ARCLMG 145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014-­15 PAGE 1
ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY
15 credits
Turnitin Class ID: 2971020 Turnitin Password: IoA1516 Co-­ordinator: Professor Simon Hillson, simon.hillson@ucl.ac.uk, Institute of Archaeology Room 312, telephone 020 7679 4784 Please see the last pages of this document for important information about submission and marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages. Overview
Short description
This half-­unit course, taught in Term 2, gives a detailed introduction to the methodology used in the study of the dentition in archaeology and physical anthropology, and the main current issues in research. It provides an anatomical background to the dentition, morphological variation, histology, changes with age and development, and pathology, dealing especially with anatomically modern humans, but also including Neanderthals. The week-­by-­week schedule is given below. Methods of Assessment
This course is assessed by means of one essay (2500 words ± 5%) and a practical test (lasting about one hour). The essay counts for 60% of the final mark and the test for 40%. More detail on both assessments is given below. Teaching methods
Teaching is by lectures and practicals. Each week there is a lecture which introduces a topic in the study of the skull and prepares students for the practical session later in the week. Most lectures are based around Powerpoint presentations and these are available on Moodle, which is an online teaching resource that you will be able to access at any time on a password controlled UCL website. Details of this will be given during the first week of the course. Practicals are to teach students the identification PAGE 2
skills required, more general understanding of the anatomical structure of the skull, experience of sex and age estimation, measurement and non-­metrical variation. Most practicals are supported by worksheets and other handouts which are distributed each week. Prerequisites
This course does not have a prerequisite although, if you have no previous experience of the skeleton, it would be sensible to ask the advice of the course coordinator. Workload
There are 10 hours of seminars/lectures and 15 hours of practical sessions for this course. Students are expected to undertake around 90 hours of reading, plus 50 hours of independent practical work combined with preparation of the assessed work. In addition, about 25 hours revision is needed for the class test. This adds up to a total workload of 200 hours. Aim, objectives, assessment
Aims
This course introduces students to the study of the teeth in archaeology and physical anthropology, and the main current issues in research. It provides an anatomical background to the dentition, as well as morphological variation, sexual dimorphism, changes with age and development, and pathology. It deals specifically with the remains of Late Pleistocene and Holocene anatomically modern humans. Objectives
It is intended that this course will provide students with the skills required to plan a research project, under the supervision of a more experienced researcher. With this in mind, when they have successfully completed the course, students should: x be able to identify confidently all elements of human jaws and dentition x be able to label the main features of each tooth x have an understanding of variation in size and shape of the dentition, and its ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
x
x
x
interpretation in terms of sexual dimorphism, evolution, migration and growth. have an understanding of developmental processes in the formation of the jaws and teeth understand the different types of wear and their progression with age Learning outcomes
On successful completion of the course, in addition to specialist knowledge and skills, students should have developed skills of observation and inference, critical reflection and application of acquired knowledge. Coursework and Candidate Codes
PLEASE READ THIS. There are one essay and one class test. They are marked anonymously and you are identified by a candidate code of letters and numbers, for example like this: "XZZR5". They were introduced in 2012 and have caused quite a lot of trouble because they are difficult to remember and we continue to get a fair few wrong ones on the essays and tests that are handed in. If you are a continuing UCL student, this may be because you are using your last years code. They change every year and you need to look your current code up on Portico. It is very difficult for us to check, so please make SURE you've got it right! Even more problematic, the codes don't automatically appear on Turnitin (below) so make sure you start your essay title with your exam code like this: "XZZR5 What might variation in molar dimensions..." and do the same in the Word file for the essay itself. In short, use the code everywhere you would normally expect to put your name! Essay
ESSAY TITLE. Students develop their own essay question through consultation with their tutor. All questions must be agreed by the course coordinator at latest by the end of week 7 in Term 1. Please make sure the title is a genuine question, with a question mark, that can be answered by your essay. Do not make the title a statement. ,GRQ¶W
want a simple review of literature. The whole point is to get you to pose a research question and then assess critically and independently the published evidence that might answer it. PAGE 3
The course requirement is for one 2500 word essay and the deadline for handing it in at Reception in the Institute of Archaeology is 5 pm on the Friday of Week 1 of Term 3. It must also have been submitted to Turnitin and the date stamp is provided by that, not by Reception. New UCL-­wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework have been introduced with effect from the 2015-­16 session. Full details will be circulated to all students and will be made available on the IoA intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together with supporting documentation, vLD-XG\0HGULQJWRQ¶VRIILFHDQG will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are now acceptable are very limited. Those with long-­term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements. If students are unclear about what is required in the essay or the handing in procedure, they should ask the Course Co-­ordinator, who is willing to discuss an outline of the VWXGHQW¶VDSSURDFKWRWKHHVVD\SURYLGHGWKLVLVSODQQHGVXLWDEO\LQDGYDQFHRIWKH
submission date. Students are not permitted to re-­write and re-­submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. Essay format and presentation PLEASE READ THIS TOO. Keep the introduction short. Do not use it to summarise what you are going to argue later as that is simply a waste of space. Aim to write clearly and concisely. Start by amplifying your question and placing it in context. Then present the material that you have gathered to address your question in a logical order and exercising critical judgement. Finally, try to draw sensible conclusions from your material that answer the question you have set yourself in your title. For the essay in this course, please set your work out like this: x print on one side of the paper only (then we can write comments on the back if needed) x use 12 point size letters, ideally Arial typeface and 1.5-­line spacing (because I find it easier to see it clearly) x follow each full stop with two spaces RWKHUZLVHLW¶VYHU\KDUG for me to see where one sentence ends and the other starts) ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
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leave wide margins so comments can be written in them by examiners use diagrams and/or tables where appropriate, but only if you refer to them in the text, and give a caption which includes the source LI \RX¶YH FRSLed a diagram 2375²2625 words long (i.e. 2500 ± 5%) ± not including title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices. Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected. start your title with your Candidate Code (see above ± and get it right!) staple together the sheets in the top left corner, with the submission form at the front do not put your essay into any kind of binder, folder or envelope (it slows us down hugely when we mark them) Spelling and choice of words Do check your spelling, punctuation, grammar, citations and bibliography carefully, because there is no sense at all in being marked down for basic mistakes of this kind. Read it out loud ² you notice the punctuation and grammar better that way. Automatic spell checkers in word processing programs can let you down with strange errors, especially with anatomical and archaeological terms, and are no substitute at all for the human eye. Words commonly spelled wrongly in previous years include: sagittal, palate, eruption, protuberance, principal components, resorption. Binomials, or Genus species names go in italics like this: Homo sapiens or H. neanderthalensis. After \RX¶YHXVHGWKHGenus name, for example Homo, once in your essay it is permissible to abbreviate it to H. but it must always be a capital letter. The genus name always starts with a capital letter and the species name always starts with a lower case letter. The names never change, no matter what the context is and no matter whether or not WKH\ HQG LQ DQ ³-­V´ 7KHUH LVQRVXFKWKLQJDV³DVSHFLH´RU³D Homo sapien³ (yes I really have seen both several times). Always specify the dating scale you are using ± A.D., B.C. or B.P. 2000 B.C. or 2000 B.P. but A.D. 2000. Please pay attention to the order of the abbreviation in the date. Be very careful with words which are used both in statistics and in common writing, such as correlated or significant or population or sample. As much of the material you will be writing about comes from scientific papers PAGE 4
