Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA 10. PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment PERMITS AND OTHER COORDINATION DOCUMENTS 10.1 CZM Federal Consistency Certification (without attachments) This section contains the CZM Federal Consistency Review, dated April 11, 2012. _________________________________________________________________10-1 Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment _________________________________________________________________ Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment 10.2 Section 106 Documents This section contains the documents for the Section 106 consultation process under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. The following documents are included: 1. No Adverse Effect letter from MassDOT to FHWA, dated August 23, 2011, without attachments 2. Concurrence from Massachusetts Historical Commission, dated October 24, 2011 3. Email from Massachusetts Board of Underwater Archaeological Resources, dated October 18, 2011 4. Notice of Project Change (NPC) letter from MassDOT to FHWA regarding work on the Central Street Bridges dated March 20, 2012, without attachments 5. Concurrence on the Notice of Project Change from Massachusetts Historical Commission, dated April 5, 2012. _________________________________________________________________10-2 Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment _________________________________________________________________ Permits and Other Documents August 23, 2011 RE: Fall River, Route 79/I-195 Interchange Improvements (605223) Section 106 Review – Major Project – No Adverse Effect Ms. Pamela Stephenson, Division Administrator Federal Highway Administration 55 Broadway – 10th Floor Cambridge, MA 02142 ATTN: Damaris Santiago Dear Ms. Stephenson: The Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) proposes to expend funds under the Federal Aid Highway Program to construct the above-noted project as part of MassDOT’s Accelerated Bridge Program. Since the project requires the preparation of an Environmental Notification Form/Environmental Assessment (ENF/EA), MassDOT is hereby forwarding a Section 106 “No Adverse Effect” finding for this project to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for review and transmittal to the Massachusetts State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) following procedures outlined in 36 CFR Part 800. The proposed project will remove the deteriorating double-decked Route 79 Viaduct that carries traffic northbound and southbound through Fall River at the I-195 interchange just east of the Braga Bridge. The viaduct will be replaced with a new at-grade, four-lane, median-divided highway constructed along a similar alignment on a new filled embankment. The new at-grade highway will include shoulders, sidewalks, signalized intersections, and a new single-level viaduct over the Mass Coastal Railroad right of way. The project also will combine Davol Street with the new at-grade Route 79 highway and will eliminate the Davol Street Viaduct, which is situated directly below the lower deck of the Route 79 Viaduct south of I-195. The project will maintain all existing connections between Route 79, I-195, and local streets at this heavily traveled interchange. Most highway ramps that connect Route 79 to I-195 and to local roads will be reconstructed along their existing or similar alignments within the highway layout, but the two ramps at the southerly end of the Route 79 Viaduct that connect to Broadway Extension will be removed entirely. MassDOT’s CRU staff has reviewed this project for historic and archaeological impacts under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and has determined that the project will have No Adverse Effect on properties that are listed or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NR). Leading the Nation in Transportation Excellence Ten Park Plaza, Suite 4160, Boston, MA 02116 Tel: 617-973-7000, TDD: 617-973-7306 www.mass.gov/massdot The project area is located partially within the National Register-listed American Printing Company–Metacomet Mill Historic District and is adjacent to two single-span stone arch bridges on Central Street that are eligible for individual listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The project area also is adjacent to two uninventoried late 19th century/early 20th century industrial complexes on Anawan Street—the Borden & Remington Co. and the Fall River Gas Works—each of which holds some apparent historic interest. Massachusetts Historical Commission (MHC) inventory forms for both properties are enclosed with this submittal. The project area is in view of the three decommissioned National Historic Landmark (NHL) U. S. Navy vessels that are docked in Battleship Cove at the Fall River Heritage Park on the Taunton River. Proposed work that will affect these National Register-listed or -eligible properties and other properties of historic interest includes the following: The double-decked Route 79 Viaduct and the single-level Davol Street Viaduct directly below the Route 79 Viaduct will be removed from within the NR-listed American Printing Company–Metacomet Mill Historic District and a new single-level, four-lane viaduct will be constructed along a similar alignment to carry the new combined Route 79/Davol Street roadway. A ramped driveway and the remnant of a rubble stone building foundation that supports the northerly side of the ramped driveway will be removed from a parking lot adjacent to the Metacomet Mill #6 Building within the NR-listed historic district and a new ramped driveway supported by concrete retaining walls will be constructed in a similar location. The damaged stone arch of the Central Street Bridge over the Quequechan River will be repaired and the easterly ends of the bridge's parapets, one of which has been substantially altered, will be truncated to accommodate the reconfiguration of Central Street at its intersection with the new at-grade combined Route 79/Davol Street roadway. The damaged stone parapet of the Central Street Bridge over the railroad right of way will be repaired. A new elevated highway ramp will be constructed in a new location over the bridge to replace a ramp that already exists. Anawan Street will be reconstructed in front of the Borden and Remington Co. Building, which may be eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. A new roadway will be constructed to connect Route 79/Davol Street to Water Street, requiring the demolition an early 20th century concrete structure associated with the Fall River Gas Works. It is the opinion of MassDOT’s Cultural Resources Unit (CRU) staff that the Fall River Gas Works is substantially altered and is not eligible for listing in the National Register. There will be no physical impacts to the NHL U. S. Navy vessels at Battleship Cove but the removal of deteriorating and unsightly Route 79 Viaduct will substantially improve the view of the city from this important tourist destination. The above work will be described in greater detail in the body of this letter. 