Exam Revision
Dr. Alexandra I. Cristea
Admin
2 hours
Summer examination
– http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/academicoffice/ex
aminations/mainsummerexams/
– 20th May 14:00 Panorama Room
4 question to answer out of 6 – from topics as per
next page; 25 marks per question
Representing: 70% of module mark
Topics
1. Semantic Web Generalities, Applications
Semantic Web: Topics 1, 9
2. RDF, RDFS: Topic 2
3. SPARQL: Topic 3
4. OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8
5. Description Logic, Web 2.0: Topics 5, 6
6. User Modelling: Topic 7
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Type of questions
T: theory
– Based on lectures mainly, and recommended reading
ET: extended theory
– As above, but some interpretation may be needed; new
examples may be required;
PS: problem-solving
– Problems based on the theory
– Examples have been given at seminars
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Semantic Web Generalities, Applications
Semantic Web: Topics 1, 9
Topic 1: Generalities about the Semantic Web (PDF)
Introduction to motivation and ideas of the Semantic Web, knowledge
representation, linked data, ontologies.
Recommended Reading: Tim Berners-Lee's 2001 paper on the concept of the
Semantic Web; TBL's article on Linked Data, 2006, and a more recent paper
(2013) on Linked open data at web scale.
Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist (chapter 1).
For those of you who have no clue about XML, the CS346 lectures on XML
might be useful.
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Semantic Web Generalities, Applications
Semantic Web: Topics 1, 9
Topic 1:
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Syntactic web definition, problems; Web APIs definition, problems
History of Semantic Web, Motivation of Semantic Web
WWW versus Semantic Web
What can the SW do? What are the requirements for SW?
Ontology definition (in SW); difference between dictionary, taxonomy, ontology
Ontology languages
OO ontology language model
Web Schema languages – and which are ontology languages
Layer cake
Four rules of Linked Data; URIs and their roles;
RDF for Linked Data; Kinds of Links; 5* data; advantages of Linked Data;
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Semantic Web Generalities, Applications
Semantic Web: Topics 1, 9
Topic 9: Applications of the Semantic Web (PDF)
Current Applications of the Semantic Web.
For this topic, we had a guest lecturer, Dr Abdulrahman Altahhan, Course
Director for the MSc in Data Science at Coventry University (10th of
December).
Recommended Reading: Examples of SW Applications ; Case Studies ; Semantic
Apps.
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Semantic Web Generalities, Applications
Semantic Web: Topics 1, 9
Topic 9:
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SW Vision + Layer cake
Simple XML versus RDF comparison
Simple RDFS versus OWL comparison
Why develop an ontology
SW versus AI
SW versus Knowledge Management
Example real life ontologies
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RDF, RDFS: Topic 2
Topic 2: RDF, RDFS (PDF)
Representing semantic web data.
Recommended: Protégé download.
Reference information: RDF standard document:
http://www.w3.org/RDF/; RDFS standard document
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/
Useful tool: RDF W3C validator
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RDF, RDFS: Topic 2
Topic 2: RDF, RDFS (PDF)
– RDF - what it stands for; what it is; usage example; purpose;
– RDF and the SW
– RDF statements, triples; graph language (nodes - including blanks, literals;
links);
– IRI, URI, URL; XML: 7 Rules;
– RDF/XML: examples, namespaces, Qnames, elements, description,
resource, properties – as attributes, resources, elements; containers (bag,
sequence, alternative), collection, reification
– RDFS – what it stands for, why it is needed, example (graphical language,
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XML language), abbreviated versus long class form
– Check also Homework!
SPARQL: Topic 3
Topic 3: SPARQL(PDF)
Querying semantic web structures.
Recommended Reading: http://www.w3.org/SPARQL/ (chapter 2 on
Query Language);
Useful tool: SPARQL general purpose query processor
Lab/lecture: hands-on SPARQL queries for RDF (and OWL): Word;
PDF(updated!)
