
23.0
22.5
16
18
17
19
16,19-SEP-81
Figure 5.
Surface salinity (light line), temperature (medium line) and density (heavy line) from
16 to 19 September.
0
12
In particular, there is a band of low-salinity water at the northern edge
of the Stream shown in Figure 5 at about 1000 on 17 September.
A front was observed in the Sargasso Sea during a tow of the chain
on 14 September (Figure
marked by changes in
4).
The surface expression of the front was
salinity,
temperature and density of 0.1°/°°, 0.7°C
and 0.4 kg m-3 respectively.
The last tow, on 18 and 19 September, began in the interior of a
warm core ring (Figure 1) and proceeded across the edge at about 0315 on
18 September.
The surface properties of the ring are shown in Figure 5.
The surface is warmer and more saline than the surrounding water.
of the ring was characterized by a change in salinity of
The edge
0.5°/°°, a change
in temperature of 0.9°C and negligible change in density. There was a
band of low-salinity water on the south side of the ring more than 1°/°°
less saline than surface water inside the ring.
Subsurface temperature
structure associated with the northern edge of the ring is shown in
Figures 6 and 7.
There is a temperature inversion between 48 and 105 m
depth which exceeds 3°C.
The maximum value of the inversion irrespective
of depth is about 4°C (Figure 7).
0
i
II
10
I
0057
Figure 6.
15
I1
0157
1
-1
r
L
I
0127
25 (KM)
20
0227
0257
0327
(GMT)
Temperature structure between the depths of 8 and 105 m observed on a tow of a thermistor chain
from the inside to the outside of.a warm core ring. Temperatures from depths of 8, 48 and
105 m are heavy lines
18-SEP-81 02:57:15 TO 03:16:4.5
30 SEC MEAN OFFSET=0.25 DEG C
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
1301111
10 1
1
111 I
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
1
TEMPERATURE (DEG C)
Figure 7.
Sequential 30-s averaged temperature profiles at the edge of a warm core ring.
15
REFERENCES
Continuous shipboard measurements of surface salinity.
Baumann, R. J., 1981:
Exposure, 9 (5), 5-8, School of Oceanography, Corvallis, OR
Baumann, R. J., C. A. Paulson and J. Wagner, 1980:
in JASIN.
OR
Towed chain observations
Report, Reference 80-14, School of Oceanography, Corvallis,
97331, 202 pp.
Paulson, C. A.,
1980:
R. J.
Baumann, L. M. deWitt, T. J. Spoering
Spoering, T. J., 1979:
ocean.
and J. D. Wagner,
Towed thermistor chain observations in'FRONTS-80.
Reference 80-18, School of Oceanography, Corvallis, OR
OR
97331..
Report,
97331, 183 pp.
Towed observations of internal waves in the upper
Report, Reference 79-10, School of Oceanography, Corvallis,
97331, 121 pp.
Stommel, H., 1966: The Gulf Stream.
Press, London, 248 pp.
Second edition, Cambridge University
16
APPENDIX A
Temperature Cross-Sections
On the following pages there are
from
plots,
one for each two-hour period
the beginning of each run, of temperature measurements as a function
of time and distance along
the tow.
The
their mean depths are given in Table 1.
operating
temperature
The latitude
sensors and
and longitude at the
beginning of each two-hour period is given in Table 2 together with distance
travelled and the direction and speed
of the tow.
The
temperature measure-
ments were low-pass filtered by averaging over sequential 30-s intervals.
Because of kiting
of the towed chain, some of the fluctuations in temperature
are caused by fluctuations of the depth of the thermistors.