2 Consultation MassDOT has consulted closely with the City of Fall River regarding this important project and met monthly during the project’s alternatives analysis phase with a Task Force comprised of local and regional officials, business owners, and other stakeholders. City officials who were either Task Force members or who attended meetings included Mayor William Flanagan, City Council members, City Corporation Counsel, the Planning Director, the City Engineer, the Offices of Economic Development and Community Development and others. The Task Force expressed substantial support for the preferred alternative that will remove the deteriorating and unsightly double-decked Route 79 Viaduct and will construct a new at-grade roadway and a new single-level viaduct through the National Register-listed historic district and along the Taunton River waterfront. A January 17, 2011, article in the Fall River Herald News quotes one Task Force member as stating that the project is consistent the City’s goals of downtown revitalization and is “a very important and significant step in opening access to the waterfront and dedicating it to public use.” On behalf of MassDOT, the project's design consultant, Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc., solicited comments regarding this project from the Fall River Historical Commission, the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah), and the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe in letters dated February 11, 2011. None of those entities has responded to date to MassDOT's request for comments. Route 79 Viaduct [Photos 2-10] The Route 79 Viaduct (F-02-059), constructed in 1965, is a multi-level complex of eleven separate bridge and ramp structures that connects Route 79 and I-195 to one another and to local streets at Interchange #5 at the easterly end of the Braga Bridge. The mainline Route 79 Viaduct is approximately 2,400 feet long, extending north-south from its concrete abutments north of I195 to ramps connecting the viaduct to the at-grade Broadway Extension south of I-195. The massive double-decked mainline Route 79 Viaduct is comprised primarily of steel stringer spans framed into steel bent piers, but also includes a two-level, two-span riveted steel Warren truss superstructure that carries Route 79 over the Quequechan River and the Mass Coastal Railroad right of way just south of I-195. The entire viaduct structure has been reviewed previously for National Register eligibility by MassDOT’s historic bridge specialist, Stephen J. Roper, under FHWA’s Amended Section 106 Programmatic Agreement, and the viaduct was determined to be not eligible on February 14, 2006. Copies of the 2006 Historic Bridge Inventory and National Register eligibility forms are attached for FHWA’s and the SHPO’s review and concurrence. Davol Street and Davol Street Viaduct [Photos 2-5, 9-10] Davol Street is a local north-south surface road that extends along an alignment similar to that of Route 79. North of I-195, the elevated Route 79 Viaduct separates Davol Street into two parallel at-grade roadways, with northbound Davol Street on the easterly side of Route 79 and southbound Davol Street on the westerly side. In this divided configuration, Davol Street accommodates on- and off-ramp traffic for Route 79, carries local traffic from intersecting streets 3 and, from the southbound roadway, provides access to the Fall River Heritage Park on the Taunton River waterfront. The separate northbound and southbound Davol Street roadways converge under the Route 79 Viaduct at Central Street. South of the Central Street intersection Davol Street becomes a single two-way roadway and is carried on the Davol Street Viaduct (F-02-014) directly under the Route 79 Viaduct and over the Mass Coastal Railroad ROW. The Davol Street Viaduct extends between the Central Street intersection on the north and the Anawan Street/Pocasset Street intersection on the south. The existing Davol Street Viaduct was constructed in 1985 to replace an earlier viaduct that had been constructed at this crossing in 1905. No roadway or bridge existed on this alignment prior to 1905. The viaduct constructed in 1905 was a 17-span steel plate girder bridge carried on stone abutments and steel H-beam column piers that connected Davol Street on the north to Canal Street on the south. At a later date, Broadway was extended north to connect to the southerly end of the Davol Street Viaduct. The double-decked Route 79 Viaduct was constructed in 1965 on a similar alignment directly above the Davol Street Viaduct. The Massachusetts State Historic Preservation Officer, in a letter dated August 30, 1984, concurred with the finding of the Massachusetts Department of Public Works (now MassDOT) that the 1905 Davol Street Viaduct was an undistinguished example of a common structural type and was not eligible for individual listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The existing Davol Street Viaduct is comprised of a twelve-span steel stringer superstructure carried on the cut granite abutments and three steel H-beam column piers from the earlier viaduct, supplemented by eight reinforced concrete piers constructed in 1985. MassDOT’s historic bridge specialist, Kurt Jergensen, has recommended that the 1985 viaduct be found not eligible for individual listing in the National Register based on its recent date of construction and common structural type. Completed MassDOT Historic Bridge Inventory and National Register Eligibility Recommendation forms are attached. American Printing Company–Metacomet Mill Historic District [Photos 3, 30-40) A portion of the project area is located within the National Register-listed American Printing Company–Metacomet Mill Historic District, which is comprised of several large mid- to late 19th century and early 20th century industrial buildings along the northerly sides of Anawan and Pocasset Streets. The double-decked Route 79 Viaduct, and the single deck of the Davol Street Viaduct below, pass between two contributing buildings within the National Register-listed historic district: the Metacomet Mill #6 Building east of the viaducts and the Packing and Storage Building of the American Printing Company (APC) west of the viaducts. The granite Metacomet Mill #6 Building, constructed in 1847, is the oldest textile mill building in Fall River. The APC Packing and Storage Building is a larger but more utilitarian brick building constructed c. 1895. The removal of the double-decked Route 79 Viaduct will enhance the NR-listed historic district by eliminating a massive modern intrusion that overshadows the adjacent mill buildings. The 4 existing viaduct completely obscures the front (west) elevation of the stone Metacomet Mill #6 Building and extends to within a few feet of the northeasterly corner of the rear wall of the APC Packing and Storage Building. The removal of the two elevated decks of the Route 79 Viaduct thus will reopen the adjacent historic buildings to fuller views that have not been visible since the Route 79 Viaduct was constructed in 1965. The project also will remove the existing 1985 Davol Street Viaduct and replace it on the same site and at the same elevation with a new single-level, four-lane viaduct to carry the combined Route 79/Davol Street roadway over the Mass Coastal Railroad right of way. The new viaduct, like the existing viaduct, will extend from the Anawan Street/Pocasset Street intersection on the south, which is adjacent to the NR-listed historic