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Additional Exercises: PPT; PDF
SPARQL: Topic 3
Topic 3: SPARQL(PDF)
– What it stands for, what it is, triple query, SELECT, WHERE, PREFIX,
namespaces, variables,
– FROM, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY DESC/ASC, LIMIT, OFFSET, DISTINCT,
VALUES, similarity to SQL,
– combining conditions . , extracting multiple results, using the same subject ; ,
abbreviating multiple objects , ,
– OPTIONAL graph components, FILTER, UNION – combining matches, MINUS –
subtracted graph patterns, multiple graphs, named graphs – FROM NAMED,
GRAPH, graph as a variable,
– ASK – for Boolean result; CONSTRUCT, DESCRIBE,
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– Sparql 1.1: Aggregates, Property Paths,
– FOAF – what it stands for, what it does/is
OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8
Topic 4: Introduction to the Web Ontology Language OWL (PDF)
Advanced semantic web data representations.
Recommended References: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/ ;
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/ ; http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/ ;
OWL2 validator: http://mowl-power.cs.man.ac.uk:8080/validator/ (sometimes
this one is down)
Lab/lecture: hands-on OWL ontology (PDF) analysing/ building with Protégé,
Friday 13th of November (with Jonny Foss).
Example OWL ontologies: travel.owl; pizza.owl; courses.owl (the latter is also a
sample solution to the homework set in the lecture and treated in the lab/lecture
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above)
OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8
Topic 4: Introduction to the Web Ontology Language OWL (PDF)
– SW stack (layer cake), what is OWL, what it stands for, why, what is an ontology, OWL
composition (DAML + OIL) and role, OWL versus RDF, sublanguages, OWL2 profiles,
OWL use cases, OWL2 versus OWL1 (generically), what’s in an OWL ontology,
– OWL/XML: header, assertions, OWL2 parts of the universe,
– Individuals - instances, unique name assumption, homework,
– properties – object, datatype, domain, range, property restriction –
cardinality:min/max, allValuesFrom, someValuesFrom, hasValue, extending other
ontologies, inverse property, transitive property, sub-properties, homework, XML
Schema Datatypes in OWL, why separate object/classes and datatypes, homework,
other OWL 1.0 special properties: owl:SymmetricProperty, owl: FunctionalProperty,
owl: InverseFunctionalProperty
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OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8
Topic 4: Introduction to the Web Ontology Language OWL (PDF)
– Classes – super/subclass, disjointWith, owl:Thing, owl:Nothing, complementOf,
unionOf, homework
– OWL2 special properties: owl:ReflexiveProperty, owl:IrreflexiveProperty,
owl:AssymmetricProperty, owl:propertyChainAxiom, owl:propertyDisjointWith,
OWL1.0 versus OWL2.0(in details),
– RDFS versus OWL (problems with RDFS), homework
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OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8
Topic 8: Developing and evaluating ontologies (PDF)
Methods for developing and evaluating ontologies.
Recommended Reading: Ontology Development 101: A Guide to
Creating Your First Ontology; Ontology evaluation ('04); example:
internal consistency, individual inconsistency
Recommended Papers for reference: OntoEdit: Collaborative
Ontology Development for the Semantic Web ('02); Ontologies:
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Principles, Methods and Applications (fundamental '96 paper); Data
Driven Ontology Evaluation ('04)
OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8
Topic 8: Developing and evaluating ontologies (PDF)
– Why develop an ontology, 3 rules in ontology design, 7 ontology design steps,
1. Domain and Scope: general questions, competency questions,
2. Reusing existing ontologies (SWOOGLE etc.)
3. Important Terms – list
4. Classes and hierarchies – approaches: top down, bottom up, combination
5. Properties – object property types: intrinsic/extrinsic, parts, relationships
6. Facets of properties/slots: value type, allowed values, number – cardinality,
domain, range: including design issues,
7. Create instances: 3 steps,
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– Error detection:
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classes: is-a, transitivity, evolution, names, cycles, siblings, how many, multiple inheritance,
new class/not/property value/ instance, scope, disjointness
OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8
Topic 8: Developing and evaluating ontologies (PDF)
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Error detection:
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classes: is-a, transitivity, evolution, names, cycles, siblings, how many, multiple
inheritance, new class/not/property value/ instance, scope, disjointness
Properties: inverse, default,
Names: conventions
Evaluation criteria (+ detection): consistency (semantic inconsistency
errors, circularity errors, partition errors), completeness, conciseness,
expandability, sensitiveness
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Description Logic, Web 2.0: Topics 5, 6
Topic 5: Description logics and classifiers (PDF)
Reasoning with the semantic web.
