Lincoln University Wildlife Management Report 34
INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE IN TEN
PORT HILLS RESERVES, CANTERBURY
Mike Bowie
Ecology & Entomology Group
Soils, Plant and Ecological Science Division
P.O. Box 84
Lincoln University
Bowie@lincoln.ac.nz
&
Phil Sirvid
Entomology Department
Te Papa
P.O. Box 467
Wellington
Prepared for:
Port Hills Ranger Service, Christchurch City Council
June 2004
1
Introduction
Systematic monitoring is essential for measuring progress towards reaching restoration goals
and objectives (Noon 2003). Invertebrates represent the greatest diversity in the forest
(Hutcheson et ai. 1999; Grove & Stork 2000) and are an integral part of any ecosystem; they
are involved in pollination, seed dispersal and recycle nutrients (Wilson 1987; Gibbs 1990;
Keesing & Wratten 1998) while providing food for a range of invertebrates and vertebrates
(Wilson 1987; Williams 1993; Freeman 1997). Invertebrates' short generation time and high
population densities make them sensitive to population changes (Williams 1993). Reay &
Norton (1999) used spider and beetles collected in pitfall traps to assess the success of
restoration plantings on the Port Hills. Unfortunately pitfall trapping does not specifically
target arboreal invertebrate species and the method is lethal and counter-productive to
restoration, so another sampling method is needed in this case.
Tree cavities, such as cracks and holes, provide refugia for many species (Bennett et ai.
1994) including invertebrates (Ranius 2002). In New Zealand, cave weta (Raphidophoridae)
and tree weta (Anostomatidae) are commonly found in tree cavities, often in large numbers
(Field 2001). Weta have been suggested as an indicator of forest health because their large
size makes them susceptible to predation by rodents and other mammalian pests (Cowan &
Moeed 1987). Weta motels (Bowie et ai. 2003) were used to non-destructively sample
cavity-dwelling species to provide a snapshot of forest diversity and health (Bowie et ai. in
press). Another non-destructive sampling method uses wooden discs as facsimiles for natural
fallen logs to sample large soil-dwelling insects (Bowie & Frampton 2004). This work
reports on the invertebrate diversity of ten reserves on the Port Hills using two nondestructive sampling methods; weta 'motels' and wooden discs.
Methods
Motels
Blocks of untreated pine wood 45 x 45 mm in cross-section and 150 mm long, were cut with
a 60° 'roof' (see photo). A drill was used to cut a cavity (-30mm wide x 22mm deep x 70
mm long) and a 14mm diameter entrance hole. A glass microscope slide was used as a
window and a wooden door slides open for viewing (see photo). A plastic 'roof' cut from 21
ice cream containers were nailed to the top to reduce rain damage to the wood. Plastic-coated
twist-tie wire was used to attach the motels to trees (McCaw 2004). Twenty motels were
attached to trees predominantly around the perimeter of the 20 x 20 m vegetation plot.
Wooden discs
Based on the specifications of Bowie & Frampton (2003), untreated pine discs (350-450 in
diameter and 100-150 thick) were cut from a fallen tree by the Port Hills Ranger Service
(CCC) and eight were placed on bare soil around the perimeter of the 20 x 20 m vegetation
plots at each site.
Sites
Motels were used at ten sites in the Port Hills Ecological District (Wilson 1992) in
Canterbury, New Zealand (43°37' S, 172°36' E). At each site a range of tree species were
chosen (where possible) to attach 20 motels. Table 1 gives the location of the sites and
sampling dates for each site.
Invertebrate identifications
Occupants were identified in motels to the best of our ability but in some cases specimens
were collected into 70% ethanol for more thorough identification in the laboratory.
Analysis
The species diversity and the abundance were calculated using only ground beetles under the
wooden discs and spiders found in motels. The 'invertebrate health ranking' of each reserve
was calculated by summing the rankings of the species diversity and abundance for each site.
