International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 23 Number 4 - May 2015
Synthesis of Silver Nano Particles and Its Anti
Microbial Activity
PotlaDurthi ChandraSai1*, Pola Madhuri2*, Yarla Nagendra Sastry3, Baggam Satish
Patnaik3, DSVGK Kaladhar4, Erva Rajeswara Reddy5, Sudabattula Vijaya Kumar6
1
Department of Computer Science Bioinformatics, School of Information Technology, JNT University Hyderabad, India
2
Department of Biotechnology, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India
3
Department of Biochemistry, GIS, GITAM University, Vizag, India
4
Department of Microbiology & Bioinformatics, Bilaspur University, India
5
Department of Biotechnology, JNT University College of Engineering, Pulivendula, India
6
Department of Biotechnology, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, India
*Corresponding author:
PotlaDurthi ChandraSai, Department of Computer Science Bioinformatics, School of Information Technology, JNT
University Hyderabad, India, Tel: +91-9985886716;
Pola Madhuri, Department of Biotechnology, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Hyderabad, India;
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Nanotechnology deals with nanometer scale,
that is, approximately 1 to 100 nm. Nano scale
materials possess unique properties. Nano particles were
synthesized from both synthetic and herbal sources.
Method: In synthetic method they were synthesized from
silver
nitrate
and
from
herbal
plants
like Parthenium hysterophorus. The formation of Nano
particles was confirmed through the following: Series of
color changes during the synthesis of nano particles,
by UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis and by SEM graph
analysis. Antimicrobial activity of silver nano particle coated
on filter discs and on cotton fabric (Chemical synthesis) was
measured by Kirby Bauer method against bacteria like
E. coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Staphylococcus and
fungi like Aspergillus and Pencillum. Nutrient Agar plates
with
specific
cultures
were
incubated
24
hrs.
Results: UV-VIS spectrum confirmed the appearance of
plasmon absorbance near 400 nm, and SEM images showed
that the particle sizes are about 12 nm. The yellow colloidal
silver remains stable for either several weeks or
months. Antimicrobial activity of silver nano particle
coated on
filter
discs
and
on
cotton
fabric
(Chemical synthesis) was measured by Kirby Bauer method
against bacteria like E. coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella,
Staphylococcus and fungi like Aspergillus and Pencillum.
We have found clear zone of inhibitions against bacterial
cultures with Salmonella being the highest and least by E.
coli. However, they were not very effective against fungi.
This study demonstrated the possibility of using silver nano
particles and their incorporation in materials, providing
them sterile properties. It has also helped us understand the
ISSN: 2231-5381
application of these nano particles in textiles as well as
other major industries.
KEYWORDS: Nano medicine; Nanotechnology;
Biotechnology; Anti-microbial activity; SEM
INTRODUCTION
Matter can be placed into broad categories
according to size. Macroscopic matter is visible with the
naked eye. Atoms and (most) molecules are microscopic
with dimensions <1 nm. Mesoscopic particles, such as
bacteria and cells that have dimensions on the order of
micron(s), can be observed with optical microscopes [1].
Falling into the gap between the microscopic and the
mesoscopic is another class of matter, the nanoscopic
particles. The size of nano particles is compared to that of
other “small” particles, where the bacterium is huge in
comparison.
Nanotechnology deals with nanometer scale, that
is, approximately 1 to 100 nm. Nanoscale materials possess
unique properties. Advances are occurring in synthesis of
isolated nano structures. This opens the possibility for
creating a new generation of advanced materials with
designed properties, not just by changing the chemical
composition of the components, but by controlling the size
and shape of the components [2]. For example, the melting
point of nano sized metal particles depends upon the size of
the particles. The smaller a particle becomes, the more the
proportion of surface atoms increases. As particles decrease
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 23 Number 4 - May 2015
in size the number of surface atoms becomes equal to or
even exceeds the number of inner-core atoms. For a typical
bulk material the surface is negligibly small in comparison
to the total volume. Surface atoms are more easily
rearranged than those in the center of the particle, and so
the melting process, which depends on destroying the order
of the crystal lattice, can get started at a lower temperature.
The melting point of silver metal is 1064°C. For 11-12 nm
gold particles it is about 1000°C, then begins to drop
dramatically to 900°C for 5 to 6 nm particles and to 700°C
for 2 to 3 nm particles [2].
