2011 International Conference on Computer Communication and Management
Proc .of CSIT vol.5 (2011) © (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore
Evaluating Olympic Technology Development: Use of Literature
Analysis Based on Science Citation Index
Hongshu Chen1+, Donghua Zhu1, Xuefeng Wang1, Yi Zhang1, Xiaoguang Lu1, Jing Xu2,
Xiaofan Heng1, Changli Liu1, Jin Tang1
1
School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
2
The Science of Science and Sci-Tech Management Magazine, Tianjin 300011, China
Abstract. As one of the three concepts which Beijing Olympics executed, “Hi-tech Olympics” policy
provided satisfactory technical support and security guarantee for the Olympic Games from beginning to the
end. To provide support to assess the science and technology development of the 29th Olympic Games and
other national key projects, this paper analyzes keywords, disciplines and states distribution of SCI literatures
with the background of Hi-tech Olympic policy by using bibliometrics, literature analysis and technical road
mapping, then extracts and establishes an evaluation framework which can be used in technology
development evaluation in view of other national key projects like Olympics. Moreover, an empirical study
of construction technology proves the applicability of this evaluation framework.
Keywords：Hi-tech Olympics, SCI, Literature Analysis, Road Mapping
1. Introduction
Olympic Games are typical representatives of major national projects which reflect national strategies
and policies [1]. Establishment of “Hi-tech Olympics” policy has promoted R&D control to the theory level
and systemized the entire development process by facilitating the organization process scientificly and
efficiently. After the competition, scientific and technological achievements driven by “Hi-tech Olympics”
are industrialized in succession and promoted continuous development which switched the research
emphasis from ‘how to meet the needs of Olympic Games better’ to ‘how to summarize scientific and
technological innovation’. Thus, our research emphases are summed up into the following points:
y
What are the key points of R&D for technology under Hi-tech Olympics policy?
y
Which scientific research areas are mainly driven by the Olympics?
y
Which states are primarily involved in research activities, and what are the focal points?
y
How to express technical development under this policy background?
y
How to evaluate technology development in other national key projects like Olympics?
In this paper, we obtain literatures about Beijing Olympics from the Science Citation Index (SCI), then
conduct quantitative statistics and qualitative analysis focusing on technical innovations in significant
technical areas, evaluate the distribution of major countries, disciplines, and technological keywords,
moreover, build the evaluation framework by summarizing and analyzing global research related to the 29th
Olympics. Finally, a case study is given to validate the framework.
2. Data and Methodology
SCI was established by the Almerican Institute for Scientific Information, in a span of 40 years, it has
already become one of the most important databases in the world. As an important search tool and the main
basis for scientific research evaluation, it has turned into the most authoritative, basic research-based, applied
international evaluation system. Therefore, SCI was chosen as our data source to support evaluation and
assessment. We consulted the “Technology Olympics” Keywords Collection created by the Knowledge
+
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 68918560
E-mail address: hongsue1114@gmail.com
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Discovery and Data Analysis Laboratory of the Beijing Institute of Technology, finally obtained 498
literatures about Beijing Olympic from the database of SCI from 2001 to 2010.
There are many analytical tools to help profile R&D, including bibliometric analyses, social network
analyses, and trend analyses, etc.We mainly use bibliometrics[2], literature analysis and technical road
mapping[3] to summarize and analyze technology research by downloading abstracts of articles concerning
29th Olympics and imputting them into analysis software. We choose Vantage Point from SearchTechnology
Company as data mining tool.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Keywords and disciplines study
With the continuous development driven by 29th Olympic, scholars of various fields enhance the breadth
and depth of their study; interdisciplinary development starts to grow along with Olympic application. In this
paper, we choose to study technology keywords as they are the most concise representations of an article.
Through statistical analysis of technical keywords, hotspot disciplines and key technology information about
Olympics were identified, and the cross-relations among these disciplines were reveald [4].
Technology keywords of Beijing Olympics relate to broad subject categories in accordance with SCI.
The placement of these keywords in different disciplines, their relationship, and their distribution are shown
in Figure 1.
Fig.1: SCI research disciplines distribution of Beijing
Olympics
As shown in Figure 1, the pink dots
representing Computer Science occupy the largest
area with meaning of this discipline was the most
frequently covered in research. The purple and
green dots cross with black ones show that
Computer Science and Engineering, Physics, and
Composite Technology (Multiple Sci) scholars in
these subjects conducted collaborative research.
Environmental Science (Env Sci & Tech) and
Geographic Sciences (Geosciences) are closely
Fig.2: SCI keywords disciplines distribution of Beijing
linked, and their study is based on Chemistry and
Engineering. Sociology (Social Studies) and
Economics (Econ. Polit.) are launched around business-related subjects (Business & Mgt). In addition,
Clinical Medicine (Clinical Med) is a key discipline of the Beijing Olympic Games.
Specific cross-disciplinary keywords [5] can be observed in Figure 3. “PM10”, for example, researches on
this inhalable particulate at the intersection of “PM2.5”, “air quality” and “air pollution” connecting with
“Beijing” and “China”, it indicates that the study on these keywords form a technical cluster of Beijing
Olympics with air quality research as its main topic. PM10 has a strong connection with PM2.5 in this figure
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illustrates close relationship between the two particulate pollutants, scholars among environmental protection
focus on air pollution by comparing the two kinds of particular matter and dealing them appropriately.
However, some keywords exist independently in the figure, such as “number”, “city”, etc. This means these
fields are also the contents of Olympic technology. But compared to other subjects, they got relatively less
attention.