0
10
(KM)
15
v
9
2230
2250
2310
2330
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
2350
0010
10,11-SEP-81
(GMT)
20 (KM)
15
10
0
T
T
I
I
I
1
0030
I
0050
01/00/30
l
I
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
i
0150
11-SEP-81
I
0210
(GMT)
0
5
1
1
0230
10
(KM)
15
1
I
I
I
i
i
0250
0310
0330
0350
TEMP_.EPO TURF VS TIME/DISTANCE
I
11-SEP-81
i
0-10
1
(GMT)
T
(KM)
15
10
5
0
I
11-1
U
CD
W
O
1-11
W
F-
Q
a
W
2
W
F-
I
0430
0450
0510
0530
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
0550
11-SEP-81
0610
(GMT)
0
5
10
(KM)
15
1
26 I25
23
w
15
0630
0650
0710
0730
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
0750
11-SEP-81
0810
(GMT)
0830
0850
0910
0930
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
(KM)
15
10
0
0950
11-SEP-81
1010
(GMT)
5
0
1030
1050
10
11/01/30
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
15
1150
11-SEP-81
1210
(KM)
(GMT)
0
1230
10
1250
1310
1330
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
(KM)
15
1350
11-SEP-81
14-10
(GMT)
0
5
i
10
I
I
I
(KM)
15
I
1
1
26
25
24-
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
1
I
14-30
14.50
I
I
I
1510
1530
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
1550
11-SEP-81
1610
(GMT)
0
1630
1650
1710
20
15
10
5
1730
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
1750
11-SEP-81
1810
(KM)
(GMT)
10
1830
1850
1910
20
15
1930
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
1950
11-SEP-81
2010
(KM)
(GMT)
10
5
0
i5
I
CD
w
0
1-11
w
CY
I-CE:
w
0
5-
w
2030
2050
21/02/30
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
2150
11-SEP-81
2210
0
2230
5
2250
10
2310
2330
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
(KM)
15
2350
0010
11,12-SEP-81
(GMT)
5
0
15
10
I
,
I
I
1
20
-r
T
(KM)
29
28
27
26
U
co
w
0
25
24-
23
w 22
F--
a
w
0
57w
FCE:
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
I
I
0030
0050
f
01/00/30
1
I
1
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
I
1
0150
12-SEP-81
0210
(GMT)
0
5
I
1
1
(KM)
15
10
I
1
I
T------l
1
22
21
19
1
0230
I
0250
1
I
0310
1
I
1
0330
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
I
I
0350
010
12-SEP-81
1
I
(GMT)
5
0
030
050
0510
0530
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
(KM)
15
10
0550
12-SEP-81
0610
(GMT)
0
0630
10
0650
0710
0730
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
(KM)
15
0750
1,2-SEP-81
0810
(GMT)
10
0
0852
0912
0932
0952
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
(KM)
15
1012
12-SEP-81
1032
(GMT)
0
10
I
I
(KM)
15
T
T
1
1
29
28
27
26
., 25
2
0 23
ry
22
21
CE
w 20
w
19
18
17
16
15
14
1
1052
11/21/32
I
1
I
1
I
I
1152
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
I
1
1212
12-SEP-81
I
1232
1
(GMT)
(KM)
10
5
0
28
27
26
U
CD
w
0
.,
25
24
21
20
19
0130
0150
0210
0230
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
0250
11-SEP-81
0310
(GMT)
28
V
I
r
(KM)
10
S
0
I
T
I
27 I26
25E-
23-
20F-
0350
0418
0430
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
0450
14-SEP-81
0510
(GMT)
(KM)
10
5
0
T
2827[--
26 CD
25
21I20 -
19
1
0530
0550
11
0610
I
1
0630
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
I
1
0650
1L-SEP-81
11
0710
I
(GMT)
5
0
(KM)
10
I
I
28 127 1-
CD
25
21 -
i
0750
0810
0830
TEMPERATURE VS TIMEIDISTANCE
0850
1-SEP-81
0910
(GMT)
(KM)
10
5
28
27
26
U
(/
w
0
25
w
w
F-
22
21
20
19
0930
0950
1010
1030
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
1050
11-SEP-81
1110
(GMT)
0
(KM)
10
S
28
27
26
U
CD
w
0
w
ry
cl:
ry
w
0
w
F--
21
20
19
1130
1150
1210
1230
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
1250
1L-SEP-81
1310
(GMT)
5
0
(KM)
15
10
25{21
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
13
12
10
1915
1935
1955
I
I
I
2015
2035
2055
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
17-SEP-81
(GMT)
5
0
I
I
I
I
10
15
I
I
(KM)
25
2
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
it
10
2315
2325
2335
23'-5
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
2355
0005
17,18-SEP-81
(GMT)
0
I
I
(KM)
15
10
I
T
I
25
0115
I
I
I
I
I
0135
0155
0215
0235
0255
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
18-SEP-81
I
I
(GMT)
ss
15
10
5
0
I
I
1
(KM)
U
LJ
W
0
ti
D
F-cE
ry
w
3w
--
I
I
I
031 5
0335
0355
1
I
1
015
TEMPERATURE VS TIME/DISTANCE
1
1
0135
18-SEP-81
I
0155
1
1
(GMT)
47
APPENDIX B
Isotherm Cross-Sections
On the following pages there is a table followed by plots of the depths
of isotherms at 0.5°C intervals.
The depths of isotherms were obtained
by linear interpolation between the low-pass filtered temperature observations
shown in Appendix A.
The values of the highest and lowest isotherms at
the beginning of each two-hour plot are given in Table B1.
The interpolation
proceeded downward from the uppermost temperature measurement.
