) Complete the pi
)(a) Complete
Co
the pie chart to show the information given in Reference Diagram Q4A.
Dia
Q4A.
A Sewage and industrial waste
40%
B Wind-blown gases and particles from industry
35%
C Oil spills from tankers
15%
D Dumping at sea
10%
50%
60%
40%
70%
30%
80%
20%
A
10%
90%
0
4.
Reference Diagram Q4A: Causes of Sea Pollution
Referring to the weather conditions, give reasons for his decision.
(4marks)
On Saturday morning the referee decided to postpone this game.
Look at Reference Diagrams Q3A and Q3B.
ANSWERS
2. One mark per valid point, two for developed
statements. Credit suitably labelled diagrams.
GLASGOW RANGERS F.C.
ABERDEEN F.C.
Reference Diagram Q3A:
Weather Station Symbol for
Aberdeen 12 noon, 17th December
Delta: this is formed when the river
deposits sediment (1) because the current slows
down when it meets the sea and no longer has the
power to carry all its load (2) the sediments build
up to form islands (1) and the river flows between
them in a braided channel (1).
Flood Plain: flood plains are formed when a river
bursts its banks and it deposits silt/alluvium on the
surrounding land (1). The edges of the flood plain
can be made wider due to erosion on the outside
bends of the meander (1) and as these meanders
move with time, different parts of the flood plain
are widened (1).
Credit references to levees and channel deposits.
Ox-Bow Lake: the current of the river erodes the
outside bends of a meander (1), this causes the neck
of the meander to get narrower (1) until eventually
the river breaks through and leaves the old meander
abandoned (1) the ends of the meander are sealed
off due to deposition (1) leaving a crescent shape or
ox-bow lake (1).
There
3 KU is no credit for reference to meander without
appropriate detail.
Credit ‘deposition on neck of meander’ (1)
3.
Reference Diagram Q3B:
Advertisement for
Football Match
You may use a diagram(s) to illustrate your answer.
(3marks)
Choose one of the named river features shown and explain how it was
formed.
Look at Reference Diagram Q2.
3. Max 2 marks for correct description of weather.
No credit for reference to cloud cover or wind
direction.
Answers might include:
Snow was forecast (1) which would have made the
pitch impossible to play on (1) and would have
blocked the roads leading to Pittodrie (1).
Temperatures were to be below freezing (1) so the
pitch would have been frozen (1) and consequently
dangerous for the players (1). Strong winds would
have made it difficult to play football (1) and would
have caused the snow to drift, blocking access roads
(1).
4. 4(a)KU
2 marks for placing the two lines correctly.
1 mark for labelling.
3 KU
2.
Reference Diagram Q2: A Lowland River Landscape
Mar
STANDARD GRADE (GENERAL) 2008
sundayherald 19.04.09
GEOGRAPHY
13
Reference Map Q1B (Rainfall patterns in West Africa)
Reference Diagram Q1B (West Africa—selected rainfall graphs)
Describe and explain the varying rainfall patterns shown in Reference
Diagram Q1B.
6
(b) Study Reference Map Q1B and Reference Diagram Q1B.
ANSWERS
1000
1000 km
km
(a) Air Mass A: Tropical Continental OR cT
Origin: Over the Sahara Desert (ie large land
mass in tropical latitudes)
Nature: Warm, dry, stable air
Y
AFRICA
Air Mass B: Tropical Maritime OR mT
Origin: Over Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Guinea)
in tropical latitudes
Nature: Warm, moist, unstable air
N
Area covered by
Reference Map Q1B
KEY
(b) Description should be able to focus on the
marked contrasts in rainfall amounts between a
very dry north (with only 250 mm per annum)
and a much wetter south (where some coastal
areas receive over 2000 mm per annum) as
shown on the map provided. Candidates could
also refer to the graphs and note the variations
between the three stations with Tombouctou in
the north and Jos “in the middle” experiencing
obvious wet and dry seasons whilst coastal
Lagos in the south has a vastly greater annual
rainfall total, no dry months and a “twin peak”
regime.
Explanation ought to concentrate on the role of
the I.T.C.Z and its associated Tropical
Maritime air mass (warm, moist and unstable)
and Tropical Continental air mass (warm, dry
and stable). For example, Lagos – on the coast
of the Gulf of Guinea – is influenced by warm
moist Tm air for most of the year. This
accounts for its much higher annual rainfall
total. The twin rainfall peaks can be attributed
to the I.T.C.Z migrating northwards and then
southwards again later in the year, following the
overhead sun or thermal equator. Tombouctou,
in contrast, lies well to the north of the I.T.C.Z
in January and is under the influence of the
hot, dry Tc air from the Sahara Desert. In
May/June the I.T.C.Z. moves north bringing
moist Tm air and rainfall to Jos and, to a much
lesser extent, Tombouctou which lies closer to
its point of maximum extent.
