G123: Conservation Materials Science
Course handbook
2015-2016
Above top row: X-ray of Egyptian painted wooden boat, PLM image of dispersed cobalt blue pigment
Above bottom row: RLM/SEM image of plaster samples from San Bartolo, UV image of Ecuadoran
painting with sample sites identified
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UCL - INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
G123: Conservation Materials Science
2015-16
MSc Conservation for Archaeology and Museums,
Year 1 core course: 30 credits
Turnitin Class ID: 2971258
Turnitin Password: IoA1516
Co-ordinator: Caitlin R. O’Grady
caitlin.r.ogrady@ucl.ac.uk
Room: 203 / Telephone number: 02076797487
Post-Graduate Teaching Assistant: Laura Ware Adlington
laura.adlington.12@ucl.ac.uk
This handbook contains basic information about the content and administration of this course. If you
have queries about the objectives, structure, content, assessment or organisation of the course,
please consult the Course Co-ordinator.
Further important information, relating to all courses at the Institute of Archaeology, is to be found
at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students and in the general MA/MSc
handbook. It is your responsibility to read and act on it. It includes information about originality,
submission and grading of coursework; disabilities; communication; attendance; and feedback.
Please see the last page of this document for important information about submission and marking
procedures, or links to the relevant webpages.
OFFICE HOURS: Thursdays 14.00-16.00 or by appointment
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1. OVERVIEW
ARCLG123 SHORT DESCRIPTION
This course is intended to provide students with an understanding material chemistry, properties, and
structure through the lens of culture. Preindustrial material technologies, their deterioration
processes, and relationship to observed condition of objects are the focus. Students gain first-hand
experience critically reviewing literature, as well as using and interpreting examination methods and
analytical techniques in the analysis of cultural materials through access to the equipment and
facilities in the Institute’s Wolfson laboratories (optical microscopy, X-radiography, scanning electron
microscopy, electron microprobe, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction).
G123 WEEK-BY-WEEK SUMMARY
Term 1
Week 1 – 5 October 2015
Introduction to the course / Introduction to materials, material structure, and analytical
methodologies applied to cultural heritage
CRO
Week 2 – 12 October 2015
Instrumental overview: spot testing and optical microscopy / Adhesion
Sampling: Removal and preparation
CRO
Week 3 – 19 October 2015
Ceramic technology and degradation
TBD
Week 4 – 26 October 2015
Instrumental Overview: SEM and pXRF
CRO
Week 5 – 2 November 2015
Stone
IF
READING WEEK: 9 – 13 November 2015 (No Teaching)
Week 6 – 16 November 2015
Pigment ID
RS
SEM TRAINING AND USE – Week 6 – END of TERM 2
Week 7 – 23 November 2015
Instrumental overview: XRD, FTIR and Raman
CRO
Week 8 – 30 November 2015
Gypsum, lime mortar and hydraulic cements
RS
Week 9 – 7 December 2015
Glass, glazes and faience: chemistry and deterioration
IF
Week 10 – 14 December 2015
Copper and copper alloys
MMT
Key to initials: BS=Bill Sillar, CRO= Caitlin O’Grady, IF= Ian Freestone, MMT=Marcos Martinón-Torres,
RS= Ruth Siddall
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TERM 2
2016
Week 11 – 11 January 2016
Iron working and technology
JFM
Week 12 – 18 January 2016
Analytical projects and presentation of data
CRO
Week 13 – 25 January 2016 - TBC
Plastics chemistry, properties and technology
ER
Week 14 – 1 February 2016
Wood structure and ID
Practical session
PA
Week 15 – 8 February 2016
Wood technology
Wood deterioration
GM
DS
READING WEEK: 15 – 19 February 2015 (No Teaching)
Week 16 – 22 February 2016 - TBC
Plant and animal fibres
Demo/practical: fibre identification
RP
SB
Week 17 – 29 February 2016
Paper
MS
Week 18 – 7 March 2016
Textile technology, examination
MG
Week 19 – 14 March 2016
Leather, skin and parchment: technology and processing and deterioration
Leather practical class: leather ID
Week 20 – 21 March 2016 - TBC
Animal hard tissues 1: bone, teeth, ivory, horn, antler, shell
Demo/practical: identifying hard tissue materials in objects
DS
DA
DA
Key to initials: DA=Daniel Antoine, DS=Dean Sully, ER=Emma Richardson, GM=Gustave Milne,
JFM=John Merkel, MG= Margarita Gleba, PA=Phillip Austin, RP=Renata Peters, SB=Sandra Bond
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Basic texts
The following books and websites will give you a good introduction and knowledge of materials
chemistry, properties and degradation.