3.2 R&D areas study
With more refined divisions of research in the technical field, the R&D of technology used in Beijing
Olympics has been improved to higher level. Combinning keywords analytical result above mentioned with
project information from the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission and the National
Natural Science Foundation of China, we divided the science and technology field into 11 sub-areas[6],
including Information Communication, Energy and Environmental Protection, Security Technology,
Construction and Facilities, Logistics Support, Economic Concept, Urban Management and Transport
Planning, Organization and Management, Drug Testing and Bio-medical technology, Sport Equipment and
Ceremonies-related Technology.
Fig. 3: SCI research area distribution of Beijing Olympics
Figure 3 shows the proportion of 11 areas’ distribution including 4 significant areas makes up close to
75% of all literatures, of which information communication field about cameras and broadcast technology,
environmental protection sub-area focused on the control of air pollution and recycling of water resources.
With safe construction as the main content, issues of intersections with security areas in building evacuation
and fire alarms comply with the international situation
in recent years. Olympic venues construction, such as
building of the Beijing National Stadium and the
Beijing National Aquatics Center, promotes ultra-high
strength steel, steel structure and Special-Shaped
Concrete structure areas. In addition, Public health
Group 2
and international cooperation against terrorism
become focal points of security area research too.
3.3 States distribution study
Analysis of Hi-tech Olympics states distribution
can help us realize the international cooperation of
science and technology in various states in the
Olympic field. For Beijing Olympic Games, the top
15 countries and areas in terms of scientific papers
published are China, United States, Germany,
Australia, Canada, England, Taiwan Area,
Switzerland, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, Norway,
Netherlands, Japan and Singapore. Figure 4 shows the
detailed information on the numbers of papers
published in SCI by these states. As host country,
China published more than half of the literatures, this
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Group 1
Fig. 4: SCI states distribution of Beijing Olympics
proportion is even higher than the sum of other countries in relevant fields for the 29th Olympic Games, fully
demonstrates the variety of research and hard work in all fields of science and technology done by the host
country.
Through analysis of the visual chart, we find that compared to other countries, the host country has the
strongest Olympics S&T research-oriented feature. 15 countires can be roughly divided into two groups:
having no correlative relationship, the first group shows China, Taiwan area, Germany, Janpan form
independent distribution with China cover biggest area; Other Euro-American countries form a cluster
correlatively,with USA, Australia, Canada, England, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, Norway and
Netherlands in it, explaining scholar from these contries collaborate on S&T research towards Beijing
Olympic, the numbers of their literatures are about the same.
3.4 Evaluation framework
By analyzing the literatures from SCI, we finally obtain knowledge of keywords, disciplines and states
distribution with the background of Hi-tech Olympic policy. Using this knowledge, we extracted and
established an evaluating framework which can be used in technology development evaluation for national
key projects like Olympics reflecting national strategies and policies. Literature Analysis, Bibliometrics and
Association Analysis were used in second step after downloading literature information from SCI. With
analysis of keywords and disciplines, combined with the suggestion from experts, projects information and
industry analysis, scientific and technological fields were divided into several areas. Then we focus on major
country choosing key areas to conduct further analysis by collecting information from major country’ s
representative literature databases and patent database. Literature research and project information can
represent technology fundamental research in a particular area mentioned in the stage above, patents shows
technical application after basic study has been finished. Finally, S&T Payoffs are produced with further
technology development. Using Technology Road Mapping approach[7], an evaluation road map for this
technical policy can be drawn, figure 5 shows the concrete steps.
Fig. 5: Evaluation framework of technology development
3.5 Evaluation of construction technology based on National Stadium Beijing Olympic
To verify the above-mentioned framework and approach, the technologies of national stadium
construction in Hi-tech Olympics background are assessed and selected by using this framework. Here we
chose CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) as representative literature database of China-the
host country of 29th Olympics. Besides, China Patent Information Center was confirmed as major patent
database. Fig. 6 contributes to the knowledge of development evaluation on construction technology which
utilized in Beijing Olympic National Stadium. Keywords came from literature and patent analysis were
placed in the fundamental research and application research level separately, showing that there are three
main paths of technology developments - steel, structure and special-shaped concrete. The pictures of their
results were clarified in S&T payoffs level.
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Fig. 6: Evaluation Road Map of construction technology based on National Stadium
4 Conclusion
R&D under Hi-tech Olympics policy focuses on applied technology and interdisciplinary areas. By
studying scientific and technological work in the Beijing Olympics, this paper conducted a systematic
analysis of literatures and finally extracted and established an evaluation framework which can be used in the
future evaluation of technology development. National strategies and policies are reflected in national key
projects like Olympics which will provide powerful S&T support to technology development and enhance
socially sustainable development capacity as well as independent innovation capability. Using framework
established in this paper, we can also provide support to the evaluation of S&T work on other national key
projects in the light of concrete conditions.
5 Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to the anonymous referees for their insightful comments and helpful suggestions.
Special thanks to Dr. Lu Huang and Prof. A. L. Porter for their kind help. The research is supported by
National Natural Science Foundation (70639001).
6 References
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[4] A. L. Porter, S.W.Cunningham. Tech Mining: Exploiting New Technologies for Competitive Advantage. Wiley,
New York, 2005.
[5] Douglas K. R. Robinson , Lu Huang , Ying Guo .Forecasting Innovation Pathways (FIP) for New & Emerging
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[6] Ying Guo, Su Yuan, Donghua Zhu. The research on input-output architecture faced to high-tech Olympics. Science
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[7] M.L. Garcia, O.H. Bray, Fundamentals of Technology Roadmapping, NM: Sandia National Laboratories Report
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