INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
BA/BSC COURSES IN ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCL 2005: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE IN LATER EUROPEAN
PREHISTORY
2nd and 3rd Year Option, 0.5 unit
Room 410 Institute of Archaeology
Tuesdays 4-6pm
Course Handbook 2009-10
Course co-ordinator:
Dr Sue Hamilton
Room: 407.
e-mail: s.hamilton@ucl.ac.uk
Tel: 020 7679 4739
1. INTRODUCTION
This handbook contains basic information about the content and administration of this
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course. If you have queries about the objectives, structure, content, assessment or
organisation of the course, please consult the Course Co-ordinator (Dr Sue Hamilton).
Further important information, relating to all courses at the Institute of Archaeology, is to
be found at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/ and in the relevant
degree handbook. It is your responsibility to read and act on it. It includes information
about originality, submission and gradingof coursework; disabilities; communication;
attendance; and feedback.
This document is also available (in HTML or as a PDF file) from the moodle course
website
2. AIMS
This course focuses on Bronze and Iron Age temperate and central Europe. It will provide
a broad outline and general explanatory framework for current views of the sequence and
processes of change, which led from the establishment of distinct social hierarchies during
the 2nd millennium BC to the establishment of 'urban' sites at the end of the first
millennium BC.
3. 0BJECTlVES
Students will gain knowledge of current views of the evidence, and of theoretical
perspectives that lead people to hold them, and of why views differ. They will be able to
make their own critical judgements on current debates.
4. LEARNING OUTCOMES
The ability to synthesis and critical analyse diverse and often conflicting data will be
acquired. Skills of presentation will be developed.
5. TEACHING METHODS
The course is taught through lectures and a number of tutorial and practical sessions
involving student discussion and presentation.
6. TUTORIAL GROUPS
Students will be divided into study groups for tutorial sessions. Dates and times will be
arranged at the first lecture. These will be taken by Dr Sue Hamilton and take place in
Institute of Archaeology Room 407 or 410 according to group. To keep tutorial groups
small enough for effective discussion, it is essential that students attend the group to
which they have been assigned. If they need to attend a different group for a particular
session, they should arrange to swap with another student from that group, and confirm
this arrangement with Dr Hamilton.
7. WORKLOAD
There will be 14 hours of lectures and 6 hours of tutorial and practical sessions for this
course. Students will be expected to undertake around 80 hours of reading for the course,
plus 30 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total
workload of some 130 hours for the course.
8. METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
This course is assessed by two c. 2,500-word essays (each accounts for 50 per cent of
the final mark). If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should
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discuss this with me. I am also willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to
the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
9. LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES
In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology (5th floor), other libraries in UCL
with holdings of particular relevance to this course are the Main Library (Wilkins Building)
and the Science Library (D.M.S. Watson building) on the central UCL site. You may also
wish to consult the list of electronic journals available through UCL:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/ejournal/index.shtml
A full list of UCL libraries and their opening hours is provided at:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/
The University of London Senate House Library (http://www.ull.ac.uk/) also has holdings
that may be relevant to this course.
10. TEACHING SCHEDULE
Lectures will be held 4:00-6:00 on Tuesdays in Room 410. Tutorial sessions will be
arranged at the first lecture.
11. COURSE SYLLABUS
Lecture
Date
AUTUMN TERM
INTRODUCTION
Time
Topic
4
1
2
6th October
6th October
4-5pm
5-6pm
9-10
3rd November
4-6pm
Introduction
Lecture: Reconstructing European Bronze and Iron Age
landscapes, societies and social practice
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND CHIEFDOMS IN EARLY BRONZE AGE EUROPE
Lecture: The development of social stratification
3
13th October
4-5pm
Lecture: Core, Marginal, or different Bronze Ages?:
4
13th October
5-6pm
Central Europe (Unetice), Brittany (Armorica) and Britain
5
20th October
4-5pm
Tutorial: The development of social stratification
ALLIANCE NETWORKS IN THE LATER BRONZE AGE
Lecture: Culture uptake: technocomplex, emulation, or
6
20th October
5-6pm
ideology: The urnfield complex north and south of the
Alps
7
27th October
4-5pm
Tutorial and practical: The regional coherence of the
'urnfield phenomenon' and the possible reasons for its
existence and uptake.
CONTACT AND CHANGE IN THE EARLY IRON AGE
Lecture: Early colonial encounters: Italy and Scythia:
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27th October
5-6pm
differing trajectories of contact and change.
Lecture: The Fürstensitze and Fürstengraber of
southwest Germany and eastern France
READING WEEK - 9th November- 13th November (museum visit. See 11 below)
11
12
Day in Reading
Week to be
arranged
17h November
All day
Museums visit or field trip: to be arranged
4-5pm/
5-6pm
Tutorial: What caused the appearance and demise of
the princely sites' of the Hallstatt D period?
THE CELTIC PHENOMENON
13
24th November
4-5pm
14
24th November
5-6pm
st
15
1 December
4-5pm
16
1st December
5-6pm
Lecture: Who were the Celts? Fiction and ‘fact’
Lecture: The Celtic twilight zone: cumulative Celticity
Lecture: La Tène art styles and society: decoration or
communication system
Tutorial: Is ‘Celticity’ a myth?
URBANISM IN TEMPERATE EUROPE
Lecture: Concepts of urbanisation and state
17
8th December
4-5pm
Lecture: The oppida of central Europe
18
8th December
5-6pm
Course appraisal forms
th
Lecture: Late Iron Age social change in Britain and
19
15 December
4-5pm
north-west Europe.
