International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015
Variation of Emission Characteristics of IC Engine Operating
on Waste Cooking Oil and Diesel Oil Blend
Suvendu Mohanty1, Triloki Nath Mishra2
1
Asst. Prof. 2Asst. Prof., Department of Mechanical Engineering
Gandhi institute for education and technology, Odisha, India
Abstract-The main purpose of this research is to
study the effect of various blends of an environmental
friendly alternative fuel such as biodiesel on the
performance of diesel engine. In the Present
investigation experimental work has been carried out
to analyse the performance and exhaust emission
characteristics of a single cylinder internal
combustion engine fuelled with biodiesel blend at the
different load. In this experiment the biodiesel
which is use as a waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel
.To investigation of the emission characteristics of
the engine loads, which is supplied from the
alternator. The experiment was carried out fuel with
diesel and seven different blends of biodiesel i.e. (B5,
B10.B20, B40, B60, B80, B100 and pure diesel) made
from waste cooking oil and the results were analysed
at engine speed 1500 rpm/min. A test was applied in
which an engine load i.e. (.1kW, .2kW, .5kW, 1kW,
1.5kW, 2kW, 2.5kW, 3kW).The emission of were
measured carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon
carbon (HC), Oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and oxygen
( ).The experimental results will be compained with
biodiesel blends and diesel. The biodiesel results of
(WCO) in lower emission of hydro carbon (HC) and
(CO) and increase emission of (NO2). This study
showed that the results of exhaust emission of
biodiesel blends were lower than the diesel fuel.
Keyword-Biodiesel(WCO),diesel
analyser,Exhaust emission.
engine
gas
I.
INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel can be produced by various methods, such
as: alkali catalysis, acid catalysis, lipase catalysis etc.
Considering various limitations of these methods,
there is a strong quest to develop an efficient, timesaving, and economically functional and environment
friendly biodiesel production processes suitable to
large scale industrial biodiesel production. Keeping
this aspect into consideration, some of the recently
developed biodiesel production technologies are
power ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation and super
critical methanol etc. All these methods have future
potential for biodiesel production at large industrial
scale [1]. Due to the depletion of the world‟s
petroleum reserves and the increasing environmental
concerns, there is a great demand for alternative
sources of fossil fuels. Biodiesel, a clean renewable
and environment friendly fuel, has recently been
considered as the best substitute for the diesel fuel
because it can be used in any diesel engine without
any modification .Since the cost of feedstock for
biodiesel raw materials accounts about 75-90% of the
total cost of production, choosing a right feedstock is
very important. Biodiesel can be produced from
straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, and tallow and
waste oils. There are three basic routes to biodiesel
production from oils and fats.The Trans esterification
process is the reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with
an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. A triglyceride
has a glycerine molecule as its base with three long
chain fatty acids attached. The characteristics of the
fat are determined by the nature of the fatty acids
attached to the glycerine. The nature of the fatty acids
can in turn affect the characteristics of the biodiesel.
During the esterification process, the triglyceride is
reacted with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst,
usually a strong alkaline like sodium hydroxide. The
alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the monoalkyl ester, or biodiesel and crude glycerol [2]. In
most production methanol or ethanol is the alcohol
used (methanol produces methyl esters, ethanol
produces ethyl esters) and is base catalysed by either
potassium or Sodium hydroxide. Potassium
hydroxide has been found to be more suitable for the
ethyl ester biodiesel production; either base can be
used for the methyl ester. A common product of the
Trans esterification process is Rape Methyl Ester
(RME) produced from raw rapeseed oil reacted with
methanol.A successful Trans esterification reaction is
signified by the separation of the ester and glycerol
layers after the reaction time. The heavier, coproduct, glycerol settles out and may be sold as it is
or it may be purified for use in other industries, e.g.
the pharmaceutical, cosmetics etc.
Fig 1. 1 Process of Production of biodiesel.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015
II.
OBJECTIVE
The use of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) blended with
mineral diesel or Waste cooking oil biodiesel blended
with mineral diesel as substitute for conventional
mineral diesel in diesel engine is reasonable and
prospective in India. For such a proposal,
modification of diesel engine structure is unnecessary
and expensive for large number of existing engines
operating in rural sector, as confirmed by the
Introduction. However, there are certain differences
in physical and chemical characteristics of WCO and
diesel oil. It is found that the oil mixture blend will
not ensure the desirable results unless the working
parameters are readjusted according to the results of
experimentation. The purpose of the investigation is
to analyse the exhaust emission of diesel engine
performance when fuelled with the blends of
biodiesel and diesel in various proportions on volume
basis. The fuel blends investigated for performance
analysis are 100% diesel (B00), blend of 5%
biodiesel and 95% diesel (B5), blend of 10%
biodiesel and 90% diesel (B10), blend of 20%
biodiesel and 80% diesel (B20), blend of 40%
biodiesel and 60% diesel (B40), blend of 60%
biodiesel and 40% diesel (B60), blend of 80%
biodiesel and 20% diesel (B80), 100% biodiesel
(B100) for both of the biodiesels of Waste Cooking
Oil . The experimentation further extended to
fulfilment values for the relevant working parameters
and their optimal combination based on the results.
The performance parameters,the resistive type load
panel, and exhaust emissions are considered for the
discussions [3].
III.
BACKGROUND
Now a days, the idea of using vegetable oil and its
derivatives as fuel is becoming increasingly
interesting, due to variations in the oil market prices
and the growing concern about the environment,
mainly the effects of greenhouse gases on the world‟s
climate. As vegetable oils and their derivatives do not
have sulphur in their composition, they have the
advantage of being renewable and “green” as far as
the environment is concerned. For this reason, several
investigations have been carried out in order to
determine the feasibility of using them as substitutes
for Diesel, mainly in internal combustion engines [4]
.The depletion of world petroleum sources and
increased environmental concerns has stimulated
recent interest in alternative sources for petroleum
based fuels .One of the advantages of these fuels is
reduced exhaust gas emissions. Experience has
shown that vegetable oil based fuels can significantly
reduce exhaust gas emissions, including carbon
monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (
), and
hydrocarbon (HC) Because of their less concentration
of sulfur, the sulfur dioxide greases cannot only
reduce the burden of the government in disposing the
waste, maintaining public sewers and treating the oily
wastewater, but also helps in lowering the production
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cost of biodiesel significantly. In recent times, the
world is confronted with the twin crisis of fossil fuel
depletion and environmental degradations. The
situations have led to the search for an alternative
fuel which should be not only sustainable but also
environment friendly without sacrificing the
performance. The different sources for alternative
fuels are edible- and non-edible vegetable oils,
animal fats and waste oil (triglycerides). Vegetable
oils, being renewable, are widely available from
variety of sources have low sulphur contents close to
zero and hence cause less environmental damage
(lower greenhouse effect) than diesel. In the context
of India, non-edible vegetable oil can be the most
viable alternative for petroleum fuels since there is
shortage of edible oils to meet the domestic
requirements. It has been found that neat vegetable
oil can be used as a fuel in conventional diesel
engines [5]. However, unmodified vegetable oils are
glycerol esters, and when used in diesel engines the
glycerol poses engine wear and performance
problems due to higher viscosity and lower volatility.
India is a developing country and its energy demand
is also increasing day by day. Presently most of the
country‟s oil demands are fulfilled by import from
the foreign countries which is a major expense for the
country. Therefore, there is a dire need of searching a
viable alternative source of energy for long term
energy security of the nation. Bio-diesel is an
alternative to petroleum-based fuels derived from
vegetable oils or animal fats. It is named biodiesel
because it is derived from biological products and
matches petro-diesel in properties and performance.
The glycerides present in vegetable oils can be
separated in the Trans esterification reaction and may
be used as a by-product. Bio-diesel production is a
very modern and challenging area for researchers
because of its relevance due to increase in the
petroleum price and the environmental advantages.
Vegetable oils have good heating power and provide
negligible sulphur and aromatic polycyclic
compounds in the engine exhaust gases. It possesses
high biodegradability and lubricating property which
makes it even better fuel. In recent years, the
demands for energy have grown very quickly due to
the rapid development of certain growing economies,
especially in Asia and the Middle East. Biofuels such
as alcohols and biodiesel have been proposed as
alternatives for diesel engines. Biodiesel is known as
a carbon neutral fuel because the carbon present in
the exhaust was originally fixed from the atmosphere.
This supply deficit will have serious implications for
many nonoil producing countries which are
dependent on oil imports [6]. Especially, the
environmental issues concerned with the exhaust
gases emission by the usage offossil fuels also
encourage the usage of biodiesel, which has proved
to be eco-friendly far more than fossil fuels.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015
IV.
EXPERIMENTAL SET- UP AND
PROCEDURE
A. Introduction
In order to analysis of exhaust emission of internal
combustion engine using biodiesel blend, an
experimental set-up was developed to perform the
experiment. The experiment unit consists of the
various structural and instrumental panels which
wear listed in table I.
engine. For conducting the desired set of experiments
and to gather required data from the engine, it is
essential to get the various instruments mounted at
the appropriate location on the experimental setup.
Table II Test engine specifications
Particulars
Specifications
Make
Kirloskar Oil Engines,india
Type
TV-1 stationary diesel engine
Eng.no.
18.1176/1204252
TABLE 1. List of structural and instrumental panels
SI. No.
Items
Requirements
No.of Cylinder
1
1
Foundation
1
Cubic capacity
0.66
2
Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine
1
Power rating
7hp
3
Alternator
1
Compression ratio
17.5:1
4
Load Panel
1
Wet of flay wheel
39kg
5
Steel Frame
1
Weight
129kg
Rate speed(rpm)
1500
6
Air box
1
Fuel Oil
Diesel
7
Orifice Plate
1
SFC
251h/kwh
8
Exhaust gas analyser
1
Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel
(WCO)
Governing
Class”A2/B1”
9
7ltr
Overall
Diamentation
617*504*877(Length*width*Height)
Starting
Hand start with cranking handle
B. Fabrication of test setup
i.
Foundation
For conducting experiment, the proportion of
foundation (3ft43”), (1ft16”), (2ft29”) is taken for
cement, Brick, Concrete, Sand, Cements, The mixing
is done by using concrete mixture. As we know that
for every set up foundation is the primary part of the
experimental setup.
iii.
Alternator
Engine loading is through electrical generator. A DC
shunt generator with electrical load bank of bulbs is
used. A rheostat is connected in series the circuit to
control the load precisely by controlling voltage. The
specifications of Alternator are shown in table III.
Table III. Alternator specifications
List of the material amount used in this foundation i.e
 Brick-62(10*5*3* INCH)
 Cements-2 bags(100kg)
 Sand-6 bags
 Concrit-2 bags
 Ordinary tap water is used for
concrete mixing in all the mix.
Length (3ft43”), Width (1ft16”),
Barth (2ft29”)
ii.
Test Engine
The present research work was carried out on a 5kV,
single cylinder, vertical, naturally aspirated, four
stroke, water cooled, direct injection, Kirloskar TV-1
diesel engine having the main technical features
presented in Table II. This engine has been widely
used in agricultural lands irrigation applications. The
main objective has been to study the performance and
emission characteristics of biodiesel as fuel in diesel
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Particulars
Specifications
Type
AC generator
S.N
W12WRDCH017
Model
KBE-150M
Out put
5.0kvA
Volt
230
FREQ
50HZ
RPM
1500
AMP
21.7
BHP
7
Type of Cooling
Fan Cooled
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015
iv.
Load Panel
The load panel made of plywood which have 3ft
width and 4ft height. This load panel consists of
eight 500w bulbs, three 200w bulbs and one 100w
bulbs, with individual‟sswitches. One ammeter and
one voltmeter is also set in this load panel because to
measure current and voltage, the specification of
ammeter and voltmeter is show on table IV and V.TO
control the voltage I use one miniature circuit breaker
(MCQ) AND one Power plug.
Table IV. Specification of Ammeter
Particulars
Specifications
Company
ESSMA
Size
96mm2
CTR
10/15 to 800/5a(with dip
switch)
100/5A
220vA
Present Setting
Aux.supply
viii.
Exhaust gas analyser
Exhaust gas composition was measured using
exhaust gas analyser [INDUS 5 GAS analyser
MODEL PEA 205 India and ISO 3930: 2000].The
analyser measures CO, HC, O2 and NOx in the
exhaust. The range and accuracy of the INDUS 5
GAS analyser.INDUS Model PEA205 is a class I Gas
Analyser designed and manufactured for testing the
emissions from automotive engines, which run on
Diesel, petrol as well as CNG and LPG. The
instrument can measure carbon monoxide (CO) and
Oxygen in percentage, and Hydrocarbons [Hexane
equivalent (HC)] and Nitric Oxide (NOx) in ppm. It
is generally supplied as a three gas analyser without
the NOx Sensor. When NOx sensor is added PEA205
becomes a 5 Gas analyser. Shown fig 2.
Table V. Specification of voltmeter
Particulars
Specifications
Company
ESSMA
Size
96mm squre
Range
500v
Aux.supply
220vA
Fig .2. INDUS 5 GAS analyser
Table VI. Specifications of INDUS 5 GAS analyser
Exhaust
Gas
v.
Steel Frame Mounting
Various measuring instruments are mounted on a
piece of plywood which is attached on the steel frame
(90cm*90cm*150cm). All the devices such as UTube
(25.5cm L), burette (57.5cm L), one-way cock, twoway cock and three-way cock, which is attached on
the piece of plywood which is fixed in steel clamps.
Cocks are connected with Polyvinylchloride pipe to
supply diesel and biodiesel to engine. The top end of
the burette was open and bottom end was fitted with
stopcock. The outlet of stopcock was connected to
the filter unit of the diesel engine by a
Polyvinylchloride pipe.
Range
Resolution
Accuracy
0-15% volume
0-30000
ppm(propane)
0-15000
approx(hexane)
0-25.00% volume
0-5000 ppm
.01% volume
1ppm
±.06% vol
±12ppm vol
.01%volume
1 ppm volume
±.1% vol
±50ppm vol
ix.
Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel (WCO)
Currently the cost of biodiesel is high as compared to
petro diesel because most of the biodiesel is produced
from refined edible oils. One way of reducing the
biodiesel cost is to use less expensive feedstock such
as waste vegetable oils shown fig 3.
vi.
Air box
A cubic steel box (60cm*60cm*60cm) which
thickness (20gauge), Size of pipe hole diameter on
two faces of box is also attached in the frame which
is used as flow measuring device for inlet air. Steel
box is made air tight through gas welding around it,
to insure proper air circulation.
vii.
Orifice Plate
ACarrier Ring orifice plate which diameter 8cm
(outer), 5cm (inner), 2.5cm (interior) is a device used
for measuring flow rate. Either a volumetric or mass
flow rate may be determined, depending on the
calculation associated with the orifice plate.
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Fig.3. Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015
Waste cooking oil which is otherwise wasted is one
of the most economical choices for producing
biodiesel. Oil feedstock is the major cost involved in
production of biodiesel which is accounting over
70% of the total cost. Hence, if the waste cooking oil
is used as feedstock, the economics of biodiesel can
be significantly improved. Moreover, the use of
WCO also reduces the waste treatment cost. For the
conversion of waste cooked oil, methanol and
potassium hydroxide are available at a reasonable
price in the market. Waste cooked oil is treated as
discarded waste, harmful to the environment.
Biodiesel cost will depend greatly on methanol prices
and economy can be achieved by varying the grade of
methanol used. The by-product of Trans esterification
is industrial grade glycerine and it is an important
constituent in chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic
industry.
V.
EXPERIMENTATION
The experimental set up will consists of a single
cylinder diesel engine, air metering unit, fuel
measuring equipment, exhaust gas analyser and
thermocouples with temperature indicator. All the
tests with different blend like B5, B10, B20, B40,
B60, B80 and B100 will conduct for varying engine
speed and with varying load on engine. Tests will
carried for 2000 bar original fuel injection pressure.
The 6
engine is coupled with a single phase, 245 V AC
alternator. The alternator is used for loading the
engine through a resistive load bank.
Fig 4. Schematic diagram of experimental setup
The load bank consists of eight bulbs of 500W each,
three bulbs with 200w, one bulb with 100w. The
load will vary from 0.5 kW to 4 kW in step of 0.5
kW rated speed of 1500 rpm.The specifications of
engine and generator shown fig 4.2and 4.3.The
engine will first tested with diesel fuel for no load
for 20 min at fixed speed until lubricating oil
temperature rose to around 800C. The same
conditions will maintain throughout the experiment
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for different fuels. After the baseline test with diesel,
no load test will conduct for three batches of
biodiesel prepared with different blends. The fuel
prepared for testing purpose will B5 (5% biodiesel +
95% diesel), B10 (20% biodiesel + 90% Diesel),
B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel), B40 (40%
biodiesel + 60% diesel), B60 (60% biodiesel + 40%
diesel), B800 (80% biodiesel + 200% diesel) and
B100
(100%
biodiesel).The
specific
fuel
consumption will calculated by measuring the time
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015
the biodiesel which helps in the more complete
oxidation of fuel. Further it can be seen that volume
of CO initially decrease but increase at full load
indicating better burning conditions at higher
temperature assisted by improved spraying qualities
with uniform charge preparations of biodiesel.
CO EMISSION IN( %)
taken for a fixed volume of fuel to flow into the
engine. The engine speed (rpm) will measured by
electronic digital tachometer.The engine was loaded
with an eddy current dynamometer. The mass flow
rate of intake air was measured with an orifice meter
connected to a Manometer. A surge tank was used to
damp out the pulsations produced by the engine, for
ensuring a steady Flow of air through the intake
manifold. The fuel consumption rate was determined
using the glass burette and stop watch.
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
DIESEL B5
B10 B20 B40 B60 B80 B100
DIESEL AND BLEND
Fig 5. Gas Analyser Probe for emission measurement
Fig 6. Variation of CO Emission Vs diesel and Different Blends
An INDUS gas analyser instrument can measure
carbon monoxide (CO) and Oxygen in
percentage
, and Hydrocarbons [Hexane
equivalent (HC)] and Nitric Oxide (NOx) in ppm.
The exhaust gas temperature was measured with ktype thermocouple.
A. Computed properties of WCO and Diesel
B. Exhaust gas emission of Hydrocarbon
(HC)
The variations of HC emission for diesel and
biodiesel are shown in the figure7.The emissions of
unburnt hydrocarbon for biodiesel exhaust due to
lower than that of diesel fuel the increased gas
temperature and higher certain number of biodiesel
could be responsible for this decrease. Higher
temperature of burnt gases in biodiesel fuel helps in
preventing condensation of higher hydrocarbon
reducing unburnt HC. The higher certain number of
biodiesel results decrease in HC emission due to
shorter ignition delay.
HC EMISSION IN(PPM)
300
VI.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Exhaust emission of Carbon Monoxide
(CO)
Figure 6. shows the variation of CO emission with
engine loading. It was observed that CO emissions
are increased with increase in engine load. The
lower CO emission of biodiesel compared to diesel
is likely due to oxygen content inherently present in
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250
200
150
100
50
0
DIESEL B5
B10 B20 B40 B60 B80 B100
DIESEL AND BLEND
Fig 7. Variation of HC Emission Vs diesel and Different Blends
C. Exhaust gas Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx)
The NOx values as parts per million for different
blends of diesel and biodiesel in exhaust emission
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015
NITROGEN OXIDE IN (PPM)
are plotted asfunction of load. From these figures it
can be seen that the fueling biodiesel or its blends
NOx emission increase. Show in Fig 8.
There was 4% reduction of CO emission
of B60 than pure diesel at full load
condition.
There was 2% reduction of NOx of B60
blend than pure diesel at full load
condition.
2500
2000
1500
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first author expresses his sincere gratitude to the
Director of Gandhi institute for education and
technology for extending the laboratory facilities and
the continuous support to carry out the research
work in the Internal Combustion Engines laboratory.
1000
500
0
DIESEL AND BLEND
REFERENCES
[1].
Fig 8. Variation of NOxEmission Vs diesel and Different Blends
[2].
D. Exhaust gas Emissions of Oxygen ( )
The variations of O2 emission for diesel and
biodiesel are shown in the figure 9. The
values
for different blends of diesel and biodiesel in exhaust
emission are plotted as function of load. At the time
of 200w the value of
increase and then decrease
in other load.
[3].
[4].
[5].
OXYGEN IN(%)
5
4
[6].
3
Ramdhas A.S., Jayaraj S., Murleedharan C., "Use of
vegetable oil asI.C. engine fuels – a review", Renewable
Energy, 29 (2004), 727- 742.
Allen C.A.W., et al, "Predicting Viscosity of Biodiesel Fuel
from fatty acid ester Composition", Fuel 78, (1999), 13191326.
Mohanty S, Prakash Om “Analysis of Exhaust Emission of
IC Engine using Biodiesel Blend”International Journal of
Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
(2013)Volume 3, Issue 5, page 731-742.
Naidu B.S.K., "Indian scenario of renewable energy for
sustainable development", Energy Policy, 24 (1996), 575581.
N. Stalinand H. J. Prabhu OCTOBER 2007 A Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences„ Performance test of IC
engine using Karanja Biodiesel and blending with Diesel‟
ISSN 1819-6608 VOL. 2, NO. 5
Scott J. Wallace June 2007‟ A thesis report on „Modelling
of the Exhaust Gas Temperature for Diesel Engines.
2
1
0
DIESEL AND BLEND
Fig 9. Variation of O2Emission Vs diesel and Different Blends
VII.
CONCLUSION
Waste cooking oil (WCO) and its blends
(B5, B10, B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100)
as fuel has been used in a four stroke water
cooled single cylinder direct injection
diesel engine has given satisfactory results.
The emission of exhaust has been reduced
25% as compared to diesel.
Compared with conventional diesel,
exhaust emissions of CO and HC are
reduced while NOx emissions are increased
with biodiesel and its blends.
.There was 24% reduction of hydrocarbon
of B100 than pure diesel at full load
condition.
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