Welcome
Working Advisory Group
Meeting #4C
August 17, 2011
Working Group Meeting #4C
August 17, 2011
Today’s Agenda
Results of WAG Assignment #4
Visualizing the Future
Clarifying Design Direction for the Draft Alternatives
BREAK OUT GROUPS
MOEs for Final Review
Assignment #5 – Best in Class
Public Meeting #4 – Speakers & Agenda
Assignment 4: Cross Section Analysis
Summary
Summary of Responses on Assignment 4
13 Members provided cross-sections on the following
areas
10 responded to all three cross section locations
4 worked with a bridge, and 9 with at grade sections
Many added custom elements and lots of notations
Common Themes from Assignment 4
At-Grade
• Alignment was centered in the corridor
• Planted center median – width varied from
narrow to wide
• Include on-street bike lanes, rather than shared
• Off-street bike path on both sides - with some
choosing the north or south side only
Common Themes from Assignment 4
Bridge
Bridge – fewer common themes
• Bridge centered in very wide planted median
• Surface streets to the edge
• Ped and bike circulation in the median
Common Themes from Assignment 4
Alternative Approach
• Alignment consolidated to one side, maximizing
open space on the other.
• North and south, bridge and at-grade
Visualizing the Future
Current U.S. Trends in Retiring Infrastructure
Comparable Local Examples (medians & volumes)
Comparable Urban Viaducts – Over Roads
STUDY AREA
Pedestrian & Bicycle Connections – corridors and
crossings
Future Views of the Area – From the Ground
Retiring Infrastructure – US Trends
Completed Conversions
Currently Under Study
•
Park East Freeway, Milwaukee, WI
•
Alaskan Way Viaduct, Seattle, WA
•
Embarcadero, San Francisco, CA
•
Sheridan Expressway, Bronx, NY
•
Central Freeway, San Francisco, CA
•
Claiborne Expressway, New Orleans, LA
•
West Side Highway, New York, NY
•
Interstate 70, St Louis, MO
•
Interstate 64, Louisville, KY
•
The Skyway and Route 5, Buffalo, NY
•
Aetna Viaduct-Interstate 81, New Haven, CT
•
Route 34, New Haven, CT
•
Bonaventure Expressway, Montreal, QC
•
Interstate 81, Syracuse, NY
•
Route 29, Trenton, NJ
•
Gardiner Expressway, Toronto, ON
Massachusetts Examples –
Under Study
•
•
McGrath Overpass
Route 79
Highways to Boulevards
For More Information on the Current Trend of Replacing
Highways with Boulevards Please Visit the Below Sites:
http://www.streetfilms.org/
http://www.preservenet.com/freeways/index.html
http://www.cnu.org/node/3472
http://city.milwaukee.gov/Projects/ParkEastredevelopment.
htm
http://thei81challenge.org/
Viaduct Replacements
Comparable Viaduct Replacement Projects
• Park East Freeway - Milwaukee, WI
• Embarcadero - San Francisco, CA
Cities around the world are replacing urban highways with surface
streets, saving billions of dollars on transportation infrastructure and
revitalizing adjacent land with walkable, compact development.
