I
ege of
Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
SEASOAR and CTD Observations
During a COARE Surveys Cruise,
W9211A, 8 November to 8 December 1992
by
A. Huyer, P. Hacker, P.M. Kosro,
J. Fleischbein, E. Antonissen, R. O'Malley
Oregon State University
as of?,
Mtfe LoOTpq
66 HAR,ME
NW 44
STATE
COAS, Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503
and SOEST, University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
Data Report 155
Reference 94-1
April 1994
LWARY'
SCIENCE CEN *
RF" 477365
SEASOAR and CTD Observations During a COARE Surveys
Cruise, W9211A, 8 November to 8 December 1992
A. Huyerl, P. Hacker2, P.M. Kosrol,
J. Fleischbeinl, E. Antonissenl, R. O'Malleyl
ICollege of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503
2School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, HI 96822
Data Report 155
Reference 94-1
April 1994
College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
Oregon State University
Table of Contents
Introduction
1
Cruise Narrative
3
Seasoar Data Acquisition and Preliminary Processing
11
CTD Data Acquisition, Calibration and Data Processing
12
Seasoar Conductivity Calibration
13
Post-Processing of Seasoar Data
17
Data Presentation
19
CTD/Seasoar Comparison
21
Acknowledgments
21
References
23
CTD Data
25
Seasoar Trajectories
43
Ensemble Profiles of Seasoar Temperature and Salinity
Large Butterfly
Standard Butterfly
N2S
S2W
W2E
E2N
SBN to 5°N
Vertical Sections of Temperature, Salinity and Sigma-t
Large Butterfly
Standard Butterfly
N2S Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
S2W Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
101
102
108
108
121
131
143
152
159
160
179
179
192
205
218
228
238
Vertical Sections of Temperature, Salinity and Sigma-t (Cont'd)
248
260
272
284
293
302
W2E Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
E2N Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
SBN to 5°N
Temperature
311
317
323
Salinity
Sigma-t
Appendix A: Time Series of Maximum T/C Correlation and Lags
for Seasoar Tows 1, 3-6
329
Appendix B: T-S Diagrams from CTD and Seasoar at Start and End
345
of Tows 1, 3-6
Appendix C: Fluorescence Voltage for Seasoar Tows
1,
3, 4
355
SEASOAR and CTD Observations During a COARE Surveys
Cruise, W9211A, 8 November to 8 December 1992
Introduction
An international Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment
(COARE) was conducted in the warm-pool region of the western equatorial
Pacific Ocean over a four-month period from November 1992 through
February 1993 (Webster and Lukas, 1992). Most of the oceanographic and
meteorological observations were concentrated in the Intensive Flux Array
(IFA) centered at 1°45'S, 156°00'E. As part of this experiment, three survey
cruises were conducted on the R/V Wecoma; each cruise included
measurements of the temperature, salinity and velocity distribution in the
upper 300 m of the ocean, and continuous meteorological measurements of
wind, air temperature, humidity, etc. Most of these measurements were along
a butterfly pattern that was sampled repeatedly during the three COARE
Surveys cruises, W9211A and W9211B, and W9211C.
Our primary objective was to measure zonal and meridional gradients
across the center of the IFA. We originally intended to sample along a larger
pattern (with diagonals of 200 km) at the beginning and end of each cruise,
and to sample a smaller pattern (diagonals of 100 km) as continuously as
possible through the main portion of each cruise. Early in W9211A, we found
that the smaller pattern was not large enough to span the actual positions of
the profiling current meter array, and that frequent deviations from our
initial choice of longitude would be necessary to avoid moorings and quasistationary ships. We therefore abandoned our plan of two separate sampling
patterns, and instead chose one Standard Butterfly Pattern with a meridional
section along 156°06'W and a zonal section along 1°50'S, connected in the
southwestern and northeastern quadrants. Along this track, we measured the
upper-ocean temperature and salinity by means of a towed undulating
Seasoar vehicle (Figure 1) equipped with a SeaBird CTD system, while
underway at 7-8 knots. CTD casts were made at the beginning and end of each
tow, primarily to check calibration of the Seasoar sensors; additional CTD
casts were occasionally made along portions of the standard sections while
Seasoar was disabled. Water velocity along the ship's track was measured by
means of the ship-borne acoustic Doppler current profiler.
This report summarizes the Seasoar and CTD observations from
Wecoma's first COARE Surveys cruise, W9211A. It also provides a cruise
narrative, and a brief description of the data processing procedures.
2
Figure 1. Sketch of the Seasoar vehicle used during W9211A. Inlet and outlet ports for the
dual T -C SeaBird sensor ducts are on both sides of the lower nose. A SeaTech fluorometer
was mounted just inside the larger hole in the nose. A 25-cm transmissometer was mounted
on top during the first tow, but was later removed because of an irrepairable malfunction.
SeaSoar body outline
Figure 2. Schematic of the plumbing of the ducted T/C sensors inside the Seasoar vehicle.
Primary sensor inlet and outlet ports were on the starboard side of the nose; secondary
sensor ports were on the port side. The fluorometer was mounted internally as far forward
as possible and below the CTD; its sampling volume was just inside the nose, immediately
behind a 5-cm-diameter opening.
3
Cruise Narrative, W9211A
Wecoma departed from Guam about 0200 UTC, 8 November 1992, and
began transit toward an Atlas Buoy at 0°N, 154°E; our intention was to repair
an anemometer and install an optical rain gage after morning arrival on 12
November. En route, we made 20-minute ADCP calibration runs once per
hour for 12 hours on 11 November. On arrival at the Atlas buoy, we found
westerly winds too strong and seas too rough to service the buoy. We made a
CTD cast alongside the buoy (Table 1), and then began transit to M, 156'E.
Cross-equatorial hydrographic sampling along 156°E consisted of CTD
Stations 2 - 7, all to 500 dbar and at intervals of 20 run (Table 1). CTD casts
were made with an SBE 91llplus CTD equipped with dual ducted
temperature and conductivity sensors (Table 2). Temperature and salinity
data from the first three stations were noisy because the air-venting plugs had
been inadvertently omitted in both T/C ducts; the plugs were properly
inserted before Station 4.
The Seasoar vehicle (Figure 1, 2) was equipped with an SBE 9/llplus
CTD with dual ducted temperature and conductivity sensors (Table 2), a
SeaTech Fluorometer (SN 48) with sensitivity set to "medium" and time
constant set to 3 sec, and a SeaTech 25-cm Transmissometer. The Seasoar
wings were set to have equal maximum travel (18°) for both ascent and
descent.
Seasoar was deployed for Tow 1 at 00°39'S, 155°57'E at about 0200 UTC,
13 November, immediately after CTD Station 7. Our intention was to begin
towing south, continue with one occupation of a Large Butterfly Pattern (with
200-km diagonals), and then continue with repeated occupations of a small
butterfly pattern (with 100-km diagonals). The intended Large Butterfly
Pattern had a meridional section along 155°56'E (from 0°56' S to 2°42' S), and
a zonal section along 1°50' S (from 155°05'E to 156°49'E). At the request of
scientists on Moana Wave, and to avoid repeated maneuvering around
moorings, the longitude of the meridional section was changed to 156°06'E at
about 1200 UTC, 13 November (Figure 3). While conducting this first Large
Butterfly survey, we found that the intended 100-km diagonals of the smaller
pattern would not span the actual positions of the profiling current meter
array, and therefore changed our two-pattern plan to adopt a single
intermediate-sized Standard Butterfly Pattern with diagonal length of 140 km
(Figure 4). Cardinal waypoints of the Standard Butterfly Pattern are given in
Table 3.
Seasoar sampling was generally from a few meters below the surface to
a maximum of 280 or 300 m, except along a portion of the E2N quadrant
where Seasoar was kept below 25 m while the ship's holding tanks were
pumped. About ten hours after the beginning of Tow 1, temperature and
salinity data from the primary (starboard) sensors developed a severe
4
Table 1. Summary of CTD Stations during W9211A.
Wind
Dir ( l)
Wind Spd
255
28
240
240
240
23
38.7'
19.8'
16.3'
26.2'
156° 00 . 1'
1560 00.0'
1550 57.0'
155° 59.5'
156° 00.4'
156° 06.2'
14.1'
09.9'
06.5'
Latitude
Time
Station
(UT)
No.
