MA COURSE (15 credit): ARCLG128
(Turnitin ID: 2969981)
Magdalenian cave art at Lascaux, France (Aujoulat 2004)

INTRODUCTION
This handbook contains basic information about the content and administration of this course. If you have queries about the objectives, structure, content, assessment or organisation of the course, please consult the Course Co-ordinator.
Further important information, relating to all courses at the Institute of Archaeology, is to be found in the general MA/MSc handbook which is also on the web. It is your responsibility to read and act on it.
It includes information about originality, submission and grading of coursework; disabilities; communication; attendance; and feedback.
AIMS
This course will examine key issues in human evolution and development from the emergence of modern humans (ca.150,000 BP) until the transition to food production (ca. 12-6,000 BP). It will involve a comparative study of the archaeological records from Africa, Western Asia and Europe, and a review of the evidence for the colonization of Australasia and the Americas.
OBJECTIVES
On successful completion of this course, students will:
- be knowledgable about the central debates concerning the development of hunter-gatherer societies through the late Pleistocene and early Holocene
- have an understanding of the nature of the evidence and the ways in which it has been collected and analysed.
- have a critical appreciation of the range of models which have been used in its interpretation.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this course, students will have expanded:
- their skills in evaluating archaeological data-bases, and the techniques and models used in their analysis and interpretation.
- their experience in articulating complex ideas and information in written and oral presentations.
- their abilities to design and undertake original research.
TEACHING METHODS
This 15 credit course will be taught weekly through the spring term in 10 two hour sessions. Each will begin with a lecture, followed ideally by a short student presentation and an open discussion. The presentation would normally involve a critical review of 1-2 articles and would be agreed in the week preceeding the seminar. This handout contains weekly recommended readings, which students will be expected to have done, in order to follow and actively contribute to discussion.
PREREQUISITES
This course does not have a prerequisite.
WORKLOAD
There will be 20 hours of lectures/seminars for this course. Students will be expected to spend around 80 hours undertaking background reading, and 50 hours preparing and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of 150 hours for the course.
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
This course is assessed by means of one essay of 3,800-4,200 words. Information on the selection of topics and the deadlines is given at the end of this handbook. The Course Co-ordinator will be willing to discuss an outline of the essay, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES
In addition to the Institute of Archaeology’s library, students will also need to use UCL’s Science
Library (particularly the Anthropology Section). Libraries outside of UCL which have relevant holdings include those at the University of London at Senate House and the British Library.
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TEACHING SCHEDULE
Teaching sessions will be held between 2-4 pm on Thursdays through the spring term. These will be in Room 410. It is hoped that students will attend all the sessions, but a minimum attendance of 70% is required, except in the case of illness or other adverse circumstances which are supported by medical certificates or other documentation as appropriate.
COURSE TIMETABLE
Introduction and background
1. January 14: a) Hunter-gatherer diversity in the recent past.
b) Late Pleistocene and early Holocene environments.
2. January 21: a) Evolution of Modern Humans.
b) Technology through the Middle and Late Palaeolithic.
Emergence and Spread of Modern Humans
3. January 28: Emergence of behaviourally Modern Humans in Africa.
4. February 4: Late Neanderthals and early Modern Humans in West Asia and Europe.
Hunter-gatherers of the last Glacial Maximum
5. February 11: Hunter-gatherers of the last Glacial Maximum in Europe.
FEBRUARY 15-19: READING WEEK
6. February 25: The nature and interpretation of Upper Palaeolithic art.
Hunter-gatherers in transition
7. March 3: Late Pleistocene adaptations in the Near East.
8. March 10: Mesolithic adaptations to the post-glacial of North-West Europe.
Colonisation of Australasia and Americas
9. March 17: The Colonisation of South-East Asia and Australasia.
10. March 24: The Colonisation of Eastern Siberia and the Americas.
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SEMINAR / LECTURE SUMMARIES
The following pages give details of the seminars/lectures for the course and identifies essential ( • ) and optional readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system individual readings can be found and whether they are available online. However, this should be checked against the UCL library computer system (eUCLid) to see if material is out on loan or whether there are other copies available in other branches/sections of the library. The recommended readings are considered important for keeping up with the topics covered in the course sessions, and it is expected that students will have checked these prior to the session under which they are listed.
Arch. = item in Archaeology library
Anthrop., Geology etc are held in the Watson Science Library.
( • ) = highly recommended reading
PLEASE NOTE there is an online reading list for this course with links to many of the journal articles and digitized readings. This will be found at: http://readinglists.ucl.ac.uk/lists/02A290E8-1C2A-DCC3-D56A-F796C80E1051.html
1a. HUNTER-GATHERER DIVERSITY IN THE RECENT PAST
Hunter-gatherers only survive in very restricted areas at the present day, but there is historic documentation extending back into the early 19 th
century, giving some idea of the diversity of adaptations which may have existed in the more recent past. This session will discuss the demographic structure, subsistence strategies and social organization found in recent hunter-gatherer societies. It will also consider the value but also the pitfalls of using ethnographic analogy in interpreting the archaeological record.
Ames K.M. (2003) The Northwest Coast. Evolutionary Anthropology 12: 19-33. (Online)
Arnold J.E. (1996) The archaeology of complex hunter-gatherers. Journal Archaeological Method and
Theory 3 (2): 77-126. (Online)
Binford L.R. (1978) Nunamiut ethnoarchaeology . New York, Academic Press. (Arch: DEC BIN)
Binford L.R. (1982) In pursuit of the past . London, Thames & Hudson. (Arch: AH BIN; Issue Desk
BIN 4)
Binford L.R. (2001) Constructing frames of reference. Berkeley, University of California Press. (Arch:
AH Qto BIN; Issue Desk BIN 9)
Gamble C. & Boismier W.S. (eds.) (1991) Ethnoarchaeological approaches to mobile campsites .
Michigan, IMP. (Arch: BD Qto GAM)
Gould R.A. (1980) Living Archaeology . Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. (Arch: DDA GOU)
Ingold T., Riches D. & Woodburn J. (eds.) (1988) Hunters and gatherers: history, evolution and social change. 2 vols . New York: St. Martin’s Press. (Arch: BC 100 ING)
• Kelly R.L. (2013) The lifeways of hunter-gatherers: the foraging spectrum . Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press (Arch: BD10 KEL)
Lee R.B. (1979) The !Kung San. Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society.
Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press. (Arch: DCE LEE)
Lee R.B. & Daly R. (eds.) (1999) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers .
Cambridge University Press. (Arch: BD LEE)
• Lee R.B. & DeVore I. (eds.) (1968) Man the hunter . Chicago, Aldine. (especially Lee, Woodburn,
Suttles, Balikci). (Arch: HB LEE; Issue Desk LEE 4)
• Marlowe F.W. (2005) Hunter-gatherers and human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 14: 54-67.
(Online)
Panter-Brick C., Layton R.H. & Rowley-Conwy P. (eds.) (2001) Hunter-gatherers. An interdisciplinary perspective . Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. (Arch: BD PAN)
Sahlins M. (1972) Stone Age Economics . (chapter 1). Chicago, Aldine-Atherton. (Arch: BD SAH)
Testart A. (1982) The significance of food storage amongst hunter-gatherers: residence patterns, population densities and social inequalities. Current Anthropology 23: 523-37. (Online)
Whiten A. (1992) Foraging strategies and natural diet of monkeys, apes and humans . Oxford,
Clarendon Press. (Arch: BC 100 WHI)
• Wobst H.M. (1978) The archaeoethnology of hunter-gatherers or the tyranny of the ethnographic record in archaeology. American Antiquity 43: 303-9. (Online)
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Woodburn J. (1982) Egalitarian Societies. Man 17: 431-51. (Online)
Woodburn J. (2005) Egalitarian Societies Revisited. In T. Widlok and W. Tadesse (eds.) Property and
Equality. Volume 1. Oxford, Berghahn : 18-31. (Anthrop: D 85 WID)
Yellen J.E. (1977) Archaeological approaches to the present . New York, Academic Press. (Arch: DCE
YEL)
1b. LATE PLEISTOCENE AND EARLY HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTS
A review of the impact of climate change on global environments and resource distribution through the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. It will also consider the impact of environmental events on the dispersal of modern humans and on the survival of the archaeological record.