that report their results using statistics, I will assume you are using those terms with a specifically statistical meaning (for example where a significance test has been done or a correlation coefficient calculated). I use population to mean a living group of people who mate amongst themselves rather than with members of a different population. In no sense does a collection of skeletons from an archaeological site ever constitute a ³SRSXODWLRQ´7KHZKROHLGHDRID³VNHOHWDOSRSXODWLRQ´LVIUDQNO\VLOO\LI\RXWKLQNDERXW
it. 6LPLODUO\ LW LV QRW D ³VDPSOH´ EHFDXVH LQ D VWDWLVWLFDO VHQVH, this implies the collection was randomly selected from some once living population and this is demonstrably untrue as well as an obvious nonsense if you think about the situation carefully. Instead, we use the term assemblage, or collection. And then there are the ³-­D´ZRUGVVRPHdata, a single datum;; some agenda, an agendum;; a criterion, some criteria;; a bacterium, some bacteria 3OHDVH SOHDVH GRQ¶W WHOO PH VRPHWKLQJ LV
³LQWHUHVWLQJ´EHFDXVH I will decide that for myself, thank you6LPLODUO\SOHDVHGRQ¶W
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about it. Formal writing is not the same as ordinary spoken language and you need to leave out all those redundant, throat clearing expressions that you might use in conversation. Please be warned that I feel particularly strongly about the use of the words caries and hypoplasia. As used in dental anthropology these describe the conditions dental caries and enamel hypoplasia respectively. Note that they describe the condition and NOT the lesion itself. ,WLVQRWDFFHSWDEOHWRZULWHDERXW³DFDULH´RQDWRRth, RUHYHQ³VRPHFDULHV´7KHSKUDVH\RXPXVWXVHLV³DOHVLRQRIGHQWDOFDULHV´ Similarly, QHYHU ZULWH DERXW ³D K\SRSODVLD´ RU ³VRPH K\SRSODVLDV´ ,QVWHDG ZULWH ³D GHIHFW RI
HQDPHOK\SRSODVLD´2QHILQDOWKLQJ± EHFDUHIXODERXWXVLQJWKHZRUG³DEVFHVV´,WLV
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suggests that only very few will actually have been abscesses rather than granulomata or cysts which are much more common as causes of radiolucencies in x-­rays. General stylistic points We expect UK English spelling and grammar. In academic writing it is necessary to adapt so, for example, in some journals I need to write in North American English and we all need to get used to writing in a variety of styles. We expect your writing to be concise, to the point and logically organised into paragraphs. POHDVHGRQ¶WZULWHVLQJOH
sentence paragraphs. Group your ideas together a bit and make them flow. 6R,GRQ¶W
want your essay to read like an internet news bulletin or a party political statement but at the same time avoid very long and rambling sentences. My first publisher told me to write with alternating longer and shorter sentences and I do think he was right. For ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
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citations and references we use the Harvard V\VWHP'RQ¶WNQRZZKDWLWLV",W¶VDOOLQ
WKH0$06F+DQGERRNSDJHDQG\RX¶YHDOOJRWDFRS\RIWKDW. Just follow those instructions to the letter. For the citations, you have a choice of present tense or past tense aV LQ IRU H[DPSOH ³+LOOVRQ DQG 5DQGR VXJJHVW WKDW«´ DV RSSRVHG WR
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but I know others have been taught differently. Whichever you choose, please stick with the same choice throughout your essay. Backup your work PLEASE READ THIS. Every year at least one student has a problem with deleting their essay by mistake, broken down computer, or tKHIWDQGWKH\GRQ¶WKDYHDEDFNup copy of their essay, so they have to start again from scratch. Please do not let it be you. Of course you know all this but it seems I still need to remind everyone. Keep daily backups separately from your computer ± on a USB flash drive, email the file to yourself, Dropbox, Google Drive ± lots of options. Change the filename as you save GLIIHUHQW YHUVLRQV VR \RX GRQ¶W RYHU-­write previous versions. Numbering and dating your different versions actually in the filename is a really good idea. Class test
5 minutes to write about each one. You will remain seated in one place and the specimens will be passed round to change them every 5 minutes. For each specimen, what I expect you to write is the maximum number of observations and deductions you can make in the time available. This will include, for example: an identification of the tooth and its side;; comment on tooth wear;; state of development;; evidence of pathology;; morphological variants present. The test will take place on Friday of Week 10 of Term 2, during your normal practical class time, in Room 308 at the UCL Institute of Archaeology. You will not have seen the specimens before and you are not allowed to use your notes or books when you are taking the test ± if you have them with you in the museum they must be put away in your bag at the side of the room. You are strongly encouraged to spend a lot of your own time independently looking at dental specimens, with textbooks, making notes and diagrams. Drawing a specimen is a good way to understand its shape, even LI\RXGRQ¶WFRQVLGHU\RXUVHOIJRRGDWGUDZLQJ<RXFRXOGHYHQWDNHVRPHURXJK
measurements with a ruler to help you draw it reasonably in proportion. It is possible for you to book time at the Royal College of Surgeons and you will be able to use the smaller collection in room 308 of the Institute of Archaeology when it is not being used for other teaching (see timetable on door). Please let the course coordinator know in advance of the examination if you are registered with UCL as having dyslexia or any other learning difficulty which requires me to offer you extra examination time. Please also contact Judy Medrington (telephone 020 7679 4777 or email j.medrington@ucl.ac.uk) about this. We will allow you whatever extra time the UCL Dyslexia Centre has recommended for you. ONLINE RESOURCES
Institute of Archaeology coursework guidelines In the test you are asked to write short notes on each specimen that you are shown. Each specimen is a tooth ± no bone is present. There are 15 specimens and you have The test is written on a set of sheets which are provided for you, with a numbered box for each specimen that you can write in including boxes for tooth identification and side. So long as you write clearly, it will not matter what you write with (I will have some ³HPHUJHQF\´SHQVDQGSHQFLOVWKDW\RXFDQXVHLQFDVHRIDFFLGHQW'UDZLQJVDUH
acceptable if they help you to make your points quickly but, if not, it is usually better just to write your notes. It will not matter if your use of English is not grammatically correct so long as it is comprehensible ± note form is satisfactory. If you spell terms correctly, you will be credited for it, but so long as your meaning is clear you will at least receive some credit for recognising that a feature is there. When your test has been marked, it will be returned to you with a feedback sheet giving a short paragraph on the features and deductions which it is felt, at a minimum, you might be able to make on each specimen. This is purely intended as feedback, to avoid making detailed comments on your paper, and does not in any way constitute a marking scheme for the test. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/marking.htm Institute of Archaeology individual course information http://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/archaeology/course-­info/) UCL Moodle site http://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/ is a key resource for you ± log in with the course FRGH$5&/*DQGWKHSDVVZRUG³VNXOO´ American Association of Physical Anthropologists site http://physanth.org/ ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
We expect you to have about 10 good references that you cite in your essays. There is no excuse for having too few references because you can search and get access to an amazing array of material through the following resources: Google Scholar http://scholar.google.co.uk/. This is absolutely the fastest way to build a bibliography if you have at least some idea what you are looking for. Try different combinations of keywords. You can link Scholar to UCL library and ejournals by setting a link in Scholar Settings, Library links, Show library access links, UCL. Once \RX¶YHGRQHWKLVDlarge link, labelled "SFX@UCL -­ Fulltext" will appear if UCL has the item. You can then usually download a pdf. Google Scholar may point you to another source of a pdf file. If you know whaW\RX¶UHGRLQJDYHU\JRRGUHVRXUFH Google Books http://books.google.com/. You can get online access to a surprising number of books without leaving your computer. Worth trying before you go to the library. Archive http://archive.org/details/texts. This is an amazing resource of out-­of-­print books. Well worth looking at if you want something old, not in English or whatever. UCL Explore allows you to search for keywords http://ucl-­
primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=UCL_VU1&reset_config=true and you will find that quite a few books are available electronically through that. Worth a try anyway. PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ is a US public resource for medicine. Nevertheless, it has a wide coverage in general biological sciences, including items of interest to us. You can also use SFX links to UCL subscriptions by using the modified link http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?myncbishare=iukucllib&dr=Citation instead of the normal one. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Dyslexia and other disabilities
If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this. It is particularly important to do so well in advance of the practical test. Please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework. Libraries and other resources
In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this degree are the Science Library and Cruciform PAGE 6
Library. See also the online journal and database resources provided in the UCL library website: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/. A lot of relevant journals are available electronically, at least for recent years. Similarly some books are available online through UCL Explore (above). One of the most efficient ways to find what is available electronically is Google Scholar. With this you can search on a subject keyword or DXWKRU¶V QDPH $ MRXUQDO DUWLFOH PD\ DYDLODEOH H[WHUQDOO\ RU WKURXJK 8&/
subscriptions. ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
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Teaching schedule ² this is a Term 2 course Lectures, on Mondays at 12 ² 1 pm, in room 612 in the Institute of Archaeology Practicals, on Friday afternoons at either 11 am ² 1 pm or 2 ² 4 pm. You will be assigned to either the Morning or the Afternoon group after asking for your preference at our first lecture. None of us likes Fridays but unfortunately the timetable and large size of our group GRQ¶WJLYHXVDQDOWHUQDWLYH Two classes are in room 308 in the Institute of Archaeology and the rest are in either the Wellcome Museum or the MacRae Gallery of the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) located here: https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/about/find.html. When you arrive at the College, please wait in the foyer and we will come to issue entry passes and take you in to the museum. Please note that two of the classes (including the test) will take place in the Institute of Archaeology and not at RCS. x Student appraisal forms distributed, completed and collected in Week 9. x Review of course appraisal during class in Week 10. x Practical Test will take place in Week 10 of Term 2 x Essay will be handed in by 5 pm on the last day of Week 1 in Term 3. NB please note that, because of the short term this year we do not have a reading week and for this reason the test will take place during the last week. Week
Lectures and seminars
Room
Practicals
1 Introduction to teeth and tooth labelling MacRae Introduction to teeth ± basic features, DADAS 2 Tooth wear ± attrition, abrasion, erosion Wellcome Incisors and canines ± identifying features, development and wear, variation 3 Dental morphology and the origins of modern humans Wellcome Molar-­form teeth ± identifying features, development and wear, variation 4 Dental reduction and the evolution of modern humans Wellcome Premolar-­form teeth ± identifying features, development and wear, variation 5 The natural history of dental disease MacRae Dental palaeopathology 6 Stable isotopes, diet and dental disease 308 IoA Dental morphology ± measurements and ASUDAS recording scheme 7 Patterns of dental wear and microwear Wellcome Recording dental development and tooth wear 8 Age estimation from dentition Wellcome Enamel hypoplasia and the Selyean stress concept 9 Dental enamel histology & evolution of the dental development sequence Wellcome Occlusion and malocclusion 10 Dentine and cement histology 308 IoA Practical test
ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
Core texts including support for practical classes
S.W. Hillson (2005). Teeth. 2nd edition. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Institute of Archaeology Library BB2 HIL (available online at UCL Explore) S.W. Hillson (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Institute of Archaeology Library BB1 HIL (available online at UCL Explore) S.W. Hillson (2014). Tooth development in human evolution and bioarchaeology. Cambridge University Press (available online at UCL Explore) M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larsen, Ed. (1991). Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York : Wiley-­Liss. Institute of Archaeology Library BB 1 KEL L. Aiello, C. Dean (1990). An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy. London : Academic Press. Institute of Archaeology Library BB 1 AIE P.G. Stimson, C.A. Metz (1997). Forensic dentistry. Boca Raton : CRC Press. Institute of Archaeology Library JF STI D.K. Whittaker, D.G. MacDonald (1989). Colour atlas of forensic dentistry : Wolfe Medical. Medical Sciences JB 200 WHI B.K.B. Berkovitz, G. R. Holland, and B. L. Moxham (2002) Oral Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, 3rd edition, St Louis :C V Mosby. MEDICAL SCIENCES JB 220 BER A. R. Ten Cate (1989). Oral histology: development, structure and function. 4th Edition. St Louis: C V Mosby. MEDICAL SCIENCES JB 240 TEN Another important resource is DADAS ± Dental Anatomy for Dental and Anthropology Students ± by John T. Mayhall and Phillip L. Walker. You will be given access to it on a DVD. Journals, databases and the Web
The main journals to scan for material on human remains in archaeology are American Journal of Physical Anthropology, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and Journal of Human Evolution. These are in the UCL library and can be accessed through UCL electronic journals at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/ejournal/index.shtml. It is a good idea to keep checking the current issues on the web. For forensic studies, scan the Journal of Forensic Science and Forensic Science International, both available at Kings College library and Journal of Forensic Science at UCL from 2006. Journal of Forensic Science is on UCL electronic journals. For databases try the UCL library site http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/database/index.shtml. There are good anthropology databases. If you do a search on these, you will get most of the major PAGE 8
journal sources. There is also quite a lot of material on anthropology and forensics generally on the Web. Particular dental anthropology resources are: Teaching module for tooth identification (a self-­test) -­ http://courses.md.huji.ac.il/97615_e/ Web tooth identification (self test) -­ http://www.dent.ohio-­state.edu/scheid/ Dental Anthropology Journal -­ http://anthropology.osu.edu/DAA/dentalanthropologyjournal.htm WARNING! The internet is completely anarchic -­ no refereed articles, no control over who sets up a website or on what is put in it. There are some very strange ideas out there. Treat everything on the internet with caution, and verify in books, journals, etc. from the library. Reading list for main topics covered
Introduction to jaw anatomy, general tooth anatomy, directions and sides, tooth
labelling systems, checklists and recording forms
Use main textbooks above, in particular relevant sections in: S.W. Hillson (2005) Teeth (this is a fully revised 2nd edition) and S.W. Hillson (1996). Dental anthropology (both available online at UCL Explore). Abrasion and anomalous tooth wear ² individual features and cultural
phenomena
The form of wear facets and gradient of wear along the dentition show contrasts particularly between hunter-­gatherers and agriculturalists. In addition, there is a wide variety of different abrasions and scratches that may appear outside the usual areas of attrition. These are the subject of lively debate. S.W. Hillson (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (chapter 11) S.W. Hillson (2005). Teeth. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (chapter 3, especially pp 214-­219) T. Brown, S. Molnar (1990). Interproximal grooving and task activity in Australia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 81, 545-­553. S. Molnar (1971). Human tooth wear, tooth function and cultural variability. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 34, 175-­190. M.H. Wolpoff (1970). Interstitial wear. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 34, 205-­
228. R.J. Hinton (1981). Form and patterning of anterior tooth wear among aboriginal human groups. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 54, 555-­564. R.J. Hinton (1982). ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
