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UCL - INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCL2008 ROMAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE
2016
0.5 unit
Co-ordinator: Dr. Jeremy Tanner
j.tanner@ucl.ac.uk
IoA Room 105, Tel: 0207 679 1525
Office hours: Tuesday 11-12 and Wednesday 1-2 (or by appointment)
nd
rd
2 /3 year course
Turnitin Class ID: 2970124
Turnitin Password IoA1516
Please see the last page of this document for important information about submission and
marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages
1. OVERVIEW OF COURSE:
This course provides an introduction to Roman art – sculpture, painting, architecture, minor arts
(cameos, gems, silverware) – from c. 300 BC to 400 AD. Particular attention will be paid to the
relationship between Roman art and society. Problems addressed will include: stylistic change and
innovation, elite competition and the formation of Roman art, Roman art and the projection of Roman
imperial power, painting and patronage, the Roman architectural revolution, the rise of Christian art
and the decline of Roman art. The course will include visits to the Roman collections in the British
Museum.
Lectures will be held on Tuesdays 9-11am, IoA Room 209
Tutorials will be held on Thursdays in the British Museum – as scheduled – 12-3pm
ARCL2008 ROMAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE - COURSE SCHEDULE
12/1/16
1. Introduction to the Course
2. Etruscan and Italic Art before the Rise of Rome
PT I: HELLENISM AND THE FORMATION OF ROMAN ART
19/1/16
21/1/16
3. Rome and the Heritage of Greece: Conquest, Appropriation, Display
4. Elite Competition and the Formation of Roman Art
1st British Museum Tutorial: Etruscan, Italic and Early Roman Art
26/1/16
5. Technology, Form and Function in the Development of Roman Architecture
PT II: THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS
6. Augustus and the Transformation of Urban Space
2/2/16
7. Religion, Politics and Propaganda in Augustan Rome
8. Imperial Art in the Private Sphere
2nd British Museum Tutorial: Augustan Art: Portraits, Glass and the Portland vase,
Silver
4/2/16
PT III: ART, ARCHITECTURE AND THE PROJECTION OF IMPERIAL POWER
9/2/16
9. Reading the Roman House
10. War and Triumph
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[16/2/16
Reading Week]
23/2/16
11. Palaces and Pleasure Grounds: The Aesthetics and Politics of Imperial Building
12. Consecration: Emperors as Gods
3rd British Museum Tutorial: The High Empire: Painting, Portraits, Mosaics
25/2/16
1/3/16
3/3/16
13. Death and Renewal: Social and Cultural Symbolism in Roman Funerary Art
14. Center and Periphery in Roman Art: Provincialism and Regionalism
4th British Museum Tutorial: Centers and peripheries in Roman Funerary Art: Roman
Sarcophagi, Palmyran Art, Romano-Egyptian mummy portraits
PT IV: IMPERIAL CRISIS
8/3/16
15. The Antonines, the Severans and the "Stilwandel"
16. From the Age of Anxiety to the Art of the Dominate
15/3/16
17. The Arch of Constantine: Decline or Renewal? Course Assessment
PT V: THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION
17/3/16
22/3/16
18. The Origins of Christian Art
5th British Museum Tutorial: Late Antique and Early Christian Art
19. The Art of the Late Antique State Hand in Essay at Class (Handbacks:
Thursday)
20. No lecture: Exam, Revision Techniques, Discuss Assessment
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
This course is assessed by means of:
(a) a two-hour written examination in May (67 % of the final grade for the course)
and (b) one piece of course-work, an essay of 2375-2625 words, which contributes 33% to
the final grade for the course.
TEACHING METHODS
This course is taught through lectures and tutorials. Attendance at both is required. Lectures will
introduce students to basic materials and issues, with some time for discussion based around
specified readings to be done prior to class. Tutorials in the British Museum provide the opportunity
for more detailed first hand examination and discussion of examples of some of the most
characteristic and important specimens of Greek art, introduced through student presentations.
WORKLOAD
There will be 18 hours of lectures and 6 hours of tutorial sessions (5 in Winter term, I hour revision
tutorial summer term) for this course. Students will be expected to undertake around 86 hours of
reading for the course, plus 20 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work, and an
additional 20 hours on revision for the examination. This adds up to a total workload of some 150
hours for the course.
2. COURSE AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES; COURSE ASSESSMENT
AIMS
This course provides an introduction to Roman art – sculpture, painting, architecture, minor arts
(cameos, gems, silverware) – from c. 300 BC to 400 AD. Particular attention will be paid to the
relationship between Roman art and society. Problems addressed will include: stylistic change and
innovation, elite competition and the formation of Roman art, Roman art and the projection of Roman
imperial power, painting and patronage, the Roman architectural revolution, the rise of Christian art
and the decline of Roman art. The course will include visits to the Roman collections in the British
Museum.
OBJECTIVES
On successful completion of this course a student should:
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Have an overview of the development and the major monuments of Roman art from the 8
th
century BC to the 6 century AD.
Understand the principles of the major methodologies of art analysis
Be familiar with the major iconographic themes of Roman art
Be able to analyse the major styles of Roman art, and date objects by style
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OUTCOMES
On successful completion of this course students should have developed:
Oral presentation skills
Skills for the critical analysis and interpretation of visual representations
Ability to find, organize, evaluate and communicate evidence and theories in relationship to
specific research questions
3. TUTORIAL GROUPS AND PRESENTATIONS
Tutorials in the British Museum will take place on Thursdays. Students will be divided into groups, in
order to ensure everybody can see the objects we are looking at (some quite small).
All students will be required to give at least one, probably two, short presentations in the
British Museum (see below for details, pp. 22-26 – section on PRESENTATIONS). Failure to give
scheduled presentations will result in a minimum penalty of the student being required to write an
additional essay in order to complete the course.
ASSESSMENT DETAILS
Details of essay questions, with guidance on required and supplementary readings can be found on
pages 17-21 of this course handbook.
The Course Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline (maximum one page) of the student's
approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
.
Word-length
Your essay should be between 2375 and 2625 words in length. The lower limit is a guideline
foe expected length; the upper limit is strict, and the standard draconian UCL penalities apply
for overlength essays.
The following should not be included in the word-count: bibliography, appendices, and tables,
graphs and illustrations and their captions.
Do feel free, within reason, to write detailed captions (not more than 100 words or so),
pointing up specific features of images that play a role in the argument of your essay: quite a useful
skill for an art historian, and allows a little wiggle room around the word limit.
Examination
The course has a two hour unseen examination which will be held during May; the specific
date and time will be announced when the schedule of examinations is set by the College. The exam
will consist of two parts, each carrying equal marks. The first part will consist of a series of eight
pictures, four of which you must identify, date and discuss in terms of style and iconography. The
second part will require you to write two (from a choice of four) slightly longer commentaries on pairs
of images or images and texts, paying special attention to issues or problems they raise relevant to
the themes of the course, in particular broader questions of socio-historical context
Previous examination papers, with the same format and examples of the style of questions
which will be asked, are available for consultation in the Institute Library, and are available on the UCL
Web-site. A revision session to discuss the examination will be held in the first week of third term
4. ONLINE RESOURCES
The full UCL Institute of Archaeology coursework guidelines are given here:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/marking.htm.
The full text of this handbook is available here (includes clickable links to Moodle and online reading
lists if applicable) http://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/archaeology/course-info/.
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5. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Libraries and other resources
In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of
particular relevance to this degree are the Classics and Ancient History sections of the main UCL
library.
Institute of archaeology coursework procedures
General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including submission
procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available in your Degree Handbook and
on the following website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin
It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will
be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate
diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your course co-ordinator.
Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students
Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the Institute’s coursework
guidelines from Judy Medrington (email j.medrington@ucl.ac.uk), which will also be available on the
IoA website.
.
Dyslexia
If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this. Please discuss
with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia are
reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework.
TEACHING SCHEDULE
Lectures will be held 9-11am on Tuesdays in room 209; Autumn term only. British Museum Tutorials
will be held at the British Museum on Thursdays, as specified on the course schedule. There will be up
to three groups, starting at 12, 1 and 2 pm respectively.
Following pages include:
1. Course Syllabus/schedule
2. Bibliography, class by class with topic outlines
3. Essay choices with supplementary bibliography
4. Readings for British Museum Presentations
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COURSE SYLLABUS
ARCL2008 ROMAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE - COURSE SCHEDULE
12/1/16
1. Introduction to the Course
2. Etruscan and Italic Art before the Rise of Rome
PT I: HELLENISM AND THE FORMATION OF ROMAN ART
19/1/16
21/1/16
3. Rome and the Heritage of Greece: Conquest, Appropriation, Display
4. Elite Competition and the Formation of Roman Art
1st British Museum Tutorial: Etruscan, Italic and Early Roman Art
26/1/16
5. Technology, Form and Function in the Development of Roman Architecture
PT II: THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS
6. Augustus and the Transformation of Urban Space
2/2/16
7. Religion, Politics and Propaganda in Augustan Rome
8. Imperial Art in the Private Sphere
2nd British Museum Tutorial: Augustan Art: Portraits, Glass and the Portland vase,
Silver
4/2/16
PT III: ART, ARCHITECTURE AND THE PROJECTION OF IMPERIAL POWER
9/2/16
9. Reading the Roman House
10. War and Triumph
[16/2/16
Reading Week]
23/2/16
11. Palaces and Pleasure Grounds: The Aesthetics and Politics of Imperial Building
12. Consecration: Emperors as Gods
3rd British Museum Tutorial: The High Empire: Painting, Portraits, Mosaics
25/2/16
1/3/16
3/3/16
13. Death and Renewal: Social and Cultural Symbolism in Roman Funerary Art
14. Center and Periphery in Roman Art: Provincialism and Regionalism
4th British Museum Tutorial: Centers and peripheries in Roman Funerary Art: Roman
Sarcophagi, Palmyran Art, Romano-Egyptian mummy portraits
PT IV: IMPERIAL CRISIS
8/3/16
15. The Antonines, the Severans and the "Stilwandel"
16. From the Age of Anxiety to the Art of the Dominate
15/3/16
17. The Arch of Constantine: Decline or Renewal? Course Assessment
PT V: THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION
17/3/16
22/3/16
18. The Origins of Christian Art
5th British Museum Tutorial: Late Antique and Early Christian Art
19. The Art of the Late Antique State Hand in Essay at Class (Handbacks:
Thursday)
20. No lecture: Exam, Revision Techniques, Discuss Assessment
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LECTURE SUMMARIES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and supplementary
readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system
individual readings are available; their location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status
(whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the eUCLid computer catalogue system. Readings
marked with an * are considered essential to keep up with the topics covered in the course. Copies of
individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are in the Teaching Collection in the
Institute Library (where permitted by copyright).