• Bell M. & Walker M.J.C. (2005) Late Quaternary Environmental Change. Physical and Human
Perspectives . 2 nd
ed . Edinburgh, Pearson. (Arch: BB 6 BEL; Issue Desk BEL 2; Geog: E 20
BEL).
Björck S. et al. (1998) An event stratigraphy for the Last Termination in the North Atlantic region based on the Greenland ice-core record. Journal Quaternary Science 13: 283-292. (Online)
• Lowe J.J. & Walker M.J.C. (1997) Reconstructing Quaternary Environments. 2nd ed . (chapter 7).
London, Longmans. (Arch: BB 6 LOW; Issue Desk LOW 3)
Lowe J.J. (2008) Synchronisation of palaeoenvironmental events in the North Atlantic region during the Last Termination: a revised protocol recommended by the INTIMATE group. Quaternary
Science Reviews 27: 6-17. (Online)
Petit J.R. et al. (1999) Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica.
Nature 399: 429-436. (Online)
Rampino M.R. & Self S. (1992) Volcanic winter and accelerated glaciation following the Toba supereruption. Nature 359: 50-52. (Online)
Roberts N. (1998) The Holocene: an environmental history. 2nd ed . Oxford, Blackwells. (Arch: BA
ROB)
• van Andel T.H. & Davies W. (eds.) (2002) Neanderthals and modern humans in the European landscape during the last glaciation . Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological
Research. (chapters 2,5,6) (Arch: BB 1 VAN; Issue Desk VAN 2) van Andel T.H. & Tzedakis P.C. (1996) Palaeolithic landscapes of Europe and environs, 150,000-
25,000 years ago: an overview. Quaternary Science Reviews 15: 481-500. (Online)
Walker M. (2005) Quaternary Dating Methods.
Chichester, Wiley. (Geology: G90 WAL)
2a. THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN HUMANS a) A review of the fossil and genetic evidence for the evolution of biologically modern humans and their dispersal through the Old World. b) A discussion of the nature of human “modernity” and the factors which may have led to the human
“behavioural revolution”. This topic will be explored in more detail in the following two sessions, which will examine the archaeological record from Africa, West Asia and Europe.
EVOLUTION OF MODERN HUMANS
• Alves I. et al. (2012) Genomic data reveal a complex making of humans. PLOS Genetics
10.1371/journal.pgen.1002837. (Online)
• Conroy G. (2012) Reconstructing human origins.
3rd ed. New York, Norton. (Arch: BB 1 CON;
Anthrop: B 45 CON)
Endicott P. (2009) Evaluating the mitochondrial timescale of human evolution. Trends in Ecology an
Evolution 24: 515-521. (Online)
• Green R.E. et al. (2010) A draft sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science 328: 710-722. (see also comment by Gibbons: Science 328: 680-684) (Online)
Klein R.G. (2009) The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins . 3rd edition. Chicago,
University of Chicago Press. (Arch: BB 1 KLE; Issue Desk KLE 4).
Lewin R. & Foley R. (2004) Principles of human evolution. 2 nd
ed . Oxford, Blackwell. (part 3) (Arch:
BB 1 LEW, Issue Desk LEW; Anthrop: B 30 LEW)
Luca Cavalli-Sforza L. & Feldman M.W. (2003) The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution. Nature Genetics 33 (part 3S): 266-275. (Online)
Pearson O.M. (2004) Has the combination of genetic and fossil evidence solved the riddle of modern human origins? Evolutionary Anthropology 13: 145-159. (Online)
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Reich D. et al. (2010) Genetic history of an archaic human group from Denisova Cave in Siberia.
Nature 468 (7327): 1053-60. (Online).
• Stringer C. (2011) The origin of our species.
London, Allen Lane (Arch: BB1 STR)
Stringer C. (2012) What makes a modern human? Nature 483: 33-35.
NATURE OF “MODERNITY” AND "THE HUMAN BEHAVIOURAL REVOLUTION"
Bar-Yosef O. (1998) On the nature of transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the
Neolithic Revolutions. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8 (2): 141-63. (Online) d’Errico F. et al. (2003) The search for the origins of symbolism, music and language: a multidisciplinary endeavour. Journal World Prehistory 17: 1-70. (Online)
• d’Errico F. (2003) The invisible frontier. A multiple species model for the origin of behavioural modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 12: 188-202. (Online)
Foley R. & Lahr M.M. (1997) Mode 3 Technologies and the evolution of Modern Humans. Cambridge
Archaeological Journal 7: 3-36. (Online)
Gamble C. (2007) Origins and Revolutions . Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (chapter 2)
(Arch: BC 140 GAM; Issue Desk GAM 3)
• Henshilwood C.S. & Marean C.W. (2003) The origin of modern human behavior. Critique of the models and their test implications. Current Anthropology 44 (5): 627-651. (Online)
• McBrearty S. & Brooks A (2000) The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour. Journal Human Evolution 39: 453-563. (Online)
Mellars P. (1996) The Neanderthal Legacy . Princeton University Press. (chapter 13). (Arch: DA 120
MEL; Issue Desk MEL 10)
Mellars P., Boyle K., Bar-Yosef O. & Stringer C. (eds.) (2007) Rethinking the Human Revolution .
(Parts 1-2). Cambridge, McDonald Institute. (Arch: BB 1 MEL; Issue Desk MEL 14)
Mithen S. (1996) The Prehistory of the Mind . London, Thames & Hudson. (chapters 8-10). (Arch: BB
1 MIT; Issue Desk MIT 3)
• Powell A., Shennan S. & Thomas M.G. (2009) Late Pleistocene demography and the appearance of modern human behaviour . Science 324: 1298-1301. (Online)
2b. TECHNOLOGY THROUGH THE MIDDLE AND LATE PALAEOLITHIC
A review of the key technological developments which occurred through the Middle and Late
Palaeolithic and the Mesolithic. This will include a handling session.
Andrefsky W. (2005) Lithics. Macroscopic approaches to analysis . 2 nd
ed. Cambridge University
Press. (Arch: KA AND; Issue Desk AND 2)
Debenath A. & Dibble H.L. (1993) Handbook of Paleolithic Typology. Vol. 1: Lower & Middle
Palaeolithic of Europe.
Philadelphia, Univ Pennsylvania. (Arch: BC 120 HAN; Issue Desk HAN
1)
Demars P-Y. & Laurent P. (1989) Types d'outils lithiques du Paleolithique Superieur en Europe .
Cahiers du Quaternaire, Bordeaux, CNRS. (Arch: DA 120 DEM)
• Inizan M-L., Roche H., Tixier J. (1992) Technology of knapped stone . Meudon, CREP. (Arch: KA
INI; Issue Desk INI)
Peterkin G. et al. (eds.) (1993) Hunting and animal exploitation in the later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia . Washington: Archaeological Papers American Anthropological Society 4. (Arch:
BC 120 PET)
Piel-Desruisseaux J.-L. (1986) Outils Préhistoriques. Forme, Fabrication, Utilization . Paris, Masson.
