International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume1 Issue2 – May 2011
Power Generation Using Foot Step
Author:v.Jose Ananth Vino,AP,Bharath University
ABSTRACT
In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by
simply running on the train in the foot step. Non-conventional energy system is very
essential at this time to our nation. Non-conventional energy using foot stepneeds no
fuel input power to generate the output of the electrical power. This project using
simple drive mechanism such as rock and pinion assemble and chain drive mechanism.
For this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy. The
control mechanism carries the rack & pinion, D.C generator, battery and inverter
control. We have discussed the various applications and further extension also. So this
project is implemented to all foot step, the power generation is very high. The initial cost
of this arrangement is high.
INTRODUCTION
Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well
being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man required
energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals, which
he hunted. Subsequently he discovered fire and his energy needs increased as he started
to make use of wood and other bio mass to supply the energy needs for cooking as well
as for keeping himself warm.
With the passage of time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new
dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and training animals to work for him.
With further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships and
for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water for sailing ships and
for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. Till this time,
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume1 Issue2 – May 2011
it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the energy needs of man
either directly or indirectly and that man was using only renewable sources of energy.
NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
Fuel deposit in the will soon deplete by the end of 2020Fuel scarcity will
be maximum. Country like India may not have the chance to use petroleum
products. Keeping this dangerous situation in mind we tried to make use of nonpollutant natural resource of petrol energy.
The creation of new source of perennial environmentally acceptable, low
cost electrical energy as a replacement for energy from rapidly depleting
resources of fossil fuels is the fundamental need for the survival of mankind. We
have only about 25 years of oil reserves and 75 – 100 years of coal reserves.
Resort to measure beginning of coal in thermal electric stations to serve the
population would result in global elementic change inleading to worldwide
drought and decertification.
The buzzards of nuclear electric-stations are only to will. Now electric
power beamed directly by micro-wave for orbiting satellite. Solar power stations
(s.p.s) provide a cost-effective solution even though work on solar photo voltaic
and solar thermo electric energy sources has been extensively pursued by many
countries. Earth based solar stations suffer certain basic limitations.
It is not possible to consider such systems and meeting continuous
uninterrupted concentrated base load electric power requirements.Energy plays an
important role in the material, social and cultural life of man kind. The energy
needs are increasing day by day. This is the result of population growth and
increase in the standard of living which is directly proportional to energy
consumption.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume1 Issue2 – May 2011
As we know that mankind will be never lacking in energy. Today, it is
liquid fluid, tomorrow it may be uranium with an element of risk. Risk exists
where ever there is human activity and production of energy. Just as the supply
of fossil fuel is finite thus there will be the supply of uranium. Perhaps, uranium
would be exhausted quickly if it is used on a large scale.
It is therefore, harnessing the gigantic inexhaustible solar energy source
reduces the dependence on fossil fuels. For the environmental concerned, the
solar energy harnessing system offers advantages in that, it emits no pollutants in
to the atmosphere as they are with the combustion of fossil fuels. Thus, as a long
term option solar energy system can be considered as an alternate to all the finite
fuel system. Therefore, there is no energy shortage today nor will there be in the
near future.
The lifting of water for drinking or irrigation purposes is of great
importance in widely distributed villages with little or no rural electrification and
where underground water is available. Solar energy is converted to mechanical
energy to drive small water pumps it would be of great help to the rural
inhibitions.
In our project we use solar photo voltaic cells for pumping water. The
photo voltaic modules convert sunlight direct to electricity which is used to run a
dc motor pump for bailing of water. It consists of solar photo voltaic modules,
power conditioner to protect storage batteries from over charging during non-sun
shine and a dc water pump.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume1 Issue2 – May 2011
FOOT STEP ARRANGEMENT
This is made up of mild steel. The complete set up is fixed in this model FOOT
STEP. The two L-shapes frame is fixed in the above two ends of the track. Bellow this lshapes window, the actual power generation arrangement is constructed. This L-shapes
window pushes the rack when the time of train wheelmoving on these arrangement.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
FOOTSTEP
ARRANGEMENT
RACK & PINION AND
CHAIN SPROCKET
ARRANGEMENT
DC
GENERATOR
BATTERY
INVERTER
LIGHT
LOAD
FIG-1
DESIGN AND DRAWINGS
3.1 DESIGN OF PINION
From PSG design data book (page no.7.18)
dmin> (0.59/ σcmax) х [[Mt]/((1/E1)+(1/E2)) 2](1/3
(1)
Where,
σcmax = maximum contact compressive stress N/m2
E1, E2 = Young’s modulus N/m2
Mt = Torque N-m
E1 = E2 = 1.1х106 N/m2
Calculation of σcmax
σcmax= HB х CB х Kcl
(2)
Where,
HB
= Brinell hardness number
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume1 Issue2 – May 2011
Kcl
CB
= coefficient depends on hardness
Kcl
= life factor
= {[1 x 107]/N} 1/6
(3)
N
= 60 x n x T
Where
n
= rpm
N
= life in no. Of cycles
T
= life in hours.
= 8000 hours.
From P.S.G design data book (page no.2.4),
CB =
20
HB =
200
Substituting the values of N, n, T in the equation [3],
The value of kcl is obtained as 1.139.
Kcl = 1.139.
Substituting the values in equation [2]
σcmax
=
=
20 x 200 x 1.1309
4520 x105N/m2
Calculation of Mt
Mt = 97420 x (Kw/n).
(4)
For power calculation
m ω2 r
Centrifugal force, fc=
M =
W

=
(5)
7kg
=
mxg
2Πn/60
R =
1m
Substituting the values of m, ω, r in equation [4]
fc
=
7.56 N.
Downward force, fd
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=
mxg
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume1 Issue2 – May 2011
=
7 x 9.81
=
68.6N.