ARCL2008: ROMAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE – BIBLIOGRAPHY
FINDING READINGS: Library class numbers are given in brackets for all the required readings. TC =
teaching collection. ID = issue desk. Qto = quarto volume – shelved separately from standard size
volumes in library. If you have any difficulties finding anything, please come and ask. It is there,
although sometimes the UCL library can be a little confusing.
BASIC REFERENCES: You may want to buy the basic text books for the course. They are:
1. D. Strong Roman Art 2 ed. R. Ling 1988 (YATES A40 STR)
2. Frank Sear Roman Architecture 1982 (YATES K5 SEA, and on issue Desk);
3. J. J. Pollitt The Art of Rome, c. 753 BC - AD 337 - Sources and Documents. 1966, reissued
1983 (YATES A40 POL).
They are normally available at Waterstone’s or The British Museum Bookshop, but cheapest from
Amazon. There is no need to buy them (plenty of copies in library), and they are listed in order of
desirability (primary consideration good plates)
In what follows references to these books will be given by name of author only.
Other good introductory texts and handbooks, also subsequently listed under authors
name only, are, (with their call numbers, not subsequently repeated):
Beckwith, J. 19792. Early Christian and Byzantine Art. (YATES A48 BEC)
Boethius, E. 1978. Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture. (YATES K2 BOE + ID)
Brilliant, R. 1974. Roman Art from the Republic to Constantine. (YATES A40 BRI + ID)
Elsner, J.R. 1995. Art and the Roman Viewer: The Transformation of Roman Art from the Pagan
World to Christianity. (YATES A60 ELS)
Hannestad, N. 1988. Roman Art and Imperial Power. (Fantastic bibliography, with subject and period
headings) (YATES Qto R45 HAN + ID)
Henig, M. ed. 1983. A Handbook of Roman Art: A Survey of Visual Arts in the Roman World. (YATES
A40 HEN)
Kleiner, D. 1992. Roman Sculpture. (YATES Qto M70 KLE)
Krautheimer, R. 19864 Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. (IoA CDD 398 KRA + ID)
Ling, R. 1991. Roman Painting (YATES Qto P140 LIN)
MacDonald, W. L. 1982 (Revised edition). The Architecture of the Roman Empire I: An Introductory
Study (YATES Qto K5 MAC)
_____. 1986. The Architecture of the Roman Empire II: An Urban Appraisal
Strong, D. and D. Brown eds. 1976. Roman Crafts. (IoA K STR + ID)
Ward-Perkins, J. 1981, Roman Imperial Architecture (IoA ID WAR + ID)
Recommended for BM:
Burn, Lucilla, 1991. The British Museum Book of Greek and Roman Art
Walker, Susan, 1991. Roman Art (British Museum Publications)
The bibliography for each lecture or class is listed under two headings, "required" and
"recommended". It will be assumed that you have read at least the relevant sections of Strong, Sear
and Pollitt before the lecture. Asterisked (*) readings represent the minimum necessary reading for
each lecture in order to be able to answer the picture and commentary questions in the exam.
Anything marked with an ® should be read before the class, as the basis for in class
discussion. Required reading represents the minimum necessary for the corresponding essay topics
(see the other sheet for further details and supplementary bibliography). Recommended reading
represents more than you could possibly hope to read in a single term, so don't try. It does, however,
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provide a starting point for further reading on any objects or topics which might particularly catch your
interest, and also suggests alternatives if you are unable to find items on the required list, and
supplements for essay reading. (FIGURES IN BRACKETS ARE UCL LIBRARY AND TEACHING
COLLECTION NUMBERS)
If you have any difficulties finding any of these readings, please do not hesitate to
contact course instructor.
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE.
2. ETRUSCAN AND ITALIC ART BEFORE THE RISE OF ROME
Required:
*Brilliant, R. 1974. Roman Art. pp. 224-231 "Developments in the Etrusco-Italic koine, sixth to first
century BC"
*Strong pp. 21-7 "The beginnings"
*Rasmussen, T. 1983. "Early Roman Art", pp. 13-25 in M. Henig ed. Handbook
Holloway, R.R. 1986. "The bulls in the tomb of the bulls at Tarquinia", American Journal of
Archaeology 90, 447-452.
Olson, J.P. 1975. "Greek myth and Etruscan Imagery in the tomb at Tarquinia", American Journal of
Archaeology 79, 184-200
Osborne, R. 2000. ‘Why did Athenian pots appeal to the Etruscans’, World Archaeology 33 (2): 277-95
Izzet, V. 2001. ‘Form and meaning in Etruscan ritual space’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11:
185-200.
Recommended:
Pallotino, M. 1952. Etruscan Painting
Brendel, O.J. 1978. Etruscan Art.
Bonfante, L. 1981. "Etruscan Couples and their Aristocratic Society", pp. 323-343 in H.P. Foley ed.
Reflections of Women in Antiquity.
Steingraber, Stephan. 1986. Etruscan Painting.
Torelli, M. ed. 2000. The Etruscans. (Lavishly illustrated catalogue of major exhibition).
PT I: HELLENISM AND THE FORMATION OF ROMAN ART
3. ROME AND THE HERITAGE OF GREECE: CONQUEST, APPROPRIATION, DISPLAY.
Required:
*Strong 54-74
*Pollitt 29-48, 63-85
Pollitt, J. J. 1978. "The Impact of Greek Art in Rome." Transactions of the American Philological
Association 108, 155-75. (Online)
*Brilliant, R. 1984. "Pendants and the Mind's Eye"; ch 2, pp. 53-89 in idem Visual Narratives. (IoA TC
833)
*Bartmann, E. 1988. "Decor et Duplicatio. Pendants in Roman Sculptural Display." American Journal
of Archaeology 92, 211-235. (Online)
*Clarke, J. R. 1991. The Houses of Roman Italy: Ritual, Space and Decoration 100 BC - AD 250. Pp.
31-53 (first two Pompeian styles) [IoA CDC 398 CLA, IoA Issue Desk CLA 19]
Thompson, M. L. 1960/1. "The Monumental and literary Evidence for Programmatic Painting in
Antiquity." Marsyas 9, 36-77.
von Blanckenhagen, P. H. 1963. "The Odyssey Frieze." Römische Mitteilungen 70, 100-146.
Vermeule, C. C. 1977 Greek Sculpture and Roman Taste. Pp. 1-25 "Installation of sculpture in Greek
and Roman times", 26-44 "Creative commercialism for architectural display".
Leen, A. 1991. "Cicero and the rhetoric of art", American Journal of Philology 112.2, 229-245
Recommended:
Dillon, S. 2000. “Subject selection and viewer reception of Greek portraits from Herculaneum and
Tivoli”, Journal of Roman Archaeology 13: 21-40
Gruen, E. S. 1992. "Art and Civic Life." ch 3, pp.84-130 in idem Culture and Identity in Republican
Rome.
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Tonybee, J. M. C. 1951. Some Notes on Artists in the Roman World. Collection Latomus no 6.
Gros, P. 1979. "Les Statues de Syracuse et les Dieux de Tarente: la Classe Politique Romaine devant
l'Art Grec à la Fin du IIIe Siècle av JC." Révue des Études Latines 57, 85-114.
Ling, R. 12-22 (First Style), 23-51 (Second Style); ch 6, pp. 101-141 "Mythological and Historical
Paintings" (Friezes, Panel Pictures, The Relation of Panel Pictures to old Masters, Themes
and their Organisation).
4. ELITE COMPETITION AND THE FORMATION OF ROMAN ART.
Required:
*Strong 28-53
*Pollitt 26-9, 49-58, 81-95
®Smith, R. R. R. 1981. "Greeks, Foreigners and Roman Republican Portraits." Journal of Roman
Studies LXXI, 24-38. (UCL Electronic Periodicals)
Alföldi, A. 1956. "The Main Aspects of Political Propaganda on the Coinage of the Roman Republic."
in Essays in Roman Coinage Presented to Harold Mattingly.
Torelli, M. 1982 "The Earliest Roman Historical Reliefs." Pp. 5-25 in idem Typology and Structure of
Roman Historical Reliefs.
*Hannestad 1988 pp. 15-38 "The Republic"
Brilliant 1974 pp. 232-7 "The Republic, third to first century BC"
Anderson, M.L. and L. Neista. 1988. "Ius imaginum and public portraiture" and "Roman portraits in
religious and funerary contexts", pp. 33-9 and 61-8 in idem eds. Roman Portraits in Context.
Richardson, E. 1953. "The Etruscan Origins of Early Roman Sculpture." Memoirs of the American
Academy in Rome XXI, 25-124.
Tanner, J. 2000. “Portraits, power and patronage in the late Roman Republic”, Journal of Roman
Studies XC, 18-50.
Recommended:
Gruen, E. S. 1992. "Art and Ideology." ch 4, pp. 131-182 in idem Culture and Identity in Republican
Rome.
Breckenridge, J. 1968. Likeness. Pp. 143-86, 3-14
5. TECHNOLOGY, FORM AND FUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE.
Required:
*Sear 10-28 Republican Rome, 29-48 Building types, 69-85 Techniques and Materials.
*Dwyer, E. 1991. "The Pompeian Atrium House in Theory and Practice." Pp. 25-48 in E. Gazda ed.
Roman Art in the Private Sphere (IoA TC 391, YATES A40 GAZ)
*Coarelli, P. 1977. "Public Building in Rome between the Second Punic War and Sulla." Papers of
the British School at Rome 45, pp. 1-23. (IoA TC 818)
**Clarke, J.R. 1991. The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 BC - AD 250: Ritual, Space and Decoration, pp.
1-29 "Space and ritual in domus, villa and insula, 100 BC - AD 250" [IoA CDC 398 CLA, IoA
Issue Desk CLA 19)
Rawson, E. 1975 "Architecture and Sculpture: The Activities of the Cossutii." Papers of the British
School at Rome XLIII, 36-47.
Stambaugh, J. E. "The Functions of Roman Temples." Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt
II, 16.1, 554-608.
MacDonald vol. I, 3-19.
Boethius 136-215
Recommended:
Blagg, T. 1983. "Roman architecture", pp. 26-65 in Henig ed. Handbook gives a good brief overview
of Roman architecture in general.
Adam, J-P. 1994. Roman Building: Materials and Techniques.
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PT II: THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS:
Required:
*Zanker, P. 1988. The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Try to read as much of this as you
can during the next couple of weeks. It is easy to read, lavishly illustrated, and perhaps
the most important monograph on Roman art to be published during the last decade
and a bit. (ANC HIST R15 ZAN – 4 copies)
*Hannestad. 1988. pp. 39-92 "The Augustan principate"
6. AUGUSTUS AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF URBAN SPACE.
Required:
*Sear 49-68.