(Arch: KA PIE)
• Shea J.J. (2013) Stone tools in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic of the Near East: a guide. Cambridge,
Cambridge Univ. Press. (Arch: DBA 100 SHE; Issue Desk SHE 4)
• Whittaker J.C. (1994) Flintknapping: Making and Understanding Stone Tools . Austin, Univ. of Texas
(Arch: KA WHI; Issue Desk WHI 8).
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3. THE EMERGENCE OF BEHAVIOURALLY MODERN HUMANS IN AFRICA
Over the last 25 years there has been a huge expansion in research on the Middle Stone Age of
Africa, as it has become apparent from the fossil and genetic evidence that modern humans evolved within the continent within this period (ca. 200-150 kyr). Much of the archaeological work has been examining the evidence for the emergence of modern human behaviour, looking closely at developments in technology, subsistence, settlement and the use of symbolic imagery.
Ambrose S.H. (1998) Chronology of the later Stone Age and Food Production in East Africa. Journal
Archaeological Science 25: 377-392. (Online)
Barham L. & Mitchell P. (2008) The First Africans . Cambridge University Press. (Arch: DC 100 BAR;
Issue Desk BAR 11)
Brown K.S. et al. (2012) An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in
South Africa. Nature 491: 590-593. (Online)
Cain C.R. (2006) Implications of the marked artifacts of the Middle Stone Age of Africa. Current
Anthropology 47: 675-681. (Online)
Deacon H.J. & Wurz S. (2001) Middle Pleistocene populations of southern Africa and the emergence of modern behaviour. In L.Barham & K.Robson-Brown (eds.) Human Roots. Bristol, Western:
55-64. (Arch: BB 1 BAR)
Henshilwood C.S. et al. (2001) Blombos Cave, Southern Cape, South Africa: Preliminary report on the 1992-1999 excavations of the Middle Stone Age levels. Journal Archaeological Science 28:
421-448. (Online)
Henshilwood C.S. et al. (2004) Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Science 304: 404
(Online)
• Henshilwood C.S. & d’Errico F. (2005) Being modern in the Middle Stone Age: individuals and innovation. In C. Gamble & M. Porr (eds.) The Individual hominid in context.
Abingdon,
Routledge. (Arch: BB 1 GAM)
Klein R. (1989) Biological and behavioural perspectives on modern human origins in Southern Africa.
In P. Mellars & C. Stinger (eds.) The human revolution . Edinburgh University: 529-46. (Arch: BB
1 MEL; Issue Desk MEL 9)
Marean C. (2010) Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The
Cape Floral Kingdom, shellfish and modern human origins. Journal of Human Evolution 59:
425-443. (Online)
Marean C. & Assefa Z. (1999) Zooarchaeological evidence for the faunal exploitation behaviour of neanderthals and early modern humans. Evolutionary Anthropology 8: 22-37. (Online)
• McBrearty S. & Brooks A (2000) The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour. Journal Human Evolution 39: 453-563. (Online)
• Mellars P., Boyle K., Bar-Yosef O. & Stringer C. (eds.) (2007) Rethinking the Human Revolution .
(Part 3-4). Cambridge, McDonald Institute. (Arch: BB 1 MEL; Issue Desk MEL 14)
Mitchell P.J. (2002) The Archaeology of Southern Africa . Cambridge University Press. (Arch: DCE
MIT)
Texier P.J. (2010) A Howieson’s Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dating to
60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of USA 107: 6180-85. (Online)
Tyler Faith J. (2008) Eland, buffalo and wild pigs: were Middle Stone Age humans ineffective humans? Journal of Human Evolution 55: 24-36. (Online)
Van Peer P. (1998) The Nile Corridor and the Out-of-Africa Model. Current Anthropology 39
Supplement: S115-S140. (Online)
• Watts K. (1999) The origin of symbolic culture. In R. Dunbar et al. (eds.) The evolution of culture.
New Brunswick, Rutgers University: 113-146. (Anthrop: D 6 DUN)
Yellen J. et al. (1995) A Middle Stone Age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley,
Zaire . Science 268: 553-56. (Online)
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4. LATE NEANDERTHALS AND EARLY MODERN HUMANS IN WESTERN ASIA AND EUROPE
Early Modern Humans had appeared in West Asia by 100 kyr and in Europe by 40 kyr. In both areas there was a period of overlap with Neanderthals and there has been much interest in the nature of any interactions. The evidence from western Europe is intriguing as there are suggestions that
Neanderthals were developing new adaptations at the time that modern humans arrived. In Europe there were many manifestations of symbolic imagery in the early Upper Palaeolithic.
WEST ASIA
Bar-Yosef O. (1998) On the nature of transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic
Revolution. Cambridge Archaeology Journal 8 (2): 141-63. (Online)
Bar-Yosef O. (2000) The Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic in Southwest Asia and neighbouring regions. In O. Bar-Yosef & D. Pilbeam (eds.) The geography of neandertals and modern humans in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean.
Cambridge, Harvard University, Peabody
Museum Bulletin 8: 107-56. (Arch: BB 1 BAR; Issue Desk BAR 23)
Bar-Yosef Mayer D.E. et al. (2009) Shells and ochre in the Middle Palaeolithic Qafzeh Cave, Israel: indications for modern behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 56: 307-14. (Online)
• Douka K. et al. (2013) Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and implications for the colonization of
Europe by Anatomically Modern Humans. PloS One 8 (9) e72931 (Online)
Goring-Morris A.N. & Belfer-Cohen A. (eds.) (2003) More than meets the eye: studies on Upper
Palaeolithic diversity in the Near East.
Oxford: Oxbow. (Arch: DBA 100 Qto GOR; Issue Desk
GOR).
Hershkovitz I et al. (2015) Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first
European modern humans . Nature 520: 216-219.
• Hovers E. (2006) Neandertals and Modern Humans in the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant: What kind of interaction? In N. J. Conard (ed.) When Neanderthals and modern humans met.
Tübingen: Kerns. (Arch: BB 1 CON; Issue Desk CON 12)
Hovers E. et al. (2003) An early case of color symbolism: ochre use by Modern Humans in Qafzeh
Cave. Current Anthropology 44: 491-522. (Online)
Kuhn S.L. et al. (2001) Ornaments of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic: new insights from the Levant.
Proceedings National Academy Sciences 98: 7641-46. (Online)
• Pettitt P. (2011) Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial . Abingdon: Routledge. (Arch: BC 120 PET;
Issue Desk PET 20)
Shea J. (1998) Neanderthal and early modern human behavioural variability: a regional-scale approach to lithic evidence for hunting in the Levantine Mousterian. Current Anthropology
39, Supplement: S45-78. (Online)
• Shea J. (2003) The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant. Journal of World Prehistory
17: 313-394. (Online)
Vanhaeren M. et al. (2006) Middle Palaeolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312: 1785-
1788. (Online)
EUROPE
Benazzi S. et al. (2011) Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour.
Nature 479: 525-528. (Online)
Bolus M. & Conard N.J. (2001) The late Middle Palaeolithic and earliest Upper Palaeolithic in Central
Europe and their relevance for the Out of Africa hypothesis . Quaternary International 75: 29-40.
(Online)
Conard N.J. (ed.) (2006) When Neanderthals and modern humans met.