district, to the Central Street intersection on the north, which is outside of the historic district. The cross section of the proposed new Route 79/Davol Street viaduct will be substantially wider than that of the existing Davol Street Viaduct, but will be approximately the same width as the existing elevated Route 79 Viaduct as it currently passes through the NR-listed historic district [see attached section drawings]. The cross section of the new viaduct has been carefully designed to fit precisely within the existing right of way between the two buildings in the historic district and will include four travel lanes, two shoulders, two sidewalks, and crash-tested steel picketed S3-TL4 railings. The cut granite abutments of the existing Davol Street Viaduct will be removed and new longer reinforced concrete abutments will be constructed to accommodate the wider new viaduct. Left turns will be prohibited from southbound Route 79/Davol Street onto eastbound Pocasset Street in order to avoid adding the extra width of a fifth lane at the southerly end of the new viaduct that would be necessary to accommodate a dedicated left turn lane within the historic district. A fifth lane will be constructed at the northerly end of the new viaduct, however, to provide a dedicated left turn lane from northbound Route 79/Davol Street onto westbound Central Street outside the bounds of the historic district. Other Work within the NR-listed Historic District [Photos 34, 37-39, 41-50] The widened cross section of the new single-level Route 79/Davol Street viaduct will require the removal and relocation of a ramped driveway that provides vehicular access from the southerly end of the existing viaduct down to the at-grade parking lot adjacent to the Metacomet Mill #6 Building. The work also will require the removal of the remnants of a rubble stone building foundation wall that supports the ramp. The proposed work will not affect the Metacomet Mill #6 Building. The existing ramp into the parking lot is approximately 120' long and is constructed on fill supported between two stone walls: a cut granite roadway retaining wall along Pocasset Street on the southerly side of the ramp and the remnant of the rubble stone building foundation wall on the northerly side of the ramp. The project proposes to remove the existing ramp into the parking lot and to construct a new ramp of a similar length and width in roughly the same location parallel to Pocasset Street. A new driveway opening will be created on Pocasset Street, 5 however, rather than on Davol Street, and the top of the new ramp will curve into that new driveway opening on Pocasset Street. A 50' section of the cut granite roadway retaining wall will be removed to accommodate the new driveway opening onto Pocasset Street and to allow for the construction of a new wider corner radius at the intersection of Pocasset Street and the new Route 79/Davol Street roadway. The ramped driveway provides the only means of access for trucks into this section of the Metacomet Mill complex. Although a service drive is located along the Pocasset Street retaining wall in front of the APC Mill #7 Building, immediately to the east of the Metacomet Mill #6 Building, that service drive is traversed by several overhead pedestrian bridges between Pocasset Street and the APC Mill #7 Building [see photo #47]. Those pedestrian bridges do not provide adequate vertical clearance for tall panel trucks to pass. The new driveway ramp will be constructed on fill supported by new concrete retaining walls on both sides. The new concrete retaining wall on the southerly side of the ramp will directly abut the stone retaining wall along Pocasset Street, but will taper as the ramp descends into the parking lot to allow as much of the existing stone retaining wall as feasible to remain exposed above the new concrete wall. Most of the existing rubble stone foundation wall on the northerly side of the existing ramp will be removed to allow for construction of the new concrete retaining wall for the new ramp. The cut granite retaining wall along the northerly side of Pocasset Street appears to have been constructed in 1905 to support the elevated grade of Pocasset Street (then the easterly extension of Anawan Street) at the approaches to the Davol Street Viaduct and the Anawan Street Bridge. Both the Davol Street Viaduct and the Anawan Street Bridge were originally constructed over the Old Colony Railroad right of way in 1905 as part of an effort to eliminate at-grade railroad crossings in Fall River. The granite retaining wall extends for 500' along Pocasset Street east of Davol Street along the entire southeasterly boundary of the NR-listed historic district. The wall is topped by a coping course of large, rock-faced granite blocks with drafted margins. A tall picketed iron fence is mounted on the coping at the back of the sidewalk along Pocasset Street. The retaining wall is located within the street layout and is not a contributing element in the historic district. The granite retaining wall appears to have been previously altered at this location by the construction of the concrete pier that supports the existing Route 79 Viaduct above Davol Street. The 1933 Sanborn Fire Insurance Co. map of Fall River indicates that the retaining wall originally extended to Davol Street, but the wall clearly has been truncated to a point approximately 20' east of that pier. The original rock-faced granite coping stones have been removed from this section of the wall and replaced with rubble stone infill at the truncated end of the wall. A vertical granite end post has been relocated to that location to support one end of the picketed iron fence on top of the wall. A second granite end post has been set somewhat randomly into the curb at the top of the existing ramp adjacent to the Route 79 Viaduct pier [see photo #44]. Any granite blocks, coping stones, or end posts removed from the retaining wall will be reused on site as part of the construction of the new ramped driveway. 6 The rubble stone building foundation wall that presently supports the northerly side of the driveway ramp appears to have been part of a two-story annex that was added onto the southerly side of the Metacomet Mill #6 Building at some time after 1905. The building footprint of that annex is not shown on the 1905 Sanborn Fire Insurance Co. map of the property, but it does appear on the 1933 Sanborn map (both enclosed). Neither the annex nor the remnants of its foundation are mentioned in the National Register nomination for the historic district. The portions of the post-1905 annex's foundation that remain include the southerly wall that supports the ramp, the westerly wall that runs parallel to the existing Davol Street Viaduct, and a short segment of the northerly wall at the northwesterly corner of the foundation. Most of the northerly wall of the foundation and the entire easterly wall have been removed. The whole interior of the former foundation's footprint has been graded and paved for parking. The southerly foundation wall that is proposed for demolition has been substantially altered by the construction of the existing ramp: the top of the wall has been cut off at an angle to match the slope of the ramp, it has been capped with poured concrete, and the window openings