ARTIOLI, G., ed. 2010. Scientific methods and cultural heritage: an introduction to the application of
materials science to archaeometry and conservation science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISSUE DESK IOA ART 1
HENDERSON, J. 2000. The science and archaeology of materials. London: Routledge.
INST ARCH JDA HEN
JONES, A., M. CLEMMER, A. HIGTON, and E. GOLDING. 1999. Access to chemistry. Cambridge: Royal
Society of Chemistry.
INST ARCH JD Qto JON
MAY, E. and M. JONES, eds. 2006. Conservation science: heritage materials. Cambridge: RSC
Publishing.
INST ARCH LA MAY
National Academy of Sciences. 2005. Scientific examination of art: modern techniques in conservation
and analysis (proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences). Washington D.C.: National Academy
of Sciences. [Online]. [Accessed 24 August 2015]. Available from:
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11413
INST ARCH KN 1 NAT
POLLARD, A.M., C. BATT, B. STERN and S. YOUNG. 2007. Analytical chemistry in archaeology.
Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
INST ARCH JDD POL
POLLARD, A.M and C. HERON. 2008. Archaeological chemistry. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Royal Society
of Chemistry.
INST ARCH JD POL
PRICE, T.D. 2011. An introduction to archaeological chemistry. New York/London: Springer.
INST ARCH AJ PRI
REEDY, T.J. and C.L. REEDY. 1992. Principles of experimental design for art conservation research. GCI
scientific program report. Marina del Rey: J. Paul Getty Trust. [Online]. [Accessed 23 September
2015]. Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/principles_experi
ment.pdf
Relevant case studies can be found in the following journals and conference proceedings:
Studies in Conservation http://www.maneyonline.com/loi/sic
International Journal of Conservation Science http://www.ijcs.uaic.ro/
Journal of the American Institute for Conservation http://cool.conservation-us.org/jaic/
Journal of Archaeological Science
http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-archaeological-science/
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Archaeometry http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences http://link.springer.com/journal/12520
Journal of Cultural Heritage http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-cultural-heritage/
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites http://www.maneyonline.com/loi/cma
-Also look for specialist scientific journals
ICOM-CC Triennial Meetings
ICOM-CC Metal conferences, e.g. Metal 04, Metal 07, Metal 10, Metal 13
International Symposium on Archaeometry
Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology (Materials Research Society)
Methods of Assessment
This course is assessed by written coursework totalling 7000 words. There are two pieces of course
work. These include:
a. research proposal – 3000 words (40% of course mark)
b. report summarizing analytical results/interpretation addressed in research proposal –
4000 words (60% of course mark)
The topics and deadlines for each assessment are discussed in the following section. If students are
unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Course Co-ordinator who will be
willing to discuss any questions, provided this is planned suitably in advance of submission date.
Teaching Methods
The course is taught over Term 1 and Term 2 of the 2015 – 2016 academic year and includes weekly
lectures, demonstrations and practical classes (all are compulsory).
Each student will be responsible for leading discussion of selected readings during one lecture. These
will be assigned during the first class meeting on 5 October 2015.
Where required small group sessions will be arranged to give students greater familiarity with some
of the techniques covered in the course. Teaching will take place on Mondays in the conservation
laboratory (IoA room 615), practical sessions will be held in the conservation laboratories or in the
appropriate area of the basement labs.
Owing to the wide variety of techniques taught during the course practical sessions may be
scheduled at different times each week and in various locations depending on the subject taught,
therefore it is important that you check your timetable at the beginning of each week. However,
UNLESS otherwise indicated, all course events are scheduled to occur in IoA room 615.
Analytical Sessions
Analytical sessions will be available to students two days a week. These sessions allow students to
work one-on-one with the course instructor or PGTA. Students will be able to sign up for these
sessions via the Moodle course website.
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Analytical sessions should be used to:
(1) discuss analytical proposals/research projects
(2) collect and prepare samples for proposals/projects
(3) gain experience operating various instruments (subject to instrument availability)
(4) collect analytical data (subject to instrument availability)
SEM/SEM-EDS
Term 1 and term 2 - SEM access for the MSc Year 1 students will be restricted to two afternoons a
week – Wednesdays and Thursdays.
SEM training begins on 30 October 2015 and the course instructor/PGTA will be available to train 2
students per session. Each afternoon will be divided into two 2-hour training sessions.