Tübingen: Kerns. (Arch: BB 1
CON; Issue Desk CON 12) d'Errico F. et al. (1998) Neanderthal acculturation in Western Europe? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology 39 Supplement: S1-S44. (Online)
Finlayson C. et al. (2012) Birds of a feather: Neanderthal exploitation of raptors and corvids. PloS
One 7 (9): e45927 (Online)
Harrold F.B. (1989) Mousterian, Chatelperronian and early Aurignacian in Western Europe: continuity or discontinuity? In P.Mellars & C.Stringer (eds.) The Human Revolution . Edinburgh University
Press: 677-713. (Arch: BB 1 MEL)
Higham T. et al. (2010) Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Chatelperronian. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 107 (47): 20234-39. (Online)
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• Higham T. et al. (2014) The timing and spatialtemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance.
Nature 512: 306-9.
• Joris O. & Street M. (2008) At the end of the 14C time scale – the Middle to Upper Paleolithic record of western Eurasia. Journal of Human Evolution 55: 782-802. (Online)
Mellars P. (1996) The Neanderthal Legacy . Princeton University Press. (chapter 13). (Arch: DA 120
MEL; Issue Desk MEL 10)
• Mellars P. (2006) Archaeology and the dispersal of modern humans in Europe: deconstructing the
“Aurignacian”. Evolutionary Anthropology 15: 167-182. (Online)
Mellars P. (2006) A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia.
Nature 439: 931-935. (Online)
• Mellars P., Boyle K., Bar-Yosef O. & Stringer C. (eds.) (2007) Rethinking the Human Revolution .
(Part 5-6). Cambridge, McDonald Institute. (Arch: BB 1 MEL; Issue Desk MEL 14)
Pettitt P. (1999) Disappearing from the world: an archaeological perspective on neanderthal extinction. Oxford Journal Archaeology 18 (3): 217-40. (Online) van Andel T.H. & Davies W. (eds.) (2002) Neanderthals and modern humans in the European landscape during the last glaciation . Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological
Research. (Arch: BB 1 VAN; Issue Desk VAN 2)
• Zilhao J. (2006) Neandertals and Moderns mixed, and it matters. Evolutionary Anthropology 15:
183-195. (Online)
Zilhao J. (2010) Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian neandertals.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 1023-1028 (Online)
5. HUNTER-GATHERERS OF THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM IN EUROPE
During the coldest stages of the last glacial, parts of southern Europe provided refuge for human, animal and plant communities, displaced from further north. This session will examine the nature of subsistence and settlement strategies in two such areas. Firstly, south-western France where caves and rock-shelters have provided an extremely rich record for this period. Secondly, the Dnepr-Desna river valleys in the Ukraine where intriguing open-air sites have been found containing the remains of mammoth-bone structures. It will also consider whether there is evidence for social complexity during this period in Europe.
GENERAL ON UPPER PALAEOLITHIC EUROPE
Gamble C. (1999) The Palaeolithic societies of Europe . Cambridge University Press. (chapters 6-7).
(Arch: DA 120 GAM; Issue Desk GAM)
• Gamble C. et al. (2005) The archaeological and genetic foundations of the European population during the Late Glacial: implications for ‘agricultural thinking’. Cambridge Archaeological
Journal 15 (2): 193-223. (Online)
• Giacobini G. (2008) Richness and diversity of burial rituals in the Upper Palaeolithic. Diogenes 214:
19-39. (Online)
Peterkin G. et al. (eds.) (1993) Hunting and animal exploitation in the later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia . Washington: Archaeological Papers American Anthropological Society 4. (Arch: BC
120 PET)
Pettitt P. (2011) Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial . Abingdon: Routledge. (Arch: BC 120 PET;
Issue Desk PET 20)
Roebroeks W. et al. (eds.) (2000) Hunters of the Golden Age.
University of Leiden. (Arch: DA 120
ROE)
Soffer O. & Gamble C. (eds.) (1990) The World at 18,000 BP. Volume 1 High Latitudes . London,
Unwin Hyman. (Arch: BA 10 WOR)
• Straus L.G. (1995) The Upper Palaeolithic of Europe: an overview. Evolutionary Anthropology 4: 4-
16.
SUBSISTENCE AND SETTLEMENT IN WESTERN EUROPE
Audouze F. & Enloe J. (1991) Subsistence strategies and economy in the Magdalenian of the Paris
Basin, France. In N. Barton et al. (eds.) The Late Glacial in North-West Europe . London,
CBA Research Report 77. (Arch: DAA Qto COU 77)
Gordon B. (1988) Of men and reindeer herds in French Magdalenian prehistory . Oxford: BAR S390.
(Arch: DAC 120 Qto GOR)
• Grayson D.K. & Delpech F. (2002) Specialised Early Upper Palaeolithic hunters in southwestern
France? Journal of Archaeological Science 29: 1439-49. (Online)
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Jochim M. (1987) Late Pleistocene refugia in Europe. In Soffer O. (ed.) (1987) The Pleistocene Old
World. Regional Perspectives.
New York, Plenum Press: 317-332. (Arch: BC 120 SOF)
Julien M. (2003) A Magdalénian base camp at Pincevent, France. In S.A. Vasil’ev et al. (eds.) (2003)
Perceived landscapes and built environments. The cultural geography of Late Paleolithic
Eurasia . Oxford, BAR S1122. (Arch: DA Qto VAS, Issue Desk VAS)
Mellars P. (1985) The ecological basis of social complexity in the Upper Paleolithic of Southwestern
France. In T.D. Price & J.A. Brown (eds.) Prehistoric hunter-gatherers. The Emergence of
Social Complexity . London, Academic: 271-97. (Arch: Issue Desk PRI 4; Anthrop: C 6 PRI)
• Olsen S.L. (1989) Solutré: a theoretical approach to the reconstruction of Upper Palaeolithic hunting strategies. Journal Human Evolution 18: 295-327. (Online)
Pryor A.J.E. (2008) Following the fat: food and mobility in the European Upper Palaeolithic 45,000 to
18,000 BP. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 23.2: 161-179. (Arch: Periodicals)
• Richards M.P. (2009) Stable isotope evidence for European Upper Paleolithic diets. In J.-J. Hublin and M.P. Richards (eds.) The Evolution of Human Diets: Integrating Approaches to the Study of
Palaeolithic Subsistence . Dordrecht, Springer: 251-257. (Arch: Issue Desk HUB)
Stiner M. et al. (2000) The tortoise and the hare. Small game use, the Broad Spectrum Revolution and Paleolithic demography. Current Anthropology 41 (1): 39-73. (Online)
SUBSISTENCE AND SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN EUROPE
• Formicola V. (2007) From the Sunghir children to the Romito dwarf. Aspects of the Upper Paleolithic funerary landscape. Current Anthropology 48: 446-453. (Online)
Gvozdover M. (1995) Art of the Mammoth Hunters. The finds from Ardeevo . Oxford, Oxbow. (Arch:
DAK 14 GVO)
Hoffecker J.F. (2002) Desolate Landscapes: Ice Age Settlement in Eastern Europe . New Brunswick:
Rutgers University Press. (Anth: B 34 HOF)
• Hoffecker J.F. (2005) Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper Palaeolithic of northern
Eurasia. Evolutionary Anthropology 14: 186-198. (Online).
Pidoplichko I.G. (1998) Upper Palaeolithic dwellings of mammoth bones in the Ukraine . Oxford, BAR
S712. (Arch: DAK 15 Qto PID)
• Soffer O. (1985) Patterns of intensification as seen from the Upper Palaeolithic of the Central
Russian Plain. In Price T.D. & Brown J.A. (eds.) Prehistoric hunter-gatherers.The Emergence of Social Complexity . London, Academic. 235-270. (Arch: Issue Desk PRI 4; Anthrop: C 6
PRI)
Soffer O. (1985) The Upper Palaeolithic of the Central Russian Plain . Orlando, Academic Press.