Preparation of noble metal nanoparticles
Many techniques, including chemical and physical
means, have been developed to prepare metal nano
particles, such as chemical reduction using a reducing
agent, electrochemical reduction, photo chemical reduction,
and heat evaporation. Physical ways usually need a high
temperature (over 1000°C), vacuum and expensive
equipment’s. There are also easy and convenient chemical
methods that use dilute aqueous solutions and simple
equipment [3].
Reducing agents: In general, the chemical reduction
reactions involve reducing agents that are reacted with a
salt of the metal according to the following chemical
equation:
mMen+ + nRed mMe0 + nOx
Reagents most commonly used in the reduction of gold,
silver, and copper salts along with the appropriate
conditions [4].
Synthesis of silver nano particles
Chemical reduction methods are used to
manufacture silver nano particles from silver salts. The
reactions described here use silver nitrate as the starting
material. Chemical reduction methods that have been used
to synthesize silver NPs from silver nitrate vary in the
choice of the relative quantities, reducing agent and
reagents concentrations, mixing rate, temperature, and
duration of reaction [5]. The diameters of the resulting
particles depend upon the conditions. Greenish-yellow
(λmax 420 nm) colloidal silver with particle sizes from 4060 nm has been reported from reduction with sodium
citrate at boiling. Silver colloids described as brownish or
yellow-green, with absorption maxima at 400 nm and
particle size of about 10 nm, result from reduction with icecold sodium borohydride followed by boiling for one hour.
A method using both sodium citrate and sodium
borohydride at boiling gives a greenish colloid absorbing at
438 nm with particle size 60-80 nm. Clear yellow or
greenish-yellow colloidal silver can be obtained depending
upon the duration of the reaction with ice cold sodium
borohydride. Along with the chemical method, there are
preparations of silver nano particles using the plant extract
for example Neem, Parthenium chrysporim [6].
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Nano particles are of immense scientific
attention as they are efficiently a bridge between materials
in addition to molecular or atomic structures. A
bulk material
must
have
consistence
physical
properties regardless of its size, but at the nanoscale
size-dependent properties
are
noted
(Table
1).
The materials properties changes as their size approach
the nanoscale as well as as the atoms percentage at the
surface of a material become noteworthy. For bulk
material greater than one micrometer, the atoms
percentage at the shell is inconsequential in relation
to the number of atoms in the mass of the material [7].
Solubility
Water soluble
Shape
Sphere
Ratio
5-10 nm
UV-Vis (nm)
405-410 nm
Specification Stable for 60 days
Table1: Physical Properties of nano scale
materials.
An excellent example of this is the solar radiation
absorption in photovoltaic cells, which is much elevated in
materials self-possessed of nano particles than it is in thin
films of constant sheets of material. The smaller the
particles, better is the solar absorption. Other sizedependent property changes include surface plasmon
resonance in some metal particles, quantum confinement in
semiconductor particles and super-para-magnetism in
magnetic materials. Ironically, the changes in physical
properties are not always desirable. Suspension of nano
particles are promising since the interaction of the particle
surface with the solvent is physically powerful enough to
conquer density differences, which or else usually result in
a material more over sinking or else floating in a liquid.
Nano particles also often have unforeseen optical properties
as they are small enough to impound their electrons along
with produce quantum effects [8].
Nano particles are having high surface area to
volume ratio, which provides an incredible driving force for
diffusion, particularly at prominent temperatures. Sintering
can take place at lesser temperatures, over shorter time
scale than for bigger particles [9]. The large surface area to
volume ratio also reduces the initial melting temperature of
nano particles. Further more nano particles are found to
impart a few extra properties to an assortment of day to day
products. Zinc oxide particles are found to encompass
superior UV blocking properties when it compared to its
bulk substitute and it is one of the reasons, it is often used
in the research of sunscreen lotions [10].
Clay nano particles when integrated into polymer
matrices increase strengthening, demonstrable by a higher
glass transition temperature, principal to stronger plastics in
addition to other mechanical property tests. These
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 23 Number 4 - May 2015
nanoparticles are hard, with convey their properties to the
polymer. Nano particles have also been attached to textile
fibers in order to create smart and functional clothing.
Metal, dielectric, and semiconductor nano particles have
been formed, as well as hybrid structures [11]. Nano
particles prepared of semi conducting material might be
labeled quantum dots if they are small adequate that
quantization of electronic energy levels occurs [12]. That
type of nanoscale particles are used in biomedical
applications as agents or drug carriers. Soft and semi-solid
nano particles have been feigned. A prototype nano
particleof semi-solid scenery is the liposome. A variety of
types of liposome nano particles are at present used
clinically as delivery systems for vaccines and anticancer
drugs.