*Pollitt 103-111
Recommended:
Ward-Perkins 21-44
Blanckenhagen, P. von 1954, "The Imperial Fora" Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
XIII, 21-6
Gros, P. 1981. "Les métamorphoses d'ovide et le décor interieur des temples Romains", pp. 353-366
in X. Lafon and G. Sauron eds. L' Art Decoratif a Rome.
Rowell, H.T. 1940. “The forum and the funeral imagines of Augustus”, MAAR 17: 131-43
7. AUGUSTAN PROPAGANDA.
Required:
*Strong 75-89
*Pollitt 112-20
®Walker, S. and A. Burnett. 1981. The Image of Augustus. (very short) IoA Issue Desk – WAL.
®Elsner, J. 1991. "Cult and Sculpture: Sacrifice in the Ara Pacis Augustae." Journal of Roman Studies
LXXXI, 50-61 (UCL Electronic Periodicals)
Elsner Viewer pp. 161-172 "The statue of Augustus from Prima Porta"
Kleiner, D. 1978. "The Great Friezes of the Ara Pacis Augustae: Greek Sources, Roman Derivatives
and Augustan Social Policy." Mélanges de l'École Francaise de Rome: Antiquité , 753-85.
Recommended:
Stuart, M. 1939. "How were Imperial Portraits Distributed Through the Empire." American Journal of
Archaeology 43, 601-17.
Winkes, E. ed 1986. The Age of Augustus
Holliday, P.J. 1990. "Time, history and ritual on the Ara Pacis Augustae", Art Bulletin 72, 542-57
Kampen, N.B. 1991. “Reliefs of the Basilica Aemilia”, Klio: Beitrage zur Alten Geschichte 73: 448-58
Ramage, E.S. 1997. “Augustus propganda in Gaul", Klio 79: 117-60
8. IMPERIAL ART IN THE PRIVATE SPHERE.
Required:
*Strong 89-107
Zadocks-Josephus Jitta, A. N. 1964. "Imperial Messages in Agate." Bulletin antieke beschaving 39,
156-61.
*Leach, E. 1982. "Patrons, Painters and Patterns: the Anonymity of Romano-Campanian Painting and
the Transition from the Second to the Third Style." Pp 135-73 in B. K. Gold ed Literary and
Artistic Patronage in Ancient Rome. (IoA TC 835)
*Ling, R. 1977. "Studius and the Beginnings of Roman Landscape Painting." Journal of Roman
Studies 67, 1ff. (IoA TC 418)
Pollini, J. 1993. "The Gemma Augustea: ideology, rhetorical imagery and the creation of dynastic
narrative", pp. 258-298 in P. Holliday ed. Narrative and Event in Ancient Art
*Silberg-Pierce, S. 1980. "Politics and Private Imagery: the Sacral Idyllic Landscape." Art History 3, 124. (UCL Electronic Periodicals)
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Leach, E. 1988. "Sacral idyllic landscapes", pp. 197-260 in The Rhetoric of Space: Literary and Artistic
Representations of Space in Republican and Augustan Rome
Zanker, P. 1988. "Bilderzwang: Augustan political symbolism in the private sphere", pp. 1-22 in J.
Huskinson et al. eds Image and Mystery in the Roman World.
Recommended:
Leach, E. 1980. "Sacral Idyllic Landscape and the Poems of Tibullus First Book." Latomus 39.1, 4769
Blanckenhagen A. von and Alexander 1990. The Augustan Villa at Boscotrecase.
Dawson, C. M. 1964. Romano-Campanian Mythological Landscape Painting. Yale Classical Studies
17.
Ling ch 4, pp. 52-70 "The Third Style"; ch 7, pp. 142-167 "Other paintings" (Landscapes, Gardens,
Still, Life, Portraits, Genre Scenes, Burlesque).
Grimal, P. 1981. "Art decoratif et poesie au siecle d' Auguste", pp. 321-336 in X. Lafon et G. Sauron
eds. L' Art Decoratif a Rome
Yerkes, S.R. 2000. “Vitruvius monstra”, Journal of Roman Archaeology 234-251.
PT III: ART, ARCHITECTURE AND THE PROJECTION OF IMPERIAL POWER.
9. READING THE ROMAN HOUSE: WALL-PAINTING AND SOCIETY
Required:
*Wallace-Hadrill, A. 1994. Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum, pp. 3-16 "Reading the
Roman House", 17-37 "The language of public and private", 38-61 "The articulation of the
house, pp. 143-174 "Luxury and status" (pp. 3-61 are a reprint of the article "The social
structure of the Roman house", published in Papers of the British School at Rome 1989, pp.
43-97 - but the book version is much more fully illustrated) (YATES K73 WAL)
*Clark, J. R. 1991. The Houses of Roman Italy . Pp. 65-77 (Fourth Pompeian Style) - entire book
highly recommended (IoA CDC 398 CLA, IoA Issue Desk CLA 19)
*Wiseman, T.P. 1987. "Conspicua postes tectaque digna deo: the public image of aristocratic and
imperial houses in the late Republic and early empire", pp. 393-413 in L' Urbs. Espace Urbain
et Histoire. Collection de l'École Française de Rome, vol 98.
Recommended:
Bergmann, B. 1991. "Painted Perspectives of a Villa Visit. Landscape as Status and Metaphor." Pp.
47-90 in E. K. Gazda ed. Roman Art in the Private Sphere.
Ling 71-100 (The Fourth Style)
Archer, W.C. 1990. "The paintings of the alae of the Casa dei Vettii and a definition of the fourth
Pompeian style", American Journal of Archaeology 94, 95-123
Tybout, R.A. 2001. “Roman wall-painting and social significance”, Journal of Roman Archaeology 14:
33-56
10. WAR AND TRIUMPH.
Required:
*Strong: 141-170 (Trajan)
*Scott-Ryberg, I. 1955. "The Triumph." Pp. 141-62 in Rites of the State Religion in Roman Art.
Memoirs of the American Academy of Rome XXII (IoA TC 415)
®Brilliant, R. 1984. "The Column of Trajan and its Heirs." Pp. 90-123 in idem Visual Narratives. (IoA
TC 415; YATES Qto A35 BRI, 2 copies, one Reference)
Hamberg, P. G. 1945. Studies in Roman Imperial Art. Pp. 104-61 "The Columns of Trajan and
Marcus Aurelius and their Narrative Treatment: the Epic Documentary Tradition in State
Reliefs." Pp. 162-92. "Convention and Realism in the Battle Scene: on the Relations between
Formal Legacy and Contemporary Experience."
*Brilliant, R. 1974. Pp. 111-128 "Triumphal monuments: statues, trophies, arches, columns."
®Veyne, P. 1988. "Conduct without belief and works of art without viewers", Diogenes 143 (Fall) 1-22
(UCL Electronic Periodicals)
Koeppel, G. 1982. "The grand pictorial tradition of Roman historical representation during the early
empire", Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II 12.1, 507-535
11
Holliday, 1997. “Roman triumphal painting: its function, development and reception”, Art Bulletin 79:
130-47
Recommended:
Richmond, A.I. 1935. "Trajan's army on Trajan's column", Papers of the British School at Rome 13, 140. (Reprinted as monograph, Rome 1982)
Brilliant, R. 1999. “’Let the trumpet’s roar’, The Roman Triumph”, in Bergmann, B. and Kondoleon, C,
eds. The Art of Ancient Spectacle. 221-30
Favro, D. 1994. “Rome. The street triumphant: the urban impact of Roman triumphal parades”, in
Celik. Z et al eds. Streets of the World: Critical Perspectives on Public Space. 230-57
Holliday , Peter. 2002. The Origins of Roman Historical Commemoration in the Visual Arts.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kleiner, F.S. 1989. “The study of Roman triumphal and honorary arches 50 years after Kahler”,
Journal of Roman Archaeology 2: 195-206
_____. 1998. “The Roman arches of Gallia Narbonensis”, Journal of Roman Archaeology 11: 610-12
Richmond, A.I. 1967. “Adamklissi”, Papers of the British School at Rome 35: 29-39
Silberberg-Peirce, S. 1986. “The many faces of the Pax Augusta: images of war and peace in Rome
and Gallia Narbonensis”, Art History 9.3: 306-24
11. PALACES AND PLEASURE GROUNDS: THE AESTHETICS AND POLITICS OF IMPERIAL
BUILDING.
Required:
*Sear 86-102 (The Julio-Claudians),134-153 (The Flavians), 154-184 (Trajan and Hadrian)
*Pollitt 130-1 (Tiberius), 133-5 (Caligula), 136-8 (Claudius), 140-44 (Nero), 160-3 (Domitian), 169-70
(Trajan), 175-9 (Hadrian)
*MacDonald vol. I, ch 2, pp. 20-46 "Nero's Palaces"; ch. 3, pp. 47-74 "Domitian's Palace."; ch 8, pp.
167-183 "The New Architecture."
Stewart, A. F. 1977."To Entertain an Emperor: Sperlonga, Laokoon and Tiberius at the Dinner Table."
Journal of Roman Studies LXVII, 76-90.
Boethius, A. 1951 "The Reception Halls of the Roman Emperors." Annual of the British School at
Athens, 46, 25-31.
Ward-Perkins, J. B. 1956. "Nero's Golden House." Antiquity XXX, 209-19
MacDonald, W.L. and J.A. Pinto. 1995. Hadrian's Villa and its Legacy. Pp. 25-46 "The site", 47-75
"Familiar architecture", 78-102 "Unfamiliar architecture" (chs. V, VI, VII also recommended,
esp. ch VI)
Recommended:
MacDonald vol. I, ch 4, pp. 75-93 "Trajan's Market."; ch 5, pp.94-121 "The Pantheon".
Boethius, A. 1960. The Golden House of Nero.
Ward-Perkins 45-61 (The Julio-Claudian Emperors), 63-95 (Architecture in Rome from Trajan to
Vespasian), 97-120 (Material and Methods: the Roman Architectural Revolution)
Aurigemma, S. 1961. Villa Adriana. In Italian, but with excellent plates.
Squire, Michael. 2003. “Giant questions: dining with Polyphemus at Sperlonga and Baiae”, Apollo
July 2003: 29-37
12. CONSECRATION: EMPERORS AS GODS.
Required:
Hopkins, M. K. 1978. "Divine Emperors or the Symbolic Unity of the Roman World." ch 5, pp. 197-242
in idem Conquerors and Slaves.