(Arch: DAK 120 SOF)
Soffer O. (1989) Storage, sedentism and the Eurasian Palaeolithic record. Antiquity 63 (241): 719-32.
(Online)
Soffer O. et al. (1997) Cultural stratigraphy at Mezhirich, an Upper Palaeolithic site in Ukraine with multiple occupation. Antiquity 71: 48-62. (Online)
Soffer O. & Praslov N. (eds.) (1993) From Kostenki to Clovis . New York, Plenum. (section 2) (Arch:
BC 120 SOF)
Svoboda J., Lozek V. & Vlcek E. (1996) Hunters between East and West. The Paleolithic of Moravia .
New York, Plenum Press. (Arch: DABC SVO)
• Vasil’ev S.A., Soffer O., Kozlowski J. (eds.) (2003) Perceived landscapes and built environments.
The cultural geography of Late Paleolithic Eurasia . Oxford, BAR S1122. (chapters by Iakovleva,
Soffer, Kozlowski) (Arch: DA Qto VAS; Issue Desk VAS)
10

6. THE NATURE AND INTERPRETATION OF UPPER PALAEOLITHIC ART
This session will explore the nature and interpretation of the prolific mobilary and cave/rock art produced in various areas of Europe through the Upper Palaeolithic. It will look closely at the discoveries from the Aurignacian period at Chauvet Cave (c 32 kyr) and from the Magdalenian period at Lascaux Cave (c.17 kyr) in France. The interpretative section will examine some of the ethnographic explanations which have been developed based on recent hunter-gatherer art in
Australia and South Africa.
• Bahn P.G. & Vertut J. (1997) Journey through the Ice Age . London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson. (Arch:
BC 300 BAH; Issue Desk BAH 2)
Barton C.M., Clark G.A. & Cohan A.C. (1994) Art as information: explaining Upper Palaeolithic art in western Europe. World Archaeology 26: 185-208. (Online)
Chippindale C. & Tacon P. (1998) The archaeology of rock art . Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press. (Arch: BC 300 CHI; Issue Desk CHI 7)
Clottes J. (1993) Paint analyses from several Magdalenian caves in the Ariege region of France.
Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 223-235. (Online)
Clottes J. (1999) Twenty thousand years of Palaeolithic cave art in southern France. In J. Coles et al.
(eds.) World Prehistory . Oxford University Press. (Arch: BC 100 COL; Issue Desk COL 4)
• Clottes J. (2003) Return to Chauvet Cave: Excavating the birthplace of art.
London, Thames &
Hudson. (Arch: DAC Qto CLO; Issue Desk CLO 2)
Conkey M.W. (1997) Beyond Art. Pleistocene image and symbol . California Academy of
Sciences. (chapters by Clottes, Lewis-Williams, Marshack) (Arch: BC 300 CON; Issue Desk
CON 2; Anthrop: E 10 CON)
• Cook J. (2013) Ice Age Art. The arrival of the modern mind . London: British Museum Press (Arch:
BC300 COO; Issue Desk)
David B. (2002) Landscapes, Rock Art and the Dreaming. An Archaeology of Preunderstanding .
Leicester University Press (Arch: DDA DAV)
D’Errico F. et al. (2003) The search for the origins of symbolism, music and language: a multidisciplinary endeavour. Journal World Prehistory 17: 1-70. (Online)
Guthrie R. (2005) The nature of Palaeolithic art . Chicago, University Chicago Press. (Arch: BC 300
GUT)
• Lawson A.J. (2012) Painted Caves: Palaeolithic Rock Art in Western Europe . Oxford, Oxford
University Press. (Arch: DA 120 LAW)
Layton R. (1992) Australian Rock Art. Cambridge University Press. (especially chapters 2 & 5). (Arch:
DDA-LAY)
Leroi-Gourhan (1979) Lascaux inconnu.
Paris, CNRS editions. (Arch: Issue Desk PRE 3)
• Lewis-Williams J.D. (2002) The mind in the cave . London, Thames & Hudson. (Arch: BC 300 LEW;
Issue Desk LEW 2)
Lewis-Williams J.D. & Dowson T.A. (1988) The signs of all times: entoptic phenomena in Upper
Palaeolithic Art. Current Anthropology 29: 201-233. (Online)
Pettitt P., Bahn, P, Ripoll S. & Javier Munoz, F. (2007) Palaeolithic Cave Art at Creswell Crags in
European Context. Oxford, Oxford University Press. (Arch: DAA 410 N.8. PET)
Pettitt P. & Pike A. (2007) Dating European Palaeolithic Cave Art: Progress, Prospects, Problems.
Journal Archaeological Method & Theory 14 (1): 27-47. (Online)
Pettitt P. & Bahn P. (2015) An alternative chronology for the art of Chauvet Cave. Antiquity 89: 542-
53. (Online)
Pike A. et al. (2012) U-Series dating of Paleolithic art in 11 caves in Spain. Science : 336: 1409-13.
(Online)
Ruspoli M. (1987) The cave of Lascaux: the final photographic record . London, Thames & Hudson.
(Arch: DAC Qto RUS; Issue Desk RUS 4)
Soffer O. (1993) The pyrotechnology of performance art: Moravian Venuses and Wolverines. In H.
Knecht et al. (eds.) Before Lascaux . Boca Raton, CRC Press: 259-75. (Arch: Issue Desk KNE)
• Soffer O., Adovasio J.M. & Hyland D.C. (2000) The “Venus” Figurines. Textiles, basketry, gender and status in the Upper Palaeolithic. Current Anthropology 41 (4): 511-537. (Online)
White R. (1995) Ivory personal ornaments of Aurignacian age: technological, social and symbolic perspectives. In J. Hahn et al. (eds.) Le travail et l’usage de l’ivoire au Paléolithique Superieur .
Rome, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato: 29-62. (Arch: DA 120 HAH)
• White R. (2006) The women of Brassempouy: a century of research and interpretation. Journal
Archaeological Method & Theory 13 (4): 251-304. (Online)
11

7. LATE PLEISTOCENE ADAPTATIONS IN THE NEAR EAST
Coinciding with the major environmental changes at the end of the Pleistocene there is evidence for the development of sedentism amongst certain hunter-gatherer communities in the Near East (the
Natufian phenomenon) and changes in subsistence practice which included the first traces of plant cultivation. Cemeteries and a range of mobiliary art objects have been found in association with these settlements providing some insight into changing social and ideological practices.
Bar-Oz G. (2004) Epipaleolithic subsistence strategies in the Levant: a zooarchaeological perspective . Boston: Brill Academic. (Chapters 1, 4) (Arch: Issue Desk BAR 1)
Bar-Yosef O. & Valla F. (eds.) (1991) The Natufian Culture in the Levant.
Ann Arbor, International
Monographs in Prehistory. (Chapters by Edwards, Moore, Tchernov, Belfer-Cohen) (Arch: DBA
100 BAR; Issue Desk BAR 12)
• Bar-Yosef O. (1998) The Natufian Culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture.
Evolutionary Anthropology 6 (5): 159-77. (Online)
Belfer-Cohen A. (1995) Rethinking social stratification in the Natufian culture: the evidence from burials. In S. Campbell & A. Green (eds.) The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East .
Oxford: Oxbow: 9-16. (Arch: DBA 100 Qto CAM; Issue Desk CAM 2)
Boyd B. (2006) On sedentism in the Late Epipaleolithic (Natufian) Levant. World Archaeology 38:
164-178. (Online)
Byrd B. F. (2005) Reassessing the emergence of village life in the Near East. Journal of
Archaeological Research 13: 231-290. (Online)
• Byrd B.F. and Monahan C.M. (1995) Death, mortuary ritual and Natufian social structure. Journal
Anthropological Archaeology 14: 251-87. (Online)
Delage C. (ed) (2004) The last hunter-gatherers in the Near East.