Themes in Common with Casey Overpass
• Infrastructure that was damaged and/or is deteriorated
beyond repair
• At-grade street network has the ability to adequately
accommodate traffic
• Removing the viaduct presents the opportunity to
integrate neighborhoods
• Removing the viaduct presents the opportunity to
increase social and economic value in the urban area
Park East Freeway Milwaukee, WI
Source: WisconsinHighways.org
• Aging and
underused viaduct
• A barrier in the urban
fabric
• Opportunities for
economic and social
growth
Source: 2011 Google Imagery; 2011 DigitalGlobe, USDA Farm Service Agency, GeoEye, U.S. Geological Survey
• Opportunity to
enhance pedestrian
and bike atmosphere
Park East Freeway - Milwaukee, WI
• Approximately 1 mile long elevated highway
• Carried 40,000 cars/day
• Primarily commuter traffic (80%)
• Taken down in 2000 and replaced with
boulevard
• Land created by removal is now being
developed spurring economic redevelopment of
the area
Removing Infrastructure
Built in the 1960’s
Park East Expressway Circa 1990, Source:
City of Milwaukee Planning Department
Taken down in 2002
Source: HNTB
Accommodating Traffic
Carried 40,000 vehicles/day
Source: preservenet.com; City of Milwaukee Planning Department
Today that traffic is
handled at grade
Source: 2011 Google
Integrate Neighborhoods: Haymarket Square
BEFORE: Dark and
uninviting pedestrian realm
Source: preservenet.com; City of Milwaukee Planning Department
AFTER: Open
and inviting
for economic
development
Source: 2011 Google
Integrate Neighborhoods: Haymarket Square
Source: City of Milwaukee Planning Department
Increase Value in Urban Area
Source: City of Milwaukee Planning Department
28 development
parcels made
available as a
result of freeway
removal
Source: HNTB
Increase Value in Urban Area
Source: City of Milwaukee Planning Department
Embarcadero Freeway San Francisco, CA
Embarcadero Freeway - San Francisco, CA
• Elevated double decker freeway built in 1960
• Carried approx. 70,000 cars/day
• Structure was irreparably damaged in 1989
earthquake
• Replaced with an at-grade boulevard in 2001
• Supports 26,000 cars/day, light rail, and a very
active pedestrian and bicycle atmosphere
• Property values in area have risen 300%*
*Source: The Preservation Institute
Removing Infrastructure
Critically damaged by earthquake (1989)
Source: USGS.gov
Intense public
process determined
to replace viaduct
with boulevard
Source: skyscrapercity.com
Accommodating Traffic
BEFORE: Viaduct carried over 70,000
cars/day
AFTER: Carries
26,000 cars/day,
bikes, pedestrians,
and transit
Accommodating Traffic
RED: 3 Lanes of traffic
YELLOW: Transit facilities
BLUE: Bicycle and pedestrian facilities GREEN: Vibrant park and open space areas
Integrating Neighborhoods
Source: ferrybuildingmarketplace.com
Maximize use of public space for all
Integrating Neighborhoods
BEFORE
AFTER
Increasing Value in Urban Area
BEFORE
AFTER
Increasing Value in Urban Area
BEFORE
AFTER
Opportunities for public art
Additional Sources on the subject of Retiring
Infrastructure are provided at the end of this
presentation.
Thank You
We appreciate the efforts of the WAG in
researching this topic, in particular:
• Don Eunson
• Sarah Freeman
• Elizabeth Wylie
COMPARABLE LOCAL EXAMPLES:
MEDIANS
Comparable Local Examples - Medians
Alternatives 1 & 2 (Bridge) - Proposed median 15 - 20 feet wide
Source: 2011 Google
Blue Hill Avenue (at Esmond St) 14 foot median
Comparable Local Examples - Medians
Alternative 3 (Wide Bow Tie) - Proposed median 50 feet wide
Source: 2011 Google
Huntington Avenue (at Parker Street) - 45 foot median
Comparable Local Examples - Medians
Alternative 3 (Wide Bow Tie) - Proposed median 50 feet wide
Source: 2011 Google
VFW Parkway (at Baker Street) - 40 foot median
Comparable Local Examples - Medians
Alternative 4 (Narrow Bow Tie) - Proposed median 12–16 ‘ wide
Source: 2011 Google
Arborway (at Custer Street) - 10 foot median
Comparable Local Examples - Medians
“Medium Median” Alternative - Proposed median 12 – 20’ wide
Source: 2011 Google
VFW Parkway(between Centre St and W. Roxbury Parkway)