*Price, S. 1984. Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor. ch 6, pp. 133-69
"Architecture"; ch 7, pp. 170-206 "Images". (ANC HIST R74 PRI)
Gordon, R. 1990. "The Veil of Power: Emperors, Sacrificers and Benefactors". Pp. 199-231 in M.
Beard, J. North eds. Pagan Priests
*Scott-Ryberg, I. 1955. "The Ruler Cult in Art." Pp. 81-103 in idem Rites of the State Religion in
Roman Art. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome.
*Yegül, F. K. 1982. "A Study in Architectural Iconography: Kaisersaal and the Imperial Cult." Art
Bulletin, 64, 7-31 (MAIN TC 1032)
12
® Elsner, J.R. 1995. Art and the Roman Viewer: The Transformation of Roman Art from the Pagan
World to Christianity. (YATES A60 ELS – 3 copies; ISSUE DESK IOA ELS 2; Xerox of the
chapter IoA Teaching Collection 3771 – 3 copies ). Pp. 159-189 "Reflections of a revolution: a
transformation in the image and conception of the emperor" (Prima Porta, Luxor Tetrarchs,
Justinian and Theodora at San Vitale - Ravenna).
*Smith, R.R.R. 1987. "The imperial reliefs from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias." Journal of Roman
Studies 77, 88-138 (MAIN TC 1047)
Price, S. 1987. "From noble funerals to divine cult: the consecration of Roman emperors", pp. 56-105
in D. Cannadine and S. Price Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional
Societies.
Recommended:
Ward-Perkins, J. B. and M. H. Ballance. "The Caesareum at Cyrene and the Basilica at Cremna."
Papers of the British School at Rome 26, 137-194
Monneret de Villard, U. 1953 "The Temple of the Imperial Cult at Luxor." Archaeologia XCV, 85-105
Kalevrezou-Maxeiner, L. 1975. "The imperial chamber at Luxor", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 29, 225251
Sjöquist, E. 1956. "Kaisareion: a Study in Architectural Iconography." Acta Rom Suec. XVIII, 86-108
Bonfante, L.W. 1964. "Emperor, God and man in the fourth century", Parola del Passato 19, 401-27
Wallace-Hadrill, A. 1981. "The emperor and his virtues", Historia 30, 298-323
______. 1982. "Civilis princeps: between citizen and king", Journal of Roman Studies 72, 32-48
Cohen, A. 1969. "Political anthropology: the analysis of the symbolism of power relations", Man, New
Series 4, 215-235
Palagia, O. 1986. "Imitation of Herakles in ruler portraiture: a survey from Alexander to Maximinus
Daza", Boreas 9, 137-57
13. DEATH AND RENEWAL: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SYMBOLISM IN ROMAN FUNERARY ART
Required:
*Strong 125-6, 137-40, 169-70, 188-196, 202-6, 231, 257-8 (on sarcophagi).
*Nock, A. D. 1946. "Sarcophagi and Symbolism." American Journal of Archaeology 50, 140-70 (MAIN
TC 1035)
*Walker, S. 1985 Memorials to the Roman Dead. (Very short and readable, based on the British
Museum Collections). (YATES M127 WAL, IoA CDC 394 WAL (ID))
Ward-Perkins, J. B. 1975/6 "Workshops and Clients: the Dionysiac Sarcophagi in Baltimore."
Rendiconti Atti della Pontificia Academia Romana di Archeologia 48, 191-238.
Kleiner, D. E. E. 1981."Second Century Mythological Portraiture: Mars and Venus." Latomus 40, 51244.
*Brilliant, R. 1984. "Mythological Sarcophagi: Proleptic Visions." Pp. 124-65 in idem Visual Narratives.
(YATES Qto A35 BRI)
Koortbojian, M. 1995. Myth, Meaning and Memory on Roman Sarcophagi. Pp. 1-18 "Introduction",
23-48 "Adonis tale", 114-126 "Myth, meaning and memory", 127-142 "The recognition of
correspondences"
Dunbabin, K.M. 1986. "Sic erimus cuncti.... The skeleton in Graeco-Roman art", Jahrbuch des
Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts 101, 185-255
Morris, I. 1992. Death Ritual and Social Structure in Classical Antiquity. Pp. 1-30 "The anthropology
of a dead world", 31-69 " 'Mos Romanus': cremation and inhumation in the Roman empire".
Kleiner, D.E.E. 1988. "Roman funerary art and architecture: observations on the significance of recent
studies", Journal of Roman Archaeology 1, 115-120.
Recommended:
Lawrence, M. 1945. The Sarcophagi of Ravenna.
Lawrence, M. 1965. "The Velletri Sarcophagus." American Journal of Archaeology LXIX, 207-22.
Turcan, R. 1978. "Les sarcophages romains et le probleme de symbolisme funeraire", Aufstieg und
Niedergang der Römischen Welt 2.16.2, 1700-1735
Koortbojian, M. 1996. "In commemorationem mortuorum: text and image along the Street of the
Tombs", pp. 210-233 in J. Elsner ed. Art and Text in Roman Culture.
North, J.A. 1983. "These he cannot take", Journal of Roman Studies 73, 169-174.
Meiggs, R. 19732. Roman Ostia, pp. 451-478 "The cemeteries".
Mau, A. 1899. Pompeii: its Life and Art, pp. 397-428 "The tombs".
Tonybee, J.M.C. 1971. Death and Burial in the Roman World.
13
Panofsky, E. 1992. Tomb Sculpture. Pp. 28-45
Birk, Stine. 2012. “Carving sarcophagi: Roman sculptural workshops and their organisation”, 12-37 in
Kristensen, T.M. and B. Poulsen. Eds. 2012. Ateliers and Artisansin Roman Art and
Archaeology. JRA Supplementary Volume 92. [YATES QUARTOS A6 KRI]
Davies, Glenys. 2010. “Before sarcophagi”, in Jas Elsner and Janet Huskinson eds. Life, Death and
Representation. Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi. (Walter de Gruyter). 25-51.
14. CENTER AND PERIPHERY IN ROMAN ART: PROVINCIALISM AND REGIONALISM
Required:
*Strong pp. 114-121, 162-9, 214-7, 242-4, 266-7 (on provincial art)
**Henig, M. 1995. The Art of Roman Britain . Pp. 79-105 "Natives and strangers in Roman Britain",
174-189 "Attitudes to the art of Roman Britain" (IoA DAA 170 HEN)
*Smith, D.J. 1983. "Mosaics", pp. 116-138 in Henig ed. Handbook.
*Henig, M. 1985. "Graeco-Roman art and the Romano-British Imagination", Journal of the British
Archaeological Association cxxxviii, 1-22
Erim, K.T. 1982. "A new relief showing Claudius and Britannia from Aphrodisias", Britannia xiii, 277-81
Woolf, G. 1990. "World systems analysis and the Roman empire", Journal of Roman Archaeology 3,
44-58
*Rowlands, M. 1987. "Centre and periphery: a review of a concept", in M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K.
Kristiansen eds. Center and Periphery in the Ancient World. Pp. 1-11 (other articles also
worth a look) (IoA AB ROW)
Kleiner, F.S. 1977. "Artists in the Roman world: an itinerant Augustan workshop." Melanges de l'
École Francaise de Rome, Antiquités 89, 661-696
Kuttner, A.L. 1995. Dynasty and Empire in the Age of Augustus: the Case of the Boscoreale Cups,
pp. 69-93 "The peoples of the empire".
Smith, R.R.R. 1987. "The imperial reliefs from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias", Journal of Roman
Studies 77, 88-138
______. 1988. "Simulacrum gentium: the Ethne from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias", Journal of
Roman Studies 78, 50-77
Recommended:
Bianchi-Bandinelli, R. 1967. "Arte plebea", D. Arch. 1, 7-19
Hannerz, U. 1992. "The global ecumene", pp. 217-267 in Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social
Organisation of Meaning.
(for an interesting account of core-periphery relations in
contemporary world - principles of analysis, at least, applicable to Roman empire).
Green, M.J. 1998. “God in man’s image: thoughts on the genesis and affiliations of some RomanoBritish Cult imagery”, Britannia 29: 17-30
Henig, M. 2000. “Art in Roman London”, in I. Haynes, H. Sheldon and L. Hannigan eds. London
Underground: the Archaeology of a City. (Oxford: Oxbow Books) 62-84
For more bibliography and some suggestions as to how to approach it, see essay 2.5 on regional
styles.
PT IV: THE EMPIRE IN CRISIS
15. THE ANTONINES, THE SEVERANS AND THE STILWANDEL.
Required:
*Strong:197-217 (The Antonines); 218-249 (The Severans).
*Pollitt. 181-6. (The Antonines); 189-201 (The Severans)
*Ward-Perkins, J. 1948. "Severan Art and Architecture at Lepcis Magna." Journal of Roman Studies
38, 59-80
*Hannestad 1984 pp. 143-248 "The adoptive emperors", 249-285 "The Severans"
*Hannah, R. 1986. "The emperor's star: the Conservatori portrait of Commodus", American Journal of
Archaeology 90, 337-42
Kleiner 1992. Pp. 267-314 "Antonine Art", 317-355 "The Antonine dynasty"
Recommended:
Brilliant, R. 1967. The Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roman Forum. Memoirs of the American
Academy in Rome XXIX.
14
McCann, A. M. 1968. The Portraits of Septimius Severus. Memoirs of the American Academy at
Rome XXX.
Rodenwaldt, G. 1939. “The transition to late classical art”, in Cambridge Ancient History XII: The
Imperial Crisis and Recovery AD 193-324. ed SA Cook et al. Cambridge. 544-70
_____. 1940. “Römische Reliefs: Vorstufen der Spätantike”, JdI 55: 12-43
16. FROM THE AGE OF ANXIETY TO THE ART OF THE DOMINATE.
Required:
*Strong 250-263 (Third Century Crisis); 264-275 (The Tetrarchs).
*Sear 255-276.
*Pollitt 189-228.
®L'Orange, H. P. 1965.Art Forms and Civic Life in the Later Roman Empire. (ANC HIST R14 LOR – 5
copies; also a copy on 3 hour loan at issue desk). A very short book, with many pictures,
so not as much reading as it might seem. Now also available on-line as ebook through
Explore
Wilson, R. J. A. 1983. Piazza Amerina.
*Ellis, S. P. 1991. "Power, Architecture and decor: How the Late Roman Aristocrat Appeared to his
Guests." Pp. 117-134 in E. K. Gazda ed. Roman Art in the Private Sphere. (YATES A40 GAZ)
Rothman, M. S. P. 1977. "The Thematic Organization of the Panel Reliefs on the Arch of Galerius."
American Journal of Archaeology XXXI, 427-54
*Hannestad. 1988. Pp. 285-338 "The dominate".