Oxford, BAR S1320. (Chapters by
Delage x2, Munro, Hayden) (Arch: DBA 100 Qto DEL; Issue Desk DEL 3)
Edwards P.C. (1989) Problems of recognizing earliest sedentism: the Natufian example . Journal of
Mediterranean Archaeology 2: 5-48 (Arch: Journal)
Goring-Morris N. & Belfer-Cohen A. (2003) Structures and dwellings in the Upper and Epi-Palaeolithic
(ca 42-10 k BP) Levant. Profane and symbolic uses. In S.A.Vasil’ev et al. (eds.) Perceived landscapes and built environments.
Oxford, BAR S1122: 65-81. (Arch: DA Qto VAS; Issue
Desk VAS)
Grosman L., Munro N. & Belfer-Cohen A. (2008) A 12,000-year-old Shaman burial from the southern
Levant (Israel). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (46) 17665-9. (Online)
Hardy-Smith T. & Edwards P.C. (2004) The garbage crisis in prehistory: artifact discard patterns at the Early Natufian site of Wadi Hammeh 27 and the origins of household refuge disposal strategies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23: 253-289. (Online)
Henry D.O. (1989) From Foraging to Agriculture – the Levant at the end of the Ice Age.
Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press. (Arch: DBE 100 HEN; Issue Desk HEN 9)
Hillman G. (1996) Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: possible preludes to cereal cultivation. In D.R. Harris (ed.) The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia . London, UCL Press: 159-203.
(Arch: HA HAR; Issue Desk HAR 8)
Maher, L.A. et al. (2012) Twenty thousand-year-old huts at a hunter-gatherer settlement in eastern
Jordan. PLoS ONE 7 (2) e31447. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031447. (Online)
• Maher L.A., Richter T. & Stock J.T. (2012) The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: Long-term behavioural trends in the Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology 21: 69-81. (Online)
Munro N.D. (2004) Zooarchaeological measures of hunting pressure and occupation intensity in the
Natufian. Current Anthropology 45 Supplement: S5-S33. (Online)
Nadel D. & Werker E. (1999) The oldest ever brush hut plant remains from Ohalo II, Jordan
Valley, Israel (19,000 BP). Antiquity 73 (282): 755-64. (Online)
Olszewski D. (1991) Social complexity in the Natufian? Assessing the relationship of ideas and data.
In G. A. Clark (ed.) Perspectives on the Past: Theoretical Biases in Mediterranean Hunter-
Gatherer Research . Philidelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press: 322-340. (Arch: BC 100
CLA; Issue Desk CLA 14)
Stutz A., Munro N. & Bar-Oz G. (2009) Increasing the resolution of the Broad Spectrum Revolution in the Southern Levantine Epipalaeolithic (19-12 ka). Journal of Human Evolution 56 (3): 294-
306. (Online)
12

• Verhoeven M. (2004) Beyond boundaries: nature, culture and a holistic approach to domestication in the Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 18: 179-282. (Online).
Wright K.I. (1994) Ground stone tools and hunter-gatherer subsistence in southwest Asia: implications for the transition to farming. American Antiquity 59: 238-63. (Online)
8. MESOLITHIC ADAPTATIONS TO THE POST-GLACIAL OF NORTH-WEST EUROPE
During the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene, recolonisation occurred of the previously glaciated areas of north-western Europe and a wide range of new adaptations are seen in technology, subsistence, settlement and social practice. This session will focus on the extremely well-preserved
Mesolithic record from southern Scandinavia, and will also briefly examine the transition to agriculture in this area. There will also be some discussion of the British sequence.
GENERAL ON EUROPEAN MESOLITHIC
Larsson L. (ed.) (2003) Mesolithic on the Move.
Oxford, Oxbow (Arch: DA Qto LAR)
• McCartan S.B. (ed.) (2009) Mesolithic Horizon. 2 Volumes. Oxford, Oxbow. (Arch: DA Qto CAR)
Mithen S.J. (2001) The Mesolithic Age. In B.Cunliffe (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric
Europe. 2 nd
ed.
. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 79-135. (Arch: DA 100 CUN)
Straus L.G. et al. (eds.) (1996) Humans at the end of the Ice Age . New York, Plenum. (Arch: BC
100 STR)
Zvelebil M. (ed.) (1986) Hunters in transition . Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. (Arch: BC 130
ZVE)
MESOLITHIC IN S. SCANDINAVIA AND TRANSITION TO FARMING
Andersen S.H. (1995) Coastal adaptation and marine exploitation in Late Meolithic Denmark. In
A.Fischer (ed.) Man and sea in the Mesolithic . Oxford, Oxbow: 41-66. (Arch: Issue Desk FIS)
Gron O. (2003) Mesolithic dwelling places in south Scandinavia: their definition and social interpretation. Antiquity 77: 685-708. (Online)
• Larsson L. (1990) The Mesolithic of Southern Scandinavia. Journal World Prehistory 4 (3): 257-
309. (Online)
Larsson L. (1999) Settlement and palaeoecology in the Scandinavian Mesolithic. In J.Coles (ed.)
World Prehistory . Oxford, Oxford University Press: 87-106. (Arch: BC 100 COL; Issue Desk
COL 4)
Nash G. (1998) Exchange, status and mobility: Mesolithic portable art of southern Scandinavia.
Oxford, BAR S710. (Arch: DAM 100 Qto NAS)
• Price T.D. (1985) Affluent foragers of Mesolithic Southern Scandinavia. In T.D.Price & J.A.Brown
(eds.) Prehistoric hunter-gatherers . London, Academic Press. 341-363. (Arch: Issue Desk PRI
4; Anthrop: C 6 PRI)
Price T.D. & Gebauer A.B. (1992) The final frontier: foragers to farmers in Southern Scandinavia. In
A.B.Gebauer & T.D.Price (eds.) Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory.
Madison, Prehistory
Press: 111-126. (Arch: HA GEB)
Price T.D. (2000) The introduction of farming in Northern Europe. In T.D. Price (ed.) Europe’s first farmers.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 260-300. (Arch DA 140 PRI; Issue Desk PRI
2)
• Rowley-Conwy P. (1999) Economic prehistory in Southern Scandinavia. In J.Coles (ed.) World
Prehistory . Oxford, Oxford University Press: 125-60. (Arch: BC 100 COL; Issue Desk COL 4)
Skaarup J. & Gron O. (2004) Mollegabet II. A submerged Mesolithic settlement in southern Denmark .
Oxford, BAR S1328. (Arch: DAN Qto SKA)
• Zvelebil M. (1998) Agricultural frontiers, Neolithic origins, and the transition to farming in the Baltic
Basin. In M.Zvelebil et al. (eds.) Harvesting the Sea, Farming the Forest.
Sheffield,
Academic Press: 9-28. (Arch: DAK 12 Qto ZVE; Issue Desk ZVE)
Zvelebil M. (1998) What’s in a Name: the Mesolithic, Neolithic and social change at the Mesolithic-
Neolithic transition. In M. Edmonds & C. Richards (eds) Understanding the Neolithic of North-
West Europe . Glasgow, Cruithne Press: 1-36. (Arch: DA 140 EDM)
MESOLITHIC IN BRITAIN
• Conneller C. & Warren G. (eds.) (2006 ) Mesolithic Britain and Ireland. New Approaches . Stroud,
Tempus. (Arch: Issue Desk CON 7)
• Conneller C. et al. (2012) Substantial settlement in the European Early Mesolithic: new research at
Star Carr.