Differences in interproximal and occlusal tooth wear among prehistoric Tennessee Indians: implications for masticatory function. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 57, 103-­115. J.W. Osborn (1982). Helicoidal plane of dental occlusion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 57, 273-­281. B.H. Smith (1984). Patterns of molar wear in hunter-­gatherers and agriculturalists. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 63, 39-­56.B.H. Smith (1986). Development and evolution of the helicoidal plane of dental occlusion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 69, 21-­35. G.R. Milner, C.S. Larsen (1991). Teeth as artifacts of human behavior: intentional mutilation and accidental modification. In: M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larsen, Ed. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York : Wiley-­Liss. 357-­378. C.S. Larsen (1985). Dental modifications and tool use in the western Great Basin. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 67, 393-­402. C.L. Fox, D.W. Frayer (1997). Non-­dietary marks in the anterior dentition of the Krapina Neanderthals. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology,7, 133-­149. J.M. Bermudez de Castro, et al. (1997). Interproximal grooving in the Atapuerca-­SH hominid dentitions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology,102, 369-­376. J.M. Bermúdez de Castro, et al. (1988). Buccal striations on fossil human anterior teeth: evidence of handedness in the middle and early Upper Pleistocene. Journal of Human Evolution, 17, 403-­412. Turner, G. & Anderson, T. (2003). Marked Occupational Dental Abrasion from Medieval Kent. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13, pp. 168-­172. Irish, J.D. & Turner, C.G. (1987). More lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth in American Indians: prehistoric Panamanians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 73, pp. 209-­213. Sundadonty, sinodonty and the origins of modern humans
Non-­metrical features of the teeth vary in a consistent pattern between living people (they seem to be much more strongly patterned than non-­metrical features of the skull). They have been used to develop an alternative theory for the origins of modern humans, and there has been recent discussion of the interpretations made. S.W. Hillson (2005). Teeth. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (chapter 4, especially pp 257-­260 and 272-­281) S.W. Hillson (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (chapters 2 and 3, especially pp 85-­103) Irish, J.D. (1998). Ancestral dental traits in recent Sub-­Saharan Africans and the origins of modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution, 34, pp. 81-­98. Irish, J.D. & Guatelli-­Steinberg, D. (2003). Ancient teeth and modern human origins: an expanded comparison of African Plio-­Pleistocene and recent world dental samples. Journal of Human Evolution, 45, pp. 113-­144. PAGE 9
Irish, J.D. (2000). The Iberomaurusian enigma: North African preogenitor or dead end? Journal of Human Evolution, 39, pp. 393-­410.Irish, J.D. (2005). Population Continuity vs. Discontinuity Revisited: Dental Affinities Among Late Paleolithic Through Christian-­Era Nubians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 128, pp. 520-­535. C.G. Turner II (1989). Teeth and prehistory in Asia. Scientific American, February 1989, 88-­96. C.G. Turner II (1990). Major features of Sundadonty and Sinodonty, including suggestions about East Asian microevolution, population history, and late Pleistocene relationships with Australian aboriginals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 82, 295-­317. G.R. Scott, C.G. Turner II (1997). The anthropology of modern human teeth. Dental morphology and its variation in recent human populations. Cambridge Studies in Biological Anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge Univesity Press. J.D. Irish (1997). Characteristic high-­ and low-­frequency dental traits in Sub-­Saharan African populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology,102, 455-­468. C.B. Stringer, et al. (1997). Cladistic analysis of dental traits in recent humans using a fossil outgroup. Journal of Human Evolution,32, 389-­402. Bailey, S.E. (2002). A closer look at Neanderthal postcanine dental morphology: the mandibular dentition. The Anatomical Record, 269, pp. 148-­156. Bailey, S.E. & Hublin, J.J. (2006). Dental remains from the Grotte du Renne at Arcysur-­Cure (Yonne). Journal of Human Evolution, 50, pp. 485-­508. Bailey, S.E. & Lynch, J.M. (2005). Diagnostic differences in mandibular P4 shape between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 126, pp. 268-­277. H. Grüneberg (1963). The pathology of development. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications. R.J. Berry (1968). The biology of non-­metrical variation in mice and men. In: D.R. Brothwell, Ed. The skeletal biology of earlier human populations. Symposia of the Society for the Study of Human Biology. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 104-­133. A.C. Berry, R.J. Berry (1967). Epigenetical variation in the human cranium. Journal of Anatomy, 101, 361-­379. A.C. Berry, R.J. Berry (1972). Origins and relationships of the ancient Egyptians. Based on a study of non-­metrical variation in the skull. Journal of Human Evolution, 1, 199-­208. T. Sjøvold (1984). A report of the heritability of some cranial measurements and non-­metric traits. In: G.N. van Vark, W.W. Howells, Ed. Multivariate statistical methods in physical anthropology. Dordrecht : Reidel. 223-­246.T. Sjøvold (1986). Infrapopulation differences and genetics of non-­metrical traits. In: B. Herrmann, Ed. Innovative trends in prehistoric anthropology. Berlin : Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 81-­93. G. Hauser, G.F. de Stefano, Ed. (1989). Epigenetic variation of the human skul. Stuttgart : E Schweizerbart'sch Verlagsbuchhandlung. ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
G.P. Rightmire (1976). Discrete traits in African skulls. In: E. Giles, J.S. Friedlaender, Ed. The measures of man. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Peabody Museum Press. 383-­407. Dental reduction and the evolution of modern humans
One of the features of human evolution is a progressive reduction in the size of teeth and jaws. In anatomically modern Homo sapiens, the most rapid dental reduction took place between early and late Upper Palaeolithic contexts throughout the world. A variety of different theories have been proposed to explain this. S.W. Hillson (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (chapter 3) S.W. Hillson (2005). Teeth. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (chapter 4, especially pp 257-­272) J.A. Kieser (1990). Human adult odontometrics. Cambridge Studies in Biological Anthropology 4. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (chapter 5) Hillson, S.W., Fitzgerald, C.M. & Flinn, H.M. (2005). Alternative dental measurements ± proposals and relationships with other measurements. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 126, pp. 413-­426. Harris, E.F. & Bailit, H.L. (1988). A principal components analysis of human odontometrics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 75, pp. 87-­99. Harris, E.F. (2001). Deciduous tooth size distributions in recent humans: a world-­wide survey. In: Brook, A.H.(Ed.), Dental Morphology 2001 Sheffield. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp. 13-­30. Harris, E.F. & Rathbun, T.A. (1991). Ethnic differences in the apportionment of tooth sizes. In: Kelley, M.A. & Larsen, C. S. (Eds), Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York: Wiley-­Liss, pp. 121-­142. Harris, E.F. (2003). Where's the variation? Variance components in tooth sizes of the permanent dentition. Dental Anthropology, 16, pp. 84-­94. J.M. Calcagno (1989). Mechanisms of human dental reduction. A case study from post-­
Pleistocene Nubia. University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology 18. Lawrence : University of Kansas.C.L. Brace, et al. (1987). Gradual change in human tooth size in the late Pleistocene and post-­Pleistocene. Evolution, 41, 705-­720. C.L. Brace, et al. (1991). What big teeth you had Grandma! Human tooth size, past and present. In: M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larsen, Ed. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York : Wiley-­Liss. 33-­57. J.M. Calcagno, K.R. Gibson (1991). Selective compromise: evolutionary trends and mechanisms in hominid tooth size. In: M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larsen, Ed. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York : Wiley-­Liss. 59-­76. G. y'Edynak (1989). Yugoslav Mesolithic dental reduction. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 78, 17-­36. D.W. Frayer (1978). Evolution of the dentition in Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Europe. University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology 10. Lawrence : University of Kansas. PAGE 10
D.W. Frayer (1980). Sexual dimorphism and cultural evolution in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of Europe. Journal of Human Evolution, 9, 399-­415. E. Trinkaus (1980). Sexual differences in Neanderthal limb bones. Journal of Human Evolution, 9, 377-­397. D.W. Frayer (1984). Biological and cultural change in the European Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. In: F.H. Smith, F. Spencer, Ed. The origin of modern humans. New York : Alan R. Liss. 211-­250. Brown, P. & Maeda, T. (2004). Post-­Pleistocene diachronic change in East Asian facial skeletons: the size, shape and volume of the orbits. Anthropological Science, 112, pp. 29-­40. Hanihara, T. & Ishida, H. (2005). Metric Dental Variation of Major Human Populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 128, p. 298. Evolution of the dental development sequence in Hominoids