Characterization
Nano particle depiction is essential to establish
thoughtful as well as control of nano particle synthesis in
addition to applications. Depiction is done by using a
variety of diverse techniques, generally drawn from
materials science. Common techniques are electron
microscopy (SEM, TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS),
atomic force microscopy (AFM), powder X-ray diffraction
(XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),
spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
and dual polarization interferometry [13].
At the same time as the theory has been
recognized for over a century, the technology for Nano
particle tracking analysis (NTA) allows direct tracking of
the Brownian motion along with this method therefore
allows the sizing of individual nano particles in solution.
Materials and Methods
Preparation of silver nano particles
a) Synthetic method
Materials
Silver nitrate
Sodium borohydride
Volume (ml)
10
30
Table 2: Quantity of materials required for
synthetic method.
Principle: An excess of sodium borohydride is considered
necessary both to reduce the ionic silver and stabilize the
silver nano particles.
AgNO3+NaBH4→Ag+1/2H2+1/2B2H6+NaNO3
Yellow colloidal silver nano particles are produced upon
reaction with sodium borohydride.
Methodology: A 10 ml quantity of 1 mM silver nitrate
was added drop wise (about 1 drop/sec) to 30 ml of 2 mM
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sodium borohydride solution which is chilled in an ice
bath (Table 2). The reaction mixture was stirred
dynamically on a magnetic stir plate. The solution changes
into light yellow following addition of 2 ml of silver nitrate
in addition to brighter yellow when all of the silver nitrate
had been added. The entire addition took about three
minutes, after which the stirring was stopped and the stir
bar removed. The obvious yellow colloidal silver is stable
at room temperature stores in a transparent vial for as long
as more than a few weeks or months. Upon aggregation the
colloidal silver solution changes darker yellow, grayish and
violet. The reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 was monitor by
measure the UV-Vis spectrum of the reaction mix (silver
nitrate solution + sodium borohydride) at different time
intervals within the range of 300-680 nm in the UV-Vis
spectrophotometer.
Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis: Thin
film of the sample was organized on a carbon coated
copper grid by immediately dropping a very small amount
of the sample on the gridiron, excess solution was removed
by means of a blotting paper furthermore then the film on
the SEM grid were allowable to dry by putting it underneath
a mercury lamp for 5 min.
b) Plant extract method
Principle: The use of environmentally benign materials
like plant extract for synthesis of silver nano particles
offers numerous benefits of ecofriendly and compatibility
for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The
synthesis of silver nano particles, reducing silver ions there
in the aqueous solution of silver nitrate complex by the
extract of Parthenium hysterophorus leaves, can provide a
new platform to this noxious plant making it a value added
weed for nanotechnology based industries in future [14].
Methodology: Extract has been prepared by bringing fresh
leaves of Parthenium hysterophorus. Leaves weighing 25 g
were systematically washed twice in distill water for 15
min, cut into fine pieces and were boiled in a 500 ml
Erlenmeyer flask with 100 ml distill water up to 6 min then
were filtered. Add 50 ml leaf extract into the aqueous
solution of 1 mM Silver nitrate. An usual size of the
particles synthesized was 50 nm among size ranging 30 to
80 nm with irregular shape. Due to our interest to get much
smaller particles, above solution was centrifuged at a rate
of 1200 rpm up to 15 min and investigated that particles
present in the supernatant were nearly homogenous with
average size of 7 nm.
The reduction of pure Ag ions was monitor by
measure the UV-vis spectrum of the reaction medium at
regular time intervals after diluting a small aliquot of 100
micro liters of the sample with 1 ml deionized water. UVvis spectral analysis has been done by using a PerkinElmerlamda-25 spectrophotometer. The reaction mixture
was kept at room temperature for 7 days to stabilization
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 23 Number 4 - May 2015
and subsequently it was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 8000
rpm and redispersed in distilled water. This procedure was
repeated three times in addition to the remnant pellets were
dried and powdered for SEM analysis. A thin film of the
sample was prepared by means of dissolving a portion of
the powdered particles in sterile distilled water on a small
glass cover slip (3×3 mm), and set on a copper stab for
electron microscopy.