in the wall have been filled with additional rubble stone. The westerly wall of the rubble stone foundation, which is located within the existing railroad right of way, is tied into the cut granite abutment that supports the existing Davol Street Viaduct. The westerly wall of the foundation also must be demolished to accommodate construction of the new reinforced concrete abutment for the proposed new viaduct at that location. MassDOT’s Cultural Resources Unit (CRU) staff has visited the project site on several occasions and has assessed the historic integrity of the rubble stone foundation wall. It is the opinion of the CRU staff that the foundation walls have been substantially altered and should not be considered as a contributing property in the NR-listed historic district. MassDOT’s Archaeological Resources Supervisor also has determined that the foundation has little archaeological potential, primarily because of the loss of a substantial amount of the structure’s original fabric but also because of the grading and paving of the interior footprint of the foundation to create a parking area. That interior footprint also has been disturbed by excavation for an underground fuel storage tank, indicated by a manhole cover marked “oil.” Anawan Street Bridge (F-02-013) over the Mass Coastal Railroad ROW [Photos 51-55] Bridge F-02-013, which carries Anawan Street over the Mass Coastal Railroad right of way, was constructed in 1977. The bridge is comprised of a single-span, voided concrete deck beam superstructure carried on earlier stone abutments with concrete bridge seats. The stone abutments are part of the massive cut granite retaining walls along the railroad right of way. The present bridge replaced a 1904 single-span metal pony truss, which is shown at this crossing on the 1905 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company map. MassDOT’s historic bridge specialist, Stephen J. Roper, has recommended that Bridge F-02-013 be found not eligible for listing in the National Register because it is less than fifty years old and is an undistinguished example of this common structural type. Completed HBI and NR Eligibility Recommendation forms are attached. 7 The project proposes to replace the existing bridge with a new single-span bridge on the same alignment. The new superstructure will have the same width as the existing, but will be elevated approximately 3' to provide additional clearance over the future South Coast rail lines. Anawan Street and the existing sidewalks on both sides of the street will be reconstructed for 100' west of the crossing to accommodate the raised elevation of the new superstructure. The layout of Anawan Street will not be widened and the cut granite retaining wall along its northerly side will not be affected. The uninventoried c. 1893 Borden and Remington Company Building and its associated outbuilding are situated on the southerly side of Anawan Street west of Bridge F-02-013 and directly across the street from the long southerly elevation of the APC Packing and Storage Building. MassDOT has prepared an MHC Inventory Form B for the Borden and Remington Company Building and has enclosed that form with this submittal. The building appears to be a good, intact local example of a late-19th century industrial building that is associated with an important local chemical firm that is still in business at another location in Fall River. The building may be eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, but further research would be necessary to make a definitive determination. The replacement of Bridge F-02-013 and the reconstruction of Anawan Street within its current layout will have no effect on either the APC Packing and Storage Building in the NR-listed historic district or the potentially NR-eligible Borden and Remington Company Building. Central Street [Photos 12, 13, 15] Central Street is a one-way (westbound) surface road that carries local traffic westbound from downtown Fall River to the Fall River Heritage Park and other points on the riverfront. Central Street intersects with Davol Street just north of the Davol Street Viaduct, below the elevated I-195 expressway. The intersection is not signalized. Two single-span stone arch bridges that carry Central Street are located in the project area, one on either side of the Davol Street intersection: Bridge F-02-016 carries Central Street over the Mass Coastal Railroad right of way just east of the intersection and Bridge F-02-093 carries Central Street over the Quequechan River just west of the intersection. Bridge F-02-093 has been determined eligible already for individual listing in the National Register of Historic Places, and Bridge F-02-016 has been recommended for individual listing. Central Street will remain a one-way westbound roadway. The project proposes to resurface Central Street from Milliken Boulevard on the east to Water Street. The roadway cross section will not be widened. The existing sidewalk along the northerly side of Central Street east of Davol Street will be reconstructed. The existing sidewalk along the southerly side of Central Street will be removed to allow for the installation of a guardrail at that location. The project also proposes to reconstruct the Central Street/Davol Street intersection to accommodate the wider cross section of the new at-grade combined Route 79/Davol Street roadway. That wider new cross section will include four through lanes and a fifth dedicated turn lane on either side of the Central Street intersection. The dedicated turn lanes will include a right 8 turn lane on the northerly side of the intersection and a left turn lane on the southerly side of the intersection. The project also proposes to signalize this intersection. The proposed work along Central Street that will affect the two NR-eligible stone arch bridges is described below in greater detail. Central Street Bridge (F-02-093) over the Quequechan River [Photos 19-29] The Central Street Bridge (F-02-093) over the Quequechan River, constructed in 1903, is comprised of a single-span, stone arch with large-block, cut granite voussoirs – the face-ring voussoirs have rock faced ends. The arch barrel is composed of coursed ashlar sheeting stones. The arch profile appears to be segmental but is very close to half-round. The Quequechan River flows through a stone-lined channel at the crossing, which is located under a welter of elevated modern highways and ramps at the junction of I-195 and Route 79. The bridge is part of an approximately 300'-long stone-faced causeway that carries Central Street from Davol Street on the east to Battleship Cove on the west along the Taunton River. The spandrel walls on the bridge and causeway are constructed of random large-block granite rubble. These walls rise above the roadway to form parapets capped by a single course of rock-faced granite coping stones with drafted margins. The SHPO, in a letter dated August 28, 2003, concurred with a determination by MassHighway (now MassDOT) that the Central Street Bridge over the Quequechan River is eligible for individual listing in the National Register. The Central Street Bridge was damaged in January 2000 when a gas line buried within the fill of the causeway exploded and burned, causing a crack in the arch ring and damage