The layered structure of dental enamel has been used to reconstruct the chronology of dental development in various fossil hominids, and this has produced results which are at variance with some other interpretations of the same fossil jaws. This has led to a lively discussion about the correct position of fossil hominids in relation to the ape pattern of development and the contrasting modern human pattern. S.W. Hillson (2014). Tooth development in human evolution and bioarchaeology. Cambridge University Press B. Wood (1996). Hominid palaeobiology: have studies of comparative development come of age? American Journal of Physical Anthropology,99, 9-­16.S.W. Hillson (2005). Teeth. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (especially pp155-­184 and 207-­214) S.W. Hillson (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (especially pp 177-­181) A.D. Beynon, M.C. Dean (1988). Distinct dental development patterns in early fossil hominids. Nature, 335, 509-­514. M.C. Dean, et al. (1993). Histological Reconstruction of dental development and age at death of a juvenile Paranthropus robustus specimen, SK 63, from Swartkrans, South Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology,91, 401-­420. A.D. Beynon, M.C. Dean (1991). Hominid dental development. Nature, 351, 196. A. Mann, et al. (1990). Patterns of ontogeny in human evolution: evidence from dental development. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 33, 111-­150. A.E. Mann, et al. (1991). Investigation into the Relationship Between Perikymata Counts and Crown Formation Times. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86, 175-­188. B.H. Smith (1991). Dental Development and the Evolution of Life History in Hominidae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86, 157-­174. Dean, M.C., Leakey, M.G., Reid, D.J., Schrenk, F., Schwartz, G., Stringer, C.B. & Walker, A. (2001). Growth processes in teeth distinguish modern humans from Homo erectus and earlier hominins. Nature, 414, pp. 628-­631. ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
Dean, M.C. & Reid, D.J. (2001). Perikymata spacing and distribution on hominid anterior teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 116, pp. 209-­215. Dean, M.C. (2010). Retrieving chronological age from dental remains of early fossil hominins to reconstruct human growth in the past. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365, pp. 1556-­
3397. Antoine, D.M., Hillson, S. & Dean, M.C. (2009). The developmental clock of dental enamel: a test for the periodicity of prism cross-­striations in modern humans and an evaluation of the most like sources or error in histological studies of this kind. Journal of Anatomy, 214, pp. 45-­
55. Dean, M.C. & Smith, B.H. (2009). Growth and development of the Nariokotome youth, KNM-­WT 15000. In: Grine, F.E. & Fleagle, J. G. (Eds), The First Humans: Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo. 101: 120, pp. 101-­120. Dean, M.C. & Lucas, V.S. (2009). Dental and skeletal growth in early fossil hominins. Annals of Human Biology, 36, pp. 545-­561. Dean, M.C. (2009). Growth in tooth height and extension rates in modern human and fossil hominin canines and molars. In: Koppe, T., Meyer, G. & Alt, G. R. (Eds), Frontiers of oral biology: interdisciplinary dental morphology. Basel: Karger, pp. 68-­ 73. Humphrey, L.T., Dean, M.C., Jeffries, T.E. & Penn, M. (2008). Unlocking evidence of early diet from tooth enamel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, p. 6834. Dean, M.C. (2007). Growing up slowly 160,000 years ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, pp. 6093-­6094. Dean, M.C. (2006). Tooth microstructure tracks the pace of human life-­history evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 273, pp. 2799-­2808. Smith, T.M., Tafforeau, P., Reid, D.J., Grun, R., Eggins, S. & Boutaklout, M. (2007). Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North Africa early Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, pp. 6128-­6133. Smith, T.M., Toussaint, M., Reid, D.J., Olejniczak, A.J. & Hublin, J.J. (2007). Rapid dental development in a Middle Paleolithic Belgian Neanderthal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, pp. 20220-­20225. Smith, T.M., Reid, D.J. & Sirianni, J.E. (2006). The accuracy of histological assessments of dental development and age at death. Journal of Anatomy, 208, pp. 125-­138. Tafforeau, P. & Smith, T.M. (2008). Nondestructive imaging of hominoid dental microstructure using phase contrast X-­ray synchrotron microtomography. Journal of Human Evolution, 54, pp. 272-­278. Smith, T.M., Smith, B.H., Reid, D.J., Siedel, H., Vigilant, L., Hublin, J.J. & Boesch, C. (2010). Dental development of the Taï Forest chimpanzees revisited. Journal of Human Evolution. Smith, T.M., Tafforeau, P., Reid, D.J., Pouech, J., Lazzari, V., Zermeno, J.P., GuatelliSteinberg, D., Olejniczak, A.J., Hoffman, A., Radov, J., Makaremi, M., Toussaint, M., Stringer, C. & Hublin, J.J. (2010). Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, p. 20923. Smith, T.M. (2008). Incremental dental development: methods and applications in hominoid evolutionary studies. Journal of Human Evolution, 54, pp. 205-­224. Smith, T.M. & Tafforeau, P. PAGE 11
(2008). New visions of dental tissue research: tooth development, chemistry, and structure. Evolutionary Anthropology, 17, pp. 213-­226. Mahoney, P., Smith, T.M., Schwartz, G.T., Dean, C. & Kelley, J. (2007). Molar crown formation in the Late Miocene Asian hominoids, Sivapithecus parvada and Sivapithecus indicus. Journal of Human Evolution, 53, pp. 61-­68. Smith, T.M., Reid, D.J., Dean, M.C., Olejniczak, A.J., Ferrell, R.J. & Martin, L.B. (2007). New perspectives on chimpanzee and human molar crown development. In: Bailey, S.E. & Hublin, J. J. (Eds), Dental perspectives on human evolution. State-­of-­the-­art research in dental palaeoanthropology. Max Planck Institute Subseries in Human Evolution. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 177-­192. Guatelli-­Steinberg, D., Reid, D.J., Bishop, T.A. & Larsen, C.S. (2005). Anterior tooth growth periods in Neandertals were comparable to those of modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, pp. 14197-­14202. Guatelli-­Steinberg, D., Reid, D.J. & Bishop, T.A. (2007). Did the lateral enamel of Neandertal anterior teeth grow differently from that of modern humans? Journal of Human Evolution, 52, pp. 72-­84. Guatelli-­Steinberg, D., Reid, D.J., Bishop, T.A. & Larsen, C.S. (2007). Not so fast: a reply to Ramirez Rozzi and Sardi (2007). Journal of Human Evolution, 53, pp. 114-­ 118. Guatelli-­Steinberg, D. & Reid, D.J. (2008). What molars contribute to an emerging understanding of lateral enamel formation in Neandertals vs. modern Smith, T.M., Reid, D.J., Dean, M.C., Olejniczak, A.J., Ferrell, R.J. & Martin, L.B. (2007). New perspectives on chimpanzee and human molar crown development. In: Bailey, S.E. & Hublin, J. J. (Eds), Dental perspectives on human evolution. State-­of-­the-­art research in dental palaeoanthropology. Max Planck Institute Subseries in Human Evolution. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 177-­192. Guatelli-­Steinberg, D., Reid, D.J., Bishop, T.A. & Larsen, C.S. (2005). Anterior tooth growth periods in Neandertals were comparable to those of modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, pp. 14197-­14202. Reid, D.J., Guatelli-­Steinberg, D. & Walton, P. (2008). Variation in modern human premolar enamel formation times: implications for Neandertals. Journal of Human Evolution, 54, pp. 225-­235. Guatelli-­Steinberg, D. (2009). Recent studies of dental development in Neandertals: implications for Neandertal life histories. Evolutionary Anthropology, 18, pp. 9-­20. Enamel hypoplasia and the Selyean stress concept
Over the past 20 years, one of the dominant models for interpreting collections of archaeological material is based upon the physiological stress hypothesis of Hans Selye. In this concept, stressors are seen as non-­VSHFLILFHQYLURQPHQWDOIDFWRUVZKLFKGLVWXUEWKHERG\¶V
normal physiological balance. Such disturbances are monitored by a variety of stress indicators, such as enamel hypoplasia or periosteal bone reaction, and the prevalence of such indicators is compared between different groups. So, for example, the adoption of agricultural subsistence is seen as increasing the level of stress in ancient native Americans. ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
S.W. Hillson (2014). Tooth development in human evolution and bioarchaeology. Cambridge University Press S.W. Hillson (2005). Teeth. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (especially 168-­ 176) S.W. Hillson (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (especially pp 165-­177) Hillson, S.W. & Bond, S. (1997). Relationship of enamel hypoplasia to the pattern of tooth crown growth: a discussion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 104, pp. 89-­104. Ritzman, T.B., Baker, B.J. & Schwartz, G.T. (2008). A fine line: A comparison of methods for estimating ages of linear enamel hypoplasia formation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 135, pp. 348-­361. King, T., Hillson, S. & Humphrey, L.T. (2002). A detailed study of enamel hypoplasia in a post-­