20
15th December
5-6pm
Tutorial: Assess the extent to which the pre-Roman Iron
Age north of the Alps can be considered urban
12. LECTURE SUMMARIES
The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and
supplementary readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in
the UCL library system individual readings are available; their location and Teaching
Collection (TC) number, and status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the
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eUCLid computer catalogue system. Readings marked with an * are considered essential
to keep up with the topics covered in the course.
INTRODUCTION Topics 1-2
1.
Topic: Introducing later prehistoric Europe
An introduction to the course and its aims.
2.
Topic: Reconstructing European Bronze and Iron Age societies
This lecture will provide a discussion of the databases and their characteristics of
later prehistoric Europe. It will consider and evaluate the regional, chronological
and cultural frameworks in which the data from later prehistoric Europe are placed.
Topics will include a consideration of the landscapes of Europe, absolute and
relative time, and our bases for understanding social formations and practice.
Essential reading
Champion, T. et aI. 1984. Prehistoric Europe. London: Academic Press, chapter 2.
Collis, J. 1984. The European Iron Age. London: Batsford, chapter 1.
Kristiansen K. 1998. Europe Before History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chapter 1. INST ARCH DA 150 KRI
Sherratt, A. 1997. Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe: Changing Perspectives.
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1-38.
Additional reading
Brück, J. 1999. Ritual and rationality: some problems of interpretation in European
Archaeology. European Journal of Archaeology 2(3), 313-344.
Brück, J. 1999. Houses, lifecycles and deposition on Middle bronze Age settlement in
Southern England. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63: 145-166.
Grohn, A. 2004. Positioning the Bronze Age in Social Theory and Research Context.
Lund: Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series 8(47). Chapter 3. INST ARCH DAQ 150
GRO.
Hill, J.D. and Cumberpatch, C.G. (eds) 1995. Different Iron Ages. Oxford: BAR IS 602.
Read one ore two articles to get a flavour of more recent approaches to the European iron
Age.
Kristiansen, K. and Larson TB. 2005. The Rise of Bronze Age Society. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Chapters 1 and 2. INST ARCH DA 150 KRI
Owoc, A. 2001. Bronze Age cosmologies: The construction of time and space in southwestern funerary ritual monuments, in A.T. Smith and A. Brookes (eds) Holy Ground:
Theoretical Issues Relating to the Landscape and Material Culture of Ritual Space.
Papers from a session held at the Theoretical Archaeology Group Conference, Cardiff
1999. Oxford: BAR International Series 956: 91-97.
Rowley-Conwy, P. 2006. The concept of prehistory and the invention of the terms
‘prehistoric’ and ‘prehistorian’: the Scandinavian origin, 1833-1850. European Journal of
Archaeology 9(1) 103-130.
SOCIAL STRATIFlCATION IN EARLY BRONZE AGE EUROPE Topics 3-5
3.
Topic: The development of social stratification
This lecture concentrates on the various explanations for the overt appearance of a
material culture suggestive of the existence of social stratification in late Neolithic
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and early Bronze Age Europe. It outlines the argument first developed by Sherratt
that the exploitation of animals changed in nature during the Neolithic, with a new
emphasis on the importance of animal traction, including the plough, milking and
the rearing of sheep for wool, and that these new developments had wide-ranging
social and economic consequences.
Essential reading
Earle, T. 2002. Bronze Age Economics. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Chapters 13. INST ARCH BD EARL
Gilman, A. 1981. The development of social stratification in Bronze Age Europe. Current
Anthropology 22, 1-23. TC 108
Shennan, S.J. 1993. Settlement and social change in Central Europe, 3500-1500 BC.
Journal of World Prehistory 7, 121-161. loA Per
Sherratt, A. 1981. Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution.
In I. Hodder, G. Isaac and N. Hammond (eds), Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of
David Clarke, pp. 261-305. loA TC 523
Additional reading
Bogucki, P. 1993. Animal traction and household economies in neolithic Europe. Antiquity
67, 492-503.
Earle, T.K. (ed) 1997. (old edition 1991) Chiefdoms, Power and Ideology. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Chapters 1-4. ANTHROPOLOGY D 75 EAR, INST ARCH
BD EAR
Earle, T.K. 1997. How Chiefs Come to Power – The Political Economy in Prehistory.
Stanford: University Press. Look up references to Dartmoor and Wessex.
Levine, M. 1990. Dereivka and the problem of horse domestication. Antiquity 64,727-740.
Sherratt, A. 1983. The secondary exploitation of animals in the Old World. World
Archaeology 15, 90-104.
Sherratt, A. 1997 Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe: Changing Perspectives.
Tilley, C. 1996. An Ethnography of the Neolithic. Chapter 4.
4.
Topic: ‘Core’ and ‘Margin’, or different, Bronze Ages: Central Europe
(Unetice). Brittany (Armorica) and Britain
This lecture examines the differing social, economic and cultural patterns of some
of the best known earlier Bronze Age societies in temperate Europe and looks at
the reasons for their specific patterns of development. The viability of using
Polynesian concepts of chiefdoms will be considered and connected issues such
as authority, risk and wastefulness. For the British Bronze Age in particular, we will
consider the changing role of cosmologies in structuring earlier Bronze Age
societies.
Essential reading
Earle, T .K. 1997. How Chiefs Come to Power. Chapter on Denmark. Issue Desk IOA
EAR 3, INST RCH BD EAR
Gilman, A. 1981. The development of social stratification in Bronze Age Europe. Current
Anthropology 22, 1-23. TC 108
Harding, A.F. 2000. European Societies in the Bronze Age. Chapter 13. ISSUE DESK
IOA HAR, DA 150 HAR
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Harding, A.F. 1991. Warfare: a defining characteristic of Bronze Age Europe, In A.
Harding and J. Carman (eds) Ancient Warfare Stroud:Tempus 157-173.