Rossiter, J. 1991. "Convivium and villa in late antiquity", pp. 199-214 in W.J. Slater ed. Dining in a
Classical Context.
Wilson, R. J. A. 1983. "Luxury Retreat Fourth Century Style: A Millionaire Aristocrat in Late Roman
Sicily." Opus 2, 532-52.
Recommended:
Carandini, A., A. Ricci and M. de Vos. 1982. Filosofiana: the Villa of Piazza Amerina.
Frazer, A. 1966. "The iconography of the Emperor Maxentius' Buildings in the Via Appia", Art Bulletin
48, 385-92
Breckenridge, J. 1968. "Late Antique Portraiture." Pp. 204-68 in Likeness.
17. THE ARCH OF CONSTANTINE AND THE PROBLEM OF DECLINE.
Required:
*Strong 276-97
Berenson, B. 1954. The Arch of Constantine or the Decline of Form.
*Peirce, P. 1989. "The Arch of Constantine: Propaganda and Ideology in Late Roman Art." Art History
12.4, 387-418. (MAIN TC 1022)
Charlesworth, M. P. "Imperial Deportment: Two Texts and Some Questions." Journal of Roman
Studies 37, 34-8.
*Boatswain, T. 1988. "Images of Uncertainty: Some Thoughts on the Meaning of form in Late
Antiquity." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 12, 27-46. (IoA TC 415)
*Kitzinger 1977 Byzantine Art in the Making: Main Lines of Stylistic Development in Mediterranean Art,
3rd-7th Century , chs 1 and 2, pp 7-44. (ART HB5 KIT)
*Fehl, P. 1972. The Classical Monument: Reflections on the Connection between Morality and Art in
Greek and Roman Sculpture. Pp. 70-6 "The monument in late antiquity", 77-87 "Art historical
perspectives" (TC MAIN 907)
*Reece, R. 1983. "Art in late antiquity", pp. 234-248 in Henig Handbook.
®Spivey, Nigel. 1995. “Stumbling towards Byzantium: the decline and fall of late antique sculpture”,
Apollo July, 20-23 Will be placed on Teaching Collection - IoA
®Elsner, Jas. 1998. “Berenson’s decline, or The Arch of Constantine Reconsidered”, Apollo Jul, 20-2.
Will be placed on Teaching Collection - IoA
Recommended:
MacCormack, S. 1980, Art and ceremony in Late Antiquity.
15
Brown, P. 1980. "Art and society in late antiquity." Pp. 17-27 in K. Weitzmann, ed., The Age of
Spirituality: A Symposium.
Trilling, J. 1987 "Late antique and sub-antique or the'Decline of Form' reconsidered", Dumbarton Oaks
Papers 41, 468-76
Harrison, E.B. 1967. "The Constantinian portrait", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 21, 79-96
Richardson, L. Jr. 1975. "The date and programme of the arch of Constantine", Arch Cl 27, 72-78
Elsner, J. 2000. “From the culture of spolia to the cult of relics: the arch of Constantine and the
genesis of late antique forms”, Papers of the British School at Rome 68: pp??
Van Dam. Raymond. 2009. The Roman Revolution of Constantine. Cambridge.
Ward-Perkins, J.B. 1954. “Constantine and the origins of the Christian basilica”, Papers of the British
School at Rome 22: 69-90
PT V: THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION
18. THE ORIGINS OF CHRISTIAN ART.
Required:
*Grabar, A. 1967. The Beginnings of Christian Art. Pp. 1-143 "Christian Painting and Sculpture
before the Peace of the Church." Not as much reading as it may appear - full of good
plates. (ART HB5 GRA)
*Grabar, A. 1969. Christian Iconography: a Study of its Origins. Pp. 7-30 "The First Steps." (ART
BC10 GRA)
*Murray, Sister C. 1977. "Art and the Early Church." Journal of Theological Studies, ns 28, 303-45.
(IoA TC 468)
Huskinson, J. 1974. "Some Pagan Mythological Figures and their Significance in Early Christian Art."
Papers of the British School at Rome 42, 68-97.
*Elsner, J.R. Viewer. Pp. 249-287 " 'The truth within these empty figures': the genesis of Christian
visual exegesis".
Recommended:
Stevenson, J. 1978. The Catacombs: Rediscovered Monuments of Early Christianity
Murray, Sister C. 1989. "Artistic Idiom and Political Development." Pp. 288ff in Rowan Williams ed The
Making of Orthodoxy.
Tronzo, W. 1986. The Via Latina Catacomb: Imitation and Discontinuity in 4th Century Roman
Painting.
Perkins, A. 1973. The Art of Dura Europos.
Krautheimer ch 1, pp.23-37 (The Beginnings of Christian Architecture)
Duggan, L.G. 1989. "Was art really the 'book of the illiterate'?" Word and Image 5, 227-51
Chazelle, C.M. 1990. "Pictures, books and the illiterate: Pope Greogory I's letters to Serenus of
Marseilles." Word and Image 6, 138-53
Goodenough, E.R. 1962. "Catacomb art". Journal of Biblical Literature 81, 113-42
Weitzmann, K. and H.L. Kessler. 1990. The Frescoes of the Dura Synagogue and Christian Art.
Dumbarton Oaks Studies 28. Washington.
Guttmannn, N. 1987. "The Dura Europus Synangogue paintings and their influence on later Christian
and Jewish art", pp. 61-72 in L.I. Levine ed. The Synagogue in Late Antiquity. The American
School of Orinetal Research.
______. 1984. "Early Synagogue and Jewish Catacomb Art and its relation to Christian art", Aufstieg
und Niedergang der Romischen Welt II.21, 2, 1313-1342
19. RELIGION AND POLITICS IN THE ART OF THE LATE ANTIQUE STATE.
Required:
*Strong 298-327
*Grabar, A. 1969. Christian Iconography: a Study of its Origins. Ch 2, pp.31-54 "The Assimilation of
Contemporary Imagery." (ART BC10 GRA)
*Bloch, H. 1963 "The Pagan revival in the West at the end of the 4th century." in A. Momigliano ed.
Pagans and Christians in the Fourth Century. (MAIN TC 957)
Barber, C. 1990. "The Imperial Panels at San Vitale. A Reconsideration." Byzantine and Modern
Greek Studies 14, 44-61.
Onians, J. 1980. "Abstraction and Imagination in Late Antiquity." Art History 3, 1-24
16
MacMullen, R. 1964. "Some Pictures in Ammianus Marcellinus." Art Bulletin 46, 435-55. (=Changes in
the Roman Empire. 1990, 78-106).
*Kitzinger, E. 1977. Byzantine Art in the Making: Main Lines of Stylistic Development in Mediterranean
Art. 3rd - 7th Century., ch 3, 4, pp. 45-80 (Fifth Century Conflicts), ch 5, pp. 81-98 The
Justinianic Synthesis. (ART HB5 KIT)
**Mathews, T. 1994. The Clash of the Gods. *Pp. 3-22 "The mistake of the emperor mystique". (All
highly recommended)
Recommended:
Grabar 1966. Beginnings (the remainder)
Krautheimer Pt 2, pp. 39-92 (Constantine and 4th century); Pt 4, 201-282 (Justinian and Early
Byzantine).
Beckwith, J. chs 1-5, pp 1-143: Early Christian art until Justinian - chs 4 and 5 (pp 78-143) are
probably the most useful.
Ward-Perkins, J. 1954. "Constantine and the Origins of the Christian Basilica." Papers of the British
School at Rome. 22, 68-90
Kent, J. P. C. and K. S. Painter eds 1977 Wealth of the Roman World AD 700-300.
Cameron, Averil. 1979. "Images of authority: elites and icons in late sixth century Byzantium", Past
and Present 84, 3-35
_____. 1992. "The language of images: the rise of icons and Christian representation." Pp. 1-42 in D.
Wood ed. The Church and the Arts. Studies in Church History 28.
Elsner, J. 1988. "Image and iconoclasm in Byzantium". Art History 11.4, 471-91
Stewart, P.C.N. 1999. “The destruction of statues in late antiquity”, in R. Miles ed. Constructing
Identities in Late Antiquity (London Routledge) 159-89
WORKSHOP/REVISION CLASS: ANALYSING VISUAL IMAGERY (Summer term)
Required:
*PANOFSKY, e. 1939. “Introductory”. Pp. 1-31 in Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art
of the Italian Renaissance. (TC IoA 591)
Recommended:
Berger, J. 1972. Ways of Seeing.
Williamson, J. 1978. Decoding Advertisments: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising.
17
ESSAYS
ARCL2008: ROMAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE - REQUIREMENTS AND ESSAY TOPICS
Students must write one essay in order to complete the course. The essay will count as 33% of
the final mark.
Primary bibliographical sources are listed under the appropriate lectures, with a little additional
guidance given here where the appropriate reading is scattered amongst a number of lectures. A
reasonably intelligent rehash of the lectures and the relevant required reading listed in the main
bibliography, should get you a 2.2, at best a low 2.1. Those who aspire to higher things will want to read
some of the items listed under recommended bibliography and/or some of the supplementary bibliography
listed for each question here.
Always be sure to back up your arguments with discussion of specific artistic monuments and their
relevant visual properties (style, iconography etc).
ESSAY TOPICS:
1. To what extent can "Greek influence" explain the development of Roman sculpture in the late
Republic?
Primary refs: s.v.lectures 2, 3 (Pollitt, Vermeule), 4 (esp. Smith, Torelli, Hannestad, Richardson)
Supplementary:
Richter, G.M.A. 1958. "Was Roman art of the first century BC and AD classicising?" Journal of Roman
Studies 48, 10-15
2. Why did the Romans collect Greek art, and how did their purposes in collecting shape their
display of Greek art?
Primary refs s.v. lecture 3
3. How important were political structures in Rome to the development of Roman architecture in
the late Republic and the early Empire (to the death of Augustus)?
Primary refs. s.v. lectures 5 and 6 (including the relevant parts of Zanker)
4. How did Augustan propaganda seek to persuade and how persuasive was it?
Primary refs s.v. lectures 6, 7, 8 (esp. Pollini)
5. What are the four Pompeian styles of wall-painting? Do they deserve their place at the center of
our approach to Roman wall-painting.
Primary refs. s.v. lectures 3 (Brilliant, Clarke, Thompson, von Blankenhagen, Ling), 8 (Leach
1982, Silberg Pierce), 9
6. What role does the representation of landscape play in late Republican and early imperial
Roman art, and how can we explain changes in landscape representation?
Primary refs s.v. lecture 8 - Leach 1988 is vital
Supplementary:
Clarke, K. Landscape into Art.
Bryson, N. 1990. "Xenia", pp. 17-59 in Looking at the Overlooked: Four Essays in Still-Life
Representation.
