ETSI – TS 103 199 – Life Cycle
Assessment of ICT
Dr. Anders S.G. Andrae
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT equipment,
networks and services: General methodology and
common requirements
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Introduction – Problems addressed
ISO 14040, ISO 14044 and the ILCD Handbook are recognized
as normative LCA knowledge documents for “any” application
Based on the ISO standards, numerous LCA results for ICT with
different quality and inconsistent result presentations have
been provided – EU requirement on improvement
Standardization of LCA of ICT IS DEFINATELY NEEDED!
ETSI has responded to the gap
Work started in 2008-2009 and will finish in 2011
The ETSI standard for ICT LCA is intended to be more specific
than ISO 14040/ISO 14044, but less specific than, e.g.,
Japanese Product Category Rules for, e.g., notebooks
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Features of the new ETSI LCA standard
Based on ISO 14040, ISO 14044 and the ILCD Handbook
Lifetimes – Defined
Functional units (f.u.) – Basic f.u. defined
System boundaries – Life Cycle Stages and Unit Processes
Identified and Classified as Mandatory or Optional
-The level of detail is relativelely high  good guidance for
users
Rules for Cut–off if they cannot be avoided
Data quality evalution – Qualitative requirements defined for
all life cycle stages and unit processes
Allocation methods – Specified. E.g., 50/50 allocation
prefereed between Raw Matr. Aquisition and Metal recycling.
Detailed reporting instructions (diagrams, tables) ...will help,
e.g., 3rd party reviewers
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General requirements - Life cycle stages
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• A. Equipment Raw material acquisition which is composed by
• Raw material extraction (A1)
• Raw material processing (A2)
• B. Production which is composed by
• ICT Equipment production (B1)
• Support Equipment production (B2)
7 categories of
Re-occuring Generic
• C. Use which is composed by
Unit Processes, e.g.,
• ICT Equipment Use (C1)
Transportation, Energy
• Support Equipment Use (C2)
supply
• Operator activities (C3)
• Service Provider Activities (C4)
• D. Equipment End of Life Treatment
• Re–use (D1)
• ICT specific EoLT (D2)
• Other EoLT (D3)
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General requirements - Lifetime
Lifetime is (always) critical for the interpretation of the
results of (ICT) LCAs
Operating lifetime: The duration of the actual use period
(consisting of both active and non–active periods) for
the first user. Storage time is not included in operating
lifetime.
Operating lifetime shall always be reported and be based
on available information on actual product use.
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Goal&Scope Definition - Intro
Any ICT Equipment which can be part of a Network
delivering voice and/or data lies within the scope of the
ETSI LCA standard.
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Goal&Scope Definition – Functional Unit
The number of users/subscribers supported shall be
specified and the traffic profile shall be considered
where applicable.
MANDATORY BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNITS
Annual ICT Equipment use (per one year of ICT Equipment
use) or Total ICT Equipment use per lifetime of ICT
Equipment.
Annual Network use
Annual Service use.