Antibacterial activity of silver nano particles by disc
method
For the anti-microbial activity, different bacteria
like E. coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Staphylococcus
and fungi like Aspergillus and Pencillum were obtained
from IMTECH, Chandigrah, India. These cultures
were sub-cultured in the nutrient broth for further
use. Antimicrobial
activity
of
silver
nano
particles obtained by chemical synthesis and from
parthenium extract
was
measured
by
Kirby
Bauer
method against
bacteria
like
E.
coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Staphylococcus and
fungi like Aspergillus and
Pencillum.
Nutrient
Agar plates with specific cultures were incubated for
24 hrs. The filter paper discs which were coated with
silver nano particles 50 mg/lit were placed on to the
surface of agar plates. The zone of inhibition after 24
hrs of incubation at 37°C was recorded. The disc
without nano particle was used as negative control.
Incorporating silver nano particles on cotton fabric
The cotton cloth was immersed in the nano
particle solution synthesized both by chemical and using
parthenium (plant) extract. This was centrifuged (3500
rpm) for 15 minutes. Later it was dried and used to test for
antimicrobial activity by Kirby Bauer method.
Results and Discussions
Chemical synthesis of silver nano particles
Yellow colloidal silver has reported ahead
reaction with ice-cold sodium borohydride [15] and it is
basis for the method which we use in this work. Reaction
conditions, together with stirring time along with relative
quantities of reagents, have to be carefully controlled to
acquire stable yellow colloidal silver (Figure 1). If stirring
is continued slowly silver nitrate has added, aggregation
begin as yellow solution (Figure 2a) first turns a darker
yellow (Figure 2b), then violet (Figure 2c), and eventually
grayish (Figure 2d), after which the colloid break down
further more particles settle out. Similar aggregation
possibly will also occur if the reaction is interrupted
previous to all of the silver salt has added. It was also bring
into being that the opening concentration of sodium
borohydride must be twice that of silver nitrate:
[NaBH4]/[AgNO3]=2.0.
Figure 1: Change in the color of solution of silver Nano
particles.
Figure 2: Stability time is the time when solution turns
yellow to gray.
Adsorption of borohydride plays a vital role in stabilizing
budding silver nano particles by providing a particle
surface charge. As the reaction proceeds, there must be
enough borohydride to stabilize the particles. Nevertheless,
later on in the reaction too much sodium borohydride
increase the general ionic strength along with aggregation
will occur [16]. The aggregation can be brought in relation
to by addition of electrolytes such as NaCl. Nano particles
are kept back in suspension by means of repulsive
electrostatic forces between the particles owing to adsorbed
borohydride. Salt shields the charges which allow the
particles to clump collectively to form aggregates.
Optical Characterization
Silver
nano
particles
were
examined
using
UV-VIS
spectroscopy
and
SEM.
UV-VIS spectroscopy: The distinctive colors of colloidal
silver are owed to an occurrence known as plasmon
absorbance. Incident light creates oscillations in
transmission electrons on the surface of the nano particles
in addition to electromagnetic radiation is absorbed. From
the synthesis above, the spectrum of the clear yellow
colloidal silver is shown in Figure 3. The plasmon
resonance produces a peak near 400 nm. It has already
reported that the absorption spectrum of aqueous AgNO3
solitary solution exhibit λ max at about 220 nm where as
silver nano particles λ max at about 430 nm. To indicate
particle size, the wave length of the plasmon absorption
maximum in a given solvent can be used (Table 3).
Particle
size/nm
10-14
35-50
60-80
λ max/nm
395-405
420
438
Table 3: Plasmon absorption maximum and particle size
of nano particles
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume23 Number 4- May 2015
Synthesis of silver nano particle using parthenium leaf
extract
The color change in the colloidal solution of nano
particles reduced by Parthenium plant leaf extract with
time (in the inset) is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Optical snapshot of the colloidal solution of
silver nano particles reduced by parthenium leaf extract.
Figure 3: UV–VIS absorption spectrum of clear yellow
colloidal Silver (λmax=400 nm).
Particle size measurement using SEM: Silver nano
particles that fashioned the spectrum were examined by
means of Scanning electron microscopy. A test of silver
nano particles from a freshly synthesized clear yellow
solution was prepared via drying a small drop lying on a
carbon-coated 200-mesh copper gridiron. The SEM image
of one region of the sample is shown in Figure 4. The SEM
image shows the silver particles are spherical with sizes of
12 ± 2 nm.