Shennan, S.E. 1975. The social organisation at Branc. Antiquity 49,279-288. TC 786
Shennan, S.J. 1993. Settlement and social change in Central Europe, 3500-1500 BC.
Journal of World Prehistory 7, 121-161. loA Per
Treherne, P. 1995. The warrior's beauty: the masculine body and self-identity in Bronze
Age Europe. European Journal of Archaeology 3, 105-144. loA Per
Additional reading
Harding, A.F. 2000. European Societies in the Bronze Age. Chapter 3.
Kadrow, S. 1994. Social structures and social evolution among early Bronze Age
communities in south-east Poland. European Journal of Archaeology 2, 229-248.
Kristiansen, K. and Larsson, T. 2005. The Rise of Bronze Age Society. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Chapter 4.
Kristiansen, K. 1994. The emergence of the European world system in the Bronze Age:
divergence, convergence and social evolution during the first and second millennia BC in
Europe. In K. Kristiansen and J. Jensen (eds), Europe in the First Millennium BC, pp. 730.
O'Shea, J. 1995. Mortuary custom in the Bronze Age of southeastern Hungary. In L.A.
Beck (ed), Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, pp. 125-145.
O'Shea, J. 1996. Villagers of the Maros. A portrait of Early Bronze Age Society. New
York and London: Plenum Publishing. INST ARCH DABB OSH
Primas, M. 1997. Bronze Age economy and ideology: Central Europe in focus. European
Journal of Archaeology 5(1), 115-130.
Rega, E. 1997. Age, gender and biological reality in the Early Bronze Age cemetery at
Mokrin. In J. Moore and E. Scott (eds), Invisible people and processes: writing gender and
childhood into European archaeology. ISSUE DESK IOA MOO 5, INST ARCH BD MOO
Sherratt, A. 1994. What would a Bronze Age world system look like? Relations between
temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in later prehistory. European Journal of
Archaeology 1, 1-58. loA Pers
Sørensen, M.L.S. 1997. Reading dress: the construction of social categories and
identities in Bronze Age Europe. European Journal of Archaeology 5 (1), 93-114. .loA
Pers
The British Bronze Age
Barfield, L. 1991. Wessex with and without Mycenae. Antiquity 65, 102-107.
Barrett, J. 1994. Fragments from Antiquity. Chapter 5. INST ARCH IOA BAR 27, INST
ARCH DAA 100 BAR
Needham, S.P. 2000. Power Pulses across a Cultural Divide: Cosmologically driven
acquisition between Armorica and Wessex. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66,
151-207.
Parker Pearson, M. 2005 (first published 1993). Bronze Age Britain. London: Batsford.
Parker Pearson, M. and Richards, C. (eds). 1994. Architecture and Order: Approaches
to Social Space. London: Routledge; see in particular chapter 4 by Barrett 'Defining
domestic space in the Bronze Age of southern Britain'.
Sherratt, A. 1996. Why Wessex? The Avon route and river transport in later British
prehistory. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 15,211-234.
Tilley, C. 1996. The powers of rocks: topography and monument construction on Bodmin
Moor. World Archaeology 28(2); 161-76.
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5.
Tutorial: The development of social stratification
Read and be able to discuss;
Braithwaite, M. 1984. Ritual and prestige in the prehistory of Wessex c. 22200-1400 BC:
a new dimension to the archaeological evidence, in D, Miller and C. Tilley (eds) Ideology,
Power and Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 93-110.
Gilman, A. 1981. The development of social stratification in Bronze Age Europe. Current
Anthropology 22, 1-23. TC INST ARCH 108.
Shennan, S. 1982. Ideology, change and the European Early Bronze Age, in I. Hodder
(ed) Symbolic and Structural Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 15561. TC INST ARCH 113.
Photocopies available from Sue Hamilton.
ALLIANCE NETWORKS THE LATER BRONZE AGE Topics 6-7
6.
Topic: Culture: technocomplex, emulation, or ideology: The urnfield complex
north and south of the Alps
The lecture considers and assesses the various approaches to the interpretation of
large-scale patterns of cultural uptake in later Bronze Age Europe. Although
authors differ widely in their interpretation, they recognise that there is an Urnfield
'entity' comprising weaponry, tools and pottery, and a repertoire of
heraldic?/religious? symbols. We will be to investigate the specific nature and
significance of the Urnfield phenomenon, to consider its geography, and the
reasons for its appearance and uptake.
Essential reading
Harding, A.F. 2000. European Societies in the Bronze Age. Chapter 13 DAR 150 BAR
Rowlands, M., 1980. 'Kinship, alliance and exchange in the European Bronze Age' in J.
Barrett and R Bradley (eds) Settlement and Society in the British Later Bronze Age.
Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 83. TC INST ARCH 117
Additional reading
Champion, T. et al., 1984. Prehistoric Europe. London/New York: Academic Press.
Chapters 3 and 4.
Coles, J. and Harding, A, 1979. The Bronze Age in Europe. Part II, look up specific site
and regional examples. London: Methuen.
Gimbutas, M, 1965. The Bronze Age Cultures of Central and Eastern Europe. NB use
ONLY for details of finds from specific sites NOT for interpretation.
Harke, H. G. H., 1979. Settlement Types and Pattems in the West Hallstatt Province.
Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Supplementary Series 57.
Potter, T. W., 1979. The Changing Landscape of South Etruria. London: Paul Elek.
Ridgway, D. and Ridgway, F. R (eds), 1979. Italy before the Romans. London/NewYork:
Academic Press.
7.
Topic: Practical/ tutorial: Assess the regional coherence of the 'Urnfield
phenomenon' and consider the possible reasons for its existence and uptake.