to the spandrel wall on the northerly side of the bridge. The spandrel wall was subsequently repaired using mortar with a high cement content; the repaired areas are marked by heavily tooled joints. The crack in the arch ring was not immediately repaired, but will be addressed as part of the current project, as will be described below. A separate major alteration to the bridge, unrelated to the gas line explosion repairs, involves the inappropriate reconstruction of a 40' segment of the parapet and spandrel wall at the easterly end of the north elevation of the causeway, including the removal of the original parapet coping stones and the reconstruction of a corner return at the parapet’s end. This reconstruction was undertaken at an unknown date using a variety of granite paving stones, cobblestones, curb stones, and small rubble stones with an apparent disregard for the design of the original structure. The proposed reconstruction of the Central Street/Davol Street intersection will widen the cross section of the new at-grade Route 79/Davol Street roadway along the westerly side of the existing intersection. This work will require the removal of a portion of the stone parapets along either side of the causeway at the easterly end of the approach to Bridge F-02-093 over the Quequechan River. The parapets will be removed for a distance of approximately 60' on the substantially altered northerly side of the roadway and 50' on the southerly side. The parapet along the southerly side of the roadway appears to be intact and includes original coping stones, large-block rubble stones in the spandrel walls, and a curved return at the easterly end of the parapet. 9 The proposed intersection and roadway widening will include construction of new retaining walls to support the widened roadway embankment fill. The new retaining walls will be constructed of either stone masonry or of stone-faced reinforced concrete using stones removed from the parapet wall sections. Regardless of the structural type, the new retaining walls will reuse stones removed from the existing parapets. Any original granite coping stones removed from the parapets will be reused as coping stones on the new retaining wall and new coping stones to match the originals will be fabricated to complete the new walls. The curved return on the southerly side of the wall also will be replicated on both sides of the intersection where the existing parapet walls will tie into the new retaining walls. The project will repair the cracked barrel of the stone arch over the river using the ARCHTEC™ system, which is a proprietary method developed to strengthen stone arches in place with little visible evidence of the repair. Using the ARCHTEC system, shafts are first drilled through the granite blocks of the arch both longitudinally and laterally, a steel anchor rod in a mesh sock is inserted into each shaft, and then the steel anchors are grouted in place. The longitudinal anchors will be inserted into drilled shafts that will not be visible beneath the new bridge deck nor will they extend through the intrados. The transverse anchors will be inserted into drilled shafts that will pierce the voussoirs at the barrel ends. These transverse shafts, however, will be plugged at the ends with granite from the drilled cores and will be virtually invisible to view. The ARCHTEC repair method was proposed for this bridge in May 2003, but that project was not undertaken. The SHPO, however, concurred with the opinion of FHWA and MassHighway (now MassDOT) at that time that the proposed ARCHTEC repairs would have No Adverse Effect under Section 106 on the NR-eligible Central Street Bridge. The SHPO also concurred with FHWA and MassHighway that the ARCHTEC system would have No Adverse Effect when proposed for use on the NR-eligible Flint’s Bridge (C-19-013) in Concord in July 2006. Flint’s Bridge is a four-span stone arch bridge that carries Monument Street over the Concord River adjacent to the North Bridge Unit of the Minute Man National Historic Park. Central Street Bridge (F-02-016) over the Mass Coastal Railroad ROW [Photos 11-18] The Central Street Bridge (F-02-016) over the Mass Coastal Railroad right of way is comprised of a single-span mortared stone arch with cut granite voussoirs, spandrels, and parapets. The bridge was constructed in 1904 to carry Central Street over the expanded right of way of the former Old Colony Railroad (now the Mass Coastal Railroad). Date stones are included in the spandrel walls. Prior to construction of the existing bridge, the railroad passed through a singletrack tunnel that had been cut through ledge at this location. That tunnel was removed in 1904 and the railroad right of way was widened to accommodate three tracks. The existing bridge then was constructed to carry Central Street over the right of way. MassDOT's historic bridge specialist, Kurt Jergensen, has recommended that Bridge F-02-016 be found eligible for individual listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion C as a good local example of the stone arch structural type. A MassDOT Historic Bridge Inventory form and a MassDOT National Register Eligibility Recommendation are enclosed with this submittal. 10 The stone arch structure of the NR-eligible Central Street Bridge over the railroad will remain entirely intact as part of the proposed project, except for minor repairs to damaged areas of the bridge’s north parapet wall and of the adjacent granite block retaining wall along Davol Street above the railroad cut. Vehicular collision damage has misaligned several stone blocks in these walls, primarily along Davol Street but also on the north parapet of the bridge. Although the structural stability of the arch has not been compromised, the damage is unsightly and could pose a public safety hazard to the railroad right of way below. The project proposes to reset all misaligned granite blocks of the north parapet and the Davol Street retaining wall into their original positions. Other work on Bridge F-02-016 will be contained within the area covered by the paved roadway and sidewalks above the fill over the arch between the existing parapets. The existing roadway surface and cement concrete sidewalks on the bridge will be removed. New concrete moment slabs will be constructed along either side of the bridge deck to accommodate crash-tested atcurb BR2 railings to protect the stone parapets from vehicular collisions [see attached plan and section)]. The existing sidewalk along the southerly side of the bridge deck will be eliminated and a new wider sidewalk with a minimum width of 6' will be constructed along the northerly side of the bridge deck. The bridge roadway deck then will be resurfaced and will be striped for three lanes: a dedicated right turn lane, a dedicated center through lane, and a dedicated left turn lane. An existing elevated highway ramp—Ramp G—is located high above the southwesterly corner of Bridge F-02-016. This ramp carries traffic from westbound I-195 onto the northbound Route 79 Viaduct. The existing ramp will be removed and a new ramp will be constructed to connect I-195 to the new, at-grade roadway for the combined Route 79/Davol Street. The new at-grade roadway is considerably lower than the northbound deck of the existing viaduct, so the reconstructed