Recommended Reading: A description logic primer
and An Introduction to Description Logics.
Seminar/lab/lecture: understanding DL (PDF);
Monday 16th of November (with Jonny Foss). 19
Description Logic, Web 2.0: Topics 5, 6
Topic 5: Description logics and classifiers (PDF)
– What it is, why in OWL, concept definitions, reasoning,
terminology: A Box, T Box, concept, role, subsumption,
unfoldable terminology, language families, language
elements, universal restriction, existential restriction, DL
naming (without extensions), concept expressions, DL
inference: satisfiability, subsumption, equivalence,
disjointness, reduction to subsumption, reduction to
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unsatisfiability
Description Logic, Web 2.0: Topics 5, 6
Topic 6: Web 2.0 (PDF)
Data sources for the semantic web.
Recommended Reading: Socially Aware Cloud
Storage, by TBL, 2009.
Recomended Papers for reference: Ontologies are
us (Mika, 2006).
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Description Logic, Web 2.0: Topics 5, 6
Topic 6: Web 2.0 (PDF)
– Web 1.0 versus Web 2.0, applications,
– Mashups – definition, genres,
– Web 2.0 concepts, 7 O’Reilly principles, 3 aspects of
Web 2.0 collaboration, social trends, business trends,
technology trends, SOA and Web 2.0, Web 2.0
issues/implications
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– SW versus Web 2.0
User Modelling: Topic 7
Topic 7: User Modelling (PDF)
People representations on the semantic web.
Recommended Reading: User Modelling for the Social Semantic
Web (Plumbaum et al, 2011); Ontological technologies for user
modelling (Sosnovsky, Dicheva, 2010); Generic User Modelling
(Kobsa, 2007); User Profiles (Gauch et al, 2007).
Recommended Papers for reference: Challenges of SW for UM
(Dolog, Nejdl, 2003).
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User Modelling: Topic 7
Lab/lectures:
Hands-on UM (PDF); Mon 30th of November (with Dana Al Qudah,
Jonny Foss); See a quick starting example for classes, individuals,
object and data properties at: exampleUM.owl
Working with UM: Thu 3rd of December (with Suncica Hadzidedic):
website: http://new.port.org.ba/ (select 'English' from top right
corner); Questionnaire: http://goo.gl/forms/CyX3T4JJ35
– Additional Recommended Reading: Paul Ekman's basic emotions; Robert
Plutchik's emotion wheel; SAM mannekin.
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User
Modelling:
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Topic 7: User Modelling (PDF)
– Definition, core/extended profile, motivation, application fields,
– classification: info collection explicit/implicit; life-period static/dynamic/longterm; model structure: keyword/semantic net/ concept profiles
– ‘big picture’ of UM
– UM shell systems: def; services, requirements;
– UM server: advantages, services, requirements; trends;
– What can we adapt to: knowledge (conceptual/user option/problem
solving/misconceptions), cognitive properties (learning style: Kolb, field
(in)dependence, impulsive/reflective, operation/comprehension learning,
introvert/extrovert, negative fear of failure, competence perception,
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visual/verbal, sequential/global, active/reflective, sensing/intuitive),
tasks/goals/plans, moods and emotions (conscious/unconscious), preferences
(interests), context, environment, group, social interaction, etc.
User Modelling: Topic 7
Topic 7: User Modelling (PDF)
– Info sources: semantic levels of UM – deep/shallow, User ID,
– U Info collection: explicit/ implicit + advantages/disadvantages,
– Model Representations: Keyword Profiles (Bag-of-Words, Profile vectors – 0-1,
weighted, advanced); Semantic Network Profiles – synsets, weights; Concept
Profiles – hierarchical concepts, abstract topics, levels; Overlay; Predictive;
Analytic;
– Building: Keyword Profiles – TF/IDF, LSI, LLSF; network profiles – keywords,
weights; concept profiles – reference ontology;
– Privacy Issues
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