Read and be able to discuss this ‘classic’ and still much referenced article:
Rowlands, M., 1980. 'Kinship, alliance and exchange in the European Bronze Age'
in J. Barrett and R Bradley (eds) Settlement and Society in the British Later Bronze
9
Age. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 83(TC INST ARCH 117), and consider
in conjunction with A.F. Harding 2000 (see 6. above).
CONTACT AND CHANGE IN THE EARLY IRON AGE Topics 8-12
8.
Topic: Early colonial encounters. Italy and Scythia: different trajectories.
We will consider the nature of, and motivation for, culture contact between state
societies and non- state societies, and evaluate the potential impact of such contact
on the non-state societies. In particular we will look at the differing contact
trajectories of the earliest Greek colonies with non-urban European societies,
specifically Early Iron Age societies in Italy and the Black Sea area.
Essential reading
Collis, J. (1984) The European Iron Age. London: Batsford. Chapters 3, 4 and 5. INST
ARCH DA 160 COL (ISSUE DESK)
Whitehouse, R and Wilkins, J. 1989. Greeks and natives in south-east Italy: approaches
to the archaeological evidence, in T. C. Champion (ed.) Centre and Periphery. London:
Unwin Hyman, 102-124. INST ARCH AD CHA (ISSUE DESK)
Additional reading
Boardman, J., 1980. (3rd ed.) The Greeks Overseas. Their Early Colonies and Trade.
London: Thames and Hudson
Potter, T. W., 1979. The Changing Landscape of South Etruria. London: Paul Elek.
Ridgway, D. and Ridgway, F. R (eds), 1979. Italy before the Romans, Academic Press.
Rolle, R, 1989 The World of the Scythians. Look up specific sites. Berkeley/Los Angeles:
University of California Press.
Vickers, M., 1979. Scythian Treasures in Oxford. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum. This is
mostly a catalogue, but you can look up specific burial assemblages.
9.
Topic: Europe north of the Alps: what is an Iron Age core-periphery system?
Is it a passé concept?
This section will consider the relevance of a ‘core-periphery’ model to our
understanding of the Early Hallstatt developments in the Alpine and central Europe
Essential reading
Champion, T., 1989. 'Introduction' in T. C. Champion (ed.) Centre and Periphery. London:
Unwin Hyman, 1-21. INST ARCH AU CBA (ISSUE DESK)
Sherratt, A, 1993. Who are you calling peripheral?: dependence and independence in
European prehistory, in C. Scarre and F. Healey (eds) Trade and Exchange in Prehistoric
Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 33. INST ARCH HE SCA and INST ARCH HE SCA
(ISSUE DESK)
Sherratt S. and A, 1993. The growth of the Mediterranean economy in the early 1st
millennium BC, World Archaeology 24(3). loA Pers
Additional reading
Barth, F. E. 1983. Prehistoric saltmining at Hallstatt, in Bulletin of the Institute of
Archaeology, London.
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Champion, T. C., 1987. 'The European Iron Age: assessing the state of the art', Scottish
Review of Archaeology 4(2) 98-107.
Hodson, F. R, 1990. Hallstatt, the Ramsauer Graves: quantification and analysis,
Romisch- Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz Monographien 16. Look at the artefact
plates to familiarize yourself with the range of finds for the period and site.
10.
Topic: The Fürstensitze and Fürstengraber of southwest Germany and
eastern France
The lecture considers the Hallstatt D communities of south-west Germany and
eastern France in terms of their basis for wealth (the emergence of, princely
burials') and the impetus for the changes associated with Hallstatt D, including
contacts with the Mediterranean World. Various models of interpretation will be
considered, as will the evidence for regional variation.
Essential reading
Dietler, M. 1989. Greeks, Etruscans, and thirsty barbarians: Early Iron Age interaction in
the Rhone Basin of France In T. Champion (ed) Centre and Periphery. London: Routledge
INST ARCH AU CBA (ISSUE DESK)
Frankenstein, S. and Rowlands, M., 1978. The internal structure and regional context of
early Iron Age society in south-west Germany, Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology,
London loA Pers. and TC INST ARCH 126
Gosden, C., 1985. Gifts and kin in early Iron Age Europe, Man 20; 475-493. TEACHING
COLL INST ARCH 124
Pare, C., 1991. Furstensitze, Celts and the Mediterranean world: developments in the
West Hallstatt Culture in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, Proceedings of the Prehistoric
Society 57 (2); 183-202. loA Per
Additional reading
Biel, J., 1981. The late Hallstatt chieftain's grave at Hochdorf, Antiquity 55; 16-18.
Collis, J. (1984) The European Iron Age. Chapter 4. London: Batsford.
Harke, H G. H., 1979. Settlement Types and Patterns in the West Hallstatt Province.
Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Supplementary Series 57.
Joffroy, R, 1954. Le Tresor de VlX. Paris.
Kimmig, W., 1975. Early Celts on the upper Danube: the excavations at the Heuneburg,
R L. S. Bruce-Mitford (ed), Recent Archaeological Excavations in Europe. London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Moscati, S. (ed), 1991. The Celts. Bompiani/London: Thames and Hudson; 72 if.
Olivier, L. 1999. The Hochdorf ‘princely’ grave and the question of the nature of
archaeological funerary assemblages. In Murray, T. Time and Archaeology. London:
Routledge.
Pare, C., 1991. Waggons and Waggon-graves of the Early Iron Age in Central Europe,
Committee for Archaeology Oxford Monograph 35: look up specific sites.
Wells, P., 1980. Culture Contact and Culture Change. Cambridge: CUP; particularly
chapter 4.
READING WEEK
11
11.