7. How important is the institution of the triumph to the development of Roman art (to the end of
the 2nd century AD)?
Primary refs. s.v. lectures 3, (Pollitt) 10. Pollitt - sources s.v. triumph
18
Supplementary bibl on triumphal arches in Kleiner Roman Sculpture
8. When did "Roman" art begin?
Primary refs: all asterisked readings up to and including lecture 10 - plus the classic study of O.J.
Brendel, 1979, Prolegomena to the Study of Roman Art. An earlier version was published as
"Prolegomena to a book on Roman art", in Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 1953.
Similar ground is covered more briefly in R. Brilliant, 1974, Roman Art. Pp. 11-18.
9. What was the Roman architectural revolution and how should we explain it?
Primary refs. s.v. lectures 5 and 11
10. How is the sacred status of emperors evoked by Roman art? How do these evocations change
over time and why?
Primary refs. s.v. lecture 12.
11. To what extent is the notion that "art reflects social life" borne out by the history of either a)
portrait sculpture from the second to fourth centuries AD or b) architecture from the second to the
fourth centuries AD.
A - Portraiture:
Primary refs: lecture 15 (Hannestad, Hannah), 16 (Breckenridge), 17 (Charlesworth, Boatswain, Fehl).
The following are also required:
Smith, R.R.R. 1985. "Roman portraits: honours, empresses and late emperors", Journal of Roman
Studies 75, 209-21
_____. 1990. "Late Roman philosopher portraits from Aphrodisias", Journal of Roman Studies 80, 127-55
Vermeule, C.C. 1977. "Commodus, Caracalla and the Tetrarchs: Roman emperors as Herakles",
Festschrift Frank Brommer 289-94
Kleiner, Roman Sculpture - sections on portraiture for the relevant period
Pollitt, Sources - sections on portraiture for the relevant period
Gregory, A.P. 1994. "Powerful images: responses to images and the political uses of images in Rome",
Journal of Roman Archaeology 7, 80-99
Supplementary:
L' Orange, H.P. 1947. Apotheosis in Ancient Portraiture.
Wood, S. 1986. Roman Portrait Sculpture 217-260 AD
B - Architecture
Primary refs: lectures 11 (Sear and Pollitt Trajan and Hadrian, MacDonald and Pinto, Boethius), 16 (L'
Orange, Wilson - booklet on Piazza Amerina and article, Rossiter, Ellis, Frazer)
Supplementary:
Lehmann, K. 1945. "The dome of heaven", Art Bulletin 27, 1-27
12. What problems do the modern viewers face in trying to interpret the cultural and social
meanings of Roman funerary art, and how can they overcome them?
Primary refs. s.v. lecture 13
13. To what extent can we distinguish regional styles in Roman imperial art, and how should we
interpret them.
Quite a difficult essay this - you might approach it either by concentrating on the art of a particular
province and compare it with the art of Rome, the center, or compare the art of two different provinces
(one western and one eastern). Alternatively, you might look at a particular medium and its varying
19
regional manifestations - for example mosaic (for which I have suggested some bibiliography, although
you might equally well look at painting, sculpture).
R. Bianchi Bandinelli, 1971, Rome: the Late Empire and W. Dorigo, 1971, Late Roman Painting: a
Study of Pictorial Records 30 BC - AD 500 both adopt a regional perspective on Roman art.
Primary bibliography: s.v. lecture 14. Supplementary suggestions, some at least of which you
should follow up:
Mosaics:
Dunbabin, K. 1978. The Mosaics of Roman North Africa. Esp. pp. 1-37, 196ff
Clarke, J.R. 1979. Roman Black and White Mosaics.
Smith, D. 1969. "The mosaic pavements", pp. 71-125 in A. Rivet ed. The Roman Villa in Britain.
Neal, D.S. 1981. Roman Mosaics in Britain.
Gaul and the Germanies.
MacMullen, R. 1965. "The Celtic renaissance", Historia 14. 93-104
Wightman, E.M. 1970. Roman Trier and the Tresviri. (Sections on art, religion, romanisation)
______. 1985. Gallia Belgica. (Sections on art, religion, Romanisation)
MacKendrick, P. 1972. Roman France. Pp. 151-183 "shrines and statues", 185-209 "Gallic arts and
crafts".
The Roman East
Browning, I. 1979. Palmyra. Pp. 19-52 "People, power and politics"
Colledge - s.v. presentations bibliography 4.2
Roman Britain
Henig, M. 1995. The Art of Roman Britain. (The best and most thoughtful study - with an excellent
bibliography, from which most of what follows is taken.)
Barrett, A.A. 1978. "Knowledge of the literary classics in Roman Britain", Britannia ix, 307-13
Beeson, A.J. 1990. "Perseus and Andromeda as lovers. A mosaic panel from Brading and its origins",
Mosaic 17, 13-19.
Blagg, T.F.C. 1989. "Art and architecture", pp. 203-217 in M. Todd ed. Research on Roman Britain 19601989, Britannia Monograph Series, no 11.
Cookson, N.A. 1984. Romano-British Mosaics. A Reassesment and Critique of Some Notable Stylistic
Affinities. British Archaeological Reports, Brit. Ser. 135.
Johnson, P. 1984. "The mosaics of Bignor villa, England: a Gallo-Roman connection", pp. 405-10 in R.
Farioli Campanati, III colloquio internazionale sul mosaico antico, Ravenna.
Jope, E.M. "Celtic art: expressiveness and communication through 2500 years", Proceedings of the British
Academy lxxiii, 97-123
Mackintosh, M. 1986. "The sources of the Horseman and Fallen Enemy motif on the tombstones of the
Western Roman empire", Journal of the British Archaeological Association cxxxix, 1-21
Phillips, E.J. 1977. "The classical tradition in the popular sculpture of Roman Britain", pp. 35-49 in J.
Munby and M. Henig eds. Roman Life and Art in Britiain. British Archaeological Reports, Brit. Ser.
8.
Scott, S. 1991. "An outline of a new approach for the interpretation of Romano-British mosaics, and some
comments on the possible significance of the Orpheus mosaics of fourth-century Roman Britain",
Journal of Theoretical Archaeology 2, 29-35
Tonybee, J.M.C. 1986. The Roman Art Treasures from the Temple of Mithras, London and Middlesex
Archaeological Society special paper no 7.
14. How helpful is the concept of "artistic decline" in explaining the transformation of Roman art
between the 2nd and the 4th centuries AD?
Primary refs: s.v. lectures 15 (Kleiner), 16 (esp. L' Orange, Breckenridge, Ellis Hannestad), 17
(Berenson and Charlesworth in addition to the asterisked readings), 19 (Onians).
Add: Elsner, Viewer pp. 190-244 "From the literal to the symbolic: a transformation in the nature of
Roman religion and Roman religious art".
15. Either a) Is "Christian art" a helpful concept or not?
Or b) Did the rise of Christianity fundamentally transform the visual culture of the ancient world?
Primary refs.: s.v. lectures 18, 19
20
Add: Elsner, Viewer, pp. 190-244
16. What special problems and opportunities are presented in the interpretation of the Roman
minor arts? Answer with reference to either a) Ivory carving or b) silver work.
A - Ivory carving:
Required:
Refs. in Presentations bibliography 5.3, lecture 19 (Bloch)
Buckton, D. ed. 1994. Byzantium: Treasures of Byzantine Art and Culture. pp. 57-9, 71-65
Shelton, K. 1989. "Roman aristocrats, Christian commissions: the Carrand diptych", pp. 105-27 in F.M.
Clover and R.S. Humphreys eds. Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity.
Watson, C.J. 1981. "The programme of the Brescia casket", Gesta 20, 283-98
Natanson, J. 1953. Early Christian Ivories
Gibson, M. 1994. The Liverpool Ivories.
Cameron, A. 1982. "A note on ivory carving in fourth century Constantinople", American Journal of
Archaeology 86, 126-9
Netzer, N. 1983. "Redating the consular ivory of Orestes", Burlington Magazine 125, 265-71
Cutler, A. 1984. "The making of the Justinian diptychs", Byzantion 54, 75-115
_____. 1993. "Five lessons in late Roman ivory", Journal of Roman Archaeology 6, 167-92
Milburn, R. 1988. Early Christian Art. Pp. 234-250 "Carved ivories"
Supplementary
Cameron, A. 1986. "Pagan ivories" pp. 41-72 in F. Paschond ed. Colloque Genevois sur Symmaque,
Paris.
Kötzsche, L. 1994. "Die trauernden Frauen. Zum Londoner Passionskästchen", pp. 80-90 in D. Buckton
and T.A. Heslop eds. Studies in Medieval Art and Architecture presented to Peter Lasko.
Cameron, A. 1998. “Consular diptychs in their social context: new eastern evidence”, Journal of Roman
Archaeology 11: 385-403
B - Roman silver
Required:
Primary refs: s.v. Presentations 2.3 (early imperial silver), 5.2 (Esquiline treasure)
Johns, C. 1990. "Research on Roman silver plate", Journal of Roman Archaeology 3, 28-43
Cameron, A. 1985. "The date and owners of the Esquiline treasure", American Journal of Archaeology 89,
135-45
Shelton, K.J. 1985. "The Esquiline treasure: the nature of the evidence", American Journal of Archaeology
89, 147-55
Brendel, O. 1941. "The Corbridge lanx", Journal of Roman Studies 31, 100-127
Cahn, H.A., A. Kaufmann-Heinimann and K. Painter, 1991. "A table-ronde on a treasure of late Roman
silver", Journal of Roman Archaeology 4, 184-91
Cameron, Alan. 1992. "Observations on the distribution and ownership of late Roman silver plate", Journal
of Roman Archaeology 5, 178-85
Van Grunsven-Eygenraam, M. 1973. "Heraclius and the David plates", Bulletin Antieke Beschaving 48,
158-74
Tonybee, J.M.C. and K.S. Painter. 1986. "Silver picture plates of late antiquity, AD 300-700", Archaeologia
108, 15-65
Johns, C. 1981. "The Risley-Park silver lanx: a lost antiquity from Roman Britain", Antiquaries Journal lxi,
53-72
Painter, K. 1993. "Late Roman silver plate: a reply to Alan Cameron", Journal of Roman Archaeology 6,
109-115
Vermeule, C.C. 1963. "Augustan and Julio-Claudian Court Silver", Antike Kunst 6, 33-40
Recommended:
Dalton, O.M. 1906. "A second silver treasure from the district of Kyrenia, Cyprus", Archaeologia 60, 1-24
Haversfield, F. 1914. "Roman silver in Northumerland", Journal of Roman Studies 4, 1-12
Mango, M.M. 1990. "Der Sevso-Schatzfund. Ein Ensemble westlichen und östlichen Kunstschaffens",
Antike Welt 20, 70-88
_____. 1990. "The Sevso treasure hunting plate", Apollo (July), 2-13
21
Painter, K.S. 1977. The Mildenhall Treasure.
_____. 1990. "The Sevso treasure", Minerva 1, 4-11
Spain-Alexander, S. 1977. "Heraclius, Byzantine imperial ideology and the David plates", Speculum 52,
217-37
Johns, C. and Painter, K. 1991. "The rediscovery of the Risley Park Roman lanx", Minerva ii, no. 6, 6-13
17. What factors shaped the design of Roman imperial palaces and villas from the age of
Augustus to the Tetrarchs, and how does the design of palaces change over time?
Primary refs: lectures 6 (Zanker and Sear - parts on house of Augustus on Palatine), 11, 16
(L'Orange, Wilson bis, Ellis, Rossiter), 17 (MacCormack - index s.v. palace of emperor)
18. "Greek art, Egyptian function." How far is this an adequate summary of the cultural meanings
and historical significance of the painted Egyptian mummy portraits of the Roman period?
(Question of historical significance an important one here: is the Romano-Egyptian painted portrait
continuous with earlier traditions of painted portraiture, or are we dealing with something new here, the
origins of the Byzantine icon?)
Required:
Shore, A.F. 1972. Portrait Painting from Roman Egypt.
Doxiadis, E. 1995. The Mysterious Fayum Portraits: Faces From Ancient Egypt.
Thompson, D.L. 1979. "Painted portraiture at Pompeii", pp. 78-92 in Pompeii and the Vesuvian
Landscape (Papers of a Symposium sponsored by the Archaeological Institute of America,
Washington Society and the Smithsonian Institution; Washington 1979).
Ling, R. 1991. Roman Painting. Pp. 157-9 "Portraits".
Grabar, A. 1969. Christian Iconography: A Study of its Origins. Pp. 60-86 "The portrait".
Kitzinger, E. 1954. "The cult of images in the age before iconoclasm", Dumbarton Oaks Papers VIII, 83150
_____. 1963. "Some reflections on Portraiture in Byzantine art", Recueil des Travaux de l' Institut d'
Études Byzantines 8, 185-93
Corcoran, L.H. 1992. "A cult function for the so-called Faijum mummy portraits", pp. ???? in J.H. Johnson
ed. Life in a Multi-Cultural Society: Egypt from Cambyses to Constantine and Beyond. Chicago.
Recommended:
Ehlich, W. 1968. "Vom hellenistischen Mummienporträt zum östlichen Heiligen Bild", Helikon 8, 370-9
Herrin, J. 1982. "Women and the Faith in Icons in Early Christianity", pp. 56-83 in R. Samuel and G.S.
Jones eds. Culture, Ideology and Politics: Essays for Eric Hobsbawm, London 1982.
Nowicka, M. 1993. Le Portrait dans la Peinture Antique. Warsaw.
22
PRESENTATIONS
ARCL2008 ROMAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE
PRESENTATION TOPICS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
All students will be required to give at least one presentation on the objects we shall be
looking at in the British Museum. Presentations should be no less than five and no longer than ten
minutes. Key questions to consider are: the material, function, provenance and date of the objects in
question; means of manufacture; style, iconography and social context. Do not prepare too much
material. 10 minutes is not a very long time. Pare your presentation down to essentials. Be sure to
tie the points you make to specific objects which we can look at in the BM. Remember who the
primary addressees of your talk will be: not me, but your colleagues in the class who will probably
know as little about the material at hand as you did before preparing your presentation: keep things
clear and simple.
Presentations are not formally assessed; they are, however, required. Failure to do your
presentation/s will result, as a minimum penalty, in your being required to write an additional essay in
order to complete the course.
Be sure to prepare your presentation thoroughly and well in advance. This means going to
take a look at the object for a preliminary inspection before you do the reading, doing the reading, and
then taking another look at the object before writing your presentation.
The British Museum sometimes closes rooms at short notice, so do not rely on being able to
go in Wednesday afternoon or Thursday morning immediately before your presentations in order to
prepare.
Please get in touch at once if you have any difficulty finding either your objects or the
readings.
1 ETRUSCAN, ITALIC AND EARLY ROMAN ART.
1.1 Etruscan painting: the Boccanera plaques (BM room 71, on the wall, right-hand side coming from
room 70)
*Brendel, O. 1978. Etruscan Art. Pp. 153-157 "Pontic amphorae and Boccanera slabs".
*Hinks, R.P. 1933. Catalogue of the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Paintings and Mosaics. London,
British Museum. PP. 3-5, pls. I-II, nos 5-5e - bibliography, description, details of restorations.
*Pallotino, M. 1952. Etruscan Painting. Pp. 25-8
1.2 Etruscan sculpture in bronze and terracotta (BM Room 71. select two or three of your choice from
the following: 1) Case 27: Bronze head of a young man, c. 375-50 BC, GR 1824.4-70.6; 2)
Case 15: Painted terracotta sarcophagus of Seianti Thanunia Tlesnasa, Chiusi, 150-30 BC) 3)
Case 30: Bronze votive statue of a young woman GR 1920.6.12.1; 4) Funerary urns – take
one example from GR 1930.1..-12.3 (ScD 64), GR 1925.5-10.1 (Sc D67), GR 1856.10-31.1
(Sc D 40-1), GR 1926.3-24.124.
*Brendel EA pp. 397-400 (classical bronze portraits), 420-423 (Hellenistic funerary sculpture)
*H.B. Walters. 1903. Catalogue of the Terracottas in the British Museum. Pp. 428-9.
*Haynes, H. 1971. Etruscan Sculpture. Pp. 23 (pl. 10), 27-8 (pl. III)
*Haynes, S. 1960. “The bronze priests and priestesses from Nemi”, Romische Mitteilungen LXVII, 348.
1.3 Roman Republican Portraits- (BM room 70 far end left hand side, portraits in case 6 and the
freedman plaques on the walls: GR 1824.2.1-3; GR 1973.3.30-7; 1954.12-14.1; 1858.8-19.2;
1920.2.20-1)
*Smith, R.R.R. "Greeks, foreigners and Roman Republican portraits", Journal of Roman Studies
LXXI, 24-38
*Kleiner, D. 1992. Roman Sculpture. Pp. 31-47 "Republican portraiture", 79-81 "Portraits of freedmen
and freedwomen under Augustus"
@[1.4 Praenestine cistae. Bellerophon and Pegasus, Achilles sacrificing Trojan prisoners
Brendel pp. 353-359 - ch. 27 + notes 1-10 and bibl - nothing in English]
23
@[1.5 Etruscan Mirrors..
Brendel pp. 359-371, notes 10-33 + bibl - nothing in English
Beazley, J.D. 1949. "The world of the Etruscan Mirror", Journal of Hellenic Studies lxix 1-17
Haynes, S. 1970. "Etruscan bronzes in the British Museum: new acquisitions and old possessions."
Pp. 177-93 in Art and Technology. A Symposium on Classical Bronzes. Cambridge Mass.]
2. ROMAN ART IN THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS
2.1 Augustan and Julio-Claudian Portraiture (BM room 70 - Augustus, Gaius, Germanicus, Livia.
Tiberius)
*Walker, S. and A. Burnett. 1981. The Image of Augustus.
*Kleiner, D. 1992 Roman Sculpture. Pp. 61-72 "Portraiture of Augustus", 72-78 "Portraiture of
Augustus family."
2.2 Roman glass and the Portland Vase (BM room 70; cases 17 for a reasonable selection of types of
Roman glass and 12 for the Portland vase)
*Price, J. 1983. "Glass", pp. 205-219 in M. Henig Handbook
Price, J. 1976. "Glass", pp. 111-126 in Strong and Brown Craft
*Haynes, D.E.L. 1995. "The Portland Vase: a reply", Journal of Hellenic Studies CXV, 146-152.
*Hind, J.G.F. 1995. "The Portland vase: new clues towards old solutions." ibid 153-155
Ashmole, B. 1967. "A new interpretation of the Portland Vase", Journal of Hellenic Studies LXXXVII,
1-17
Haynes, D.E.L. 1968. "The Portland Vase again", Journal of Hellenic Studies LXXXVIII, 59-72
Hind, J.F.G. 1979 "Greek and Roman Epic Scenes on the Portland Vase", Journal Of Hellenic Studies
XCIX, 20-5
Scott, G. 1995. “A study of the Lycurgus cup”, Journal of Glass Studies 37, 51-64
2.3 Early imperial silver: Orestes Cup and Acanthus Cups (BM room 70, case 13 - silver cups with
trails of acanthus and vine, silver cup with repousse scene of Orestes, Iphigenia and Pylades)
*Henig, M. "Silver plate: late Republic and early Empire", 1983. Pp. 138-143 in idem Handbook
*Corbett P.E. and D.E. Strong. 1960/1. "Three Roman silver cups". British Museum Quarterly XXIII,
66-86, pls. xxxi-xxxvii
Haynes, S. 1961. "Drei neue Silberbecher im British Museum" Antike Kunst IV, 30-6 pls. 15-16. (in
German, but with excellent plates of the Sophocles cup)
*Sherlock, D. 1976. "Silver and silver-smithing", pp. 11-23 in Strong and Brown eds. Crafts.
2.4 ‘The Warren Cup’,( Room 70 Case 12a)
Clarke, John R. 1993. “The Warren cup and the contexts for representations of male to male lovemaking in Augustan and early Julio-Claudian art”, Art Bulletin 75: 275-94
_____. 1998. Looking at Love-Making: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 BC-AD 250.
Pollini, John. 1999. “The Warren cup: homoerotic love and symposium rhetoric in silver”, Art Bulletin
81: 21-52
Williams, Dyfri. 2006. The Warren Cup. London.
@[2.5 Roman fine-ware pottery (case 16 - Samian and Arretine red-slip pottery - chose a couple of
intersting pieces - for example the applique medallions with a tribunal and an erotic scene,
krater with representations of seasons, Diana and Actaeon bowl)
*Brown, D. 1976. "Pottery", pp. 74-91 in Strong and Brown eds. Crafts
*King, A. 1983. "Pottery", pp. 179-190 in Henig Handbook.)
*Johns, C. 1971. Arretine and Samian Pottery. (British Museum Publications booklet)]
@[2.5 Gems etc? - ]
3. THE HIGH EMPIRE
24
3.1 Roman painting in the British Museum (Room 70, case 11: chose two which interest you from.
nos. 2, Bacchus and Silenus, and 5, Phaidra and attendant nurse both megalographic, Greek
tradition; Ariadne on Naxos, Fresco of a Woman Playing a Lyre; 3, Death of Icarus and 4,
Ulysses and the Sirens - miniature mythological landscapes; {6 - costal scene, similar style to
sacral-idyllics - cf. Ling on Studius – not on display 2016.
General and technique:
*Pratt, P. 1976. "Wall-painting", pp. 223-229 in Strong and Brown Crafts.
*Hinks, R.P. 1933. Catalogue of the Greek Etruscan and Roman Paintings and Mosaics. London,
British Museum. Cat. nos. 23 (pl. VIII), 27 (pl. XI), 28 (pl. XII), 29 (fig. 14)
3 and 4
*Ling Roman Painting pp. 112-119 "Panel pictures"
*Dawson, C.M. 1944. Romano-Campanian Mythological Landcape Painting. (Yale Classical Studies
9) - Cat no 58 = Daedalus and Icarus (pp. 109, 121, 133-4, 140-2, 181, 185, 187), Cat no 59
= Odysseus and the Sirens (pp. 109, 133-4, 165-6, 181, 187).
( Recommended: Pp. 116-135 "The composition of the landscape paintings", 136-72
"The relationship of myth landscape to previous tradition")
2 and 5
No obvious bibliography - but give some thought to how the figure style of this pair differs from the
others we shall be looking at.
6
*Ling pp. 142-149 "Landscapes"
3.2 2nd Century Roman Portraiture (Room 70, chose a couple which take your fancy from Trajan,
Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Faustina or her anonymous neighbour, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius
Verus)
*Kleiner, pp. 208-12 (Trajan), 238-241 (Sabina), 268-277 (Antonines), 277-280 (Female portraiture
under the Antonines)
*Smith, RRR. 1998. “Cultural choice and political identity in honorific portrait statues in the Greek east
in the second century AD”, Journal of Roman Studies lxxxviii, 56-93
3.3 Roman Mosaics (Select two from amongst the following: 1.) Case 11 - lion taunted and bound by
cupids, opus vermiculatum; (by case 17 - left hand side of room 71) 2). North African hunt
mosaic, c. 200-256 AD; 3) Edible fish mosaic, AD 100; Fish- and fruit-baskets, North Africa,
1st-2ndC AD)
*Smith, D.J. 1983. "Mosaics", pp. 116-138 in Henig Handbook
*Neal, D.S. 1976. "Floor mosaics", pp. 241-252 in Strong and Brown Crafts.
*Bryson, N. 1990. "Xenia", pp. 17-59 in Looking at the Overlooked: Four Essays on Still Life Painting.
*Hinks, R.P. 1933. Catalogue of the Greek Etruscan and Roman Paintings and Mosaics. London,
British Museum.. Mosaics - pp. 65 no 1 (pl. XXV), p. 66 no 4 (pl. xxvi and fig 73), p. 119, no
45.
@[3.4 Roman stucco decoration
Ling, R. 1976. "Stuccowork", pp. 209-221 in Strong and Brown Crafts. ]
4. CENTER AND PERIPHERY IN ROMAN FUNERARY ART
4.1 Sarcophagi and funerary urns (BM room 83, basement) obviously you cant talk about them all select two or three which you think are particularly interesting/representative.
*Walker, S. 1985. Memorials to the Roman Dead. Uses almost exclusively material from the British
Museum - the best starting point. You may also wish to consult S. Walker's Catalogue of the
Roman Sarcophagi in the British Museum (1990).
*Kleiner 1992 Roman Sculpture. Pp. 256-9, 301-8, 384-93
Tonybee, J. 1971. Death and Burial in the Roman World. Esp. pp. 43-72 "Funerary rites and the cult
of the dead", 270-277 "Decorated sarcophagi".
25
4.2 The Art of Palmyra (BM room 70, left hand side, second bay, entering from 69, Palmyrene
funerary portraits)
*Colledge, M.A.R. 1976. The Art of Palmyra. Pp. 58-77 "Funerary sculpture", 109-118 "Funerary
sculpture", 122ff iconography - esp. 126f frontality, 138-9 gestures, 139-41 headgear, 141-4
hairstyles, 144-5 features, 145-9 clothing, 149-50 drapery, 150-2 jewellery
[Smith, Andrew M. 2013. Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community and State Formation. Oxford.
[INSTARCH DBD 10 SMI] {Good up to date historical study; thin on art, but interesting for
social and cultural context}
4.3 Painted Mummy portraits from Roman Egypt (Room 62, case 17)
*Shore, A.F. 1972. Portrait Painting From Roman Egypt. (British Museum Booklet)
*Doxiadis, E. 1995. The Mysterious Fayum Portraits: Faces from Ancient Egypt. Pp. 34-46 "GraecoRoman Egypt" (The social and religious context), 82- 102 "The Portraits" (The Pictorial
Tradition: from Apelles to Icons; Technique: Scale, Materials and Colours)
*Walker, S. 1997. Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Ancient Egypt. Cat. Nos. 18, 24, 25, 56, 81,
141, 143.
4.4 Romano-British Sculpture (Room 49: Uley Mercury, Case 20; Funerary Stelai – on the walls,
middle of the room, right hand side approaching from Room 41; case 14: Nero statuette,
Claudius portrait, Hadrian portrait). Choose any two objects which take your interest)
Ellison, A. and M. Henig. 1981. "Head of Mercury from Uley, Gloucstershire", Antiquity lv, 43-4
Brown, D. 1976. "Bronze and pewter", pp. 25-41 in Strong and Brown Crafts (in particular p. 31-2 on
the Hadrian and Nero)
Toynbee, Jocelyn. 1962. Art in Roman Britain. Phaidon. Cat no 48 (Towcester Head, straight in front
of you as you enter room 49 from 41), 87 (Seated Woman from South Shields – this is a cast,
original in South Shields)
Johns, C. 2003. “Art, Romanisation and competence”, 9-23 in S. Scott and J. Webster eds. Roman
Imperialism and Provincial Art.
Makintosh, M. 1986. “The sources of the horseman and fallen enemy motif on the tombstones of the
Western Roman empire”, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 131,1: 1-21
{JJT: check CSI vols}
4.5 The Lullingstone Paintings ( BM Room 49, PRB 1967.4.7.10)
Davey, N. and R. Ling. 1982. Wall-Painting in Roman Britain. (Britannia Monograph Series 3), pp.
138-145, 211-2
Meates, G.W. 1987. The Roman Villa at Lullingstone, Kent II: The Wall-Paintings and Finds pp. 1146
5. LATE ANTIQUE ART
5.1 Late antique portraiture (BM room, 70 - 3rd and 4th century portraits, first on left when exiting
room 69 - choose a couple that take your fancy)
*Kleiner 1992 pp. 319-328 "Severan portraiture", 361-384 (Third century portraiture), 400-408
"Imperial portraiture under the tetrarchs", 433-444 (Constantinian portraiture)
McCann, A.M. 1968. The Portraits of Septimius Severus. Memoirs of the American Academy in
Rome XXX.
5.2 The Esquiline Treasure and the Projecta Casket (BM room 41, case 7)
*Elsner, J. 1995. Art and the Roman Viewer. Pp. 249-61 (best starting point)
*Buckton, D. 1994. Byzantium: Treasures of Byzantine Art and Culture. Catalogue nos. 10-14, pp.
33-37
*Shelton, K. 1981. The Esquiline Treasure. Full publication. (Ask JT for xerox of the most important
parts, if still unavailable in UCL)
5.3 Late antique and early Christian ivories (BM room 41, Case 8 )
26
Apotheosis Diptych = Rome 1857.1013; Maskell Passion Cycle: Rome 1856.0623.4-7
*Grabar, A. 1969 Christian Iconography. Index, s.v. ivories.
*Buckton, D. 1994. Byzantium etc (as above 5.2) nos. 44-5, pp. 57-9 (with supplementary
bibliography)
St Clair, A. 1964. "The apotheosis diptych", The Art Bulletin 64, 205-11
Entries from Weitzmann, Age of Spirituality: Online from Metropolitan Museum of Art, new York
Spier, J. 2007. Picturing the Bible. Pp. 229-232 (Maskell Ivories – Passion Cycle) (ART BC10 SPI)
5.4 Late Roman Silver – The Mildenhall Treasure (BM Room 49) Focus on the Great Dish
Tonybee, J.M.C. and K.S. Painter. 1986. "Silver picture plates of late antiquity, AD 300-700", Archaeologia
108, 15-65
Painter, K.S. 1977. The Mildenhall Treasure. London. [IoA Issue Desk: PAI]
Hobbs, Richard. 2012. The Mildenhall Treasure. London.
Hobbs, R. 2010. “ Platters in the Mildenhall Treasure”, Britannia 41 (2010), pp. 24-33
Hobbs, R. 2008. 'The secret history of the Mildenhall Treasure', The Antiquaries Journal 88 (2008), pp.
376-420.
Hobbs, R. 1997. ‘The Mildenhall Treasure: Roald Dahl’s ultimate tale of the unexpected?’ Antiquity,
71 (no. 271), March (1997), pp. 63-73
5.5 The Corbridge Lanx
Brendel, O. 1941. "The Corbridge lanx", Journal of Roman Studies 31, 100-127
Nicholson, Oliver. 1995 “The Corbridge Lanx and the Emperor Julian”, Britannia 26: 312-5
Tonybee, J.M.C. and K.S. Painter. 1986. "Silver picture plates of late antiquity, AD 300-700", Archaeologia
108, 15-65
@[6. THE ART OF ROMAN BRITAIN
6.3 The Hinton St Mary Mosaic (room 35)
Eriksen, R.T. 1980. "Syncretic symbolism and the Christian Roman Mosaic at Hinton St Mary: a
closer reading", Proc. Dorset. Nat. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. cii, 43-8 )
Painter, K. 1976. "The design of the Roman mosaic at Hinton St Mary", Antiquaries Journal lvi, 4954
Tonybee, J.M.C. 1964. "A new Roman mosaic pavment found in Dorset", Journal of Roman Studies
liv, 7-14 ]
Painter, K. 1968. “The Roman site at Hinton St Mary”, British Museum Quarterly 32, 135-51
_____. 1971. “Villas and Christianity in Roman Britain”, British Museum Quarterly 35, 156-75
APPENDIX – IOA PROCEDURES
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES
General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including submission procedures,
assessment criteria, and general resources, are available in your Degree Handbook and on the following website:
http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin. It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of
the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught,
affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your course coordinator.
GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS:
New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework have been
introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session. Full details will be circulated to all students and will
be made available on the IoA intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to
grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together with
supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for
consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are now acceptable are limited. Those with
long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements.
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