Students should become familiar with SEM operation and begin collection of SEM/SEM-EDS data in
November.
It is extremely important that students collect data for their analytical projects throughout Terms 1
and 2. Data can be collected empirically or via instrumentation and includes the following:
(1) inspection of assigned object/materials under magnification
(2) inspection of assigned object/materials under raking, ultraviolet and infrared light sources
(3) solvent solubility of assigned object/materials
(5) micro-chemical spot-testing
(4) pXRF analysis of assigned object/materials
(5) polarized/reflected light microscopy
(6) SEM/SEM-EDS/FTIR/XRD analysis
Reading week (15 – 18 Feb 2016).
Please note that the last day of access to instrumentation (in particular FTIR, PLM, SEM, XRD and
XRF) will be 4 March 2016.
Workload
There will be 300 hours for this course, which is divided in the following way:
Lectures
Demonstration/practical
Reading + acting as article discussion leader
during 2 class meetings
Preparation and production of assessed work
40 hours
20 hours
120 hours
120 hours
Prerequisites
The course is introductory and will assume no previous knowledge of the subject. Lectures will
contain technical and scientific content. As such, a basic knowledge of physics and chemistry would
be an advantage. However, it is intended that the course should be comprehensible to students of
any background.
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2. AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT
Aims
To familiarize the student with the properties, technology and decay mechanisms of pre-industrial
materials and to provide them with an understanding of the analytical techniques used in identifying,
characterizing and assessing their condition. To give the student an increased awareness of the
important information an object can yield with analysis and technological study.
Objectives
On successful completion of this course a student should:
•
•
•
•
be familiar with the technologies involved in producing traditional artefacts and be
able to interpret decayed material with a view to understanding an object’s original
state
have an overview of a wide range of analytical techniques for the study of artefacts
and be able to choose the most appropriate method of analysis for a particular
situation
be able to carry out the following analytical procedures: SEM, XRF, FTIR, optical
microscopy
be aware of information scientists and specialist scholars would like to collect
through analysis of cultural heritage materials
Learning Outcomes
On successful completion of the course students should be able to demonstrate/have developed:
•
•
•
ability to read and critically evaluate scientific reports and papers with reference to
the appropriateness of the techniques employed and the presentation of the data
included
the application of the knowledge acquired to the broader field of Conservation
practice to ensure that conservation procedures protect and reveal the information
that an artefact carries and that information is not destroyed or obscured
ability to propose relevant research and produce a report containing scientific data
appropriately presented and interpreted
Coursework
Item 1 [3000 words] - The first item of coursework is the research proposal is 40% of your final mark
for ARCLG123. The report is intended to take nominally 48 hours of work – in addition to the time
spent during class lectures, demonstrations/practicals/reading, etc. Students will propose research
designed to use available instrumental equipment in the IoA.
Students have the opportunity to propose research topics for their proposal – which may focus on
artefacts that will be treated during the course of ARCLG 121/122 using equipment available at IoA.
Alternatively, the Course Co-ordinator will provide students with a number of other research
options.
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Students will need to discuss and finalize their research proposal topic with the Course Co-ordinator
no later than 26 October 2015 in order to ensure that the project is appropriate.
The following example format may help you if you are considering devising your own project:
•
think of a question or problem that could be answered by undertaking a limited
analytical investigation; or choose a particular material type/object/or group of
objects to study
•
choose an appropriate analytical technique(s) to collect data that will help you
answer your question or study your chosen material
This research proposal, which lays the groundwork for your analytical report to be completed during
term 2, will take the following form:
•
•
•
•
brief description of question and/or objects that will be investigated; discuss why
this research is important
literature review of relevant publications that relate to your question
proposed analytical work needed to answer proposed question
any preliminary work you may have conducted (visual examination under
visible/infrared/ ultraviolet illumination, solvent and micro-chemical spot-tests, etc.)
that informs your proposed research
The use of images, tables, diagrams are encouraged for this assignment. Additional guidelines
regarding the report format will be made available in future class sessions.
Students may submit a draft of the research proposal on Friday 20 November 2015 for review.
The completed work should be handed in no later than Monday 14 December 2015. Please submit
an electronic version to caitlin.r.ogrady@ucl.ac.uk with high resolution images in addition to that
submitted to Turnitin and the paper copy.
Item 2 [4000 words] - The second item of coursework is a short analytical report that comprises the
remaining 60% of marks for this course. Students should take a nominal 72 hours to complete the
research/analysis/practical work/writing required for this report.