Museum visit to the Ashmolean Museum, and Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford
This visit will be arranged during reading week. The Ashmolean has small but
important Hallstatt, La Tène, Scythian and Etruscan collections which has just been
reorganised and redisplayed. The Pitt Rivers Museum will allow us to consider the
concepts of classification as applied to the material culture of later prehistoric
Europe.
Arrangements will be discussed in class. Travel to Oxford will be cheapest if you
take the bus (every 30 minutes from opposite Victoria station, or Marble Arch or
Nottinghill Gate tube station). The train fare is more expensive and does not
'deliver' you as near to the museum as the bus.
12.
Tutorial: What caused the appearance, format, and demise of the 'Princely'
sites of the HaIIstatt D?
Instructions: read and be able to discuss:
Frankenstein, S. and Rowlands, M., 1978. The internal structure and regional
context of early Iron Age society in south-west Germany, Bulletin of the Institute of
Archaeology, London. loA Pers and TEACHING COLL INST ARCH 126
Dietler, M. 1989. Greeks, Etruscans, and thirsty barbarians: Early Iron Age
interaction in the Rhone Basin of France In T. Champion (ed) Centre and
Periphery. London: Routledge INST ARCH AD CBA (ISSUE DESK)
Gosden, C., 1985. Gifts and kin in early Iron Age Europe, Man 20; 475-493. TC
INST ARCH 124
Pare, C., 1991. Furstensitze, Celts and the Mediterranean world: developments in
the West Hallstatt Culture in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society 57 (2); 183-202. loA Pers
Sherratt, A, 1993. Who are you calling peripheral? Dependence and independence
in European prehistory, in C. Scarre and F. Healey (eds) Trade and Exchange in
Prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 33. INST ARCH HE SCA and INST
ARCH HE SCA (ISSUE DESK).
THE CELTIC PHENOMENON Topics 13-26
13.
Topic: Who were the Celts? Fiction and fact
The lecture will consider the different, competing strands of information and
academic study that have led to the creation/establishment of a suggested
archaeological entity described as the 'Celts'. The discussion will focus on: i)
references to the 'Celts' by Classical authors; ii) the potential for defining 'the 'Celts'
as an archaeological complex in west central Europe with specific reference to La
Tene traditions; ill) the academic origins of a 'Celtic' language group.
Essential reading
Green, M., 1995. Who were the Celts, in M. Green (ed.) The Celtic World. London:
Routledge; 1-8. INST ARCH DA 161 GRE
Renfrew, C., 1987. Archaeology and Language. London: Jonathan Cape, scan the book
and read chapter 9.
12
Zvelebil, M. 1996 Farmers our ancestors and the identity of Europe (chapter 10 of
Graves- Brown, P. et al. (eds) Cultural Identity and Archaeology: The Construction of
European Communities. London: Routledge. INST ARCH BD GRA (ISSUE DESK)
Additional reading
Moscati, S. (ed), 1991. The Celts. London: Thames and Hudson; pages 29-41,555571,663-680. INST ARCH CELllC QUARTOS AI0 MOS (ISSUE DESK)
Shennan, S., 1989. Introduction: archaeological approaches to cultural identity', in S.
Shennan (ed.) Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity. London/New York:
Routledge; 1- 30. INST ARCH AD SHE, TEACHING COLL INST ARCH 901,
ANTHROPOLOGY C 6 SHE
14.
Topic: The Celtic twilight zone: cumulative Celticity
This lecture will consider 'modem' concepts,of Europe's 'Celtic heritage', and the
active use of 'Celticity within contemporary society. 19th century to present day
examples of the use of the idea of Celticity for the construction and definition of
national, regional, and oppositional group identities will be considered. The
discussion will offer an opportunity for considering the wider theme of
ethnogenesis.
Essential reading
Diaz-Andreu, M. and Champion, T. C. (eds) 1996. Nationalism and Archaeology in
Europe. London: UCL Press. Particularly look at chapter 3: Schapp A 'French
archaeology: between national identity and cultural identity'. INST ARCH AG DIA
Graves-Brown, P., Jones. S. and Gamble, C. (eds), 1995. Cultural Identity and
Archaeology: The Construction of European Communities. London: Routledge. There are
many articles in this volume relating to the theme of Celticity and its appropriation in the
creation of national and European identities in the present and recent past. See
particularly chapter 13: Fleury-Ilet The identity of France: archetypes in Iron Age studies.
INST ARCH BD GRA (ISSUE DESK)
James, S. 1991. The Atlantic Celts: Ancient People or Modem Invention. London: British
Museum. Read especially chapter 3. INST ARCH DA 161 JAM
Additional reading
Chapman, M., 1992. The Celts: the Construction of a Myth. Basingstoke/New York:
Macmillan/St Martin's Press.
Collis, J. 1994. Celtic fantasy. British Archaeological News 11, 5
Collis, J. 2003. The Celts: Origins, Myths, Inventions. Shroud: Tempus
Cunliffe, B. 2001. Facing the Ocean. Oxford University Press. Chapters 1 and 8. INST
ARCH DA 200 CUN. (ISSUE DESK).
Dietler, M. 1994. Our ancestors the Gauls: Archaeology, ethnic nationalism and the
manipulation of Celtic Identity in modern Europe. American Anthropology 96(3) 584-601.
Dietler, M. 1998. A tale of three sites: the monumentalization of Celtic oppida and the
politics of collective memory. World Archaeology 30(1): 72-89.
Harvey, DC, Jones, R, McInroy, N. and Milligan, C. (eds) 2002. Celtic Geographies Old
Culture New Times. London and New York: Routledge
Merriman, N. 1987. Value and motivation in prehistory: the evidence for Celtic spirit. In
Hodder, I. The Archaeology of Contextual Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
13
Wells, P.G. 2001. Beyond Celts, Gerrmans and Scythians. London: Duckworth.