2
Table 1: Port Hills sites with sampling details
Sites
Location
Motel attachment
dates
31 October 2003
Motel sample
dates
17 May 2004
Wooden disc
sample dates
31 October 2003
Ahuriri Scenic Reserve
E2479700
N5726750
E2479544
N5729907
E2479590
N5727256
13 November 2003
17 May 2004
13 November 2003
10 November 2003
17 May 2004
10 November 2003
26 November 2003
7 May 2004
26 November 2003
7 November 2003
7 May 2004
7 November 2003
13 November 2003
17 May 2004
13 November 2003
26 November 2003
27 May 2004
26 November 2003
26 November 2003
27 May 2004
26 November 2003
Sugarloaf 1
7 November 2003
7 May 2004
7 November 2003
Sugarloaf 2
7 November 2003
7 May 2004
7 November 2003
Cass Peak
Cooper's Knob
Kennedy's Bush 1
Kennedy's Bush 2
Orongomai
Otahuna 1
Otahuna2
E2479647
N5730596
E2479674
N5730004
E2478885
N5728169
E2478410
N5728883
Beetle species collected from Kennedy's Bush, Port Hills. From left to right:
Top row: (Carabids) Holcaspis intermittans, Holcaspis suteri, Mecodema oregiodes,
Holcaspis elongella, Dicrochile atratus, Oopterus laevicollis.
Bottom row: Pristoderus bakewelli, Curculionidae species 1, Curculionidae species 2,
Staphylinidae species 1.
3
Photo of weta motel used to monitor arboreal invertebrates (mainly spiders) in ten
Port Hills reserves
4
Results
Occupancy
Live occupancy in the motels varied from 70 to 110 percent. Otahuna 2 and Coopers Knob
motels contained the least occupants, while the highest occupancy was found in Ahuriri, the
two Kennedy's Bush and Otahuna 1 sites with 100% or mor~ (Kennedy's Bush 1 had two
motels with two spiders, hence 110% occupancy) (Figure 1). At the ten sites spiders
contributed between 64 and 100 percent of motel occupants, with a mean of 94 percent.
Theridion xantholabio was the most cornmon spider found in motels in all sites contributing
to 48.5 percent of all spiders found (Appendix 2). Porrhothele antipodiana was found in
five sites. Only two tree weta (Hemideinafemorata) were found in the motels (Appendix 1).
Cave weta were only found in three sites, Otahuna 2 and the two Sugarloaf sites.
Figure 1: Percent live occupation of Port Hills weta motels
120.---------------------------------------------------.
100
s:::
0
80
+==
as
Q.
:J
U
u
60
0
CI)
.2::
?fl
40
20
o
AH
CP
CK
KB 1
KB2
OR
OT1
OT2
SL1
SL2
Sites
Diversity
A large number of species were found (Table 2). The species diversity using carabids
(ground beetles) under wooden discs and spiders in motels, showed Ahuriri to be the most
diverse followed by Kennedy's Bush 2. Otahuna 2, Cass Peak, Sugarloaf 2 and Orongomai
were the sites poorest in invertebrate diversity (Figure 2).
Abundance
Ahuriri and the two Kennedy's Bush sites had the most carabids and spiders under the discs
and in motels respectively (Figure 3). The Otahuna 2 site was the poorest in terms of
abundance.
'Invertebrate health ranking'
The invertebrate health ranking in order of best to worst was: Ahuriri > Kennedy's Bush 2 >
Kennedy's Bush 1 > Otahuna 1 > Cooper's Knob> Sugarloaf 1> Cass Peak> Orongomai >
Sugarloaf 2 > Otahuna 2.
5
Figure 2: Species diversity of spiders and ground beetles
(carabids) at ten Port Hills reserves
14
_
Itt~~'il
12
t/J
Spider species
Carabid species
10
Q)
'0
Q)
c.
t/J
8
0
Jo..
Q)
.c
E
6
Z
4
::l
2
0
AH
CP
CK
KB1
KB2
OR
OT1
OT2
SL1
SL2
Site
Figure 3: Total number of spiders and ground beetles
collected at ten Port Hills reserves
35~-------------------------------------------'
30
25
Q)
g
20
.5
15
ca
"C
s::
«
10
5
o
AH
CP
CK
KB1
KB2
OR
OT1
OT2
SL1
SL2
Site
6
Table 2: Checklist of arthropod species found at all sites
ORDER/Family
Common name
AMPHIPODA
Taltricidae
ANNELIDA
CIDLOPODA
Henicopidae?