18 – foot median
VFW Parkway
Source: Nina Brown
Source: Nina Brown
Rose Kennedy Greenway
100+ foot wide median
Source: 2011 Google
Commonwealth Avenue
40 foot wide median
Source: 2011 Google
Park Drive in Boston
Source: Nina Brown
COMPARABLE LOCAL EXAMPLES:
CROSSING WIDTHS
ON LOCAL BOSTON STREETS
Mass Avenue at Tremont Street
75-foot long crossing
Source: 2011 Google
Brighton Avenue at Harvard Avenue
70-foot long crossing
Source: 2011 Google
Huntington Avenue at Ruggles Street
Two 30-foot roadway crossings
with 40-foot median
Source: 2011 Google
Beacon Street (near Coolidge Square)
Two 30-foot roadway crossings
with 60-foot median
Source: 2009 Google
Columbus Avenue
120 foot long crossing
Source: 2011 Google
COMPARABLE LOCAL EXAMPLES:
LOCAL BOSTON STREETS WITH
COMPARABLE VOLUMES
Jamaica Way
Source: 2011 Google, Digital Globe, One Spot Image, GeoEye,
MassGIS, Commonwealth of Mass EOEA, Sanborn Map DAta
Source: 2011 Google
Blue Hill Avenue
Source: 2011 Google, Digital Globe, One Spot Image, GeoEye,
MassGIS, Commonwealth of Mass EOEA, Sanborn Map DAta
Source: 2011 Google
Melnea Cass Boulevard
Source: 2011 Google, Digital Globe, One Spot Image, GeoEye,
MassGIS, Commonwealth of Mass EOEA, Sanborn Map DAta
Source: 2011 Google
Boylston Street
Source: 2011 Google, Digital Globe, One Spot Image, GeoEye,
MassGIS, Commonwealth of Mass EOEA, Sanborn Map DAta
Source: 2011 Google
Morrissey Boulevard
Source: 2011 Google, Digital Globe, One Spot Image, GeoEye,
MassGIS, Commonwealth of Mass EOEA, Sanborn Map DAta
Source: 2011 Google
Gallivan Boulevard
Source: 2011 Google, Digital Globe, One Spot Image, GeoEye,
MassGIS, Commonwealth of Mass EOEA, Sanborn Map DAta
Source: 2011 Google
Cambridge Street
Source: 2011 Google, Digital Globe, One Spot Image, GeoEye,
MassGIS, Commonwealth of Mass EOEA, Sanborn Map DAta
Source: 2011 Google
Basic Bridge
Terms:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bridge Approach
Span
Deck
Superstructure
Abutment
Pier
Source: HNTB
Basic Bridge Types
•
•
•
•
•
•
Girder
Extradosed Girder
Arch
Truss
Cable-Stayed
Suspension
Source: HNTB
Girder Bridge - Antioch Bridge, KS
Source: Pittsburgh City Paper
Extradosed Girder Bridge – Sunniberg Bridge, Switzerland
Source: HNTB
Arch Bridge - Ohio River Bridge over Blennerhassett Island, Parkersburg, WV
Source: HNTB
Truss Bridge – Tobin Memorial Bridge, Boston, MA
Cable Stayed Bridge - Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge, Boston, MA
Source: HNTB
w
Source: HNTB
Suspension Bridge - Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Tacoma to Gig Harbor, WA
Span Ranges for Various Bridge Types
Structure Type
Typical Span Range
Girder
20’ – 800’
Extradosed Girder
300’ – 900’
Arch
300’ – 1100’
Truss
300’ - 1800’
Cable-Stayed
500’ – 2800’
Suspension
1000’ – 4600’
Aesthetics of Girder Bridges
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Girder shape & proportions
Pier type & shape
Façade & Substructure Treatments
Railing Design
Colors
Lighting
Architectural lighting
Source: HNTB
Modern Multi-Span Continuous Girder Bridge – Route 1A, East Boston, MA
Modern Multi-Span Continuous
Steel Girder Bridge – Leverett
Circle Connector Boston, MA
Source: HNTB
Modern Multi-Span
Continuous Steel Girder
Bridge – I-64, St. Louis,
MO
Source: HNTB
Source: HNTB
Use of Girder & Pier Shape - Storrow Drive Bridge Connector, Boston, MA
Source: HNTB
Use of Architectural Lighting - Hathaway Bridge Replacement, Panama City, FL
Source: Patrick McGrath
Use of Architectural Finishes - Ørestad City, Denmark
Source: Portland Cement Association, Figg Engineers
Source: Parisek Engineering, Inc.
Use of Architectural Treatment – Folsum Bridge, CA =
Lee Roy Selmon Bridge, FL
Source: HNTB
Under-bridge Environment – Nagoya, Japan
Corridor Connections
Pedestrians and Bicyclists
Corridor Pedestrian and Bike Connections – At-Grade
8-17-2011
Southwest
Corridor
Park
Arnold
Arboretum
Franklin
Park
MBTA
Station
Arnold
Arboretum
DESIGNER’S GENERAL WARNING: THE DESIGN
SHOWN HERE IS PRELIMINARY AND CONCEPTUAL,
DESPITE THE HARD-LINE FINISHED STYLE OF THE
SOFTWARE PROGRAMS USED.