Centrifugal force, f
=
=
68.6 + 7.56
=
76.17N
fc + fd
Torque
=
fxr
=
=
76.17 x 1
76.2Nm.
Power
=
=
Torque x angular velocity.
=
76.2 x 1.05
79.7
Substituting the value of kw and n in equation in [3],
Mt
= 776.7
[Mt]
= 1.4 x Mt
= 1.4 x 776.7
= 1087.1 N-m
Substituting the values of σcmax, [Mt], E1,E2
in equation [1],
The minimum diameter of the pinion is calculated to be 78.7mm.
We have taken the standard diameter of pinion as 75mm.
3.1.1 SPECIFICATION OF PINION
Material
: cast-iron
Outside diameter
: 75mm
Circular pitch
: 4.7mm
Tooth depth
: 3.375mm
Module
: 1.5mm
Pressure angle
: 21
Pitch circle diameter
: 72mm
Addendum
: 1.5mm
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Dedendum
: 1.875mm
Circular tooth Thickness
: 2.355mm
Fillet radius
: 0.45mm
Clearance
: 0.375mm
3.2 DESIGN OF RACK
Pitch circle diameter of the gear is
= 72mm
Circumference of the gear is
=  pitch circle diameter
= 72
= 226mm
The dimension is for 360 rotations
For 180rotations the rack length is 113 mm
3.2.1 SPECIFICATION OF RACK
Material
: cast iron
Module
: 1.5mm
Cross-section
:7525mm
Teeth on the rack is adjusted for 113mm
3.3 OUTPUT POWER CALCULATION
Let us consider,
The mass of a body
=
60 Kg (Approximately)
Height of speed brake
=
10 cm
∴Work done
=
Force x Distance
Force
=
Weight of the Body
=
60 Kg x 9.81
=
588.6 N
=
Height of the speed brake
=
10 cm
Here,
Distance traveled by the body
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume1 Issue2 – May 2011
∴Output power
=
0.10 m
=
Work done/Sec
=
(588.6 x 0.10)/60
=
0.98 Watts
(For One pushing force)
However, this much power produced, it cannot be tapped fully. From the above
purpose we have select to generate electricity by permanent magnet type D.C generator
and store it by 12V lead-acid battery cell.
ASSEMBLY DIAGRAM
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume1 Issue2 – May 2011
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The complete diagram of the power generation using FOOT STEP is given
below. L-shapes window is inclined in certain small angle which is used to generate the
power. The pushing power is converted into electrical energy by proper driving
arrangement.
The rack & pinion, spring arrangement is fixed at the FOOT STEP which is
mounded bellow the L-shapes window. The spring is used to return the inclined Lshapes window in same position by releasing the load. The pinion shaft is connected to
the supporter by end bearings as shown in fig. The larger sprocket also coupled with the
pinion shaft, so that it is running the same speed of pinion. The larger sprocket is
coupled to the small cycle sprocket with the help of chain (cycle).
This larger sprocket is used to transfer the rotation force to the smaller sprocket.
The smaller sprocket is running same direction for the forward and reverse direction of
rotational movement of the larger sprocket. This action locks like a cycle pedaling
action.
The fly wheel and gear wheel is also coupled to the smaller sprocket shaft. The
flywheel is used to increase the rpm of the smaller sprocket shaft. The gear wheel is
coupled to the generator shaft with the help of another gear wheel. The generator is used
here, is permanent magnet D.C generator. The generated voltage is 12Volt D.C. This
D.C voltage is stored to the Lead-acid 12 Volt battery. The battery is connected to the
inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This
working principle is already explained the above chapter. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is
used to activate the light, fan and etc.
By increasing the capacity of battery and inverter circuit, the power rating is
increased. This arrangement is fitted in FOOT STEPs; the complete arrangement is kept
inside the floor level except the pushing arrangement.
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FABRICATED MODEL
FIG-27
CONCLUSION
In concluding the words of our project, since the power generation using foot
step get its energy requirements from the Non-renewable source of energy. There is no
need of power from the mains and there is less pollution in this source of energy. It is
very useful to the places all roads and as well as all kind of foot step which is used to
generate the non conventional energy like electricity.
It is able to extend this project by using same arrangement and construct in the
foot steps/speed breaker so that increase the power production rate by fixing school and
colleges, highways etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 RAI. G.D. “NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES”, KHANNA
PUBLISHERS, DELHI.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume1 Issue2 – May 2011
 RAMESH. R, UDAYA KUMAR, K.ANANDAKRISHNAN “RENEWABLE
ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES”, NAROSA PUBLISHING HOUSE, MADRAS.
 A.K.SAWHNEY. “A TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS,
INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS”
 B.L.THERJA, A.K. THERAJA. “A TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL
TECHNOLOGY”
 G.R.NAGPAL. “POWER PLANT ENGINEERING” KHANNA PUBLISHERS,
DELHI.
 T.NEJAT VEZIROYGAL , ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES-III,
HEMISPHERE PUBLISHING CO.,
 BARBARA KEILER, ENERGY ALTERNATIVES, LUSCENTR BOOKS.
 PRABHU T.J. FUNDAMENTALS OF MACHINES DESIGN,2009
 DESIGN DATA, PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,2007
 BHANDARI V.B. “DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS”- TATA MCGRAW
HILL,2007
 SHIGLEY
J.E.
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MISHEKA
“MECHANICAL
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DESIGN”MCGRAW HILL,2007
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 MAITRA, HANDBOOK OF GEAR DESIGN,TATA MCGRAW HILL,1995
 GERE TIMOSHENKO “MECHANICS OF MATERIALS” CBS,1997.
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