UV-Vis spectrograph of the colloidal solution of
silver nano particles is recorded as a function of time.
Absorption spectra of silver nano particles formed in the
reaction media at 10 min. has absorbance peak at 474 nm,
broadening of peak indicated that the particles are poly
dispersed (Figure 6)
Figure 6: UV-Vis. Absorption spectra recorded as a
function of time of reaction of 1:1 solution of silver ions
by Parthenium leaf extract in the range 300 nm to 800
nm after 10 minutes reaction kinetics.
SEM analysis of silver nano particles
SEM Micrograph (Figure 7) of the silver nano
particles synthesized using Parthenium leaf extract having
irregular shapes of 30-80 nm with average size 50 nm.
Figure 4: SEM image shows the silver particles are
spherical with sizes of 12±2 nm.
Colloidal silver nano particles were synthesized by
borohydride reduction of silver nitrate. UV-VIS spectrum
confirms the appearance of plasmon absorbance near 400
nm, and SEM images show that the particle sizes are about
12 nm. The yellow colloidal silver remains stable for either
several weeks or else months. The lab experiment to
produce silver nano particles is easy, convenient, be able to
be done on the bench top, in addition to requires simple
equipment.
ISSN: 2231-5381
Figure 7: SEM Micrograph of the sample after the 10
minute reaction kinetics with treating leaf extract with
silver ions complex (1 mM) in the ratio of 1:1, showing
particles of irregular shapes which varies in size from
30 nm to 80 nm (average particle size is 50 nm).
Reduction of silver ions present in the silver
aqueous solution of complex during the reaction by way of
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 23 Number 4 - May 2015
the ingredients in attendance in the plant leaf extract
observed by the UV-Vis spectroscopy discovered that
silver nano particles in the solution might be correlated
with the UV-Vis spectra. As the Parthenium leaf extract
was mixed in the aqueous solution of the silver ion
complex, it in progress to change color from water color to
yellowish brown, color was changed due to excitation of
surface plasmon vibrations, which indicates development
of silver nano particle. UV-Vis spectroscopy is well known
to examine size along with shape controlled of nano
particles. UV-Vis spectrograph of the colloidal solution of
silver nano particles were recorded as a function of time by
using a quartz cuvette as reference with water, repeated
experiments were carried out with varying the amount of
silver ion complex (1 mM) and leaf extract it was observed
that precursors in the ratio of 1:1 gave best results of our
interest. It is interesting to note that most of the particles in
the SEM pictures are not in physical contact but are
separated by a fairly uniform inter particle distance.
Not only the chemists along with physicists, but
also the biologists are extremely interested in synthesizing
nano particles of different shapes and sizes by employing
bio-based synthesis of nano metals using plant leaf extracts
and microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) [17.]. The
reduction of silver ions (Ag+) present in the aqueous
solution of silver complex in the plant extract demonstrated
that the change in colour was due to the formation of silver
nano particles in the solutions which are correlated with the
UV-Vis spectra [18,19].
The ecofriendly green chemistry approach for the
use of these weeds for synthesis of silver nano particles
will increase their economic viability and sustainable
management. However, applications of these weeds have
the added advantage that these unwanted plants can be used
by nanotechnology processing industries as well in wound
healing, bactericidal and other electronic and medical
applications [20].
Antimicrobial properties of nano particles
Antimicrobial activity of silver nano particle
(Chemical synthesis and from parthenium extract) was
measured by Kirby Bauer method against bacteria like E.
coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Staphylococcus and fungi
like Aspergillus and Pencillum [21]. Nutrient Agar plates
with specific cultures were incubated 24 hrs. The filter
paper discs which were coated with silver nano particles 50
mg/lit were placed on to the surface of agar plates. The
zone of inhibition after 24 hrs incubation at 37°C was
recorded. The disc without nano particle was used as
negative control.
Our result indicated that silver nano particles
synthesized from chemicals as well as herbal extract were
more efficient against bacteria compared to fungi (Figures
8-13). The Nano particles show the antibacterial activity
against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
Comparing the zone of inhibitions, it can be concluded that
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the silver nano particles from both the sources, have
greatest antibacterial against Salmonella and least against
E. coli However there is not much of a difference in
antifungal activity between the two fungal species (Table
4).
Figure 8: Antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Sp.
Note: A: Nano Particles from Chemical Synthesis; B: Nano
Particles from Parthenium Extract; C: Control
Figure 9: Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus
Sp.