Concept: An extension of the
Southwest Corridor Park connecting
to the Arnold Arboretum, Franklin
Park, Forest Hills Cemetery and the
MBTA station
Forest Hills
Cemetery
Components 8-17-2011
Southwest
Corridor
Park
Sidewalk
Off-Street
Bicycle Path
On-Street Bike
Lane
Arnold
Arboretum
Franklin
Park
MBTA
Station
Arnold
Arboretum
DESIGNER’S GENERAL WARNING: THE DESIGN
SHOWN HERE IS PRELIMINARY AND CONCEPTUAL,
DESPITE THE HARD-LINE FINISHED STYLE OF THE
SOFTWARE PROGRAMS USED.
Wide
Crosswalks
Special
Treatment at
Merge Areas
Forest Hills
Cemetery
Shea Circle - Franklin Park
8-17-2011
Existing Bike Lanes
Existing Sidewalks
No sidewalk at street
edge (maintains existing
condition)
On-Street Bike Lane
Sidewalk
Off-Street Bicycle Path
Off-street bike path ends
at entrance to Forest
Hills Cemetery
DESIGNER’S GENERAL WARNING: THE DESIGN
SHOWN HERE IS PRELIMINARY AND CONCEPTUAL,
DESPITE THE HARD-LINE FINISHED STYLE OF THE
SOFTWARE PROGRAMS USED.
Shea Circle - Franklin Park – Egg-About
8-17-2011
Existing Bike Lanes
Existing Sidewalks
No sidewalk at street
edge (maintains existing
condition)
On-Street Bike Lane
Sidewalk
Off-Street Bicycle Path
DESIGNER’S GENERAL WARNING: THE DESIGN
SHOWN HERE IS PRELIMINARY AND CONCEPTUAL,
DESPITE THE HARD-LINE FINISHED STYLE OF THE
SOFTWARE PROGRAMS USED.
Reservation for
future sidewalk
New Washington Street - MBTA Station Area – At-Grade
8-17-2011
Merge Areas –
Special Treatment
Sidewalk
On-Street Bike Lane
Off-Street Bicycle Path
DESIGNER’S GENERAL WARNING: THE DESIGN
SHOWN HERE IS PRELIMINARY AND CONCEPTUAL,
DESPITE THE HARD-LINE FINISHED STYLE OF THE
SOFTWARE PROGRAMS USED.
Reservation for
future sidewalk
New Washington Street - MBTA Station Area – At-Grade
8-17-2011
DESIGNER’S GENERAL WARNING: THE DESIGN
SHOWN HERE IS PRELIMINARY AND CONCEPTUAL,
DESPITE THE HARD-LINE FINISHED STYLE OF THE
SOFTWARE PROGRAMS USED.
Merge Areas –
Special Treatment
Sidewalk
On-Street Bike Lane
Off-Street Bicycle Path
DESIGNER’S GENERAL WARNING: THE DESIGN
SHOWN HERE IS PRELIMINARY AND CONCEPTUAL,
DESPITE THE HARD-LINE FINISHED STYLE OF THE
SOFTWARE PROGRAMS USED.
New Washington Street Area – MBTA Station Area- Bridge
8-17-2011
Merge Areas –
Special Treatment
Sidewalk
On-Street Bike Lane
Off-Street Bicycle Path
DESIGNER’S GENERAL WARNING: THE DESIGN
SHOWN HERE IS PRELIMINARY AND CONCEPTUAL,
DESPITE THE HARD-LINE FINISHED STYLE OF THE
SOFTWARE PROGRAMS USED.
Future Views of the Area
From the Ground
Draft – Work in Progress
Courthouse from Arborway : TODAY
Source: HNTB
Courthouse from Arborway: NO BRIDGE
8-17-2011
Courthouse from Arborway: BRIDGE
8-17-2011
Forest Hills Station from Southwest Corridor: TODAY
8-17-2011
Source: HNTB
Forest Hills Station from Southwest Corridor: NO BRIDGE
8-17-2011
Forest Hills Station from Southwest Corridor: BRIDGE
8-17-2011
Clarifying Design Direction for the
Draft Alternatives
Clarifying Design Directions for the
Draft Alternatives - Bridge
1. The majority of the Working Group prefers the single bridge over the
split bridge, as it minimizes shadow, constraints on Arborway Yards,
and provides more space at-grade.