Ramp G must be much longer than the existing ramp and will require a reconfigured curve to provide a safe transition from I-195 to the new at-grade roadway. The new ramp will “fly over” a greater area of Bridge F-02-016 than the existing ramp, but it will have no physical impact on the bridge. It is the opinion of MassDOT’s CRU staff that the new ramp will have No Adverse Effect on those character-defining features of Bridge F-02-016 that make it eligible for listing in the National Register. Water Street Connector [Photos 56-58] The project proposes to construct a new roadway at the southerly end of the project area that will connect the combined new at-grade Route 79/Davol Street roadway with Water Street. The new Water Street Connector will intersect with the westerly side of Route 79/Davol Street approximately 350' south of Anawan Street, across from the new Milliken Boulevard Connector on the easterly side of that intersection. (The new Milliken Boulevard Connector—Ramp C will be constructed on land that has previously been disturbed by the construction of several elevated highway ramps.) A new bridge will carry the Water Street Connector over the railroad right of way. The new roadway will proceed southwesterly for approximately 700' toward Water Street on a new elevated roadway that will transition into a surface roadway as it approaches the intersection of Water Street. The new roadway will be constructed on municipal property that is located at the rear (east) of the Gates of the City Monument, which was constructed in 2006. 11 The alignment of the proposed new Water Street Connector is located primarily on made land created by the filling of Crab Pond but also crosses land that has been previously disturbed by industrial development and railroad construction. The former location of Crab Pond is shown on the attached 1933 Sanborn Fire Insurance Co. map. MassDOT’s Archaeological Resources Supervisor has assessed this portion of the project area and has determined that little or no archaeological potential can be ascribed to the project area because of the above-noted level of disturbance. The construction of the new Water Street Connector will require the taking and demolition of a round, reinforced concrete structure that was used by the former Fall River Gas Works to store fuel oil. The structure is located on the westerly side of the railroad right of way. MassDOT’s CRU staff has prepared an MHC Form A for the Fall River Gas Works, which is enclosed with this submittal. It is CRU staff’s opinion that the Fall River Gas Works is not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, nor is the fuel storage tank eligible for individual listing in the National Register, as is discussed below. The Fuel Oil Storage Tank is a round, reinforced concrete structure located at the southwesterly corner of the Fall River Gas Company complex on the easterly side of Pond Street adjacent to the railroad right of way. The building has a conical roof covered with corrugated metal. A garage door opening with a steel lintel has been punched into the ground floor of the building facing west. Numerous window openings with concrete sills and lintels appear in the upper level of the structure. It is not clear whether these opening were original, or are later alterations. All window openings are currently filled with concrete blocks. The building appears to be vacant at present. This round structure is first shown on the 1933 Sanborn map and is labeled as an empty oil tank. A second, slightly larger round structure, also marked as an empty oil tank, is shown adjacent to the existing structure on the 1933 map. That larger oil tank, which is no longer extant, is first shown on the 1905 Sanborn map. The existing fuel oil tank probably was constructed no later than the 1910s, when the Fall River Gas Works was still actively producing coal gas. The fuel oil stored in these tanks may have been used to fire the generators that heated the coal in the gasification process. The location of the tanks along the railroad tracks may have provided convenient off-loading of the fuel oil from railroad tankers. It is unlikely that the existing Fuel Oil Storage Tank is a gasometer (or gasholder house), as local speculation has suggested. A gasometer typically was a much larger cylindrical iron structure (with or without an essentially ornamental exterior brick shell), which would have been used to hold the manufactured coal gas under pressure prior to distribution of the gas through underground pipes. The 1905 Sanborn map clearly indicates the presence of three large iron gasometers in the main yard of the complex, none of which is extant. The largest of those three gasometers was 120' in diameter, according to the 1905 Sanborn map, much larger than the existing Fuel Oil Storage Tank. The 1905 Sanborn map indicates that the Fall River Gas Works was a complete industrial complex at the beginning of the 20th century, and included all of the structures necessary to produce coal gas on site. The historic integrity of the Fall River Gas Works has been 12 substantially diminished by the demolition of key buildings and structures used in the coal gasification process, including three large iron gasometers, a stone generator building with iron ends that was located along the southerly property line adjacent to Crab Pond, and a 60' tall smokestack. The few buildings that remain from the late 19th century and early 20th century are generally storage, office, or utility buildings that were ancillary to the gasification process. It is the opinion of MassDOT’s CRU staff that the Fall River Gas Works complex has lost historic integrity through demolition, alteration, and infill construction and that the remaining remnants are not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places as a district. The Fuel Oil Storage Tank itself also has lost integrity through substantial alterations and, more importantly, appears to have had little direct relationship to the coal gasification process. The Fuel Oil Storage Tank, therefore, does not appear to be eligible for individual listing in the National Register. Archaeological Assessment A review of the MHC archaeological base maps disclosed no recorded pre-contact or historic archaeological sites in the vicinity of the project area. CRU staff, based on a review of project plans and historic maps supplemented by a February 11, 2011 site visit, has assessed the entire project area as having little or no archaeological sensitivity. The areas to be impacted by the new roadway and ramp construction variously include existing paved roadway, ramp and parking lot surfaces; an abandoned multi-track railroad bed, made land associated with the filling of Crab Pond and steep highway embankments. Many of these areas have been further disturbed by the installation of underground gas, electrical, water and sewer utilities and drainage structures. The likelihood that archaeological resources have survived, intact, in the project area, having escaped the destructive effects of historic and modern development, is extremely low. Summary of Section 106 Effect Finding It is MassDOT's opinion that the Route 79/I-195 Interchange Improvement Project will have No Adverse Effect on any National Register-listed or -eligible properties