X
Reference Map Q1A (Location of section X–Y)
20 °N
X
15 °N
10 °N
5 °N
Y
SEA
LAND
AIR MASS A
AIR MASS B
Z
ITC
JANUARY
Reference Diagram Q1A (The Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ))
3
Identify air masses A and B, and describe their origin and nature.
(a) Study Reference Diagram Q1A and Reference Map Q1A.
Question 1: Atmosphere
HIGHER2007: PAPER 1SECTIONA
GEOGRAPHY
14
19.04.09 sundayherald
ANSWERS
(a) Descriptions could make reference to there
being only two National Parks in Scotland yet a
high concentration in northern England (4) and
in Wales (3). Candidates could also note the
absence of NPs in central and south-eastern
England.
Explanations for their location ought to focus
on such points as the scenic diversity and
differing attractions of the various National
Parks.
(b)
(i) Benefits brought by an influx of tourists
might include:
• new job opportunities for local people
• increased business for shops, hotels and
restaurants
• more wealth generated in the local
economy – “multiplier effect”
• increased property prices for those
wishing to sell
•improved services (eg sports and leisure
facilities) and transport links (eg upgraded roads, more frequent bus
services)
l
df
l
l
h
(a £5 million project to repair 145
services)
identified footpaths).
• less need for young people to leave the
• provision of local affordable housing (eg
area
at Rosthwaite) and the use in some
•increased expenditure on conserving the
house sales of a ‘local occupancy
amenities of the area.
clause’, whereby purchasers must have
(ii) Ways of tackling the negative effects of
lived in Cumbria for a minimum of
tourism will vary with the area studied
three years.
but, for the Lake District, include:
• Congestion is being tackled by
(c) Answers ought to describe and explain the
encouraging the use of public transport
formation of a reasonable range of coastal
(e.g. Borrowdale Explorer, post buses),
landforms.
by the building of by-passes (eg
These could include:
Keswick), by a park and ride scheme
• headlands, cliffs, caves, arches, stacks,
(at Bowness on Windermere).
shore platforms (wave-cut)
• Visitor education through information
• bays, beaches, spits, bars, dunes, salt
centres and leaflets, improved
marshes
signposting, encouraging visitors to
• rias, fiords or sea lochs, raised beaches,
‘take litter home’, use of stiles and
fossil cliffs.
Named landforms require to be backed up by
kissing gates (which spring back after
description/explanation/correct location
use), promoting alternative attractions
Authentic examples of specific features such as
to reduce pressure on existing
The Old Man of Hoy (stack) or Hurst Spit (in
honeypots.
Hampshire) will enhance answers.
• restoring or preserving footpaths, laying
stone ‘steps’ (eg to Stickle Tarn in
Langdale) or artificial material such as uestion 2 - Rural Land Degradation
‘terram’, schemes such as ‘Fix the Fells’
(a) The four main processes of erosion by water
(a £5 million project to repair 145
can be described as:
id tifi d f t th )
Erosion
Lack of amenities
and privacy
Negative
effects of
tourism
Conservation
Communications
Congestion
Holiday homes
Positive
effects of
tourism
Employment
Reference Map Q1A
(National Parks in Great Britain)
Reference Map Q1B
(Relief map of Great Britain)
Economy
Reference Diagram Q1 (Positive and negative effects of tourism)
(c) With the aid of annotated diagrams, describe and explain the formation
of the main features of any coastal landscapes which you have studied.
You should refer to erosional and depositional features in your answer.
(ii) suggest and evaluate ways in which the negative effects of tourism
can be tackled.
10
(25)
10
(i) describe some of the benefits which an influx of tourists has
brought; and
With the aid of Reference Diagram Q1 and referring to a specific National
Park or other named upland or coastal landscape area which you have
studied:
“Tourism can bring benefits but also causes problems for National Parks.”
(b) Study Reference Diagram Q1 on Page four.
Describe and suggest reasons for the location of Britain’s National Parks.
5
(a) Study Reference Maps Q1A and Q1B.
Question 1 (Rural Land Resources)
HIGHER2007: PAPER 2 SECTION1
sundayherald 19.04.09
15