Antiquity 86: 1004-20. (Online)
13

Mellars P. & Dark P. (eds.) (1998) Star Carr in context: new archaeological and palaeoecological investigations at the Early Mesolithic site of Star Carr, North Yorkshire.
Cambridge: McDonald
Institute. (Arch: DAA 410 Qto MEL; Issue Desk MEL 2)
Smith C. (1992) Late Stone Age Hunters of the British Isles. London, Routledge. (Arch: DAA 100 SMI;
Issue Desk SMI 7)
Young R. (ed.) (2000) Mesolithic lifeways. Current research from Britain and Ireland . Leicester,
University of Leicester. (Arch: DAA 130 Qto YOU; Issue Desk YOU)
9. THE COLONISATION OF SOUTH-EAST ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA
Modern humans appear to have reached northern Australasia by 50 kyr and during the following 20 kyr had colonized most parts of the continent. There will be a discussion of the nature of the colonization process, the adaptations developed by the communities and their impact on the indigenous fauna and flora. There will also be a brief discussion of the much earlier colonization of island south-east Asia (Wallacea) by Homo erectus populations and the nature of the dwarf hominin population found on the island of Flores.
LATE PALAEOLITHIC OF S.E. ASIA
Barker G. et al. (2007) The ‘human revolution’ in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behaviour of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo). Journal of Human
Evolution 52: 243-261. (Online)
Dennell R. & Porr M. (2014) (eds) Southern Asia, Australia and the Search for Human Origins .
Cambridge University Press (Arch: BB 1 DEN)
Gathorne-Hardy F.J. & Harcourt-Smith W.E.H. (2003) The super-eruption of Toba, did it cause a human bottleneck? Journal Human Evolution 45: 227-230. (Online)
Morwood M.J. et al. (1998) Fission-track ages of stone tools and fossils on the east Indonesian island of Flores. Nature 392: 173-76. (Online)
• Morwood M.J. et al. (2004) Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia.
Nature 431: 1087-1091 (Online)
Swisher C.C. et al. (1996) Latest Homo erectus of Java: potential contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in southeast Asia. Science 274: 1870-4. (Online)
• Various articles in special edition of the Journal of Human Evolution 57: 437-648 are concerned with palaeoanthropological research at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia. (Online)
THE COLONISATION OF AUSTRALASIA
Balme J. (2013) Of boats and string: the maritime colonization of Australia. Quaternary International
285: 68-75. (Online)
Bowler J. et al. (2003) New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia.
Nature 421: 837-840. (Online)
Cosgrove R. (1999) Forty-two degrees south: the archaeology of late Pleistocene Tasmania. Journal
World Prehistory 13: 357-402. (Online)
David B. (2002) Landscapes, Rock Art and the Dreaming. An Archaeology of Preunderstanding .
Leicester University Press (Arch: DDA DAV)
Field J., Fullagar R. & Lord G. (2001) A large area archaeological excavation at Cuddie Springs.
Antiquity 75: 696-702 (Online)
• Field J. et al. (2013) Looking for the archaeological signature in Australian Megafaunal extinctions.
Quaternary International 285: 76-88. (Online)
Flood J. (1999) Archaeology of the Dreamtime. 4th ed . Sydney, Harper Collins. (part 1) (Arch: DDA
FLO; Issue Desk FLO 13)
• Habgood P.J. & Franklin N.F. (2008) The revolution that didn’t arrive: a review of Pleistocene
Sahul. Journal of Human Evolution 55: 187-222. (Online)
Hiscock P. (2008) Ancient Australia . London, Routledge. (Arch: DDA HIS; Issue Desk HIS)
• Johnson C.N. (2002) Determinants of loss of mammal species during the late Quaternary
‘megafauna’ extinctions: life history and ecology, but not body size. Proceedings Royal Society
London Series B 269: 2221-27 (Online)
Jones R. (1999) Dating the human colonization of Australia: radiocarbon and luminescence revolutions. In J.Coles (ed.) World Prehistory . Oxford, Oxford University Press: 37-66. (Arch:
BC 100 COL; Issue Desk COL 4)
Lourandos H. (1997) Continent of hunter-gatherers . Cambridge University Press. (Arch: DDA LOU;
Issue Desk LOU; Anthrop: SA 71 LOU)
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Mulvaney K. (2013) Iconic imagery: Pleistocene rock art development across northern Australia.
Quaternary International 285: 99-110. (Online)
• Mulvaney J. & Kamminga J. (eds.) (1999) Prehistory of Australia .Washington, Smithsonian
Institution. (Arch: DDA MUL; Issue Desk MUL 1)
O’Connor S. et al. (2011) Pelagic fishing at 42,000 years before the present and the maritime skills of
Modern Humans. Science 334: 1117-1121. (Online)
• Rasmussen M. et al. (2011) An aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia.
Science 334: 94-98. (Online)
Roberts R.G. et al. (2001) New ages for the last Australian Megafauna: continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago. Science 292: 1888-92. (Online)
Summerhayes G.R. et al. (2010) Human adaptation and plant use in Highland New Guinea 49,000 to
44,000 years ago. Science 330: 78-81. (Online)
Van Holst Pellekaan S. (2013) Genetic evidence for the colonization of Australia. Quaternary
International 285: 44-56. (Online)
Webb S. (2006) The first boat people.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (Arch: DDA WEB)
10. THE COLONISATION OF EASTERN SIBERIA AND THE AMERICAS
There is still considerable controversy about the date of the first colonization of the Americas, but there is intriguing evidence from Central and South America indicating that small populations may have arrived prior to the glacial maximum. This session will examine the evidence for the colonization process, and the adaptations of communities to the wide ranging environments encountered. It will also examine the factors which may have led to the extinction of megafauna in the late Pleistocene.
LATE PALAEOLITHIC OF N.E. SIBERIA & BERINGIA
Goebel T. (1999) Pleistocene human colonisation of Siberia and peopling of the Americas: an ecological approach. Evolutionary Anthropology 8 (6): 208-27. (Online)
• Hoffecker J.F. & Elias S.A. (2003) Environment and Archaeology in Beringia. Evolutionary
Anthropology 12: 34-49. (Online)
Hoffecker J.F. & Elias S.A. (2007) Human Ecology of Beringia . New York, Columbia University Press.
(Arch: DEC HOF)
• Pitulko V. et al. (2012) The oldest art of the Eurasian Arctic: personal ornaments and symbolic objects from Yana, RHS, Arctic Siberia . Antiquity 86: 674-95. (Online)
Slobodin S. (1999) Northeast Asia in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. World Archaeology 30
(3): 484-502. (Online)
THE COLONISATION OF THE AMERICAS
Adovasio J.M. & Pedler D.R. (1997) Monte Verde and the antiquity of humankind in the Americas.
Antiquity 71: 573-80. (Online)
Alroy J. (2001) A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction.
Science 292: 1893-96. (Online)
Bonnichsen R. & Turnmire K. (1999) Ice Age Peoples of North America.
Corvallis, Oregon State
University. (especially chap.1) (Arch: DEA Qto BON)
Borrero L.A. (1999) The prehistoric exploration and colonization of Fuego-Patagonia. Journal World
Prehistory 13 (3): 321-55. (Online)
Dillehay T.D. (1999) The late Pleistocene cultures of South America. Evolutionary Anthropology 7:
206-16. (Online)
Dillehay T.D. (2000) The Settlement of the Americas: a New Prehistory . New York, Basic Books.
(Arch: DE DIL)
• Dillehay T.D. (2015) New archaeological evidence for an early human presence at Monte Verde,
Chile. Plos One doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141923
Dixon E.J. (2013) Late Pleistocene colonization of North America from Northeast Asia: new insights from large-scale paleogeographic reconstructions. Quaternary International 285: 57-67.