that are within, adjacent to, or in view of the project area. The removal of the double-decked Route 79 Viaduct will enhance the NRlisted American Printing Company–Metacomet Mill Historic District by eliminating a massive modern intrusion that overshadows the adjacent mill buildings. The removal of the two elevated decks of the Route 79 Viaduct will reopen the adjacent historic mill buildings to fuller views that have not been visible since the Route 79 Viaduct was constructed in 1965. Furthermore, the Davol Street Viaduct will be removed from immediately below the lower deck of the Route 79 Viaduct and a new single-level viaduct will be constructed to carry both Route 79 and Davol Street through the NR-listed historic district. That new viaduct will be constructed at the same level as the existing Davol Street Viaduct and its cross section has been carefully designed to have No Adverse Effect on the NR-listed historic district. Proposed work at the northeasterly corner of the intersection of Davol Street and Pocasset Street adjacent to the Metacomet Mill #6 Building will have No Adverse Effect either on that building 13 Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment 10.3 Wetlands Protection Act Documents This section contains documents pertaining to the Wetlands Protection Act. The following documents are included: 1. 2. Order of Resource Area Delineation issued by the Fall River Conservation Commission on April 12, 2011 Order of Conditions issued by the Fall River Conservation Commission on May 15, 2012. _________________________________________________________________10-3 Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment _________________________________________________________________ Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment 10.4 Correspondence with the City of Fall River Regarding Gates of the City Monument This section contains coordination letters between the City of Fall River and MassDOT relative to impacts on the Gates of the City Monument. The following letters are included: 1. Letter dated March 28, 2011 from the City of Fall River 2. Letter dated April 6, 2012 to the City of Fall River _________________________________________________________________10-4 Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment _________________________________________________________________ Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment 10.5 NEPA Class of Action Letter from MassDOT to FHWA (without attachments) This section contains the NEPA Class of Action Request letter from MassDOT to FHWA, dated June 7, 2011. _________________________________________________________________10-5 Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment _________________________________________________________________ Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment 10.6 Correspondence with the Department of Conservation and Recreation This section contains coordination letters between the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) and MassDOT relative to impacts on the Fall River Heritage State Park. The following letters are included: 1. Letter dated January 30, 2012 to DCR 2. Letter dated March 20, 2012 from DCR _________________________________________________________________10-6 Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment _________________________________________________________________ Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment 10.7 Early Coordination Letters The following letters (included without attachments) were sent as part of the early environmental coordination: 1. March 28, 2011 Letter to Fall River Historical Commission (copy to SHPO) 2. March 28, 2011 Letter to THPO Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) 3. March 28, 2011 Letter to THPO Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe 4. March 28, 2011 Letter to Wild & Scenic Rivers Program, National Park Service _________________________________________________________________10-7 Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment _________________________________________________________________ Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment 10.8 Letter from Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Note to Readers: The list is in alphabetical order by city and/or town. The Route 79/I-195 Interchange Project is Fall River Project Number 605223. According to the latest NHESP GIS layers, the project area is not within mapped Priority or Estimated Habitat, therefore no further consultation with NHESP is necessary. See Section 10.10 for coordination with the National Marine Fisheries Service. _________________________________________________________________10-8 Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment _________________________________________________________________ Permits and Other Documents Commonwealth of Massachusetts Wayne F. MacCallum, Director April 6, 2010 Timothy Dexter Environmental Services Highway Division Massachusetts Department of Transportation 10 Park Plaza Boston, MA 02116 RE: General review of MassDOT programs for MESA compliance, 2010 Dear Mr. Dexter, Thank you for submitting a shapefile (.shp) of infrastructure projects associated with the active construction programs of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). The shapefile indicates the project location and includes a brief project description. The Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program (NHESP) of the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (DFW) has reviewed this information for compliance pursuant to the MA Endangered Species Act Regulations (321 CMR 10.18). As part of this review, the NHESP has determined that 185 projects (variously ranging from resurfacing projects to bridge replacements) as currently proposed, do not occur within Priority of Estimated Habitat as indicated in the Massachusetts Natural Heritage Atlas (13th Edition; 2008). Therefore, these projects are not required to be reviewed in compliance with the MA Endangered Species Act Regulations (321 CMR 10.18) at this time. However, the NHESP notes that two of these projects (604212-Ware, and 605722-Fitchburg) are likely to be within Priority Habitat upon publication of the next Natural Heritage Atlas. Of these projects, 604212-Ware is likely to require some level of protections for freshwater mussels depending on the extent and nature of impacts to wetland resource areas. The remaining projects (totaling 183) not currently within Priority Habitat are listed in an attachment to this letter. However, because of the imprecision of this process, the NHESP notes that MassDOT project managers are ultimately responsible for confirming that their projects are not within jurisdictional habitat for rare species well ahead of construction to assure compliance with the MESA regulations. Please do not hesitate to contact Michael T. Jones, Ph.D., Endangered Species Review Biologist, at (508) 389-6386 (michael.t.jones@state.ma.us), with any questions or comments you may have. Sincerely, Thomas W. French, Ph.D. Assistant Director Attached: List of 183 projects, submitted to the NHESP for review in 2010, not currently in Priority Habitat www.masswildlife.org Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Field Headquarters, North