Note: A: Nano Particles from Chemical Synthesis; B:
Nano Particles from Parthenium Extract; C: Control
Figure 10: Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas
Sp.
Note: A: Nano Particles from Chemical Synthesis; B:
Nano Particles from Parthenium Extract; C: Control
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 23 Number 4 - May 2015
Figure 11: Antimicrobial activity against E. coli Sp.
Note: A: Nano Particles from Chemical Synthesis; B:
Nano Particles from Parthenium Extract; C: Control
Antimicrobial properties of nano particles incorporated
in cloth: The antibacterial activity of cotton fabrics with
and without silver nano particles was evaluated for both the
methods. Since the nano particles in the previous
experiment did not show good response against fungal sp,
the cotton cloth was analyzed only against bacterial
cultures. In the cloth without silver nano particles (control)
a significant bacterial growth was observed However, the
cotton fabrics with silver nano particles synthesized by
chemical method presented antibacterial activity showing
no bacterial growth around it as shown in Figure 14 (a-d).
Comparing the zone of inhibitions it can be concluded that
the silver nano particles have greatest antibacterial against
Salmonella and least against E. coli (Table 5).
Figure 12: Antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus Sp.
Note: A: Nano Particles from Chemical Synthesis; B: Nano
Particles from Parthenium Extract; C: Control
Figure 14: Antibacterial activity of cotton fabric coated
with nano particles synthesized using chemicals.
Figure 13: Antimicrobial activity against Pencillium Sp.
Note: A: Nano Particles from Chemical Synthesis; B: Nano
Particles from Parthenium Extract; C: Control
Microorganism
Zone of inhibition (cm) of nano
particles
Chemical synthesis parthenium
extract
0.4 1.2
0.3 0.8
Salmonella Sp
Staphylococcus
Sp
Pseudomonas Sp
0.2 0.7
E. coli Sp
0.1 0.5
Aspergillus Sp
0.1 0.2
Pencillium Sp
0.1 0.3
Table 4: Comparing the zone of inhibitions formed by
nano particles.
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Figure 15: Antibacterial activity of cotton fabric coated
with nano particles synthesized using parthenium
extract.
The cotton fabrics with silver nano particles
synthesised using parthenium extract also exhibited
antibacterial activity as shown in Figure 15 (a-d).
Comparing the zone of inhibitions it can be concluded that
the silver nano particles have greatest antibacterial against
Salmonella and least against Staphlococcus and
Pseudomonas (Table 5). The cotton fabrics incorporated
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 23 Number 4 - May 2015
with these silver nano particles exhibited maximum
antibacterial activity against Salmonella Sp. This study
demonstrated the possibility of using silver nano particles
by incorporating them in fabrics, thereby providing them
sterile properties.
Microorganism
Salmonella Sp
Staphylococcus
Sp
PseudomonasSp
E. coliSp
Mean width of zone of inhibition
(cm)
Chemical method herbal extract
1.5 0.6
0.9 0.2
0.7 0.2
0.4 0.5
Table 5: Measure of antimicrobial activity on different
bacterial species.
Summary and Conclusion
Nano particles were synthesized from both
synthetic and herbal sources. In synthetic method they were
synthesized from silver nitrate and from herbal plants like
Parthenium hysterophorus. The formation of Nano
particles was confirmed through the following:
a. Series of color changes during the synthesis
of nano particles.
b. By UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis.
c. By SEM graph analysis.
UV-VIS spectrum confirmed the appearance of
plasmon absorbance near 400 nm, and SEM images
showed that the particle sizes are about 12 nm. The yellow
colloidal silver remains stable for either several weeks or
months. The lab experiment to produce silver nano
particles is easy, convenient, might be prepared on the
bench top, and requires simple apparatus.
Antimicrobial activity of silver nano particle
coated on filter discs and on cotton fabric (Chemical
synthesis) was measured by Kirby Bauer method against
bacteria like E. coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella,
Staphylococcus and fungi like Aspergillus and Pencillum.
Nutrient Agar plates with specific cultures were incubated
24 hrs.
We have found clear zone of inhibitions against
bacterial cultures with Salmonella being the highest and
least by E. coli. However, they were not very effective
against fungi.
This study demonstrated the possibility of using
silver nano particles and their incorporation in materials,
providing them sterile properties. It has also helped us
understand the application of these nano particles in
textiles as well as other major industries.
ISSN: 2231-5381
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