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Goal&Scope Definition – System Boundaries
G1. TRANSPORTS&TRAVEL
A: EQUIPMENT RAW MATERIAL ACQUISITION
A1. Raw material extraction
A2. Raw material processing
G2. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
B: PRODUCTION
B1. ICT Equipment production
B1.1 Parts production
B1.2 Assembly
B1.3 ICT manufacturer support activities
G3. FUEL SUPPLY
B2. Support Equipment production
B2.1 Support Equipment manufacturing
B2.2 Site construction
G4. OTHER ENERGY SUPPLY
G5. RAW MATERIAL AQUISTION
G5.1. Raw material extraction
G5.2. Raw material processing
G6. END-OF-LIFE TREATMENT
G6.1 EHW treatment
G6.2 Other waste treatment
G7. RAW MATERIAL RECYCLING
C: USE
C1. ICT Equipment use
C2. Support Equipment use
C3. Operator activities
C4. Service provider activities
D: EQUIPMENT END-OF-LIFE TREATMENT
D1. Re–use of ICT Equipment
D2. ICT specific EoLT
D2.1 Disassembly/Dismantling/Shredding
D2.2 Recycling
D3. Other EoLT
System boundary
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Goal&Scope Definition – System Boundaries
Classification “Table 1” within your product system
Tag
A
Life cycle stage
Unit process
Class
ICT Equipment
Network
Service
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Optional
Optional
Optional
Mandatory
Mandatory i
Mandatory
Mandatory
Equipment Raw Material Acquisition
A1
Raw material
extraction
A2
Raw material
processing
B
Production
B1
ICT equipment production
B1.1
Parts
production
(for further details
refer to Annex N1)
B1.2
Assembly
B1.3
ICT
vendor
activities
B2
Support equipment production
B2.1
B2.2
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Support
Optional (Mandatory if
Equipment
Support
manufacturing*
included in the Scope)
Site construction
Optional
Equipment
is
Goal&Scope Definition – System Boundaries
C
Use
C1
ICT
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Optional
Mandatory
Mandatory
Not applicable
Optional
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
equipment
use
C2
Support
Optional
equipment
(Mandatory
use
Support
is
if
Equipment
included
in
the
Scope)
C3
Operator
activities*
C4
Service
provider
activities
D
Equipment End of Life Treatment
D1
Re–use
of
ICT
Equipment
D2
ICT
specific
EoLT
D2.1
Storage/Disassembly/Dismantling/
Shredding
D2.2
D3
Recycling
Other
EoLT
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Goal&Scope Definition – Support activities
• The term Support activities refers to, e.g., offices
•
•
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including ICT use for marketing, sales and R&D, and
also to business travel, commuting and service vehicles.
Support activities are optional to include but should be
included where possible.
The extent in which Support activities and other
Optional activities are included for different parts of
the life cycle shall be clearly described in the study
report.
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Goal&Scope Definition – Raw Material
Acquisition
A1. Raw material extraction
B. PRODUCTION
A2. Raw material processing
G7. RAW MATERIAL RECYCLING
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System boundary
Goal&Scope Definition
– Production
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Goal&Scope Definition
– Use
C1. ICT Equipment use
D. EoLT
C2. Support Equipment Use
C3. Operator activities
C4. Service provider activities
B.PRODUCTION
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System boundary
Goal&Scope Definition
– End-of-Life
D1 Re–use of ICT Equipment
D2 ICT specific EoLT
D2.1 Storage/Disassembly/Dismantling/Shredding
D2.2 Recycling
D2.2.1 Battery recycling
ICT specific metal/mechanical parts/fractions EoLT
D2.2.2 PCBA recycling
D2.2.3 Cable recycling
D2.2.4 Mechanics recycling
D2.2.5 Other ICT recycling
G7.
MATERIAL
RECYCLING
D3. Other EoLT
System boundary
C. USE
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RAW
Goal&Scope Definition
– Networks System Boundaries
• For the Network under study applicable types of nodes
and infrastructure, as well as amounts of these, shall be
defined.
• Functional Block diagrams (HW and SW) essential for
showing study scope
• The impact from software development shall be
included.
• The Network shall be defined in terms of ICT
equipment, Support Equipment and infrastructure.
•
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Operator activities (mainly installation, maintenance
and de-installation) shall always be included
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Goal&Scope Definition
– Services System Boundaries
•
•
•
In order to calculate the impact of a Service, it is
necessary to first assess the Network
Most often (i.e., in a multi–service situation) an
allocation of an appropriate amount of the Network
impact to the Service under study is needed
Service software development, Service use of
consumables, Service sales and logistics infrastructure,
Service associated travels and transports
Data centers are key
•
• Service provider activities
• Positive and negative impacts
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Goal&Scope Definition
– Cut-off rules
• Cut–offs shall be avoided as far as possible!
• Table 1 constitute a significant share for typical
•
•
•
a)
b)
c)
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product systems in ICT LCAs
The intention is that all Mandatory life cycle
stages/unit processes of Table 1 shall be included
Model unavailable data based on known data
Mandatory to:
motivate clearly eventual cut–offs of mandatory life
cycle stages/unit processes from Table 1
describe clearly the cut–off criteria used within a
study
consider unit processes/flows that have been cut–off
for the sensitivity analysis.