11 Nov
2058
1
000 01.1'N
12 Nov
0819
2
1055
3
1335
4
161 4
5
1909
6
01.1'
000 40.0'
000 19.9'
000 02 .0'
00° 20.0'S
2248
7
1817
2239
0620
8
10
1126
11
Daze
15 Nov
16 Nov
17 Nov
20 Nov
20 Nov
21 Nov
22 Nov
25 Nov
010
1230
12
1333
13
1437
14
1713
15
00°
02°
02°
02°
02°
02°
02°
02°
01°
1814
16
01 °
1940
17
01 °
2037
18
01 °
2137
2245
19
01 °
20
010
0212
2240
21
01 °
22
2356
0105
1012
23
24
25
02°
01°
0005
0119
0223
0348
26
9
01 °
02.5'
58.0'
54.0'
54.0'
50.0'
50.0'
50.1'
50.0'
02.0'
58.1'
54.1'
01 ° 14.0'
28
24.7'
01° 22.5'
01 ° 18.6'
29
01 ° BY
27
01 0
28 Nov
29 Nov
1931
30
0545
31
01 ° 48.7'
01° 49.8'S
4 Dec
0008
32
04° 51.4'N
Longitude
(kts)
Atmos.
P. (mbar)
18
1007.2
1006.5
1007.8
16
1006.9
200
21
1005 . 8
193
15
200
245
230
16
175
4
155 ° 54.1'
095
7
155° 50.0'
155° 46.0'
155° 41.7'
155° 37.7'
155° 34.0'
155° 34.0'
155° 30.0'
1550 36.0'
155° 42.2'
110
7
1006.9
1008.5
1007.2
1009.7
1006.7
1009.1
1009.1
110
6
calm
140
0
0
4
100
3
110
4
135
135
6
6
155 ° 47.9'
160
7
155 ° 42.1'
180
9
155° 37.9'
155° 34.1'
156° 06.1'
156° 16.6'
1560 14.0'
165
9
150
6
060
285
260
260
260
250
290
080
7
153° 59.6' E
156° 00.0'
156°00.0'
156 ° 00.0'
156 ° 10.1'
156 ° 06.1'
156° 07.8'
155° 52.0'
156° 06.9'E
calm
3
8
21
16
13
14
6
5
18
1008.4
1007.5
1007.2
1008.5
1009.2
1009.7
1009.4
1007.5
1007.5
1010.2
1010.0
1009.3
1011.0
1009.1
1007.5
1007.0
1006.5
1011.6
1008.9
1010.4
5
1.o°s
ELS1
1.5°S
PCM-W
0
0
IMET
0
71
PCM-E 0
LBW'.- -- ------------------ P-----------------
LBE
0
2.0°S
ATLAS
2.5°S
I
155.0°E
155.5°E
156.0°E
I
156.5°E
157.0°E
Figure 3. Ship's track during the Large Butterfly Pattern, 13-15 November 1992, with
moorings of the COARE Intensive Flux Array. The longitude of the meridional section
(originally 155.9 W) was changed to 156.1 W at the request of scientists on Moana Wave.
1.0°S
1.5°S
2.0°S
2.5°S
155.0°E
155.5°E
156.0°E
156.5°E
157.0°E
Figure 4. The Standard Butterfly Pattern in relation to the moorings of the COARE
Intensive Flux Array.
6
Table 2. Instruments and sensors used for CTD, and Seasoar sampling,
W9211A, with date of most recent manufacturer's pre-cruise calibration.
System (Instrument)
Pre-Cruise Calibration
Sensor
Date
CTD (SBE 9/11 plus SN 0256)
P
5 Mar 92
6 Oct 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
T1
1367
T2
C1
C2
1369
1030
1041
16 Sept 92
16 Sept 92
1018
1021
1364
1366
5 Mar 92
17 Apr 92
24 Apr 92
27 Mar 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
27 Mar 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
6 Oct 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
Seasoar (SBE 9/11 plus SN
2843)
P
C1
C2
T1
T2
Table 3. Waypoints for the Standard Butterfly Pattern used for Seasoar
sections in the COARE Intensive Flux Array throughout most of the three
COARE Surveys cruises. Sampling was normally southward from SBN to
SBS along 156°06'E (section N2S), northwestward from SBS to SBW (section
S2W), eastward along 1150'S from SBW to SBE (section W2E), and
northwestward from SBW to SBN (section E2N).
Waypoint
SBN
Latitude
Longitude
1°14'S
156°06'E
SBS
2°26'S
156°06'E
SBW
1050'S
1 °50'S
155°30'E
156°42'E
SBE
7
hysteresis, indicating a plumbing or pump failure. Pressure spikes occurred
occasionally but otherwise data acquisition was satisfactory. After completing
the Large Butterfly Pattern (Table 4), we continued with the Standard
Butterfly Pattern. The data signal became intermittent at 1602 UTC on 15 Nov,
and ceased at 1625 UTC, 15 Nov, soon after the turn at SBS. Seasoar was
immediately recovered, and we made a CTD cast (Station 8) for comparison
with the Seasoar CTD data. After recovery of the Seasoar vehicle at the end of
Tow 1 we found that conductors in the sea cable had shorted out; since spare
conductors seemed to be intact, the CTD was connected to these instead. We
also replaced the SBE pump for the primary temperature and conductivity
sensors with a spare (the original pump had failed). The transmissoineter was
removed from the Seasoar vehicle since it was not providing useful data,
apparently because of insufficient temperature compensation.
While Seasoar was being prepared for Tow 2, we made a CTD cast
(Station 9) alongside the PCM-S mooring at 2°15'S, 156°00'E. We then
returned to SBS to make another CTD cast (Station 10) for comparison with
the beginning of Tow 2. Very soon after the Seasoar deployment at 0715 UTC,
16 Nov, the data signal was again interrupted, and Tow 2 was aborted, with
Seasoar recovered on deck about 0900 UTC. Since it was clear that diagnosing
and repairing the problem would take more than a few hours, we continued
sampling along the Standard Butterfly track by making closely-spaced CTD
stations, and made plans to rendezvous with Moana Wave (to transfer cables
needed to test instruments on the COARE IMET buoy). A series of CTD casts
to 300 m at 10 km intervals along the S2W section (Stations 11-18, Table 1)
was interrupted by the need to reterminate the CTD/rosette cable after
flooding of the conducting swivel at Station 16 (aborted at 135 m). CTD
sampling along the W2E section (Stations 18-20) continued until the
rendezvous with Moana Wave at 0130 UTC, 17 Nov.
After the rendezvous we returned to the W2E line to make a pre-tow
CTD comparison cast (Station 21). Seasoar was deployed at 1°50'S, 155°48'E at
about 0330 UTC, 17 Nov, and sampling resumed along the W2E section (Table
5). Sampling along the Standard Butterfly pattern continued through 18 and
19 November (Table 5). The data acquisition system stopped unexpectedly at
about 1122 UTC, 11 November, and it took several minutes to restart; the
resulting 4-minute data gap was filled with values of 1.0e35. Seasoar
continued to work well until 1856 UTC, 20 Nov, when we again lost data
signal. The vehicle was brought aboard for repairs, and we continued
sampling along S2W with closely spaced CTD casts to 300 m (Stations 22-24).
Since the weather was fair, and forecast to remain the same, we decided to
transit to the Atlas mooring at 0°N, 154°E to repair its anemometer and install
a rain gage, but first we continued ADCP sampling to the center of the
butterfly pattern. We arrived at the mooring about 1930 UTC, 21 Nov, and
had finished servicing it by 2100 UTC.
8
Table 4. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Seasoar Tow 1 of
W9211A. Waypoints for the Large Butterfly Pattern (Figure 3) were: LBN
(1°01'S, 155°56'E on 13 Nov, and 1°01'S, 156°06'E on 15 Nov), LBS (2°42'S,
156°06'E), LBW (1°50'S, 155°14'E), and LBE (1°50'S, 156°55'E). Positions of
waypoints of the Standard Butterfly Pattern (Figure 4) are listed in Table 3.
Date
Start/
LBN
SBN
SBS
LBS
0550
0755*
1938
2145
0424
0627
1534
LBW
LBE
0635
1950
End
Nov 13
Nov 14
Nov 15
Nov 15
0207
1601
* The 13 November position (1°14'S,155°5E) was 10 run west of the standard SBN position
adopted later.
Table 5. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Seasoar Tow 3 of
W9211A. Positions of waypoints are given in Table 3.
Date
start/end
Nov 17
Nov 17
Nov 18
Nov 18
Nov 19
Nov 20
Nov 20
0329
SBN
SBS
SBW
SBE
1038
1652
0118
0723
1647
0754
1508
1422
2310
2325
0605
1856
Table 6. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Seasoar Tow 4 of
W9211A. Positions of waypoints are given in Table 3.
Date
Nov 22
Nov 23
Nov 23
Nov 24
Nov 24
start/end
1107
SBN
SBS
1107
2032
SBW
SBE
0242
1206
0925
1755
1854
0258
2335
9
When we arrived back at SBN, we first did a pre-tow CTD cast (Station
25, Table 1) and then deployed Seasoar at 1107 UTC, 22 Nov to begin Tow 4
Table 6). Seasoar functioned normally for about 54 hours, though the data
signal from the fluormometer began to fade and grow increasingly noisy at
about 2100 UTC, 23 Nov. At about 1630 UTC, 24 Nov, the Seasoar flight
characteristics changed abruptly with a decrease in both maximum depth and
maximum cable tension. Check of the resistance of the hydraulic unit
indicated it did not have a seawater leak. For more than five hours, we
continued to undulate Seasoar between 220 m and the surface (or 20 m while
the ship was pumping tanks, 2130 to 2210 UTC), occasionally slowing the ship
to obtain measurements at greater depths. Our aim was to complete the
survey pattern and reach the northern waypoint (SBN) before recovering
Seasoar. However, winds were strengthening at about 2250 UTC, so we
stopped towing and recovered the vehicle while seas were moderate. When
Seasoar was recovered on deck at 2335 UTC, 24 Nov, it was obvious that the
upper horizontal tail fin had overflexed and was severely cracked on both
sides of the tail. CTD Station 26 was made immediately after recovery, and
three additional CTD casts (Stations 27-29, Table 1) were made before arriving
at SBN at 0345 UTC, 25 November.
The Seasoar vehicle was readily repaired by replacing the upper tail fin
with a spare. Since the fluorometer lamp was weak and flashing erratically, it
was disconnected from the Seasoar CTD, though left in place at the bottom of
the Seasoar vehicle. After a pre-tow CTD comparison cast (Station 29), Seasoar
was deployed at SBN at about 0430, 25 Nov, and Tow 5 began southward
toward SBS (Table 7). We continued sampling along the Standard Butterfly
Pattern, for more than three days (Table 7), with only a minor interruption at
about 0600 UTC to obtain salinity samples from R/V Franklin via small boat;
we continued to tow Seasoar at 3-6 kts during the rendezvous. Tow 5 ended
part-way along the E2N section after abrupt loss of control signal to the
vehicle at 1725 UTC, 28 Nov. The vehicle was recovered at about 1900 UTC,
and a post-tow comparison CTD cast (Station 30, Table 1) was made
immediately afterward.
While the Seasoar cable was reterminated, Wecoma ran some short
lines southeast of the IMET mooring to make small-scale surface salinity
observations in the wake of recent squalls. Since both the lower and upper tail
fins on the Seasoar vehicle were severely warped, both were replaced with
PVC spares. After repairs were complete, we returned to a point on the W2E
section farther west of the end of Tow 5, and there made a pre-tow CTD
comparison cast (Station 31, Table 1), deployed Seasoar at about 0640 UTC, and
began Tow 6 westward toward SBE (Table 8). We continued sampling along
the Standard Butterfly Pattern in the usual direction until 1330 UTC, 1 Dec,
when we arrived at SBS (Table 8). Since there was not sufficient time left in
the cruise to complete the butterfly pattern we continued south to 02° 40'S,
and then turned northward again to sample along 156° 06' E. Seasoar
10
Table 7. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Seasoar Tow 5 of
W9211A. Positions of waypoints are given in Table 2.
start/end
Date
SBN
SBS
SBW
0435
1431
2120
Nov 26
Nov 27
1242
2215
Nov 27
2102
Nov 25
0435
Nov 26
0525
0505
Nov 28
Nov 28
SBE
0645
1353
1330
1902
Table 8. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Seasoar Tow 6 of
W9211A. Positions of waypoints are given in Table 2.
start/end
Date
Nov 29
SBN
SBS
Nov 29
SBE
1323
2023
Nov 30
0550
Dec 1
Dec 1
0421
Dec 2
Dec 3
SBW
0645
1225
2123
1330
1734
0229
2348
Table 9. Summary of Seasoar tows, W9211A, showing variables measured
(pressure, temperature, conductivity, fluorescence, light transmission), and
the parameters used for at-sea data processing and analysis (the T-C offset in
scans, and the amplitude a and time constant R for the thermal mass
correction.
Tow
Start Time
Stop Time
No.
Duration
of tow
Parameters
Measured
(hrs)
1
2
3
4
5
11/13/0206
11/16/0723
11/17/0330
11/22/1109
11/25/0430
11/29/0640
11/15/1621
11/16/0810
11/20/1855
11/24/2335
11/28/1902
12/03/2348
61
P, T2, C2, F, trans*
0
P, Ti, Cl, T2, C2, F, trans
T/C Pair used for
At-Sea Analysis
(offset, a, R)
T2,C2 (2,0.03,9-0)
87
P, Ti, C1, T2, C2, F
T2, C2 (3.25, 0.04, 12.0)
59
P, Ti, Cl, T2, C2, F*
Ti, C1 (4.75, 0.04, 12.0)
P, Ti, C1, T2, C2
T2, C2 (3.25, 0.045, 8.0)
P, Ti, C1, T2, C2
T2, C2 (3.25, 0.045, 8.0)
*Transmissometer provided no usable data; fluorometer began to fail about 2100 UTC, 23 Nov
Total towing time: 403 hours, 16.8 days
6
84
112
11
sampling continued northward across the equator to 4°48'N, 156°06E where
the vehicle was recovered at 2348 UTC, 3 December. CTD Station 32 (Table 1)
was completed immediately after recovery.
Wecoma arrived in Pohnpei at about 2300 UTC, 4 Dec, to disembark
some personnel and departed there at about 0600 UTC, 5 Dec for the transit to
Guam. Wecoma arrived in Guam at 2300 UTC, 8 Dec.
Underway measurements were made continuously through most of
the cruise. These include: Acoustic Doppler Current Profile measurements of
water velocity relative to the ship and accompanying GPS position data (E.
Firing, P. Hacker and R. Lukas, University of Hawaii); temperature and
salinity of water at 2 m and 5 m depth (C. Paulson, Oregon State University);
near-surface salinity of water pumped from a buoyant hose (G. Lagerloef,
SAIC); and a broad spectrum of meteorological observations (C. Paulson)
including sonic inertial dissipation (J. Edson, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution).
Members of the scientific party included Marc Willis and Mike Hill,
(both Wecoma Marine Technicians), Adriana Huyer, Clayton Paulson,
Michael Kosro, Fred Bahr, Lynn deWitt, Robert O'Malley, Eric Antonissen (all
from Oregon State University), Peter Hacker, Craig Huhta, Sean Kennan, Jeff
Snyder and Steve Azevedo (all from University of Hawaii).
Seasoar Data Acquisition and Preliminary Processing
Raw 24 Hz CTD data from the Seasoar vehicle and GPS position and
time data were acquired by an IBM compatible PC, which also set flags in the
data stream to indicate missing GPS data and to record keystrokes marking
the once-per-hour collection of a salinity sample from the throughflow
system. The raw data were simultaneously recorded on optical disk by PC and
on a Sun Sparc workstation. The PC displayed time series of subsampled
temperature (both sensors), conductivity (both sensors) and pressure in real
time; it also displayed accumulated temperature data for 6-8 hours as a
vertical section (color raster). One-second averages of position, CTD
temperature (both sensors), conductivity (both sensors), salinity (both sensor
pairs), and pressure were calculated on the Sparc workstation, using the most
recent manufacturer's calibration (Table 2). For each tow, the preliminary
salinity for each sensor pair was calculated using a fixed offset between
temperature and salinity, and a fixed value for the amplitude and time
constant of the thermal mass of the conductivity cell, but these parameters
were changed from one tow to another (Table 9). Time-series and vertical
profile plots of the one-second data were made at the end of each hour. The
1-second preliminary data were used to average the temperature and salinity
data over 3 km in the horizontal and 2 dbar in the vertical, and these gridded
12
values were used to plot vertical sections for each leg of the Standard
Butterfly pattern.
CTD Data Acquisition, Calibration and Data Processing
All CTD/rosette casts were made with an SBE 9/11-plus CTD system
equipped with dual ducted temperature and conductivity sensors (Table 2).
CTD casts to 500 dbar were made primarily to monitor the calibration of the
Seasoar data, and were therefore made before and after each Seasoar tow, with
as little delay as possible. Additional CTD casts to 300 dbar were made to
complet sections or continue sampling while Seasoar was inoperable. Raw 24
Hz CTD data were acquired on an IBM compatible PC using the SEASAVE
module of SEASOFT version 4.015 (Anon., 1992); temperature and
conductivity data were recorded from both pumped sensor ducts. At each
station a few salinity samples were collected for in situ calibration of the
conductivity sensors; CTD values at the sample depth (calculated from the
most recent manufacturer's pre-cruise calibration) were recorded both by
pressing the F5 key at the time of rosette firing and manually on the station
log sheets. Samples were analyzed on a Guildline Autosal salinometer that
was standardized with IAPSO Standard Water P-119 at the beginning and end
of each batch of about 36 samples. Comparison of 88 pairs of sample and CTD
salinity values showed systematic differences, indicating that a correction to
the CTD conductivity data was required. To determine this correction, we first
calculated the in situ conductivity of the sample from the sample salinity and
the CTD temperature, compared this "sample conductivity" to the CTD
conductivity, and regressed the differences on the sample conductivity. This
comparison indicated the CTD conductivity should be corrected by
Cc = -0.00221 + 1.00090981 Co
This formula was used to reprocess the CTD data. Remaining differences
between corrected CTD and sample salinity data (88 pairs, with a mean of
0.001 psu and a standard deviation of 0.005 psu) were not significantly
different from zero.
CTD data were processed on an IBM-compatible PC using applicable
SEASOFT modules. Since there was no significant difference between the data
from the two sensor pairs, we processed data from the primary sensors only.
The configuration files were edited with the SEACON module to incorporate
the conductivity slope and offset determined from the in situ calibration
samples. The DATCNV module of SEASOFT was used with the pre-cruise
calibration constants to calculate 24 Hz values of pressure, temperature and
conductivity from the raw frequencies. When necessary, the output data file
was edited to remove any spikes and any values inadvertently recorded
before the pressure minimum at the beginning of the cast. The CELLTM
module was used to correct for the thermal mass of the conductivity cell,
assumed to have a thermal anomaly amplitude of 0.03 and a time constant of
13
9 seconds. Ascending portions of the 24-Hz data file were removed by
LOOPEDIT with the minimum velocity set to 0.0 m/s. The remaining data
were averaged to 1 dbar values using BINAVG. The final processed data files
consist of 1 dbar values of pressure, temperature and conductivity. These
processed data files were transferred to a SUN computer where we used
standard algorithms (Fofonoff and Millard, 1983) to calculate salinity,
potential temperature, density anomaly (sigma-theta), specific volume
anomaly, and geopotential anomaly (dynamic height). Where appropriate,
comments are included in the file headers to indicate particular problems
with a specific cast.
Seasoar Conductivity Calibration
Salinity samples were collected about once per hour from a throughflow
system in Wecoma's wetlab from1100 UTC, 11 November until 2300 UTC, 3
December 1992. This system pumps water from the seachest at a depth of 5 m in the
ship's hull, through a tank containing SBE temperature and conductivity sensors;
samples are drawn from a point just beyond this tank. The 120 ml glass sample
bottles were rinsed three times before filling, and closed with screw-on plastic caps
with conical polyethylene liners. Samples were further sealed by wrapping parafilm
around the base of the cap. Samples were analyzed at sea on an Autosal
salinometer, usually within 2-3 days after collection; the salinometer was
standardized with IAPSO Standard Water P-119 at the beginning and end of each
batch of about 24 samples.
Additional in situ calibration for these conductivity sensors (#1018 and
#1021) were available from the succeeding cruise, W9211B (Kosro et al., 1994).
During the first half of that cruise, these sensors were used in Seasoar, but during
the second half they were installed in the conventional CTD/rosette package. The
combined CTD-Seasoar and sample comparison from W9211B indicated it was
necessary to apply an offset as well a multiplier correction for both conductivity
sensors:
C1 = -0.00192 + 1.000255 C1(observed)
C2 = -0.00225 + 1.000617 C2 (observed)
(Eq.1a)
(Eq.1b)
These conductivity calibrations were incorporated in the reprocessing of the
Seasoar data. Time series of the hourly salinity samples and time series of the
reprocessed Seasoar data from the 3-7 m depth range (Figure 5) show very similar
variations. For a quantitative comparison between the salinity samples and the
Seasoar data, we selected Seasoar values that were both within 7 minutes of the
time of the salinity sample and within a depth range of 3.0 to 5.5 m. For each
salinity sample, we calculated a bottle conductivity using the appropriate Seasoar
temperature and the sample salinity, and then compared this sample conductivity
to the directly measured conductivity; a few pairs with very large differences were
eliminated from the comparison. The comparisons for Tows 1, 5 and 6 show no
significant difference between the sample and Seasoar values for either sensor pair
Coare legs tows
34.4
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334
334.5
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Julian Day
332.5
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336.5
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338.5
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Julian Day
34f
330.5
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333
333.5
334
Figure 5(a) Time series of hourly salinity samples from the ship's
intake at 5 m (squares) and of near-surface (3-7.99 m) Seasoar
salinity (dots), for Seasoar Tow 1 (secondary sensor duct only,
upper left) and for Tows 5 (left) and 6 (right) of W9211A.
34.5
34.5
1ow3
low4
f
L
934.2
in
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8 34.4
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322
322.5
323
323.5
324
Julian Day
324.5
325
325.5
326
34
327
327.5
328
328.5
329
Julian Day
Figure 5(b) Time series of salinity samples from the ship's intake at 5 m (squares) and near-surface
(3-7.99 m) Seasoar salinity (dots), for Seasoar Tows 3 (left) and 4 (right) of W921 IA. These
Seasoar values were calculated with the same conductivity correction equations as used for Tows 1,5
and 6. Remaining systematic differences were subsequently removed by applying a further
conductivity multiplier.
329.5
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Julian Day
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Julian Day
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334
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335.5
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336.5
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Julian Day
Figure 6. Time series of salinity differences between the 5-m samples and the matching
corrected Seasoar data, for the preferred (secondary) sensor pair, during Tows 1,3,4, 5
and 6 of W9211A.
17
(Figure 5a, Table 10). However, the comparisons for Tows 3 and 4 indicated that
significant differences remained, and that these were similar for the two tows. We
therefore pooled the data from Tows 3 and 4 to determine a correction for the
processed data from the secondary sensor pair (preferred over primary pair, because
data was less noisy):
(Eq. 2)
C2 (corrected) = 1.0006320 C2.
This correction was applied only to the data from Tows 3 and 4, and is equivalent to
using a value of 1.0007807 for the conductivity multiplier (Table 10). Time series of
the remaining difference between the sample salinity and the SeaBird salinity
from the preferred sensor pair (Figure 6) show no obvious systematic error.
Table 10. Correction constants (offset a and multiplier k) adopted for reprocessing data from
the Seasoar conductivity sensors. Also shown are the average and standard deviations of the
salinity differences between the sample values and the corrected Seasoar data.
Std. Dev.
Average
Tow N
al
33
40
60
--
1
5
6
3
4
3-4
57
41
111
-0.00192
-0.00192
-0.00192
-0.00192
k1
-
1.0005133
1.0005133
1.0005133
1.0005133
a2
-0.00225
-0.00225
-0.00225
-0.00225
-0.00225
-0.00225
S1
k2
1.0006174 --0.001
1.0006174
1.0006174 +0.000
1.0006174 +0.006
1.0006174 +0.008
1.0007807
S1
S2
+0.001 --0.001 0.008
+0.000 0.008
+0.005 0.007
+0.006 0.004
+0.000
S2
0.004
0.008
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.006
Post-processing of Seasoar Data
As discussed in our earlier Seasoar data report (Huyer et al., 1993),
salinity data derived from SeaBird ducted temperature and conductivity
sensors are subject to errors from three separate sources (Larson, 1992): (1)
poor alignment of the 24 Hz temperature and conductivity data, (2) poor
compensation for the transfer of heat between the mantle of the conductivity
cell and the water flowing through it, and (3) mismatch of the effective time
constants of the temperature and conductivity measurements. These sources
of error are minimized in a normal SeaBird CTD, by pumping the water
through the ducted pair at a fixed rate. Even though we used the standard
SeaBird sensor duct with high-speed SeaBird pumps, the flow rate through
the sensors mounted inside the Seasoar vehicle was apparently not constant,
presumably because of dynamic pressure gradients along the skin of the
Seasoar vehicle; these gradients seem to vary with vehicle attitude (ascending
vs. descending), and with the relative currents enountered by the vehicle
(Huyer et al., 1993).
Seasoar data were processed using the same general procedures
outlined in the Seasoar data report for W9211C (Huyer et al., 1993), i. e., by
first determining the lags between 24-Hz temperature and conductivity by
18
cross-correlation for consecutive data segments with specified depth ranges,
and using the lag calculated for each segment to offset the 24-Hz conductivity
data relative to the temperature data within that segment; by applying
appropriate calibration equations to the conductivity data; by applying Lueck's
(1990) correction for the thermal mass of the conductivity cell, with the value
of the amplitude parameter related to the T-C offset for each data segment;
and finally block averaging the data to 2-Hz values.
Configuration files for reprocessing the raw 24-Hz Seasoar data contained
the manufacturer's pre-cruise calibration constants for the pressure, temperature
and conductivity sensors, modified by a conductivity offset and multiplier for
both the primary sensor pair (Equation la, above) and the secondary sensor pair
(Equation 1b, above).
The first step in reprocessing was to compute lagged correlations between
first-differenced temperature and conductivity for each sensor pair, separately for
ascending and descending profiles, and separately for three depth ranges: 50 to
120 dbar, 120 to 180 dbar, and 180 to 240 dbar, provided the segment contains at
least 72 scans. Correlation are calculated for ±12 lags; the maximum correlation
was almost always >_0.85. The fractional value of the lag at maximum correlation
is determined by fitting a parabola to the cross-correlation values. The resulting
time series of the optimum primary and secondary alignment offsets (41 and 42)
for each tow are shown in Appendix A. The edited values of the alignment offset
were applied sequentially in reprocessing the 24-Hz T/C data. To reprocess data
from depths shallower than 50 m, we used the value determined from the
preceding 120 to 50 dbar layer; for data deeper than 240 m, we used the value
determined from the preceding 180 to 240 dbar layer; short segments with
unreasonably large lags were processed with the lag obtained for the succeeding
data segment.
To correct the 24-Hz conductivity data for the thermal mass of the
conductivity cell, we used the standard recursive algorithm provided by SeaBird:
dt = temperature - previous temperature
ctm = - b * previous ctm + a * dcdt * dt
corrected conductivity = conductivity + ctm
1/,c and b
where a = 2 a / (0.0417 R + 2), dcdt = 0.1 + 0.0006 (temperature - 20),
= 1 - 2 a/a. We used a fixed value for the thermal anomaly time constant (i = 10
sec), and variable values for the thermal anomaly amplitude depending on the
alignment offset:
if 1<_0
a1=0.03
a1 = 0.03 + 0.03(41 /R1)
if 41 > 0
a2 = 0.03
if 42 <_ 1.75
a2 = 0.03 + 0.03(2 -1.75)/5.5
if 42> 1.75
where the value of R1 was 2.75 for Tow3 and 5.5 for Tows 4-6.
Short gaps in the raw data files (typically 10 seconds long) were filled
with values of 1.0e35. During Tow 1, there were numerous pressure spikes,
19
and the data for these lines were also set to 1.0e35; spurious values of primary
conductivity that occurred after the failure of the SeaBird pump were also set
to 1.0e35. On 13 November, there was a three-hour period with almost no
GPS data in the Seasoar data stream; the missing data was filled by linearly
interpolating the 2-minute GPS data captured by the ADCP data acquisitions
system.
The corrected and realigned 24 Hz temperature and conductivity data
were used to calculate 24-Hz salinity, and these were block-averaged to yield 2Hz values stored in hourly files. Profile plots of the reprocessed data from
both sensor pairs showed that the data from the secondary sensors were of
generally higher quality for all five Seasoar tows. Comparison of the
processed data with salinity samples from the ships 5-m intake (Figure 5a,b),
showed that the processed Seasoar data from Tows 1, 5 and 6 was in good
agreement with the sample values, but data from Tows 3 and 4 were not. We
therefore applied a further conductivity correction (Equation 2, above) to the
2-Hz data from the secondary sensor pair for Tows 3 an 4, and recalculated
salinity for these tows. Differences between the corrected Seaoar salinity data
and the sample salinities (Figure 6) show no significant systematic calibration
errors.
Comparison between reprocessed data from ascending and descending
portions of the Seasoar trajectory showed very little difference (e.g., Figure 7);
salinity data from both descending and ascending profiles appears to be of
high quality.
Data Presentation
Successive hourly files of the reprocessed 2-Hz data were joined and
clipped to yield a single data file for each section of the Standard Butterfly Pattern
(Tables 11 and 12). Final processed data files contain unfiltered GPS latitude and
longitude; pressure; temperature, salinity and sigma-t from the better sensor pair;
date and time; an integer representing flags (to indicate collection of a water
sample from 5-m intake (thousands digit set to 1), missing GPS data filled by
linear interpolation (tens digit set to 1), and to indicate port or starboard intake
for the T/C sensor pair (ones digit set to 1 or 0, respectively)); and two additional
columns for the output voltage from the transmissometer and fluorometer
channels (which read uniformally zero after these instruments were
disconnected). The 2-Hz data were further block-averaged to yield 1-second
averages. As for the two other COARE Surveys cruises, W9211C and W9211B,
when salinity data from descending profiles was of poorer quality than data from
ascending profiles (Huyer et al., 1993; Kosro et al, 1994), we prepared two sets of
data files: one containing ascending data only, and one containing the complete
(ascending and descending) data set.
n2sl7nov.up.data
n2sl7nov.data
n2sl7nov.dn.data
30
'22
1-1
-
- 23
-
25
23
-
-o'
U
0
-25
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20
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E
'
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/
10
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36 33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36 33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
Figure 7. T-S diagrams for the N2S section beginning 1652 UTC, 17 November 1992,
using data from ascending profiles only, descending profiles only, and both ascending
and descending profiles.
35.5
36
21
We present consecutive figures of the Seasoar trajectory (time series of
pressure, latitude and longitude) along each section. We also present summary
figures of all of the 1-second data for each of the four standard sections as follows:
ensembles of temperature profiles (both ascending and descending), salinity
profiles (ascending profiles only), and T-S diagrams (for ascending profiles only).
Vertical distributions of the temperature, salinity and sigma-t along each section
were plotted using Don Denbo's PlotPlus program with a vertical grid spacing of
2 dbar and a horizontal spacing of 1 nm, and with a value of CAY= 5 for the
smoothing parameter (combined spline and laplacian filter). For the temperature
sections, we used both ascending and descending data. For the salinity and sigmat sections, we used only ascending data for all tows. In the cases that partial
Seasoar sections were continued with closely-spaced CTD stations, the plots of
the temperature, salinity and sigma-t distributions include CTD data. Ensemble
profiles of the fluorometer voltage for sections before 24 November are shown in
Appendix C.
CTD/Seasoar Comparison
T-S diagrams for the beginning and end of each Seasoar Tow are shown in
Appendix B. Each diagram shows the T-S curve from both the conventional CTD
cast and the preferred Seasoar sensors during Seasoar deployment or recovery.
Seasoar deployment profiles are generally noisier than either the CTD profiles or
Seasoar recovery profiles, probably because the Seasoar vehicle is tilted noseupward during both deployment and recovery; since the ship is moving very
slowly, observations during deployment are sometimes within the turbulent
wake of the descending vehicle.
Acknowledgments
COARE Survey cruises on Wecoma were undertaken jointly by scientists
from the University of Hawaii (R. Lukas, P. Hacker, and E. Firing) and Oregon
State University (A. Huyer, M. Kosro and C. Paulson). Seasoar watchstanders on
this cruise included personnel from both institutions (Peter Hacker, Jeff Snyder,
Craig Huhta and Steve Azevedo from UH; Jane Huyer, Mike Kosro, Bob
O'Malley, Mike Hill, and Marc Willis from OSU). We are deeply indebted to
Wecoma's Marine Technicians: Marc Willis, Brian Wendler, Mike Hill and Tim
Holt; this work would not have been possible without their skill and dedication.
We are grateful to Nordeen Larson of SeaBird Electronics for his advice on
installing the SeaBird sensors in the Seasoar vehicle and on data processing
principles. Sean Kennan analyzed most of the salinity samples. Our COARE
Survey cruises were supported by the National Science Foundation through its
Ocean Sciences Division and by NOAA's Office of Global Programs under TOGA.
22
Table 11. Times (UTC) of meridional and zonal sections of the Standard
Butterfly pattern. All N2S sections (except the first, see Figure 3) were
southward along 15°06'E from SBN (1°14'S) to SBS (2°26'S), and all W2E
sections were eastward along 1°50'S from SBW (155°30'E) to SBE (156°42'E).
N2S (SBN to SBS)
0755 to 1938, 13 Nov
0627 to 1534, 15 Nov
1652, 17 Nov to 0118, 18 Nov
2325, 18 Nov to 0754, 19 Nov
0605 to 1508, 20 Nov
1107 to 2032, 22 Nov
1854, 23 Nov to 0258, 24 Nov
0435 to 1431, 25 Nov
1242 to 2215, 26 Nov
2102, 27 Nov to 0645, 28 Nov
W2E (SBW to SBE)
0814 to 1808 14 Nov
0329 to 1038, 17 Nov*
0723 to 1647, 18 Nov
1422 to 2310, 19 Nov
0242 to 1206, 23 Nov
0925 to 1755, 24 Nov
2120, 25 Nov to 0525, 26 Nov
0505 to 1353, 27 Nov
1330 to 1902, 28 Nov*
0645 to 1323, 29 Nov*
2023, 29 Nov to 0550, 30 Nov
1225 to 2123, 30 Nov
0421 to 1330, 1 Dec
1734, 1 Dec to 0229, 2 Dec**
* partial section only, completed with CTD stations.
** section was northward from SBS to SBN
Table 12. Times (UTC) of diagonal sections of the Standard Butterfly pattern:
S2W between SBS (2°26'S, 156°06'E) and SBW (1°50'S, 155°30'E); and E2N
between SBE (1°50'S, 156°42E) and SBN (1°14'S, 156°06'E). During most E2N
sections Seasoar was kept below 20 for about 12 km.
S2W (SBS to SBW)
E2N (SBE to SBN)
1534 to 1601, 15 Nov*
1038 to 1652, 17 Nov
1647 to 2325, 18 Nov
2310, 19 Nov to 0605, 20 Nov
0118 to 0723, 18 Nov
0754 to 1422, 19 Nov
1508 to 1856, 20 Nov*
2032, 22 Nov to 0242, 23 Nov
0258 to 0925, 24 Nov
1431 to 2120, 25 Nov
2215, 26 Nov to 0505, 27 Nov
0645 to 1330, 28 Nov
0550 to 1225, 30 Nov
1206 to 1854, 23 Nov
1755 to 2335, 24 Nov
0525 to 1242, 26 Nov
1353 to 2102, 27 Nov
1323 to 2023, 29 Nov
2123, 30 Nov to 0421, 1 Dec
* partial section only, completed with CTD stations.
23
References
Anonymous, 1992. CTD Data Acquisition Software, SEASOFT Version 4.015.
Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., Bellevue, Washington, USA.
Fofonoff, N. P., and R. C. Millard. 1983. Algorithms for computation of
fundamental properties of seawater. Unesco Technical Papers in Marine
Science, 44, 53 pp.
Huyer, A., P. M. Kosro, R. O'Malley and J. Fleischbein. 1993. SEASOAR and
CTD observations during a COARE Surveys cruise, W9211C, 22 January to
22 February 1993. College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon
State University. Data Report 154, Ref. 93-2. 325 pp.
Larson, N. 1992. Oceanographic CTD Sensors: Principles of Operation, Sources
of Error, and Methods for Correcting Data. Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.,
Bellevue, Washington, USA.
Lueck, R. 1990. Thermal inertia of conductivity cells: Theory. J. Atmos.
Oceanic Tech., 7, 741-755.
Lueck, R., and J. J. Picklo. 1990. Thermal inertia of conductivity cells:
Observations with a Sea-Bird cell. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 7, 756-768.
Kosro, P. M., R. O'Malley, R. Lukas and A. Huyer. 1994. SEASOAR
observations during a COARE Surveys cruise, W9211B, 12 December 1992
to 16 January 1993. College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon
State University. In preparation.
Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas, 1992. TOGA COARE: The Coupled OceanAtmosphere Response Experiment. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 73, 1378-1416.
25
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ENSEMBLE PROFILES
OF
SEASOAR TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY
W9211A b2lnl3nov.data
b2In13nov.up.data
b2ln 1 3nov.up.data
0
I
I
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I
I
J
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I
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200 -1
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250
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300 -t---v
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ii
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35 35.5
Salinity/(psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5/
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
In2lsl3nov.up.data
W9211 A ln2lsl3nov.data
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
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In2lsl3nov.up.data
I
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L I
30
I
I
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I
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I
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1
1
1
1
I
1
1
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0
11
15 -
300 -t10
10 -F-T
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 0 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
ls2lw13nov.up.data
W9211 A ls2Iw13nov.data
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ls2lw13nov.up.data
30
I
50 -1
25
100
200 -1
15
11
250-1
300
t
i
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
10-
i
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
'
36
33.5
S
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
lw2lel4nov.up.data
W9211 A lw2le14nov.data
lw2le14nov.up.data
i
30
0
50-1
25-1
100
20
a-
-
N
F-
200
15
r
250
300
10
101
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211A Ie2ln14nov.data
le2ln14nov.up.data
Ie2ln14nov.up.data
0
'22
50
25
100
200
15-1
250
300
10
10'1
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 135
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
'
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211A In2n15nov.data
I
0
I
I
I
.
I
,
,
,
I
ln2n15nov.up.data
1
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1
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1
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i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
In2n 15nov.up.data
30
1
III
50
25
`f.
100 -
150
0
200 15
250 -
300
T-I
101
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
FT'
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
10
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A n2sl3nov.data
n2s13nov.up.data
n2s13nov.up.data
30
0
'22
50
25
100
200
15
250
10
300
10V
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 1135
Salinit)(psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A n2sl5nov.data
n2sl5nov.up.data
n2s15nov.up.data
30
0
'22
50
25-1
100
200
15-
,
250
10
300
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5
35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A n2s17nov.data
n2sl 7nov.up.data
n2s17nov.up.data
30
'22
--23
251
15
n
10
101"
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211A n2sl8nov.data
0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
n2s18nov.up.data
'
I
-I
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
n2s18nov.up.data
I
30
1
50 -
25 -
I I
/ /
100 -
a
150
co
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IZ
200 15
250 7
10 d
300
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 135
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
I
33.5
T
T-1
'
I
34
I
I
I
I
I
.
I
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A n2s2Onov.data
n2s2Onov.up.data
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
n2s2Onov.up.data
I
30
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
1
1
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50
25
100 -
-
I-
200
41
15
2
250 -1
300
l
10
10 I
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
1
I
n2s22nov.up.data
n2s22nov.up.data
W921 1 A n2s22nov.data
30
I
'22
50
25
-
-
100 a)
20
a
a)
E
CL
H
a
200 -1
5
250
10
300
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A n2s23nov.data
n2s23nov.up.data
n2s23nov.up.data
30
'23
25
0
15 J,,
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s25nov.up.data
n2s25nov.up.data
W9211 A n2s25nov.data
30
- 22
-
23
-
25 -1
goo"
15
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
-'
r rTT-r-
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s26nov.up.data
n2s26nov.up.data
W9211 A n2s26nov.data
30
I
I
i
I
'22
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
.34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s27nov.up.data
n2s27nov.up.data
W9211 A n2s27nov.data
30
15
10
101
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
n2s29nov.up.data
n2s29nov.up.data
W9211 A n2s29nov.data
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s01 dec.up.data
n2sOl dec.up.data
W9211 A n2sOldec.data
'22
25-1
101
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 135
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A s2n01 dec.data
,
0
s2n01 dec.up.data
s2n01 dec.up.data
'1
Ld
30
'22
' 23
50
25
-
100
r
E
a)
200
250
rr I
300 -F10
1
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
T-7
I
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
15
10
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A s2endl5nov.data
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
s2end15nov.up.data
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
s2end15nov.up.data
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A s2wl8nov.data
s2wl8nov.up.data
s2w18nov.up.data
0
30
'22
50
25 -1
100
'
II
r
, `L5
1Ir
200
15 -
250 I
I
I
300
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35
35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A s2w19nov.data
s2w19nov.up.data
s2w19nov.up.data
30
0
50
25
100
20
F-
200
15
250
10 -
300
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 135
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A s2end2Onov.data
s2end20nov.up.data
s2end20nov.up.data
I
30
-02
50 25
100 -
20
CL
E
200 15
250 -
10
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
s2w22nov.up.data
s2w22nov.up.data
W9211 A s2w22nov.data
30
50
251
100
20
200
250
I
300
.
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
I..II
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
10
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
s2w24nov.up.data
s2w24nov.up.data
W921 1 A s2w24nov.data
1
30
0
I
I
I
I
1
I
I .
I
50
25
100
20
200
250
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A s2w25nov.data
s2w25nov.up.data
s2w25nov.up.data
0
30
' 23
50
25 100 -
200
-1
15
250 -1
300
rI
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
I
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211A s2w26nov.data
s2w26nov.up.data
s2w26nov.up.data
0
30
50 -
-
25-1
100 -
i)
ca 20-1
a)
Q.
d
a)
I-
200 -1
7
15
250 -
300
10-
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
'
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A s2w28nov.data
s2w28nov.up.data
s2w28nov.up.data
30
25
15
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 135
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A s2w3Onov.data
s2w3Onov.data
s2w3Onov.data
0
30
'22
50
25
100
15 250
300
10
10'
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 ' 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2el4nov.up.data
W9211 A w2el4nov.data
w2el 4nov.up.data
30
0
-
-
- '22
50 25
100
200
15 I
250
300 -FA
10
10
25
20
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
35 35.5
34.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A b2e17nov.data
b2e17nov.up.data
b2e17nov.up.data
0
30
I
I
'22
' 23
50
25 -1
100 -1
0
0
-
a)
a
E
200 15
250 I
2
300
10
1
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5/
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211A w2el8nov.data
w2el 8nov.up.data
w2e18nov.up.data
30
50
25
100
200
30010 '
15
250
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
I
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2el9nov.up.data
w2e19nov.up.data
W9211 A w2e19nov.data
30
0
'22
50
25
0
0
a)
20
a)
a
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I200
15
250
10
300
101
25
20
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5
35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e23nov.up.data
w2e23nov.up.data
W9211 A w2e23nov.data
I
30
0
I
I
I
I
I
,
,
I
I
I
-22
ALA
50
25-1
100
11
200
15
250
T
10 -t-r
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e24nov.up.data
w2e24nov.up.data
W921 1 A w2e24nov.data
i
30
'22
'23
50
25
100-
0
j,.
200
15
250
11
10
300
10
25
20
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e25nov.up.data
w2e25nov.up.data
W9211 A w2e25nov.data
30
'22
5025
100-1
U
X150
{
co
c
0
200 15
250 -1
19
300
10
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e27nov.up.data
W921 1 A w2e27nov.data
w2e27nov.up.data
30
'22
25
0
E
a)
151
10
10'
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5
35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A w2end28nov.data
w2end28nov.up.data
w2end28nov.up.data
30
'22
25
U
0
15
rf
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
10
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211A b2e29nov.data
b2e29nov.up.data
b2e29nov.up.data
0
I
30
i
i
i
I
i
i
i
i
I
i
I
'22
-
50
25
100 .
-
F
r
r
E
N
F-
1
200
15 I
250-1
300
10
1
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5 '
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e289nov.up.data
w2e289nov. up.data
W9211 A w2e289nov.data
30
0
50
25 100
200
15
250
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e3Onov.up.data
W9211 A w2e3Onov.data
w2e3Onov.up.data
30
0
'22
50
25
100
15
250-1
300
10
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211A e2nl7nov.data
e2nl 7nov.up.data
e2n 1 7nov. up.data
30
0
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
'22
50
25
100 -1
rf
U
ilk
ai
F-
200 -1
/
15
250
10
300
01
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5
35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
I
I
33.5
34
I
I
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A e2nl8nov.data
e2n18nov.up.data
e2n 18nov.up.data
30
i
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
'22
50-1
25
100
20
200
15
250
300
10
101
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
3033.5
34
34.5 135
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211A e2nl9nov.data
e2nl9nov.up.data
e2n19nov.up.data
-
30
-
50
25 -
jo
cj 20
a)
--
'
E
-
a)
F-
15
250 u
I
300
I
10
l
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5
35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A e2n23nov.data
e2n23nov.up.data
e2n23nov.up.data
..
0
30
I
I
I-
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
-
50 1
25
100 -1
it
15
250 I
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 A e2end24nov.data
e2end24nov.up.data
e2end24nov.up.data
30
50
25
100
15250
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5
35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n26nov.up.data
W9211 A e2n26nov.data
e2n26nov.up.data
0
I, ,.II
30
'22
50
25
100
200
11
15
250
I1 1
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
10
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A e2n27nov.data
e2n27nov.up.data
e2n27nov.up.data
30
I
i
'22
25
15
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n29nov.up.data
e2n29nov.up.data
W9211 A e2n29nov.data
30
25
15
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
-
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A e2n30nov.data
e2n30nov.up.data
e2n30nov.up.data
0
501
100
200
11
250
10
300
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
f
33.5
r
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A n2eqO2dec.data
n2eqO2dec. up. data
n2egO2dec.up.data
30
25
2(3
20
E
15
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A eg21 n02dec.data
eg21 n02dec.up.data
eg21 n02dec.up.data
0
30
'22
' 23
50-1
25-1
100
200
15
250
.11
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A 1 n22nO2dec.data
1 n22n02dec.up.data
1 n22n02dec.up.data
0
30
'22
50-1
25
100
200
15
250-
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5
35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 A 2n23nO3dec.data
2n23nO3dec.up.data
2n23nO3dec.up.data
30
25
15
p-
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A 3n24nO3dec.data
3n24nO3dec.up.data
3n24nO3dec.up.data
30
0
'22
50 J
L
-
25
J
100
20
E
aa)
200
15
250 -
10
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 A 4n25nO3dec.data
4n25nO3dec.up.data
4n25nO3dec.up.data
0
30
50
25
100
200
15
250
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34:5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
159
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TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND SIGMA-T
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329
APPENDDC A:
Time Series of Lag of Maximum T/C Correlation
for Seasoar Tows 1, 3-6
330
Location of Turns
SBW
SBS
1.00
SBE
SBS
SBN
40
0-0.95
El
4
103
L.
0.90
0-0.85
0.80
1.00
o-0.95
+j
w
N 0.90
yes
W
-
13
13
o0 0-0.85
0
0.80
El
A
oe
13
«
a
,
,r
. s,,, a
0.80
1.00
c
0
0.95
N 0.90
L
o 0.85
0-
0.80
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
Day of November 1992
Leg
1 Tow 3, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triangl
331
Location of Turns
SBS
SBW
SBE
SBS
SBN
0
0
0 4
2
I
Ir-
4
0
0- 2
0
8
6
0
N 4
0
O- 2
0
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
Day of November 1992
Leg
1 Tow 3, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
332
Location of Turns
1.00
SBE
SBN
SBS
SBN
SBE
SBW
Q 0.95
0.90
a
0 0.85
0.80
r
1.00
F,
0- 0.95
NI
c'.vo
*W
D
e
01
G
0.90
00
.,
0 0.85
0.80
Q
I
I
I
1.00
0
o
CC-
0.95
00
0.90
0.80
1.00
0
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
17.0
I
17.5
I
II
I
18.0
I
18.5
19.0
Day of November 1992
Leg
1 Tow 3, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triangl
333
Location of Turns
SBE
4
SBN
SBS
SBE
SBW
r
SBN
1
Q -
2
Z3
X11
-2
6
a
4
N
L
va 2
0
1-o
I
0
8
I
c6
0
4
a
A
e
Q- 2
e
0
c6
0
N 4
0
0-2
01
17.0
A
e
e
I
17.5
I
I
.,
I
18.0
18.5
I
II
19.0
Day of November 1992
Leg
1 Tow 3, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
334
Location of Turns
1.00
SBN
SBS
SBW
SBN
SBE
SBW
SBS
SBE
'
o
e
a 0.95
i
0
:
o
0.90
a
lo
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p
e
p
o
El
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0
0.80
1.00
so
0. 0.95
4W
y= N 0.90
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0.0.85
0
0
0.80
E
1.00
Q-
0
L
A eeee
e e
ep
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o
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0.90
e
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a
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13
a)
00
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o
a'
'
+
.