The minimum
depths of each isotherm are plotted, thereby avoiding ambiguities caused
by temperature inversions.
There are errors in isotherm depths associated
with kiting of the chain.
The depth record from one of the pressure sensors
is plotted to show the magnitude of these errors.
occasionally malfunctioned.
10 September is erroneous.
The pressure sensors
For example, the change in depth at 2340 on
48
Table Bl.
Value of the highest and lowest isotherm at the beginning of
each two-hour plot of isotherm depth.
Run
Date
(Sept)
1
10
11
12
2
3
14
17
18
Isotherm
Time
Highest
Lowest (°C)
2230
0030
0230
0430
0630
20.5
20.5
23.0
23.0
24.0
13.5
13.0
15.0
15.5
18.0
0830
23.0
18.0
1030
1230
1430
1630
1830
2030
2230
0030
0230
0430
0630
0852
1052
22.5
23.0
21.5
23.5
23.5
23.5
23.5
23.5
26.5
27.5
26.5
27.0
26.0
16.5
16.5
15.0
15.0
15.5
14.5
14.0
15.5
23.0
24.5
26.0
26.5
26.0
0130
0330
0530
0730
0930
1130
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
26.5
26.0
21.0
20.5
21.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
1915
2115
2315
0115
0315
23.5
23.5
23.5
23.0
22.0
15.0
16.0
14.5
13.0
13.0
(GMT)
10
I
11-1
U)
(KM)
15
T
T
60
cy-
m 70
0
80
I
0-
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
T
I
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
10I20
0
w
0
60 I70
80
1.
2230
2250
I
I
I
I
2310
2330
2350
0010
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
10,11-SEP-81
I
(GMT)
0
U)
5
20 (KM)
15
10
60
m
0 70
n
80
T
I
1
I
0030
0050
I
01/00/30
I
I
0150
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
0210
11-SEP-81
(GMT)
0
5
10
(KM)
15
T
I
1
I
n 60
I
I
rY
CE
70
Cl
o_
80
I
I
I
I
l
I
0230
0250
0310
0330
0350
04.10
I
0
10
20
30
40
H-
0
L
so
60
70
80
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
11-SEP-81
(GMT)
0
10
5
15
(KM)
u3 60
ch
c r-
0
70
Q 80
0
10
20
30
60
70
80
0430
04.50
0510
0530
0550
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
0610
11-SEP-81
(GMT)
0
5
10
(KM)
15
u, 60
ry
m
CD
70
a. 80
0
10
20
30
0630
0650
0710
0730
0750
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
0810
11-SEP-81
(GMT)
10
0
U)
(KM)
15
60
cy-
m 70
0
o
80
0
10
20
30
H-
0
0 50
60
70
80
0830
0850
0910
0930
0950
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
1010
11-SEP-81
(GMT)
10
5
0
I
T
I
15
I
I
u, 60
(KM)
T
I
co 70
0
a_
80
I
I
1030
1050
I
I
I
I
1150
1210
I
60
70
80
11/01/30
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
11-SEP-81
(GMT)
0
co
60
a_
80
(KM)
15
10
5
r
m 70
0
0
10
20
60
70
80
1230
1250
1310
1330
1350
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
1410
11-SEP-81
(GMT)
U)
CD
r--
LO
m
mm
mco
r
co
(Sdd90) d
I
I
1
I
57
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0
10
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(KM)
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0
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c
1-1
0
10
20
r
4.0
50
60
70
80
2230
2250
2310
2330
2350
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
0010
11,12-SEP-81
(GMT)
U,
20
15
10
5
0
(KM)
60
cy-
m 70
0
cL
80
I
I
I
0030
1
I
0050
I
01/00/30
I
1
I
1
I
0150
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
1
I
0210
12-SEP-81
1
I
(GMT)
0
10
I
I
CO
I
(KM)
15
T
1
60
ry
m
a 70
80
I
I
I
I
I
I
0230
0250
0310
0330
0350
04.10
I
0
10
20
30
0
0 50
60
70
80
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTRNCE
12-SEP-81
(GMT)
0
10
5
(KM)
15
ui 60
CE
0
v
70
n
80
0
10
20
0430
0450
0510
0530
0550
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
0610
12-SEP-81
(GMT)
0
T
T
I
5
10
15
I
I
I
(KM)
I
Uz 6 0
0 70
0
n
80
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
0
10
20
30
4.0
50
60
70
80
0630
0650
0710
0730
0750
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
0810
12-SEP-81
(GMT)
is
10
5
0
(KM)
)cr- 60
m 70
0
ieo
I
I
0852
T
I
1
0912
1
I
0932
I
1
I
I
I
0952
1
I
1012
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
I
1
1032
12-SEP-81
(GMT)