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Goal&Scope Definition
– Data quality requirements
• Generic data: Data from any relevant data source
•
•
•
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which need not be specific for ICT applications and
processes. Generic data is always secondary.
Specific data: Data emerging from, in this case, ICT
specific applications and processes. This data could
be either primary or secondary.
Primary data: Data collected/estimated/measured by
a researcher, specifically for the LCA project; for
example, pilot studies or customer or producer
surveys.
Secondary data: Data that has been collected for
another purpose, but can be analyzed again in a
subsequent study; for example, LCA estimates by
academia, government, or industry organizations.
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Goal&Scope Definition
– Data quality requirements onTable 1
Tag
Life cycle stage
Unit process
Type of data
Equipment
A
Network
Service
Equipment Raw Material Acquisition
A1
Raw material
Generic data
Generic data
Generic data
Generic data
Generic data
Generic data
extraction
A2
Raw material
processing
B
Production
B1
ICT equipment production
B1.1
Parts production (for
Specific data
Specific data
Specific data
further details refer to
Annex M2)
B1.2
Assembly
Specific data
Specific data
Specific data
B1.3
ICT vendor activities
Specific data
Specific data
Specific data
B2
Support equipment production
B2.1
Support Equipment
Specific data:
manufacturing
Amounts etc
Specific
Specific
data::
data::
Amounts etc
Amounts etc
Generic data:
processes
Generic data:
processes
B2.2
Site construction
Specific data:
Amounts etc
Specific
Generic data:
processes
Specific
data::
data::
Amounts etc
Amounts etc
Generic data:
processes
Generic data:
processes
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Generic data:
processes
Goal&Scope Definition
– Data quality requirements on Table 1 cont
C
Use
C1
ICT equipment use
C2
Specific data
Support equipment
Specific data
use
C3
Operator activities
C4
D
Specific data
Specific
data
data
Specific
Specific
data
data
Specific
Specific
data
data
Service provider
Not
Specific
Specific
activities
applicable
data
data
Specific data
Specific
Specific
data
data
Specific
Specific
data
data
Specific
Specific
data
data
Specific
Specific
data
data
Equipment End of Life Treatment
D1
Re–use of ICT
Equipment
D2
ICT specific EoLT
D2.1
Specific data
Disassembly/Dismantling/
Specific data
Shredding
D2.2
D3
Recycling
Other EoLT
Specific data
Generic
data
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Specific
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Generic
data
Generic
data
Life Cycle Inventory – Data collection
• The LCA practitioner shall report for which processes
transports/energy supplies have been
separately and for which they are “hidden”.
added
• For many products (especially end–user equipment),
periods of idling and power off are important to
model the usage profile and shall be considered.
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Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules
• Generic processes (G1–G7) shall be allocated as a
•
•
•
•
•
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whole to the life cycle stage in which they are used
Support activities…
Facilities…
Transports shall be allocated based on chargeable
weight
Recycling: The 50/50 method shall be used to allocate
use of recycled Raw Material between A1-A2 and D.
If used LCI data (e.g., for gold production) do not
reveal the scrap% of metal, the 100/0 method is
allowed. No metal recycling in EoLT allowed with
100/0.
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Life Cycle Inventory – Allocation rules –
50/50
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Life Cycle Inventory – Allocation rules –
100/0
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Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules for
Equipment data to Networks
• End–user equipment (e.g., PCs, smart phones) which
is accessing more than one Network (e.g. 3G, WLAN)
shall be allocated to these Networks based on use
time
• Impact from shared Network resources (e.g.,
transmission equipment, core nodes and data
centers) shall be allocated to an access network
based on data traffic
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Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules for
Network data to Services
• Data for End–users– and home/CPE equipment:
• to be allocated based on active use time of the
•
•
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Service
Data for transport equipment:
• to be allocated based on data traffic
The data center(s), where the Service is operated, as well
as the Service provider activities shall be allocated based
on number of subscriptions and Service users
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Life Cycle Impact Assessment
The baseline model of 100 years of the IPCC (GWP100)
LCIA method is mandatory (shall) as mid–point
impact assessment indicator for climate change.