2. The majority of the Working Group prefers that the single bridge
contain only an on-street bike path using the shoulder if pedestrians
and a multi-use path are accommodated at-grade with minimal crossing
connecting the open space network on both sides of New Washington.
3. The majority of the group prefers that the overall length of the bridge
be minimized to the extent possible, which means the height of the
bridge would also be minimized.
Clarifying Design Directions for the Draft
Alternatives – At-Grade
4. The majority of the group prefers that the low ends of the bridge be built
using walled-in (filled) sections rather than open, but un-usable space,
such as there is now at the ends of the existing bridge (this would result in
taller abutments).
5. On the at-grade concept, the majority prefer the "medium median"
alternative. Important to align the “Bow-tie” with a narrow median (roughly
12 feet) to shorten pedestrian crossing distances and a wider median
(roughly 20 feet) elsewhere to break up the pavement and give drivers
more of a parkway feel. At the U-Turn locations the median widens to 33
feet.
6. Sidewalks and off-road bicycle paths should be located on the outsides
of the corridor and should be designed as an extension of the Southwest
Corridor Park utilizing separated bicycle and pedestrian paths where space
permits.
Clarifying Design Directions for the Draft
Alternatives – Cross Sections
7. For Shea Circle, the majority of the group prefers the
signalized intersection over the “egg-a-bout.” If the
signalized intersection is not possible, then the egg-a-bout
is preferred over the traditional rotary/round-a-bout.
8. Further develop a sidewalk and bicycle path networks to
better evaluate crossings and connections.
9. Develop visuals to better understand benefits and
limitations of the designs, comparable medians, bridge
structures, perspectives and 3-D views of the new bridge to
assess the under-bridge alignment.
Break Out Sessions
CREATING COMMUNITY PLACE
Areas of Opportunity to Activate
Types of Activities to Program – Ideas & Direction
Break Out Sessions
Ideas & Direction
Report Back
MOEs for Final Review
(Evaluation Criteria)
DRAFT Measures of Evaluation – MOEs
Assignment #5
Best in Class
Due September 2nd Please
Meeting Schedule in 2011
Public Meeting #4 – Draft Alternatives
Public Meeting & Open House
Date: Tuesday, September 13, 2011
Speakers: Bernie, Suzanne and Kevin
Next Working Group Meeting #5: TBD
End Of Presentation
Extra Slides
Existing Corridor View
The Designer General’s WARNING:
The tools we use today for designing and drawing,
principally AutoCAD and other software programs,
make the process faster, more efficient and make
coordination between drawings easier.
There is an unfortunate side effect of AutoCAD
which is the hard-line style makes all drawings
look more finished, more thought out than they
may actually be.
This often leads people to incorrectly conclude that
concepts and ideas shown at the early stages of a
design process are finished designs.
Let us assure you: this is not the case.