0
5
10
I
U)
ch
(KM)
15
I
I
I
60
c l--
O
70
n
80
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
1152
1212
1232
I
0
10
20
0
60
70
80
I
1052
11/21/32
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
12-SEP-81
(GMT)
U)
ncE
m
I
I
1
20
30
n-
I
I
I
I
1
(KM)
10
5
0
I
i
1
I
II
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
n
w
0
80
90
100
- /-'\ ^I-
110
120
130
1
I
0130
0150
0210
0230
0250
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
0310
11-SEP-81
(GMT)
0
5
10
(KM)
U)
m
20
30
0330
0350
8410
0130
0150
0510
.PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE 1-SEP-81
(GMT)
m
Cl
(KM)
10
5
0
20
30
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
0 10
-
2 0 -
3 0 -
6 0 -
0
w
a
8 0 9 0 100
110
120
130
I
0530
I
i
I
0550
0610
I
0630
I
I
0650
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
I
I
0710
14-SEP-81
I
i
(GMT)
0
U)
cr
5
10
(KM)
T
1
20
30
I
I
I
1
I
0
10
20
30
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
0730
0750
0810
0830
0850
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
0910
14-SEP-81
(GMT)
0
cy-
m
0
(KM)
10
5
20
30
T
I
I
I
I
0
10
20
30
4- 0
50
60
F
0
w
0
70
80
go100-
110
120
130
0930
I
I
0950
1010
I
1030
1050
PRESSURE RND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
1110
14-SEP-81
(GMT)
0
U)
5
I
1
Q
20
a
30
0
(KM)
10
r
T
I
I
I
I
I
I
1130
1150
1210
1230
1250
1310
I
0
10
20
30
4.0
50
60
0
w
a
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VS TIME/DISTANCE
14-SEP-81
(GMT)
11
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(Sdd9a) d
I
I
74
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0
0
15
10
5
0
(KM)
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I
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1
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60 170
0 80
90
100
110
120
130
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1
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0355
1
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0415
1
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0435
PRESSURE AND ISOTHERM DEPTH VG TIME/DISTANCE
I
I
0455
18-SEP-81
I
I
(GMT)
79
APPENDIX C
Surface Salinity, Temperature and Density
On the following eight pages are plots of surface salinity, temperature
and density observed during Runs 1, 2 and 3.
Surface salinity (light line)
was measured in the ship's lab by use of a flow-through system (Baumann,
1981).
Temperature (medium line) is from an upper thermistor on the chain
at mean depths between 7.8 and 10.1 m (see Table 1).
Density (heavy line)
was computed from seven-minute averages of salinity and temperature with
the salinity time series shifted back in time by seven minutes to compensate
for the delay associated with circulation through the ship's sea water
system.
ture.
The plot of density is therefore smoother than salinity and temperaFeatures in the salinity measurements are delayed by about seven
minutes with respect to the same features in the temperature measurements.
25.5
37
30.0
336
27.5
25.0
1
m
24.5
'U
m
I-
35
24.0
25.0 m
CC
0
P1
CD
Cf%
G)
23.5
c-;
34
22.5
33
20.0
23.0
22.5
2230
2330
0030
0130
0230
LOTUS SURFACE VALUES
0330
0430
10.11-SEP-81
0530
0630
25.5
37
30.0
36
27.5
35
25.0
25.0
24.5
CD
24.0
cr-
°
CD
m 23.5
VJ
M
34
22.5
33
20.0
23.0
22.5
0630
0730
0830
0930
1030
LOTUS SURFACE VALUES
1130
1230
11-SEP-81
1330
1430
J
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
25.5
37
30.0
36
27.5
25.0
M
24.5
I,
-3v
m
:0
35
24.0
-1
25.0
23.5
34
22.5
33
20.0
23.0
22.5
I
14-30
I
1530
I
1630
I
1730
I
1830
LOTUS SURFACE VALUES
I
1930
I
I
I
2030
2130
2230
11-SEP-81
v
25.5
37
30.0
36
27.5
25.0
.. 2'-.5
CD
24.0
35
CD
U) 23.5
34-
22.5
33
20.0
23.0
22.5
2230
2330
0030
0130
0230
LOTUS SURFACE VALUES
0330
04-30
11,12-SEP-81
0530
0630
37
30.0
36
27.5
0
m
(")
0630
0730
0830
0930
1030
1130
LOTUS SURFACE VALUES
1230
12-SEP-81
1330
1430
34
22.5
33
20.0
T.