For other mid-points Impact Assessment Categories than
Climate Change and Ozone Depletion there are
several Category indicators developed. If these mid–
points are included in the study scope the ILCD
Handbook shall be followed as close as possible.
Also for best End-point assessment practise the ILCD
Handbook for LCIA shall be consulted.
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Life Cycle Interpretation - how robust are
the results and conclusions?
The challenge of the completeness check is to overcome
the paradox of evaluating the degree of completeness
of the product system when not knowing 100% of it.
If two or more ICT Equipment, Networks or Services LCA
results do not differ significantly there is a risk of
erroneous
interpretations.
The significance is determined for instance by magnitude
in difference, modeling assumptions, and LCA
software program calculation algorithm.
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Comparative LCA between ICT and business
as usual (BAU) systems - reduction potential
LCAs with the same goal&scope, system boundaries and
functional unit need to be performed for both the ICT
Service and the BAU Service it replaces
Especially as identical as possible system boundaries for
the Raw Material Acquisition and Production Phases.
For the BAU Service the associated environmental
impacts shall be estimated according to travel and
infrastructure first order effects. The first order
effects are those directly attributable to the Services.
The reduction potential is the second order effect.
Rebound effects are outside the scope.
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Comparative LCA between ICT and business
as usual (BAU) systems - Example
Travel
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Paper usage
Buildings
PCs
Data centers
BAU Service 30,000
200
0
0
0
ICT Service
15,000
100
0
200
200
Reduction
potential =
ICT Service
– BAU
Service
15,000–
30,000 = –
15,000
tons/year
–100
tons/year
0 tons/year
+200
tons/year
+200
tons/year
TOTAL
reduction
potential
–14,700
tons/year
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Reporting
Common ways of reporting  increase transparency and
a proper basis for interpretation of results.
The following shall be transparently reported and
motivated:
•
•
•
•
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Operating lifetime
Cut–off
Allocations
Data sources
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Reporting – ICT Equipment
kg CO2e / year (20##)
Total result: <X kg CO2e/year>
Study year: <20##>
Operating life time: < # years>
Production:
Assembly location:< Global average>
Transports <Included>
Support activities <Included>
Use:
Use location: < Global average>
Transports: <Included>
Support activities <Included>
Infrastructure: <included/excluded>
Raw material
acquisition*
Production*
Use
EoLT*
This kind of results cannot be compared between studies unless equal assumption and
modelling applies, e.g. the resulting values are very sensitive to operating life time
assumptions
*) The life cycle stage has been divided by life time to produce a yearly figure
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Reporting – ICT Equipment
8
kg CO2e / year
Other EoLT
ICT specific EoLT
7
Support equipment use
6
ICT equipment use
5
Operator activities
Transports
4
Site construction
3
Support equipment production
ICT vendor activities
2
Assembly
1
ICT equipment parts production
0
-1
Raw materials
acquisitions
Production
Use
EoLT
Raw materials processing
Raw materials extraction
This kind of results cannot be compared between studies unless equal assumption
and modelling applies, e.g. the resulting values are very sensitive to operating life
time assumptions
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Reporting – Networks
50
Total result: <X kg CO2e/year>
Study year: <20##>
kg CO2e / year
40
Operation (electricity)
30
Operation (other energy / fuels)
20
Raw materials acquisition, production
and EoLT
10
0
End-user
Home
equipment equipment
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Access
network
C&C
network
Operator
activities
Data
transport
Data
center(s)
Service
provider(s)
Reporting – Networks
50
Total service result: <X kg CO2e/year>
Study year: <20##>
kg CO2e / year
40
Service (all life cycle stages)
30
20
Specific to the service LCA
10
0
End-user
Home
equipment equipment
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Access
network
C&C
network
Operator
activities
Data
transport
Data
center(s)
Service
provider(s)
Reporting – ICT Equipment, Network and
Service
Raw materials acquisition
and EoLT*
GWP [CO2e]
Production
ODP [CFC-11e]
Use
ACP [SO2e]
POCP [C2H4e]
EUP [PO4(3-)e]
...