(Online)
Erlandson J.M. et al. (2011) Paleoindian seafaring, maritime technologies and coastal foraging on
California’s Channel Islands. Science 331: 1181-1185. (Online)
Eshleman J.A., Malhi R.S. & Glenn Smith, D. (2003) Mitochondrial DNA studies of native Americans: conceptions and misconceptions of the population prehistory of the Americas. Evolutionary
Anthropology 12: 7-18 (Online)
15

• Fiedel S. (2000) The peopling of the New World: present evidence, new theories and future directions. Journal Archaeological Research 8: 39-103 (Online)
Firestone R.B. et al. (2007) Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences 104 (41): 16016-16021. (Online)
Gill J.L. et al. (2009) Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America. Science 326: 1100-1103. (Online)
Grayson D.K. (1991) Late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America: taxonomy, chronology and explanations. Journal World Prehistory 5: 193-231 (Online).
Grayson D.K. & Meltzer D.J. (2003) A requiem for North American overkill. Journal of Archaeological
Science 30: 585-593. (Online)
Guidon N. et al. (1996) Nature and age of the deposits in Pedra Furada, Brazil. Antiquity 70: 408-21
(reply to article by Meltzer) (Online)
Hall R., Roy D. & Boling D. (2004) Pleistocene migration routes into the Amercias: human biological adaptations and environmental constraints. Evolutionary Anthropology 13: 132-144. (Online)
• Haynes G. (2013) Extinctions in North America’s late Glacial landscapes. Quaternary International
285: 89-98. (Online)
Jablonski N. (2002) The First Americans. The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World . Memoirs of
Californian Academy of Sciences. (Arch: DE JAB)
• Jenkins D.L. et al. (2012) Clovis age Western Stemmed Projectile Points and human coprolites at the Paisley Caves. Science 337: 223-228. (Online)
Koch P.L. & Barnosky A.D. (2006) Late Quaternary extinctions. State of the debate . Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 37: 215-250.
• Meltzer, D.J. (2009) First peoples in the New World.
Princeton University. (DEA MEL)
Meltzer D.J., Adovasio J.M. & Dillehay T.D. (1994) On a Pleistocene human occupation at Pedra
Furada, Brazil. Antiquity 68: 695-714 (Online).
Steele J. & Politis G. (2009) AMS 14C dating of early human occupation of southern South America.
Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 419-429. (Online)
• Waguespack N.M. (2007) Why we’re still arguing about the Pleistocene occupation of the Americas.
Evolutionary Anthropology 16 (2): 63-74. (Online)
Waters (2011) Pre-Clovis Mastodon hunting 13,800 years ago at the Manis site, Washington. Science
334: 351-353. (Online)
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ASSESSMENTS
The course will be assessed by one essay of 3,800-4,200 words length . Titles should be agreed with the Course Co-ordinator, who will recommend key items for reading.
The deadline for the essay will be: Wednesday 27 April
WORD-LENGTH
UCL has very strict regulations relating to word-length . For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by up to 10% the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks; but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a pass. For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more, a mark of zero will be recorded. The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, captions and contents of tables and figures, and appendices. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range.
CITING OF SOURCES
Coursework should be expressed in a student’s own words giving the exact source of any ideas, information, diagrams etc. that are taken from the work of others. Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between inverted commas (with the author, date and page number in brackets and the source in the bibliography). Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious irregularity which can carry very heavy penalties.
It is your responsibility to read and abide by the requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism to be found in the IoA ‘Coursework Guidelines’ on the IoA website http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin
PRESENTATION
Essays and other assessed work must be word-processed (unless otherwise specified) and should be printed on one or both sides of the paper, using 1.5-line spacing. Bibliographies may be in single line spacing. Adequate margins should be left for written comments by the examiner. Students are encouraged to use diagrams and/or tables where appropriate. These should be clearly referred to at the appropriate point in the text, and if derived from another source, this must be clearly acknowledged.
SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK
Students are required to submit hard copy of all coursework to the course co-ordinators pigeon hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception by the stated deadline. The coursework must be stapled to a completed blue coversheet (available from the web, from outside Room 411A or from the library).
Please note that students should put their Candidate Number, not their name, on all coursework. They should also put the Candidate Number and course code on each page of their work. (Your candidiate number is a 5 digit alphanumeric code which will be found on portico).
Date-stamping will be via ‘Turnitin’ (see below), so in addition to submitting hard copy, students must also submit their work to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline.
TURNITIN
It is essential that students upload all parts of their coursework to Turnitin (ie including the bibliography and images). This ensures that a complete electronic copy of all work is available in case an essay goes astray. Please be assured that markers will not include these additional elements when checking wordcounts. Please put your Candidate number at the start of the title line on Turnitin, followed by a short title of the coursework.
Students who encounter technical problems submitting their work to Turnitin should email the nature of the problem to ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk in advance of the midnight deadline in order that the Turnitin
Advisers can notify the Course Co-ordinator that it may be appropriate to waive the late submission penalty.
If there is any other unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should telephone or
(preferably) e-mail the Course Co-ordinator and Judy Medrington’s Office.
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For this course, the Turnitin ‘Class ID’ is: 2969981 and the ‘Class Enrolment Password’ is: IoA1516
Further information concerning Turnitin is given on the IoA website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin
Turnitin advisors will be available to help you via email: ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk if needed.
LATE SUBMISSION
Late submission is penalized in accordance with UCL regulations, unless permission for late submission has been granted.
The penalties are as follows: i) A penalty of 5 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted the calendar day after the deadline (calendar day 1); ii) A penalty of 15 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted on calendar day 2 after the deadline through to calendar day 7; iii) A mark of zero should be recorded for coursework submitted on calendar day 8 after the deadline through to the end of the second week of third term.
Nevertheless, the assessment will be considered to be complete provided the coursework contains material than can be assessed; iv) Coursework submitted after the end of the second week of third term will not be marked and the assessment will be incomplete.
GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS
New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework have been introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session. Full details will be circulated to all students and will be made available on the IoA intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration.
Please be aware that the grounds that are now acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements.
TIMESCALE FOR RETURN OF MARKED COURSEWORK TO STUDENTS
You can expect to receive your marked work within four calendar weeks of the official submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation from the marker, you should notify the IoA’s Academic Administrator, Judy Medrington.
KEEPING COPIES AND RETURN OF COURSEWORK TO COURSE COORDINATOR
Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic) of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you should return it to the course co-ordinator within two weeks , so that it can be second-marked and is available to the Board of
Examiners. You may like to keep a copy of the comments if you are likely to wish to refer to these later.
COMMUNICATION
If any changes need to be made to the course arrangements, these will normally be communicated by email . It is therefore essential that you consult your UCL e-mail account regularly .
ATTENDANCE
A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email. Departments are required to report each student’s attendance to UCL Registry at frequent intervals throughout each term. A 70% minimum attendance at all scheduled sessions is required
(excluding absences due to illness or other adverse circumstances, provided that these are supported by medical certificates or other documentation, as appropriate).
DYSLEXIA AND OTHER DISABILITIES
If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this. Please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework.
FEEDBACK
In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students during the course of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the course in an anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the course. These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Course Co-ordinator to develop the course. The summarised
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responses are considered by the Institute's Staff-Student Consultative Committee, Teaching
Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee.
If students are concerned about any aspect of this course we hope they will feel able to talk to the Course Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should the Academic
Administrator (Judy Medrington), or the Chair of Teaching Committee (Dr. Katherine Wright).
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