COLLEMBOLA
DIPLOPODA
Dalodesmidae
MOLLUSCA
Athoracophoridae
Charopidae
Litter hoppers
OPILIONES
TUBELLARIA
Geoplanidae
ARANEAE
Agelenidae
Harvestman
Flatworms
?Makawe hurleyi (Duncan)
Earthworms
Centipedes
Springtails
Millipedes
Icosidesmus sp.
Molluscs
Native slug
Native snail
?' Newzealandia' sp.
Neoramiajanus (Bryant)
Neoramia setosa (Bryant)
Zealaranea crassa? (Walckanaer)
Nuisiana arboris (Marples)
Taieria sp.
Porrhothele antipodiana (Walckenaer)
Cambridgea peelensis Blest & Vink
Cambridgea quadromaculata Blest & Taylor
Theridion xantholabio Urquhart
Achaearanea veruculata (Urquhart)
Uliodon sp.
Theridiidae
Coccinellidae
Curculionidae
Beetles
Ground beetles
Weevils
Histeridae
Tenebrionidae
Scarabaeidae
Staphylinidae
Zophoridae
DIPTERA
HYMENOPTERA
?Pseudaneitea sp.
Charopa pseudocoma Suter
Flammulina zebra (Le Guillou)
?Nuncia sp.
Spiders
Araneidae
Desidae
Gnaphosidae
Hexathelidae
Stiphidiidae
Zoropsidae
COLEOPTERA
Carabidae
Species
Grass grub
Rove beetles
LEPIDOPTERA
Flies
Wasps, ants and termites
Ants
Moths & butterflies
ORTHOPTERA
Anostostomatidae
Raphidophoridae
Weta, grasshoppers, etc
Canterbury tree weta
Cave weta
Dicrochile atratus (Blanchard)
Holcaspis angustula (Chaudoir)
Holcaspis elongelia (White)
Holcaspis intermittans (Chaudoir)
Holcaspis suteri Broun*
Mecodema oregoides (Broun)*
Megadromus antarcticus (Chaudoir)
Oopterus laevivollis Bates*
Zabronothus striatulus Broun
Ryzobius sp.
Unidentified species 1
Unidentified species 2
Unidentified species
Artystona wakefieldi Bates
Zeadelium zealandicum (Bates)
Unidentified (larvae)
Unidentified species 1
Unidentified species 2
Pristoderus bakewelli (Pascoe)
Unidentified species
Unidentified species
Unidentified species
Hemideina Jemorata (Hutton)
Isoplectron calcaratum Hutton
* Banks Peninsula endemic
7
Discussion
Spiders
All species collected are New Zealand endemics, with the exception of Achaeranea
veruculata, which while regarded as originating from New Zealand, has been introduced to
the UK, Belgium and Australia. Two theridiid species, Theridion zantholabio and
Achaearanea veruculata were found. Both are nationally common species. In this study, T.
zantholabio was the most common spider, while A. veruculata was represented by only two
specimens. Both Neoramiajanus and N. setosa were common in this study. Published records
seem to indicate these species are restricted to the Canterbury region. Forster & Forster
(1999) report that Neoramia builds a rather shapeless web extending from a retreat built in a
hole, or under a rock or log. They may well be predisposed to make use of weta motels in a
similar manner. Only one Zealaranea crassa? was found, but the identification is uncertain
as it lacked the diagnostic epigynal scape. Assuming the identification is correct, this species
is widespread nationally. Nuisiana arboris is recorded from a number of localities around
New Zealand including Canterbury, it is debatable whether this species is monophyletic (it is
currently listed as the sole representative of its genus) or is in fact a complex of species
(Forster & Wilton 1973). One penultimate female Taieria sp. was found. The species Taieria
kaituna Forster is known from the Banks Peninsula area (Johns, 1986; Ward et al. 1999).