medieval adolescent of known age and sex. Archives of Oral Biology, 47, pp. 29-­39. King, T., Humphrey, L.T. & Hillson, S.W. (2005). Linear enamel hypoplasias as indicators of systemic physiological stress: Evidence from two known age-­at-­death and sex populations from postmedieval London. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 128, pp. 547-­559. Hillson, S.W., Antoine, D.M. & Dean, M.C. (1999). A Detailed Developmental Study of the Defects of Dental Enamel in a Group of Post-­Medieval Children from London. In: Mayhall, J.T. & Heikinnen, T. (Eds), Dental Morphology '98. Oulu: Oulu University Press, pp. 102-­111. I will give you a copy. Guatelli-­Steinberg, D., Larsen, C.S. & Hutchinson, D.L. (2004). Prevalence and the duration of linear enamel hypoplasia: a comparative study of Neandertals and Inuit foragers. Journal of Human Evolution, 47, pp. 65-­84. A.H. Goodman, et al. (1988). Biocultural Perspectives of Stress in Prehistoric, Historical and Contemporary Population Research. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 31, 169-­202. H. Bush (1991). Concepts of health and stress. In: H. Bush, M. Zvelebil, Ed. Health in Past Societies. British Archaeological Reports International Series. Oxford : Tempus Reparatum. Vol. 567, 11-­21. D.C. Cook (1981). Mortality, age-­structure, and status in interpretation of stress indicators in prehistoric skeletons: a dental example from the lower Illinois Valley. In: R. Chapman, et al., Ed. The Archaeology of Death. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 133-­144. A.H. Goodman, G.J. Armelagos (1988). Childhood Stress and Decreased Longevity in a Prehistoric Population. American Anthropologist, 90, 936-­944. A.H. Goodman, et al. (1980). Enamel Hypoplasias as Indicators of Stress in Three Prehistoric Populations from Illinois. Human Biology, 52, 515-­528.A.H. Goodman, J.C. Rose (1990). Assessment of Systemic Physiological Perturbations From Dental Enamel Hypoplasias and Associated Histological Structures. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 33, 59-­110. D.L. Hutchinson, C.P. Larsen (1988). Determination of stress episode duration from linear HQDPHOK\SRSODVLDVDFDVHVWXG\IURP6W&DWKHULQH¶V,VODQG*HRUJLDHuman Biology, 60, 93-­110. PAGE 12
D.L. Hutchinson, C.S. Larsen (1990). Chapter 4. Stress and lifeway changes: the evidence from enamel hypoplasias. In: C.S. Larsen, Ed. The archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: 2. Biocultural interpretations of a population in transition. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 68. New York : American Museum of Natural History. 50-­65. J.O. Kelley, J.L. Angel (1987). Life stresses of slavery. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 74, 199-­211. E.J. Neiburger (1990). Enamel Hypoplasias -­ Poor Indicators of Dietary Stress. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 82, 231-­232. M.D. Ogilvie, E. Trinkaus (1990). Enamel Hypoplasias -­ Poor Indicators of Dietary Stress -­ Reply. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 82, 232-­233. J.D. Rudney, D.L. Greene (1982). Interpopulation differences in the severity of early childhood stress in ancient lower Nubia: implications for hypotheses of X-­group origins. Journal of Human Evolution, 11, 559-­565. S.W. Simpson, et al. (1990). Coping with stress, tooth size, dental defects and age-­atdeath. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 68, 66-­ 77. C.E. Wall (1991). Evidence of weaning stress and catch-­up growth in the long bones of a central California Amerindian sample. Annals of Human Biology, 18, 9-­22. L. Wright (1990). Stresses of conquest: a study of Wilson bands and enamel hypoplasias in the Maya of Lamanai, Belize. American Journal of Human Biology, 2, 25-­35. C.S. Larsen (1997). Bioarchaeology. Cambridge Studies in Biological Anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. C.S. Larsen (1981). Skeletal and dental adaptations to the shift to agriculture on the Georgia Coast. Current Anthropology, 22, 422-­423. C.S. Larsen (1984). Bioarchaeological interpretations of subsistence economy and behavior from human skeletal remains. In: M. Schiffer, Ed. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. New York : Academic Press. Vol. 10, 339-­443. C.S. Larsen, Ed. (1990). The archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: 2. Biocultural interpretations of a population in transition. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 68. New York : American Museum of Natural History. C.S. Larsen (1995). Biological changes in human populations with agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 185-­213. C.S. Larsen, R.L. Kelley (1995). Bioarchaeology of the Stillwater Marsh. Prehistoric human adaptation in the Western Great Basin. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History Number 77. New York : American Museum of Natural History. C.S. Larsen, G.R. Milner, Ed. (1994). In the wake of contact. Biological responses to conquest. New York : Wiley-­Liss. C.S. Larsen, et al. (1990). Beyond demographic collapse: biological adaptation and change in native populations of La Florida. In: D.H. Thomas, Ed. Columbian consequences. Volume 2: Archaeological and historical perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands East. Washington & London : Smithsonian Institution Press. 409-­428. ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
Age estimation from dental development, wear and histology
Dental attrition is an important part of age estimation in the remains of adults from archaeological collections, although it is of little use in post-­Medieval and forensic material. It is important to understand the assumptions underlying the main attrition ageing methods before applying them. The development of teeth in children, and the histological changes within them during adulthood, are also the basis of many age estimation methods. Some are applied routinely in archaeology and forensic odontology, whilst others are more occasionally used. All make assumptions, and these need to be discussed. S.W. Hillson (2005). Teeth. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (chapter 3) S.W. Hillson (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (chapters 5 and 9, especially pp 193-­194 and 231-­242) P.L. Walker, et al. (1991). Estimating age from tooth wear in archaeological populations. In: M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larsen, Ed. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York : Wiley-­Liss. 169-­178. P.L. Walker (1996). Modern variation in tooth wear rates (abstract). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 22, 237. D.R. Brothwell (1963). Digging up bones. London & Oxford : British Museum & Oxford University Press. D.R. Brothwell (1989). The relationship of tooth wear to aging. In: M.Y. Iscan, Ed. Age markers in the human skeleton. Springfield : Charles C Thomas. 303-­316. C.O. Lovejoy (1985). Dental wear in the Libben population: its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68, 47-­56. L.C. Richards, S.L. Miller (1991). Relationships between age and dental attrition in Australian aboriginals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 84, 159-­164. A.E.W. Miles (1962). Assessment of the ages of a population of Anglo-­Saxons from their dentitions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 55, 881-­886. A.E.W. Miles (1978). Teeth as an indicator of age in man. In: P.M. Butler, K.A. Joysey, Ed. Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth. London : Academic Press. 455-­462. G.W. Nowell (1978). An evaluation of the Miles method of ageing using the Tepe Hissar dental sample. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 49, 271-­276. J.A. Kieser, et al. (1983). Skeletal age at death: an evaluation of the Miles method of ageing. Journal of Archaeological Science, 10, 9-­12. C.O. Lovejoy, et al. (1985). Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: a method and blind tests of its accuracy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68, 1-­14. B.H. Smith (1991). Standards of Human Tooth formation and Dental Age Assessment. In: M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larsen, Ed. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York : Wiley-­Liss. 143-­168. G. Gustafson (1966). Forensic odontology. London : Staples Press. D. Lucy, et al. (1996). A Bayesian approach to adult human age estimation from dental observations by Johanson's age changes. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41, 5-­10. PAGE 13