N 0.90
A
.
6
o
9
.
.
o 0.85
Q
0.80
23.5
eee ee
ee
f.
Rot
13
.
re
ae
A
e
23.0
a ee
f
p
22.5
e2 e
eP
24.0
24.5
25.0
Day of November 1992
Leg
1 Tow 4, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
335
Location of Turns
SBN
SBW
SBS
SBE
SBS
SBN
SBW
SBE
4
I
2
0
0
CL
0-
-2
6
a
6
ti
0
A-Z
4
0
Q` 2
0
a
c6
A
3.
0
4
L
0
A
2
01
1
22.5
1
I
23.0
1
1
23.5
1
1
1
24.0
1
1
24.5
25.0
Day of November 1992
Leg
1 Tow 4, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
336
Location of Turns
1.00
SBW
SBE
SBS
SBN
a 0.95
SBW
OW -doy.-N. 0 41
0.90
E1 3
:
Q- 0.85
3
P0 .
++
°
a
0.80
1.00
Wow
%R
PMQFFAMOP
v-
0
%'
0- 0.95
3 -MO
+13
0.90
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0 3.13
M
O
a
t
&A 0
,per'
SM
a
+
0.85
e
13
' '+ -.,
p
-
°
e
0.80
1.00
0 0.95
N 0.90
13
El
B 0.85
Q
0.80
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
Day of November 1992
Leg
1 Tow 5, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triangl
337
Location of Turns
SBW
SBE
SBN
SBS
SBW
4
2
S
0
0
-2
6
.g,
1
e
e
4
L
0
a2
I
0
8
0
e
!.r
t e4a .Be.
e
A
e
0
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
Day of November 1992
Leg
1 Tow 5, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
338
Location of Turns
SBN
SBE
SBS
°
00
0.0.95
L.
SBW
SBS
1.00
"53
,
0.90
,.
.dam
;
O
.,
:
13
C- 0.85
°
°
0.80
1.00
A
a-0.95
c
0%
El
ao
°
.
4
0.90
0
o
0 0-0.85
:.s.
U
0
0.80
E
1
Q-
0
.
: 0.95
C
2 -0
.
0
°
00
4- C
0
+
eAl
e
.
0
4e
0.90
oQ0.85
e
ti
o
P
"
U
0.80
1.00
0
0.95
two
El
°
Ma
N 0.90
Q
0.85
M
,
0.80
25.0
25.5
26.0
M7
O
26.5
27.00
Day of November 1992
Leg 1 Tow 5, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triangl
339
Location of Turns
SBS
SBE
SBW
SBS
SBN
4
1
CL
2
0
0
Q
-2
6
4
O
N
-
i
v
Q2
°C
0
U
H
8
a)
o,
0
J
3
0
6
4
0
2
m
0
8
6
0
v
cv
4
lab 64"
.e
«w
'rr*
0
2
0
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
Day of November 1992
Leg
1 Tow 5, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
340
Location of Turns
SBN
SBE
1.00
SBW
SBS
SBE
0-0.95
0.90
,
,, 0
.8
I M3
O
D
13
0-0.85
0.80
1.00
O
O
o.0-..
C
00.95
El
4# 4
.
6
= N 0.90
U
o 0-0.85
a
0.80
Q
E
1.00
0
vL- C
0
OA
0.95
.2-0
v 0.90
103
M'
A
A
.+'Goo
A
060.85
13
4101319
U
13
0.80
1.00
C
0
El
+
e
e
0.95
,.
lei-
OQ
N 0.90
i0 0.85
.
®
El
a
0.80
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
Day of November 1992
Leg
1 Tow 6, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triangl
341
Location of Turns
SBE
SBS
SBN
SBW
SBE
I
V:`- e,....
.: a
..fir
.
a
Q
I
6
=r_
N
o
2
0I
0
I
4
9
0
8
c6
0
N 4
0
Q 2
01
29.0
m
11
29.5
1
I
1
1
30.0
1
30.5
Day of November 1992
Leg 1 Tow 6, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
342
Location of Turns
SBN
SBSs SBS
SBN
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
1.00
0-0.95
0.90
0
0-0.85
0.80
a
1.00
4--
C
a
C 30 0.95
O
0
7
0.90
4)
0 60.85
L.
p a ..
l.
+
p°
a
o,
I
i6 Ia.
El
".
aQ
e
AAAA
IN
O
a
N.
,
a
.;':
yea e
..
l
th
°
El
aa
U
0.80
1.00
0 0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
1.0
I"l
1.5
I
I
I
I
2.0
I
2.5
3.0
Day of December 1992
Leg
1 Tow 6, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triangl
343
Location of Turns
SBSsSBS
SBN
SBN
2
0
a
-2
6
I
0-
=
1-
0
8
c
3
0
6
4
.
- 4- Lan F.
YVIP,'
prte..
w
C*S w
J y-
1
^ r..
a
MI'
'v
of
0
8
6
0
^
0.
Y_..i..
-
r..
-!..p._...A... a _},. ~..1'..
d ..
0L
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Day of December 1992
Leg
1 Tow 6, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
344
1.00
LBS
LBN
. Yq o .:
o- 0.90
.:u°` '
Lac
0
SBS
LBN SBN
LBE
LBW
! ° +Mq J
Pli
ZJi
U_ N 0.80
o L
0
2
0
Q 0.70
0-
I
0.60
E
0
1.00
0
fir
...::. : ;.:r,;=
0.90
o
a
e
a
e
e9
e
e
I
0.601
13.0
1
13.5
0
14.0
I
I
14.5
15.0
16.0
15.5
Day of November 1993
Leg 1 Tow 1, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triangle)
Location of Turns
LBN
LBS
SBS
LBN SBN
LBE
LBW
o
a.
4
N
UL
0 o2
I
I
I
N
N
C-
4
2
e
e
0
0
13.0
I
13.5
14.0
14.5
I
1
15.0
15.5
L
16.0
Day of November 1993
Leg
1 Tow 1, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triangle)
345
APPENDIX B:
T-S Diagrams from CTD and Seasoar
at Start and End of Tows 1, 3-6.
w9211 ac.7, towl.begin
i
30
25 -
U
0
15
10
T
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w9211 ac.21, tow3.begin
30
25 -
15
1
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w9211 ac.25, tow4.begin
30
I
I
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
I
I
----A
II
25
15
10
-
34
35.5
36
w921 1 ac.26, tow4.end
I
30
25 -1
U
15-1
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w9211 ac.29, tow5.begin
i
30
I
I
35
35.5
25-1
15-
10
I
34
34.5
Salinity (psu)
36
w9211 ac.30, tow5.end
30-1
i
25 -
15
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w921 1 ac.31, tow6.begin
30 -1
I
25 -
0
151
-T-
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w9211 ac.32, tow6.end
30
25 -
0
151
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
355
APPENDDC C:
Profiles of Fluorescence Voltage
For Seasoar Tows 1, 3, 4
(until signal fades, 23 November)
W9211A b2ln13nov.data
n2s13nov.data
In2Is13nov.data
i
50 -
100 1
Q-
200 -1
D
250 -1
300 fi
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
W9211 A ls2lwl3nov.data
w2el4nov.data
lw2le14nov.data
I
01
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
W9211A le2lnl4nov.data
ln2n15nov.data
n2s15nov.data
0
50 i\7
100 -
d
200!
6
lI
250 -1
300
I
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
OT
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
W9211A s2endl5nov.data
b2e17nov.data
r
I
1
Fluorescence (V)
-
II
0
I
r
e2n 17nov.data
I
I
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
I
I
01
i
r
I
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
W9211 A n2sl7nov.data
s2w18nov.data
w2e18nov.data
0
50 -
100 -1
200 -1
250 -
-t
300
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
W9211A e2nl8nov.data
n2s18nov.data
s2w19nov.data
i
0
+;
50 E
100
200 -
250 -
0
r
300
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
I
I
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
W9211 A s2end20nov.data
n2s22nov.data
s2w22nov.data
0
501
100
200
250
300
r
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
n2s20nov.data
e2n 19nov.data
W9211 A w2e19nov.data
0
50 -1
1
1001
200 -
250 -
300
0
-
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
I
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
W9211 A w2e23nov.data
e2n23nov.data
n2s23nov.data
0
50
100-1
L
CIO
200-1
250 -
-Tr1
300
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
I
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1
0
0.5
Fluorescence (V)
1