15.
Topic: La Tène art styles and society: decoration or visual communication
"... perhaps it is not so much a question of using Celtic art because you were a
Celt, but being a Celt because you used Celtic art". Champion 1987, 105
The Iron Age La Tene period is associated with a distinctive repertoire of motifs
(some floral and tendril-like, others incorporate weird beasts, and animal and
human face masks), which in particular adorn a range of prestige metal objects
(drinking equipment, jewellery, weaponry). This is perhaps not always helpfully,
referred to as 'Early Celtic Art'. The background and chronology to the emergence
of its imagery, motifs and styles will be considered. The socio-economic, and
ideological implications of the emergence of the first geographically large-scale and
coherent art style since that of Upper Palaeolithic art traditions will be considered. A
key issue is whether its imagery reflects a system of ideas and beliefs that link
cultural groups and create a common 'Celtic' identity. Alternative approaches to
traditional formats of presentation and analysis of the art will be considered.
Essential reading
Bergquist, A. K. and Taylor, T. F., 1987. The origins of the Gundestrup cauldron,
Antiquity 61; 10-24. loA Pers
Fitzpatrick, A.P. 1996. Night and day: the symbolism of astral signs on later Iron Age
anthropomorphic hilted short swords. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 62. loA Pers
Jacobsthal, P., 1944. Early Celtic Art. Oxford: Clarendon. (Look at the sections on the
various art styles). INST ARCH DA 300 QTO JAC. Also a copy at the issue desk
Megaw, R and Megaw, V., 1989. Celtic Art. London: Thames and Hudson. (Look up
specific examples of 'Celtic art', and consider the overall approach of the book to
presenting and interpreting/describing the art.) INST ARCH DA 161 MEG and ISSUE
DESK loA MEG4
Megaw, R and Megaw, V., 2001. Celtic Art. (Revised and expanded edition) London:
Thames and Hudson. (Look up specific examples of 'Celtic art', and consider the overall
approach of the book to presenting and interpreting/describing the art, and compare with
the 1989 edition) INST ARCH DAA 161 MEG (ISSUE DESK)
Megaw, R and Megaw, V., 1995. The Nature and function of Celtic Art' in M. Green (ed.)
The Celtic World. London: Routledge; 345-373. INSTARCHDA 161 GRE
Taylor, T. F., 1991. Celtic Art (review of Megaw and Megaw 1989), Scottish Review of
Archaeology 8; 129-32. loA Pers
Additional reading
Champion, T. 1987. The European Iron Age: assessing the state of the art. Scottish
Review of Archaeology 4(2) 98-107. loA Pers.
Hays, K. A, 1993. When is a symbol archaeologically meaningful? Meaning, function, and
prehistoric visual arts', in N. Yoffee and A. Sherratt (eds) Archaeological Theory: Who
Sets the Agenda. Cambridge: CUP; 81-92.
Megaw, J. V. S., 1985. Meditations on a Celtic hobby horse: notes towards a social
archaeology of Iron Age art, in T. C. Champion and J. V. S. Megaw (eds) Settlement and
Society: aspects of West European prehistory in the first millennium BC. Leicester:
University Press; 161- 191.
14
Megaw, J. and Megaw, R, 1991. Cheshire cats, mickey mice, the new Europe, and
ancient celtic art, in C. Scarre and F. Healey (eds) Trade and Exchange in Prehistoric
Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 33; 219-232.
Moscati, S. (ed), 1991. The Celts. Bompiani/London: Thames and Hudson. There is no
chapter on 'Celtic art', but the volume is worth looking at for its numerous photographs of
La Tene, decorated objects, and detailing the types of sites and contexts in which the
objects are found.
Stead, I.M. 1985. Celtic Art. London: British Museum
16.
Tutorial: Is ‘Celticity’ a myth?
Instructions: Look at:
Diaz-Andreu, M. and Champion, T. C. (eds) 1996. Nationalism and Archaeology
in Europe. London: UCL Press. Try and read chapter 3: Schapp A 'French
archaeology: between national identity and cultural identity'. INST ARCH AG DIA
Graves-Brown, P., Jones. S. and Gamble, C. (eds), 1995. Cultural Identity and
Archaeology: The Construction of European Communities. London: Routledge.
Read one of the many articles in this volume relating to the theme of Celticity and
its appropriation in the creation of national and European identities in the present
and recent past. See particularly chapter 13: Fleury-llet The identity of France:
archetypes in Iron Age studies. INST ARCH BD GRA (ISSUE DESK)
James, S. 1991. The Atlantic Celts: Ancient People or Modem Invention. London:
British Museum. INST ARCH DA 161 JAM.
URBANISM IN TEMPERATE EUROPE Topics 17-20
17.
Topic: Concepts of urbanisation and state.
The various frameworks within which pre-Roman urbanism north of the Alps is
defined and explained will be considered.
Essential reading
Andreev, Y. V., 1989. Urbanization as a phenomenon of social history, Oxford Journal of
Archaeology 8 (2); 167-77. loA Pers and TEACHING COLI.. INST ARCH 128.
Collis, J., 1982. Gradual growth and sudden change, in C. Renfrew and S. Shennan (eds)
Ranking, Resource and Exchange. Cambridge: CUP. INST ARCH REN (ISSUE DESK),
INST ARCH BGC 100 QTO REN, ANTHROPOLOGY QUARTOS C5 REN.
Wells, P., 1995. Settlement and social systems at the end of the Iron Age, in B. Arnold
and D. Blair Gibson (eds) Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State. Cambridge: CUP; 88-95. INST
ARCH DA 161 ARN
Woolf, G., 1991. The social significance of trade in Late Iron Age Europe, in C. Scarre
and F. Healy (eds) Trade and Exchange in Prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph
33; 211-217. INST ARCH BE SCA and INST ARCH BE SCA (ISSUE DESK)
Woolf, G., 1993. Rethinking the oppida, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 12 (2), 223-233.
loA Pers and TEACHING COLL INST ARCH 129
Additional reading
15
Collis, J., 1975. Defended Sites of the late La Tène. Oxford: British Archaeological
Reports Supplementary Series 2. Look up examples of specific sites.
Collis, J., 1984. The European Iron Age, chapter 6 London: Batsford.
Collis, J., 1985. Oppida: Earliest Towns North of the Alps. Sheffield: Particularly Chapters
7, 8, and 9. Sheffield University Press.
Collis, J., 1995. States without centres? The middle La Tene period in temperate Europe,
in B. Arnold and D. Blair Gibson (eds) Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State. Cambridge: CUP, 7580. . INST ARCH DA 161 ARN
Moscati, S. (ed), 1991. The Celts. Bompiani/London: Thames and Hudson; 410-425.
Wells, P., 1984. Farms, Villages and Cities; Commerce and Urban Origins in Late
Prehistoric Europe. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press; chapter 6.
18.
Topic: The oppida of central Europe
We will consider the later Iron Age oppida (oppidum = Latin for town) of central
Europe in terms of their emergence, definition, and characteristics, and the nature
of the social complexity which they may represent.
Essential reading
Cumberpatch, C., 1995. Production and society in the Late Iron Age of Bohemia and
Moravia, in J. D. Hill and C. G. Cumberpatch (eds) Different Iron Ages. Oxford: British
Archaeological Reports Supplementary Series 602. INST ARCH DA 160 HIL (Issue Desk
status pending) and TEACHING COLL INST ARCH C432
Gebhard, R, 1995. The 'Celtic' oppidum of Manching and its exchange system, in J. D.
Hill and C. G. Cumberpatch (eds) Different Iron Ages. Oxford: British Archaeological
Reports Supplementary Series 602; 83-90. INST ARCH DA 160 Hll.. (Issue Desk status
pending) and TEACHING COLL ARCH 181
Additional reading
Collis, J., 1973. Manching reviewed, Antiquity, 280-83
Kramer, W. (ed.) -various dates, various authors -Die Ausgrabungen in Manching, vols 115 (e.g. imported pottery = vol. 8; glass industry = vol. 11).
Ralston, I. 2006. Celtic Fortifications. Stroud: Tempus
.
Wells, P., 1993. Settlement, Economy, and Cultural Change at the End of the European
Iron Age: Excavations at Kelheim in Bavaria, 1987-1991. Chapters 16, 17 and 18.
Michigan: International Monographs in Prehistory.
19.
Topic: Late Iron Age social change in Britain and north-west Europe
We will look at the new settlement and lifestyle configurations of the Late Iron Age
of temperate Europe. While the sites are often termed 'oppida', they are much more
variable than those of central Europe. In south-central and south-eastern Britain in
particular they are associated with new burial traditions, and lifestyles (new food
and new ways of serving wine and food), and changed concepts relating to the role
of the individual.
Essential reading
16
Brun, P. 1995. Oppida and social complexification in France, in JD.Hill and C.G.
Cumberpatch (eds) Different Iron Ages. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports
Supplementary Series 602,73-81. INSTARCHDA 160HIL (ISSUEDESK)
Haselgrove, C., 1982. Wealth prestige and power: the dynamics of political centralisation
in south-east England, in C. Renfrew and S. Shennan (eds) Ranking, Resource and
Exchange. Cambridge: CUP. INST ARCH REN 5 (ISSUE DESK), INST ARCH DC 100
QTO REN, ANTHROPOLOGY QUARTOS C5 REN, TEACHING COLL INST ARCH C432.
Additional reading
Audouze, F. and Buchsenschutz, 0., 1989. Towns, Villages and Countryside of Celtic
Europe. London: Batsford, 233-243.
Collis, J., 1980. Aulnat and urbanisation in France, Archaeological Journal 137; 40-49.
Fulford, M., 1987. Excavations at Calleva Atrebatum, Proceedings of the Prehistoric
Society 53; 271-278.
Hill, J.D., 1997. 'The end of one kind of body and the beginning of another kind of body?
Toilet instruments and 'Romanization' in southern England during the first century AD, in
A. Gwilt and C. Haselgrove (eds) Reconstructing Iron Age Societies. Oxford: Oxbow
Nash, D., 1976. The growth of urban society in France, in B. Cunliffe and T. Rowley (eds)
Oppida, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 11.
20.
Tutorial:To what extent can pre-Roman Iron Age Europe north of the Alps be
considered urban? Is this a useful way of approaching the changes of the
later Iron Age?
Instructions: read two of the following:
Andreev, Y. Y., 1989. Urbanization as a phenomenon of social history, Oxford
Journal of Archaeology 8 (2); 167-77. loA Pers, TEACHING COLL INST ARCH 128
Brun, P. 1995. Oppida and social complexification in France, in J.D.Hill and C.G.
Cumberpatch (eds) Different Iron Ages. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports
Supplementary Series 602, 73-81. INST ARCH DA 160 HIL (ISSUE DESK)
Cumberpatch, C., 1995. Production and society in the Late Iron Age of Bohemia
and Moravia, in J. D. Hill and C.G.Cumberpatch (eds) Different Iron Ages. Oxford:
British Archaeological Reports Supplementary Series 602. INST ARCH DA 160
Hll.. (ISSUE DESK) and TEACHING COLL INST ARCH C432
Haselgrove, C., 1982. Wealth prestige and power: the dynamics of political
centralisation in south-east England, in C. Renfrew and S. Shennan (eds) Ranking,
Resource and Exchange. Cambridge: CUP. INST ARCH REN 5 (ISSUE DESK),
INST ARCH DC 100 QTO REN, ANTHROPOLOGY QUARTOS C5 REN,
TEACHING COLL INST ARCH C432.