Drive, Westborough, MA 01581 (508) 389-6300 Fax (508) 389-7891 An Agency of the Department of Fish and Game MassDOT General Project Review, April 2010, Page 2 of 3 Attachment. List of 183 projects, submitted to the NHESP for review in 2010, not currently in Priority Habitat Project Number Town Project Number Town 605041 Adams 601350 603491 Adams 604048 Easthampton 601986 Andover 604441 Easthampton - Southampton 604687 Arlington 604658 Easton 603602 Ashland 602382 Everett - Boston 604912 Athol 605366 Fairhaven 54400 Attleboro 605371 Fairhaven 603983 Attleboro 605223 Fall River 605141 Attleboro 605698 Fall River 605580 Auburn 604634 Fitchburg 604234 Auburn 604046 Fitchburg 605561 Auburn 605088 Fitchburg 605272 Barnstable 605596 Foxborough - Sharon 601102 Barnstable 602464 Framingham 604862 Bellingham 603694 Framingham 604642 Berkley 603710 Framingham 602849 Blackstone 602839 Framingham 603654 Boston 604988 Franklin 603443 Boston 605731 Freetown 604761 Boston 603747 Gardner 604871 Boston 604336 Gardner 55750 Boston 603513 Gardner 600867 Boston 605393 Harvard - Lancaster 604388 Boston - Winthrop 602892 Haverhill 603660 Bridgewater 604086 Hingham 604415 Bridgewater - Middleborough 605594 Holyoke - West Springfield 603705 Brimfield - Palmer 603793 Hopkinton - Southborough 604419 Brockton 604006 Hudson 604741 Brockton 604732 Hudson 602606 Brockton 605460 Hungtington 603486 Brookfield 604945 Ipswich 604268 Buckland 601356 Ipswich 603280 Buckland 602377 Kingston 605589 Burlington 605216 Lancaster 605807 603849 Lanesborough 605590 Canton Canton - Norwood - Sharon Walpole 604282 Lanesborough 603704 Charlemont 602299 Lawrence 604476 Chelmsford 604428 Chelsea 605459 Chester - Hinsdale 603180 Chicopee 602912 Chicopee 605260 Chicopee - South Hadley 604051 Colrain 602984 Concord - Lincoln 49710 Deerfield 603892 Dennis 605375 Dennis 605291 Dennis 604032 Dudley East Longmeadow 604839 Lawrence 605042 Lenox 605391 Leominster 605104 Leominster 603514 Leominster 602133 Lexington 603722 Lexington 604841 Littleton 603725 Lowell 601625 Lowell 605173 Malden 603658 Maynard 605180 Methuen MassDOT General Project Review, April 2010, Page 3 of 3 Project Number Town Project Number Town 602603 Middleborough 604449 Springfield 601667 Millis 604252 Sutton 602178 Monson 605343 Swansea 126201 Natick 603576 Taunton 603711 Needham - Wellesley 603252 Taunton 602857 New Bedford 605344 Taunton 605365 New Bedford 604366 Templeton 605368 North Attleborough 604068 Tewksbury 603473 North Reading - Reading 604788 Uxbridge 604242 Northampton 605187 Walpole 604115 Northbridge 601902 Waltham 604116 Northbridge 601701 Ware 604161 Northbridge 600776 Wellesley 604813 Oak Bluffs 603457 West Bridgewater 603371 Orange 601796 West Brookfield 602213 Orleans 604210 West Springfield 603356 Oxford 604737 West Springfield 603531 Peabody 605587 West Springfield 601154 Pelham 160045 Westfield 605212 Pittsfield 603783 Westfield 605326 Pittsfield 604809 Westford 605570 Pittsfield 604339 Westhampton 603468 Plymouth 602587 Westminster 604382 Quincy - Weymouth 114906 Weymouth 605327 Raynam 601630 Weymouth - Abington 604050 Sandisfield 603020 Williamstown 604744 Sandiwch 42603 604390 Seekonk 102710 Winchendon 604729 Shrewsbury - Worcester 603008 Woburn 605219 Somerville 604996 Woburn 604331 Somerville 601920 Worcester 605335 Somerville 604690 Worcester 602219 Somerville 605588 Worcester 137350 Somerville 604955 Worcester 601820 Somerville 604409 Worcester 605338 Southbridge 604893 Worcester 601322 Southwick 602037 Worcester 604154 Southwick 604065 Worcester 604153 Southwick 603516 Worcester 604603 Springfield 454778 Worcester 602600 Springfield 605243 Yarmouth Wilmington Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment 10.9 Army Corps Preliminary Jurisdictional Determination Form This section contains the Preliminary Jurisdictional Determination issued by the Army Corps of Engineers, dated November 23, 2011. _________________________________________________________________10-9 Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment _________________________________________________________________ Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA 10.10 PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment Endangered Species Act Section 7 Consultation The following letters are included: 1. Letter dated April 4, 2012 from FHWA to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) 2. Letter dated April 5, 2012 from MassDOT to the NMFS 3. Letter dated April 12, 2012 from NMFS _________________________________________________________________10-10 Permits and Other Documents Route 79/I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA PART 1 NEPA Environmental Assessment _________________________________________________________________ Permits and Other Documents Source Data: 138 Data compiled from the following source: MassGIS, Commonwealth of Massachusetts EOEA 6 FEMA Q3 Flood: July 1997 Legend: Quequechan River 79 In culvert Non-jurisdictional bypass DAV OL S ON S T RE E T ROBE S T. NB Battleship Cove DURFEE STRE ET 195 NORT H MAIN ST RE ET Tau n to nR ive r In culvert and bypass channel Central St. Bridge Control Structure (Mill Complex) Firestone Pond BE DF O M AI N PL E A S TH IA S T R EET SO U COLU M B MI LL IK E ST RE E T NB LV D. Crab Pond RO DM AN S 138 TR EE RD S T RE E T AN T S TR EE T T T OU H UE Approx. Scale: 1 " = 1,000 ' ch r Wetland Resources eq ue ve Ri YM PL EN AV 195 an SECOND STREET Qu Route 79 / I-195 Interchange Reconstruction Project Fall River, MA Figure 3 Fall River – Quequechan River Photos Photo 1 The Quequechan River culvert ends past the railroad track. Note that the culvert has collapsed. Looking southeast upstream. Concrete pier on left is for the Davol Street Bridge. Photo 2 Quequechan River beneath Route 79 Viaduct & I-195 Braga Bridge. Looking West Downstream. Photo 3 Quequechan River upstream of Battleship Cove and the Taunton River. Central Street Bridge is in background. Photo 4 View of Battleship Cove from Central Street Bridge. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE NORTHEAST REGION 55 Great Republ¡c Dr¡ve Gloucester, MA 01930-2276 APR 1 2 2012 Susan McArthur MassDOT Highway Division Ten Park Plaza Suite 4160 Boston, MA 02116 Re : Fall River-Rou t 7 9 ll- | 9 5 Interchange Improvements Dear Ms. McArthur, This is in response to your letter dated April 5, 2012 requesting information on the presence of species listed by NOAVs National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) in the vicinity of the proposed Route 79ll-I95Interchange Improvement Project located in Fall River, Massachusetts. No federally listed or proposed threatened or endangered species and/or designated critical habitat for listed species under the jurisdiction of NMFS are known to exist in the vicinity of your proposed project. As such, NMFS Protected Resources Division does not intend to offer additional comments on this proposal. Should project plans change or new information become available that changes the basis for this determination, further coordination should be pursued. If you have any questions regarding these comments, please contact Danielle Palmer at (978) 2828468. Acting Assistant Regional Administrator for Protected Resources EC: Palmer, NMFS/NER Santiago, MassDOT Bumham, MassDOT File Code: Sec 7 No Species Present 2012