Additionally, one unidentifiable gnaphosid exuvium was found, which may also have been a
Taieria sp. Seven specimens of Porrhothele antipodiana were found. This species is
widespread throughout much of New Zealand, and will often make use of holes to construct
the tunnel portion of its web and may exploit weta motels for this purpose. Two specimens of
each Cambridgea quadromaculata and C. peelensis were found. Cambridgea
quadromaculata is known only from Canterbury, but the latter has been recorded from the
Nelson area.
Carabids
Ward et al. (1999) collected 14 carabid species at Hinewai Reserve and Johns (1986)
collected at least 39 species of carabids from Banks Peninsula reserves using many collection
techniques including hand collection and pitfall trapping. A more realistic comparison was
completed by Bowie & Frampton (2004) using wooden discs. They found ten carabid species
sampling five sites using eight discs at each location. Ahuriri was the most diverse of the five
sites with four carabid species, including Selenochilus piceus, a species rarely found on Banks
Peninsula in recent times (Bowie & Frampton 2004).
Weta
Other research (Bowie et al. unpublished) shows there is a delay with tree weta occupying
pine motels and would expect the proportion of motels with tree weta to increase in the next
sampling. The occupation by tree weta is also influenced by the supply and demand of
suitable cracks, holes and crevices in mature trees that the motels are 'competing' against
(Bowie et al. unpublished). Cave weta were only found at Sugarloaf 1 and 2 as well as
Otahuna 2. These sites tend to be at the poorer end of the 'invertebrate health rating' and
therefore could be an indicator species, as motels attached to kanuka trees in stock grazed
sites at Orton Bradley Park containing little or no under story, had a large number of cave
weta.
Diversity and 'invertebrate health ranking'
Results indicate that Ahuriri was the best site in terms of invertebrate diversity and total
numbers. This remnant was considered by Kelly (1972) to be the best forest remaining on the
Port Hills and therefore should translate into good invertebrate habitat. Butcher & Emberson
(1981) using pitfall traps collected 14 carabid species, more than twice as many species as
was found in this study. This is to be expected as 56 pitfall traps were used for a year and the
continued vertebrate predation since 1981 may have caused local extinction of some of these
carabid species. Repeating the pitfall trap methodology used by Butcher & Emberson (1981)
is the only scientific way of determining if these species are as common as they were over 20
8
years ago. This survey showed Otahuna 2 to have the lowest diversity, which may be a result
of habitat depletion caused by goats known to be present at this site.
Quail Island had lowest live invertebrate occupation in motels (40-50%) compared to
five 'healthier' Canterbury sites including Ahuriri and Orton Bradley Park (Bowie et al. in
press). Otahuna 2 and Cooper's Knob had 70% invertebrate occupation, which places them
in a higher ranked invertebrate health category than Quail Island.
The effect of mammalian predators on invertebrates
Possums and mustelids (e.g. stoats) are likely to eat large invertebrates like carabids, large
spiders (e.g. Porrhothele antipodiana and Cambridgea sp.), native slugs, cave and tree weta.
Although the control of these mammals will directly advantage the larger invertebrate species
mentioned above, the reduction in mustelids will also mean an increase in rodents which also
eat these invertebrates. Hedgehogs are a possibly the most significant predator of
invertebrates, ground nesting birds and lizards and should be targeted with pest control.
Restoration of invertebrates
Many New Zealand endemic carabids are flightless and as such have poor dispersal power.
This may result in small isolated native remnants of high botanical diversity remaining low in
diversity even with complete predator control (rats, mice, hedgehogs, cats and mustelids) and
may require active management (Lovei & Cartellieri 2000). This would mean translocation
of carabids from larger remnants to isolated smaller ones or development of vegetation
'corridors' to allow dispersal and establishment of some species.
Conclusions
•
The 'invertebrate health ranking' in order of best to worst was: Ahuriri > Kennedy's
Bush 2 > Kennedy's Bush 1 > Otahuna 1 > Cooper's Knob> Sugarloaf 1 > Cass Peak
> Orongomai > Sugarloaf 2 > Otahuna 2.