D. Lucy, A.M. Pollard (1995). Further comments on the estimation of error associated with the Gustafson dental age estimation method. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40, 222-­227. D. Lucy, et al. (1995). A comparison of three dental techniques for estimating age at death in humans. Journal of Archaeological Science, S.I. Kvaal, et al. (1995). A comparison of different non-­destructive methods of age estimation in skeletal material. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 4, 363-­ 370. S.I. Kvaal, T. Solheim (1995). Incremental lines in human dental cementum in relation to age. European Joural of Oral Science,103, 225-­230. D.K. Charles, et al. (1986). Cementum annulation and age determination in Homo sapiens. I. Tooth variability and observer error. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 71, 311-­320. Condon, et al. (1986). Cementum annulation and age determination in Homo sapiens. II. Estimates and accuracy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 71, 321-­330. E.M. Stermer Beyer-­Olsen, et al. (1994). Dental root dentine translucency used in age determination of Medieval Norwegians from Trondheim. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 4, 305-­310. K. Vasiliadis, et al. (1983). The amount and distribution of sclerotic human root dentine. Archives of Oral Biology, 28, 645-­649. L. Vasiliadis, et al. (1983). The histology of sclerotic human root dentine. Archives of Oral Biology, 28, 693-­700. Dental microwear
If the surface of a wear facet is examined under the microscope, a pattern of tiny scratches and pits can be seen. A great deal of effort has been put into investigating these patterns, and trying to understand their relationship with the nature of the diet. This has particularly been applied to the study of fossil hominids and pongids, but there have also been studies of more recent archaeological material. S.W. Hillson (2005). Teeth. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (especially 219-­ 223) S.W. Hillson (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (especially pp 243-­251) M.F. Teaford (1988). A review of dental microwear and diet in modern mammals. Scanning Microscopy, 2, 1149-­1166. M.F. Teaford (1991). Dental microwear: what can it tell us about diet and dental function. In: M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larsen, Ed. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York : Wiley-­Liss. 341-­
356. K.D. Gordon (1984). Orientation of occlusal contacts in the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus, deduced from scanning electron microscopic analysis of dental microwear patterns. Archives of Oral Biology, 29, 783-­787. K.D. Gordon (1988). A review of methodology and quantification in dental microwear analysis. Scanning Microscopy, 2, 1139-­1147. ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
T. Molleson, et al. (1993). Dietary change and the effects of food preparation on microwear patterns in the Late Neolithic of abu Hureyra, northern Syria. Journal of Human Evolution, 24, 455-­468. T. Molleson, K. Jones (1991). Dental evidence for dietary change at Abu Hureyra. Journal of Archaeological Science, 18, 525-­539. Sempebron, G.A., Godfrey, L.R., Solounias, N., Sutherland, M.R. & Jungers, W.L. (2004). Can low-­magnification stereomicroscopy reveal diet? Journal of Human Evolution, 47, pp. 115-­144. Solounias, N., Teaford, M.F. & Walker, A. (1988). Interpreting the diet of extinct ruminants: the case of a non-­browsing giraffid. Paleobiology, 14, pp. 287-­300. Solounias, N. & Hayek, L.-­A. (1993). New methods of tooth microwear analysis and application to dietary determination of two extinct antelopes. Journal of Zoology, 229, pp. 421-­445. Scott, R.S., Ungar, P.S., Bergstrom, T.S., Brown, C.A., Grine, F.E., Teaford, M.F. & Walker, A. (2005). Dental microwear texture analysis shows withinspecies diet variability in fossil hominins. Nature, 436, pp. 693-­695. Ungar, P. S., Scott, R. S., Grine, F. E. and Teaford, M. F. (2010). Molar microwear textures and the diets of Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365(1556): 3345-­3354. Ungar, P. S., Krueger, K. L., Blumenschine, R. J., Njau, J. and Scott, R. S. (2012). Dental microwear texture analysis of hominins recovered by the Olduvai Landscape Paleoanthropology Project, 1995±2007. Journal of human evolution 63(2): 429-­437. Ungar, P. S. and Sponheimer, M. (2011). The diets of early hominins. Science 334(6053): 190-­193. The natural history of dental caries, tooth loss and periodontal disease
The main dental conditions seen in archaeological human remains are caries, calculus, periodontal disease and periapical inflammation. The types of lesion seen, their pattern of occurrence within the dentition, and their prevalence, show a strong progression with age. Also, in high tooth wear-­rate populations, there is a complex relationship between these dental conditions and increasing wear. Together, these have potential as a means of investigating past diets. S.W. Hillson (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Hillson, S.W. (2000). Dental pathology. In (M.A. Katzenberg & S.R. Saunders, Ed.) Biological anthropology of the human skeleton. New York : Wiley-­Liss, pp. 249-­287. Thylstrup, A. & Fejerskov, O. (1994). Textbook of clinical cariology. Copenhagen : Munksgaard. Hillson, S.W. (2001). Recording dental caries in archaeological human remains. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 11, pp 249-­289.M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larsen, Ed. (1991). Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York : Wiley-­Liss. V. Alexandersen (1967). The evidence for injuries to the jaws. In: D.R. Brothwell, A.T. Sandison, Ed. Diseases in antiquity. Springfield : Thomas. 623-­629. PAGE 14
V. Alexandersen (1967). The pathology of the jaws and temporomandibular joint. In: D.R. Brothwell, A.T. Sandison, Ed. Diseases in antiquity. Springfield : Thomas. 551-­595. C.F. Hildebolt, S. Molnar (1991). Measurement and description of periodontal disease in anthropological studies. In: M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larsen, Ed. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York : Wiley-­Liss. 225-­240. N.G. Clarke, et al. (1986). Periodontal disease in ancient populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 71, 173-­183. N.G. Clarke, R.S. Hirsch (1991). Physiological, pulpal, and periodontal factors influencing alveolar bone. In: M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larsen, Ed. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York : Wiley-­Liss. 241-­266. D.K. Whittaker, et al. (1990). Continuing tooth eruption and alveolar crest height in an eighteenth-­century population from Spitalfields, east London. Archives of Oral Biology, 35, 81-­85. N.W. Kerr (1991). Prevalence and natural history of periodontal disease in Scotland -­ the mediaeval period (900-­1600 AD). Journal of Periodontal Research, 26, 346-­354. W.J. Moore, M.E. Corbett (1971). Distribution of dental caries in ancient British populations: I Anglo-­Saxon period. Caries Research, 5, 151-­168. W.J. Moore, M.E. Corbett (1973). Distribution of dental caries in ancient British populations: II Iron Age, Romano-­British and Medieval periods. Caries Research, 7, 139-­153. W.J. Moore, M.E. Corbett (1975). Distribution of dental caries in ancient British populations: III The 17th Century. Caries Research, 9, 163-­175. M.E Corbett, W.J. Moore (1976). Distribution of dental caries in ancient British populations: IV The 19th Century. Caries Research, 10, 401-­414. Dental disease, stable isotopes and dietary change
Analysis of the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in bones and teeth has become established as an important method for reconstructing the nature of the diet in past human populations. There are many difficult issues in interpreting the results, but several studies have combined isotopic analysis with a study of dental disease, and cultural evidence, to produce interesting reconstructions of the pattern of subsistence. A particular theme for this work has been the origin, or intensification, of agriculture in North and South America. Strontium. M.J. De Niro (1987). Stable isotopy and archaeology. American Scientist, 75, 182-­ 191. H.P. Schwarcz (1991). Some theoretical aspects of isotope paleodiet studies. Journal of Archaeological Science,18, 261-­276. H.P. Schwarcz, M.J. Schoeninger (1991). Stable isotope analyses in human nutritional ecology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 34, 283-­321. S.H. Ambrose (1993). Isotopic analysis of paleodiets: methodological and interpretive considerations. In: M.K. Sandford, Ed. Investigations of ancient human tissue. Chemical analyses in anthropology. Food and Nutrition in History and Anthroplogy Volume 10. Langhorne, Pennsylvania : Gordon & Breach. 59-­130. ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
N.J. van der Merwe (1992). Light stable isotopes and the reconstruction of prehistoric diets. In: A.M. Pollard, Ed. New developments in archaeological science. Proceedings of the British Academy 77. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 247-­264. D. Lubell, et al. (1994). The Mesolithic-­Neolithic transition in Portugal: isotopic and dental evidence of diet. Journal of Archaeological Science,21, 201-­216. J.C. Sealy, et al. (1992). Diet and dental caries among later stone age inhabitants of the Cape Province, South Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 88, 123-­134. J.C. Rose, et al. (1991). Bioarchaeology and subsistence in the central and lower portions of the Mississippi valley. In: M.L. Powell, et al., Ed. What mean these bones? Studies in southeastern bioarchaeology. Tuscasloosa & London : University of Alabama Press. 7-­