Woolf, G., 1993. Rethinking the oppida, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 12 (2), 223233. loA Pers and TEACHING COLL INST ARCH 129
13. ASSSSMENT
This course is assessed by coursework comprising TWO, 2,500-word Standard Essays
(50% each). The essay questions given below are deliberately broad to encourage you to
deal with broad issues while at the same time offering you the potential to select specific
17
case studies from Britain and Continental Europe. I am happy to discuss your choice of
case studies with each of you individually.
Essay 1 (Submission deadline Tuesday 24th November 2009 by 6pm)
a)
Does the evidence support the view that social stratification in temperate Europe
began in the Bronze Age? Discuss this, using specific examples.
OR
b)
In what ways were the uptake of ideas in the later Bronze Age of ‘temperate
Europe’ different to the inter-cultural connections and ‘life-views’ of the earlier
Bronze Age? Answer by focusing on one region and/or specific examples.
NB: ‘Later Bronze Age’ can be taken to encompass the British Middle and Late
Bronze Age and/or the ‘Urnfield traditions’ continental Europe.
OR
c)
Critically assess the various models forwarded for Hallstatt C and D developments
in Alpine and central Europe.
Essay 2 (Deadline Tuesday 9th February 2010 by 6pm)
d)
Critically assess the current archaeological study and presentation of La Tène art.
OR
e)
With the aid of examples, critically examine the modern use of the idea of ‘Celticity’
for the construction and definition of European national, regional, and competing
identities.
OR
f)
Evaluate the various frameworks within which pre-Roman urbanism north of the
Alps is defined and explained. Consider this using a range of specific examples.
Reading lists for the essay titles may be found under the relevant lecture headings
above.
Basic texts
General treatments of the ground covered in this course are to be found in relevant
chapters of Champion, T. et al. 1984. Prehistoric Europe (London: Academic Press)
INST ARCH DA 100 CHA (ISSUE DESK), and Cunliffe, B. (ed) 1994. The Oxford
Illustrated Prehistory of Europe (Oxford: OUP) INST ARCH DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK).
The basic text for the period down to 2500 BC is Alasdair Whittle's Europe in the
18
Neolithic (Cambridge University Press 1996) INST ARCH DA 140 (ISSUE DESK). The
Bronze Age is now covered by Anthony Harding's European Societies in the Bronze Age
(Cambridge University Press 2000). Useful texts for the Iron Age are Collis, J. 1992
(reprint from 1984) The European Iron Age. London: Batsford. INST ARCH DA 160 COL
(ISSUE DESK), and J. D. Hill and C. G. Cumberpatch (eds) 1998 Different Iron Ages.
Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Supplementary Series 602. INST ARCH DA 160
14. CITING OF SOURCES
Coursework should be expressed in your own words giving the exact source of any ideas,
information, diagrams, etc. that are taken from the work of others. Any direct quotations
from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between
inverted
commas. Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious irregularity, which can carry very
heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to read and abide by the requirements for
presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism to be found in the Coursework
Guidelines document at:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/referencing.htm
(or in your degree Handbook).
15. SUBMISSION PROCEDURES
The coursework must be stapled to a completed blue coversheet (available from the web
(http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/intranet/forms/index.htm), from outside Room 411A or
at Reception) and submitted to the course co-ordinator’s pigeon hole via the red essay
box at Reception by the appropriate deadline. Late submission will be penalised unless
permission has been granted and an Extension Request Form (ERF) completed.
Please see the Coursework Guidelines document at:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/submission.htm
(or your degree Handbook) for further details on the required procedure.
16. SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK TO Turnitin
In addition to submitting your coursework as described above, it is a requirement that you
submit it electronically to the Turnitin system:
(http://www.submit.ac.uk/static_jisc/ac_uk_index.html).
The Turnitin class ID for this course is 132520 and the enrolment password is IoA0910
Further information is given here:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/cfp.htm.
Turnitin advisors will be available to help you via email: ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk if you need
help generating or interpreting the reports.
(http://www.submit.ac.uk/static_jisc/ac_uk_index.html).
Students who fail to submit their coursework to Turnitin will not receive the mark for the
work in question until they have done so (although they will receive written feedback in the
usual way). The maximum mark for work that has not been submitted to Turnitin prior to
the meeting of the Board of Examiners will be a bare pass.
In advance of submitting your coursework for marking you may, if you wish, run your work
through the system in order to obtain a report on the originality of the wording and then
19
make any necessary adjustments prior to final submission. Please email the Turnitin
Advisers (ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk) if you need help generating or interpreting the reports.
It is important to recognise that the final decision about whether work contains plagiarism
rests with academic staff. Consequently, the presence or absence of matches in a Turnitin
report does not, by itself, provide a guarantee that the work in question either contains or
is free from plagiarism.
17. KEEPING COPIES
Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic)
of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you should
return it to the marker within two weeks. You may like to keep a copy of the comments if
you are likely to wish to refer to these later.
18. COMMUNICATION
If any changes need to be made to the course arrangements, these will normally be
communicated by email. It is therefore essential that you consult your UCL e-mail
account regularly.
19. DYSLEXIA AND OTHER DISABILIES
If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this.
Please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you.
Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework.
20 TUTORS
The Course Co-ordinator and teacher is:
Dr Sue Hamilton who is available for consultation in room 407 at the times posted on her
door, or by appointment.
Tel: 020 7679 4740 (Ext: 24739)
Email: s.hamilton@ucl.ac.uk