0%
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20%
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40%
60%
80%
100%
Reporting - Mandatory set of parts for LCA
of ICT equipment.
Part
Mandatory set of
Part unit processes
Product
Important issues
Part categories
(for each Part
flow unit
which influence
category)
B1.1.1 Batteries
LCI data
Lead batteries
Raw Material
Piece,
Lithium batteries
Acquisition,
energy
Nickel—Cadmium
Battery cell assembly,
content,
batteries
Battery module
mass
Size
assembly
Coaxial cables
Raw Material
Fiber cables
Acquisition,
Power cables
Cable final assembly
Network/signal cables
(one unit process per
Connectors
part category*)
B1.1.3
Connectors
Raw Material
Electro—mechanics
Electric motors
Acquisition,
Speakers
Part final assembly
Microphones
(one unit process per
Camera objectives
part category*)
B1.1.2 Cables
Hard Disc Drives
Lighting (lamps)
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Piece, mass
Piece, mass
Length
Reporting - Mandatory set of parts for LCA
of ICT equipment - ICs
B1.1.4
Processors,
Front–end:
Piece, front–end: good die area [cm2],
Yield in
Integrated
DSPs
Special IC
back–end: piece package type
chip
circuits (ICs)
ASICs
materials
Example1: A BGA289 package. Good
production
Memories
production,
die area 0.166 cm2. Environmental Load
Business
Microprocessors
Wafer
per BGA289 = ELU/good die area in
activities
Transistors and
production,
cm2 × 0.166 + ELU/piece BGA package
Factory and
diodes
Chip production
type back-end process
machinery
(“the wafer
fab”)
Example2: A “stacked chip” package.
Back–end: IC
Total Good die area 12 cm2.
encapsulation
Environmental Load (ELU) per “stacked
chip” package = ELU/good die area in
cm2 × 12 + ELU/piece “stacked chip”
package type back-end process
Transistors and diodes: Piece, mass
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Reporting - Reporting format for included life cycle
stages, activities and generic processes
Ta
Life
Unit
Include
Electricity
g
cycle
proces
d
stage
s
(Yes/N
Support
Transpo
Other
Motivation/Comm
(specific/country/w
activitie
rt
generic
ent
orld average
s
activitie
activitie
include
s
s
d
include
include
(Yes/N
d
d
o)
(Yes/N
(Yes/N
o)
o)
o)
A
Equipment Raw Material Acquisition
A1
Raw
material
extractio
n
A2
Raw
material
processi
ng
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mix
Reporting - Reporting format for raw
materials
Total
Recycled
Content
Recycling
input
input
in
of total
product
input*
(%)
(%)
(g,kg,
(%)
ton)
Iron/Steel alloys
Aluminum alloys
Copper alloys
Silver
Gold
Equipment Raw materials (optional)
Raw material 1
Raw material …
Raw material n
Auxiliary Raw Materials(production materials etc.) (optional)
Auxiliary material 1
Auxiliary material …
Auxiliary material n
Packaging materials(optional)
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Packaging
material 1
Packaging
material …
Packaging
material n
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Reference
Reporting - Reporting format for Parts
production
B1.1.1 Batteries
B1.1.2 Cables
B1.1.3
Electro–mechanics
B1.1.4 Integrated circuits
(ICs)
B1.1.5 Mechanics /
materials
B1.1.6 Displays
B1.1.7 Printed circuit
boards
(PCBs)
B1.1.8 Other PBA
components
B1.1.9 Packaging
materials
B1.1.10 Black box
modules
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Part
Part Unit
Handling of
categories included
processes included
special issues
CONTACT
anders.andrae@huawei.com
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