Draft Alternative #1: Split Bridge - Work In Progress
Draft Alternative #2: Single Bridge - Work In Progress
Draft Alternative #3: Wide Median - Work In Progress
Draft Alternative #4: Narrow Median - Work In Progress
Retiring Infrastructure: Other Sites of Interest
http://www.infrastructurist.com/2009/07/06/huh-4-cases-of-how-tearing-down-a-highway-can-relieve-traffic-jams-and-help-save-acity/
San Francisco: Central Freeway/Octavia Boulevard
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/03/BAG4VNBUJM1.DTL_
www.cnu.org/highways/sfoctavia
San Francisco: 12th Street “Frickstad Viaduct”
www.oaklandnet.com/government/ceda/docs/1175.pdf
www.oaklandnet.com/community/Chapter7Appendix.pdf
www.oaklandlocal.com/article/oaklands-12th-street-bridge-project-may-start-spring
www.oaklandnet.com/government/ceda/revised/planningzoning/majorProjectsSection/Measure%20DD%20Implementation%20Pr
oject%20DEIR/3-ProjectDescription.pdf
San Francisco: Cesar Chavez Street
www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/01/07/BAAA1H5HSB.DTL
sf.streetsblog.org/2011/02/01/cesar-chavez-street-redesign-approved-by-sfmta-board/
www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/11/18/CMAGSVIBI.DTL&ao=all
San Francisco: Embarcadero Freeway
www.streetswiki.wikispaces.com/Embarcadero+Freeway+Removal
Portland, OR: Tacoma Street
www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=9093
New Haven, CT: Oak Street Connector (Route 34)
www.nhregister.com/articles/2010/10/01/news/new_haven/aa3_nedowntown100110.txt?viewmode=fullstory
www.cityofnewhaven.com/economicdevelopment/pdfs/Downtown%20Crossing,%20New%20Haven,%20Project%20Narrative.pdf
www.yaledailynews.com/news/2010/oct/18/route-34-replacement-to-unite-downtown-new-haven/
Chicago: Congress Parkway
www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/cdot/CongressParkway_flier_Oct2010.pdf
www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/cdot/CongressParkway_overview_Jan2010.pdf
Chicago: Lawrence Boulevard
archive.chicagobreakingnews.com/2011/01/lawrence-avenue-to-go-on-a-road-diet.html
www.archpaper.com/e-board_rev.asp?News_ID=5145&PagePosition=4
Portland, ME: Franklin Street Arterial
www.ci.portland.me.us/franklincorridorstudyfinalreport.pdf
franklinstreet.us/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/franklinartrevisioning-finaldraftreport.pdf
Somerville, MA: McGrath Highway (Route 28)
www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/4_resources/1_reports/1_studies/2_highway/route_28.html
www.somervillema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Section%203.1%20to%203.6%20and%203.9.pdf
www.ebidsourcing.com/viewDoc;jsessionid=MJKYCmDnM0fhqvbNpnJdQHW2JpY1462Nd4GyX5vB1llbvG4Qpbgc!33079873?doValidateToken=false&docPath=%2FPublic%2FSolicitations%2F121583%2F00001%2FRFR%2FRFR_SCOPE_Mc
GrathHwyRevised.doc
Boston: Bowker Overpass
charlesgateparkfriends.wordpress.com/
charlesgateparkfriends.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/bowker-concepts.pdf
www.archboston.org/community/showthread.php?t=1708
articles.boston.com/2011-03-12/news/29339296_1_state-officials-commuters-neighbors
New York City: Sheridan Expressway, The Bronx
www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/nyregion/13sheridan.html
www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2010/10/646698/end-sheridan-great-highway-unbuilders-bronx
New York City: Prospect Park West, Brooklyn
www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/20110120_ppw.pdf
New York City: West Side Highway
www.ite.org/activeliving/files/C-2-C_ppa017.pdf
New Urban Network
http://newurbannetwork.com/article/freeways-give-way-boulevards-%E2%80%94-slowly
Project for Public Spaces
www.pps.org/articles/backtobasicsintransportation/
Road Diets
walkable.org/assets/downloads/roaddiets.pdf
cost.kittelson.com/system/datas/9/original/Road_Diet_Presentation_COST_July_2010.pdf?1285955514
UC-Berklee, Department of Urban Planning
Freeway Deconstruction and Urban Regeneration in the United States, www.uctc.net/papers/763.pdf
Walk Boston
Good Walking is Good Business, walkboston.org/resources/images/good%20walking-biz10.pdf
Making Streets Safe, www.walkboston.org/resources/images/safe%20streets14.pdf
Other Current Highway/Infrastructure Removal Discussions
Cleveland
www.changinggears.info/2011/01/12/why-removing-freeways-can-be-good-for-cities/
New Orleans
www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/07/claiborne_avenue_expressway_de.html
www.cnu.org/sites/www.cnu.org/files/Claiborne_Alternatives_071510.pdf
Seattle
www.seattle.gov/transportation/docs/ump/06%20SEATTLE%20Case%20studies%20in%20urban%20freeway%20removal.pdf
St. Louis
www.citytoriver.org/
www.citytoriver.org/blog/?p=306
Vancouver, British Columbia
www.streetsblog.net/2011/04/12/livability-star-vancouver-the-latest-city-to-look-at-highway-removal/
Long Beach, CA
www.lbpost.com/life/brian/10181
www.lbpost.com/life/brian/11517