•
High occupancy rate was recorded for all motels except Cooper's Knob and Otahuna 2
•
The addition of rat and mice control to existing predator control (possums, mustelids &
hedgehogs), would boost invertebrate survival and abundance
•
Some translocation of flightless carabids from larger remnants to smaller remnants or
development of vegetation 'corridors' may help dispersal of locally extinct species
Recommendations
•
Continued monitoring of invertebrates using existing methodology
•
Monitoring of rodents using traps or rodent pest control
•
Planning towards creation of vegetation 'corridors' to link isolated remnants
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Dave Roscoe (Te Papa), Peter Johns (Canterbury Museum) and John Marris
(Lincoln University) for identification of specimens.
9
References
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remnant woodlands: spatial and temporal patterns across the northern plains of Victoria,
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soil surface invertebrates for ecological restoration programmes. Ecological Management
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vulpecula, in lowland podocarplbroadleafforest, Orongorongo Valley, Wellington, New
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Field L.H. (2001) The biology oJwetas, king crickets and their allies. CABI Publishing,
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Crown Lands, Christchurch.
10
Keesing V. & Wratten S.D. (1998) Indigenous invertebrate components in ecological restoration
in agricultural landscapes. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 22: 99-104.
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11
Appendix t: Species and numbers of spiders & large invertebrates collected in motels from ten
Port Hills sites
Species
Spiders
Neoramia janus
Neoramia setosa
Theridion xantholabio
Cambridgeapeelensis
Achaearanea veruculata
Porrhothele antipodiana
Cambridgea
quadromaculata
Nuisiana arboris
Taieria sp.
Zealaranea crassa?
Unidentified spider sp.
Immature spider
Other invertebrates
Isoplectron calcaratum
Artystona wakefieldi
Hemideina femorata
Native slug
AH
CP
CK
2
7
8
12
2
7
4
4
1
Port Hills reserve
KBt KB2 OR
OTt
2
14
6
4
8
12
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
OT2
SLt
SL2
1
4
12
8
1
10
8
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
8
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
Key to reserves:
AH =Ahuriri
CP = Cass Peak
CK = Cooper's Knob
KB = Kennedy's Bush
OR = Orongamai
OT=Otahuna
SL = Sugarloaf
12
Appendix 2: Species & number of invertebrates collected from wooden discs ten Port Hills sites
Invertebrate species
AH
Carabidae
Dicrochile atratus
Holcaspis angustula
Holcaspis elongella
Holcaspis intermittans
Holcaspis suteri
Mecodema oregoides
Megadromus antarcticus
Oopterus laevicollis
Zabronothus striatulus
Carabid larvae
Other beetles
Curculionidae species 1
Curculionidae species 2
Scarabiidae
Staphylinidae species 1
Staphylinidae species 2
Zeadelium zealandicum
Pristoderus bakewelli
Histeridae
Unidentified Coleopteran
Miscellaneous
Native slug
Flammulina zebra
Charopa pseudocoma
Chilopoda (centipede)
Diplopoda (millipede)
Amphipoda (Taltricidae)
Native opiliones
Tubellaria (flatworms)
Annelida (earthworms)
ant colony
Dipteran larva
Lepidopteran larva
Spiders
Uliodon
Porrhothele antipodiana
Misgolas sp. (Trapdoor)
Unidentified spiders
CP
CK
Port Hills reserve
KBl KB2 OR
OTl
OT2
SLl
SL2
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
3
2
4
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
1
6
1
1
2
1
3
1
6
1
8
3
2
1
3
1
6
2
6
12
2
1
2
1
4
3
4
8?
1
6
5
8
2
4
12
2
20
1
3
1
1
2
5
14
1
3
1
6
2
5
1
10
2
1
40
3
16
2
1
1
2
2
32
1
2
9
1
11
5
41
1
12
1
1
3
2
164
1
2
6
22
4
2
2
1
2
1
9
28
2
2
5
8
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
5
6
4
Key to reserves:
AH Ahuriri
CP = Cass Peak
CK = Cooper's Knob
KB Kennedy's Bush
OR = Orongomai
OT= Otahuna
SL = Sugarloaf
=
=
13