21. A.C. Aufderhiede (1989). Chemical analysis of skeletal remains. In: M.Y. Iscan, K.A.R. Kennedy, Ed. Reconstruction of life from the skeleton. New York : Alan R Liss. 237-­260. M.K. Sandford (1992). A reconsideration of trace element analysis in prehistoric bone. In: S.R. Saunders, M.A. Katzenberg, Ed. Skeletal biology of past peoples: research methods. New York : Wiley-­Liss. 79-­104. M.K. Sandford, Ed. (1993). Investigations of ancient human tissue. Chemical analyses in anthropology. Food and Nutrition in History and Anthroplogy Volume 10. Langhorne, Pennsylvania : Gordon & Breach. A. Sillen, M. Kavanagh (1992). Strontium and paleodietary research: a review. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 25, 67-­90. S.W. Hillson (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (chapter 10) H.A. Waldron (1983). On the post-­mortem accumulation of lead by skeletal tissues. Journal of Archaeological Science, 10, 35-­40. J.E. Buikstra, et al. (1989). Multiple elements: multiple expectations. In: T.D. Price, Ed. The chemistry of prehistoric human bone. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 155-­210. J.H. Burton, T. Price (1999). Evaluation of bone strontium as a measure of seafood consumption. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 9, 233-­236. T.D. Price, C.M. Johnson, et al. (1994). Residential mobility in the prehistoric southwest United States: a preliminary study using strontium isotope analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21, 315-­330. Lillie, M.C. & Richards, M.P. (2000). Stable isotope analysis and dental evidence of diet at the Mesolithic-­Neolithic transition in Ukraine. Journal of Archaeological Science, 27, pp. 965-­972. Richards, M.P. & Hedges, R.E.M. (2000). FOCUS: Gough's Cave and Sun Hole Cave human stable isotope values indicate a high animal protein diet in the British Upper Palaeolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science, 27, pp. 1-­3. PAGE 15
Richards, M.P., Pettitt, P.B., Trinkaus, E., Smith, F.H., Paunovich, M. & Karavanic, I. (2000). Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: the evidence from stable isotopes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 97, pp. 7663-­7666. Richards, M.P., Mays, S.A. & Fuller, B.T. (2002). Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bone and teeth reflect weaning age at the Medieval Wharram Percy Site, Yorkshire, UK. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 119, pp. 205-­210. Richards, M.P., Pettitt, P.B., Stiner, M.C. & Trinkaus, E. (2001). Stable isotope evidence for increasing dietary breadth in the European mid-­Upper Paleolithic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, pp. 6528-­6532. Jurmain, R. & Bellifemine, V.I. (1997). Patterns of cranial trauma in a prehistoric population from Central California. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 7, pp. 43-­50. Walker, P.L. (1997). Wife beating, boxing, and broken noses: skeletal evidence for the cultural patterning of violence. In: Martin, D. & Frayer, D. (Eds), Troubled times: violence and warfare in the past. Gordon and Breach, pp. 145-­175. Mitchell, P.D., Nagar, Y. & Ellenblum, R. (2006). Weapon injuries in the 12th Century crusader garrison of Vadum Iacob Castle, Galilee. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 16, pp. 145-­155. Judd, M.A. (2006). Continuity of interpersonal violence between Nubian communities. American Journal of Physical Anthropology.Djuric, M.P., Roberts, C.A., Rakocevic, Z.B., Djonic, D.D. & Lesic, A.R. (2006). Fractures in Late Medieval skeletal populations from Servia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 130, pp. 167-­178. Mays, S.A. (2006). A possible case of surgical treatment of cranial blunt force injury from Medieval England. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 16, pp. 95-­103. Powers, N. (2005). Cranial trauma and treatment: a case study from the Medieval cemetery of St Mary Spital, London. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 15, pp. 1-­14. Banks, P. (1991). Killey's fractures of the mandible. 4th Edition. Oxford: Wright. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology YROXPHQXPEHU³7UDXPDQXPEHU´ ARCLMG145 DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015-16
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APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2015-­16 (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY) This appendix provides a short précis of policies and procedures relating to courses. It is not a substitute for the full documentation, with which all students should become familiar. For full information on Institute policies and procedures, see the following website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin For UCL policies and procedures, see Academic Regulations and UCL Academic Manual: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-­regulations ;; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-­manual/ GENERAL MATTERS ATTENDANCE: A minimum attendance of 70% is required. A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email. DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia should indicate it on each coursework cover sheet. COURSEWORK SUBMISSION PROCEDURES: You must submit a hardcopy of coursework to the Co-­ordinator's pigeon-­
hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception (or, in the case of first year undergraduate work, to room 411a) by stated deadlines. Coursework must be stapled to a completed coversheet (available from IoA website;; the rack outside Room 411A;; or the Library). You should put your Candidate Number (a 5 digit alphanumeric code, found on Portico. Please note that this number changes each year) and Course Code on all coursework. It is also essential that you put your Candidate Number at the start of the title line on Turnitin, followed by the short title of the coursework (example: YBPR6 Funerary practices). LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission is penalized in accordance with UCL regulations, unless permission for late submission has been granted. The penalties are as follows: i) A penalty of 5 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted the calendar day after the deadline (calendar day 1);; ii) A penalty of 15 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted on calendar day 2 after the deadline through to calendar day 7;; iii) A mark of zero should be recorded for coursework submitted on calendar day 8 after the deadline through to the end of the second week of third term. Nevertheless, the assessment will be considered to be complete provided the coursework contains material than can be assessed;; iv) Coursework submitted after the end of the second week of third term will not be marked and the assessment will be incomplete. GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: New UCL-­wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework have been introduced with effect from the 2015-­16 session. Full details will be circulated to all students and will be made available on the IoA intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together ZLWKVXSSRUWLQJGRFXPHQWDWLRQYLD-XG\0HGULQJWRQ¶VRIILFHDQGZLOOWKHQEHUHIHUUHGRQIRUFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
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RETURN OF COURSEWORK AND RESUBMISSION: You should receive your marked coursework within four calendar weeks of the submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic Administrator. When your marked essay is returned to you, return it to the Course Co-­ordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all coursework submitted. WORD LENGTH: Essay word-­lengths are normally expressed in terms of a recommended range. Not included in the word count are the bibliography, appendices, tables, graphs, captions to figures, tables, graphs. You must indicate word length (minus exclusions) on the cover sheet. Exceeding the maximum word-­length expressed for the essay will be penalized in accordance with UCL penalties for over-­length work. CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be expressed in your own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number;; website address if applicable) of any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. This applies to all media (books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity, which can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-­students/guidelines/plagiarism RESOURCES MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the course on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please contact Nicola Cockerton, Room 411a (nicola.cockerton@ucl.ac.uk). INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available in your Degree Handbook and on the following website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin. It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your course co-­ordinator. GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: . New UCL-­wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework have been introduced with effect from the 2015-­16 session. Full details will be circulated to all students and will be made available on the IoA intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together with supporting documentation, YLD-XG\0HGULQJWRQ¶VRIILFHDQGZLOOWKHQEHUHIHUUHGRQIRUFRQVLGHUDWLRQ3OHDVHEHDZDre that the grounds that are now acceptable are limited. Those with long-­term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements.