xi Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the staff of the Under Secretary of Defense (Personnel and Readiness) for their support, particularly Dan Gardner, Wayne Spruell, and Mike Parmentier. We were helped throughout the course of this research project by many other officers and civilians in the Defense, Air Force, and Navy departments, and we owe them our thanks as well. A RAND colleague, Ron Sortor, reviewed the drafts of all the publications from this research effort, and we are grateful for his invaluable advice.