25.5
37
30.0
36
27.5
25.0
--I
m
m
D
--I
35
24.0
25.0
m
0
m
CC
(0
G)
U) 23.5
34
22.5
33
20.0
23.0
22.5
0130
0230
0330
0430
0530
0630
LOTUS SURFACE VALUES
0730
14--SEP-81
0830
0930
37
30.0
36
27.5
35
t-)
0930
1030
1130
1230
1330
LOTUS SURFACE VALUES
1430
1530
14-SEP-81
1630
1730
34
22.5
33
20.0
1915
2015
2115
2215
2315
0015
LOTUS SURFRCE VALUES
0115 0215
17,18-SEP-81
0315
0415
37
30.0
36
27.5
35
25.0
34
22.5
33
20.0
88
APPENDIX D
Salinity and Density From the Towed Chain
The first three
labeled "LOTUS surface salinity", show
figures,
observations of surface salinity during Runs two and three measured by
three independent
The circles are the salinity of bottle samples
methods.
taken in the ship's lab.
The lowermost trace is from a flow-through system
in the ship's lab containing temperature and conductivity sensors manufactured
by Sea-Bird.
The calibration of the Sea-Bird conductivity sensor was
The systematic difference between the Sea-Bird
supplied by the manufacturer.
and the bottle salinities is less than 0.01°/00.
The uppermost trace is
salinity from conductivity and temperature sensors installed on the chain
one-half meter apart at a mean depth of about 12 m.
fluctuations is similar despite the systematic
The magnitude of the
difference.
The sensors on
the chain respond more rapidly to changes in surface properties than the
shipboard instruments which are slowed by circulation of sea water through
the ship's plumbing.
The next three
figures,
labeled "LOTUS surface values from chain",
show salinity (light line), temperature (medium line) and density (heavy
line) from conductivity and temperature sensors on the towed chain at a
depth of about 12 m (see Table
1).
The absolute values of salinity
and
89
density are in error because no correction has been made for the systematic
error in salinity shown on the previous three pages.
The last three figures of this appendix, labeled "LOTUS deep values
from
chain"
show salinity (light line), temperature (medium line) and
density (heavy line) from conductivity and temperature sensors at a depth
of about -110 and 100 m during Runs two and three respectively.
The absolute
calibration of the conductivity sensor was significantly in error which
caused salinity and density to be unrealistically large.
are considered realistic.
The fluctuations
37
36
35
34
33
0130
0230
0330
04-30
0530
0630
LOTUS SURFACE SALINITY
0730
14-SEP-81
0830
0930
37
36
>-
35
z
J
U)
34
33
0930
1030
1130
1230
1330
1-30
LOTUS SURFACE SALINITY
1530
14-SEP-81
1630
1730
37
36
35
34
33
1915
2015
2115
2215
2315
0015
0115
0215
LOTUS SURFACE SALINITY 17,18-SEP-81
0315
0415
25.5
37
30.0
36
27.5
25.0
24.0
35
Q
CD
23.5
c-)
34
22.5
133
20.0
23.0
22.5I
0130
i
I
0230
i
1
I
0330
0430
i
0530
I
I
0630
0730
LOTUS SURFACE VALUES FROM CHAIN
i
I
1
0830
0930
14-SEP-81
37
30.0
36
27.5
P1
m
35
25.0
0
m
0930
1030
1130
1230
1330
LOTUS SURFACE VALUES
FROM
1430
CHAIN
1530
1630
14-SEP-81
1730
34
22.5
33
20.0
I
25.5
I
1
I
1
I
I
I
I
1
37,
30:0
36
27.5
35
25.0
25.0
24.5
24.0
U' 23.5
NN.
C)
m
c)
rn
34
22.5
33
20.0
23.0
22.5
I
I
I
1915
2015
2115
J
I
I
2215
2315
I
0015
I
I
0115
0215
t
LOTUS SURFACE VALUES FROM CHAIN
i
I
0315
17,18-SEP-81
i
I
0415
38
29.0
37
26.5
36
35
21.5
19.0
0130
0230
0330
04-30
0530
0630
LOTUS DEEP VALUES FROM CHAIN
0730
0830
14-SEP-81
0930
28.0
38
29.0
37
26.5
27.5
27.0
m
m
OD
r
26,5
6
4.0
Cl
m
c)
26.0
c
5
1.5
34
19.0
25.5
25.0
0930
1030
1130
1230
1330
1430
LOTUS DEEP VALUES FROM CHAIN
1530
1630
14-SEP-81
1730
39
22.0
38
19.5
37
1915
2015
2115
2215
2315
0015
LOTUS DEEP VALUES FROM CHAIN
0115
0215
0315
17,18-SEP-81
0615
36
1.5
35
12.0