The analytical report will build on the previously submitted research proposal. This assessment is
designed to help you develop (or further develop) an area of analytical expertise by investigating a
specific type of material or problem utilizing a method of analysis available at the IoA.
The use of images, tables, diagrams are encouraged for this assignment. Additional guidelines
regarding the report format will be made available in future class sessions.
Students may submit a draft of the short analytical report on Friday 10 March 2016 for review.
The completed project should be handed in no later than Monday 28 March 2016. Please submit an
electronic version to caitlin.r.ogrady@ucl.ac.uk with high resolution images in addition to that
submitted to Turnitin and the paper copy.
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course
Co-ordinator. Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve
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their marks. However, the Course Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's
approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course
Co-ordinator. Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve
their marks. However, the Course Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's
approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
Word Counts
The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure
and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and
contents of tables and figures, appendices.
1
4,000
2
3,800-4,200
3,000
2,850-3,150
Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for
using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to
indicate the sort of length that is expected.
3. SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS
Teaching schedule
Lectures and demonstrations/practical sessions will be held from 9 am – 1 pm on Mondays in room
615. Lectures will be followed by a practical session of discussion, where one student will be
responsible for leading discussion of assigned reading.
Please note that some lectures are subject to finalisation of the arrangements and discussion with
the class. Further details will be announced closer to the date.
Owing to the wide variety of techniques taught during the course practical sessions may be
scheduled at slightly different times each week and in various locations depending on the subject
taught. Therefore it is important that you check your timetable at the beginning of each week.
Except in the case of illness, the 70% minimum attendance requirement applies to all aspects of the
course (lectures, practicals and demonstrations).
Syllabus (detailed lecture summaries and weekly readings)
The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and supplementary
readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system
individual readings are available; their location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status
(whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the eUCLid computer catalogue system. Readings
marked with an * are considered essential to keep up with the topics covered in the course. Copies
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of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are in the Teaching Collection in the
Institute Library (where permitted by copyright) or are available online.
Students should check their e-mail frequently as any changes to arrangements and other messages
will be communicated by this means.
Term 1
2015
Week 1: 5 October 2015
Caitlin R. O’Grady: (a) Introduction to course and (b) Introduction to materials, their structure and
analytical methodologies
During the first week of class, the course structure, syllabus, aims, objectives, methods of
assessment, etc. will be discussed. The course timetable (including practical sessions, teaching times
and locations) will be highlighted. This will be followed by an introduction to materials through
assessment of the inter-relationships between their structure, properties and manufacturing method
– all seen through the lens of culture. Material decay and deterioration mechanisms will be
introduced, as well as methodologies to understand and minimize/slow degradation.
*ARTIOLI, G., ed. 2010. Scientific methods and cultural heritage: an introduction to the application of
materials science to archaeometry and conservation science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISSUE DESK IOA ART 1
-focus on Introduction, Chapter 2: Overview of the analytical techniques.
CANEVA, G., M.P. NUGARI and P. SALVADORI, eds. 2005. Plant biology for cultural heritage:
biodeterioration and conservation. Trans. H. Glanville. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
INST ARCH LA CAN
HENDERSON, J. 2000. The science and archaeology of materials. London: Routledge.
INST ARCH JDA HEN
JONES, A., M. CLEMMER, A. HIGTON, and E. GOLDING. 1999. Access to chemistry. Cambridge: Royal
Society of Chemistry.
INST ARCH JD Qto JON
*KINGERY, W.D. 1996. “A role for materials science.” In: Learning from things: method and theory of
material culture studies. Ed. W.D. Kingery, p. 175-180. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution
Press.
INST ARCH BD KIN
*KINGERY, W.D. 1996. “Materials science and material culture.” In: Learning from things: method
and theory of material culture studies. Ed. W.D. Kingery, p. 181-203. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution Press.
INST ARCH BD KIN
MAY, E. and M. JONES, eds. 2006. Conservation science: heritage materials. Cambridge: RSC
Publishing.
INST ARCH LA MAY
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*National Academy of Sciences, 2005. Scientific examination of art: modern techniques in
conservation and analysis (proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences). Washington D.C.:
National Academy of Sciences. [Online]. [Accessed 2 August 2015]. Available from:
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11413
POLLARD, A.M., C. BATT, B. STERN and S. YOUNG. 2007. Analytical chemistry in archaeology.
Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
INST ARCH JDD POL
POLLARD, A.M and C. HERON. 2008. Archaeological chemistry. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Royal Society
of Chemistry.
INST ARCH JD POL
PRICE, T.D. 2011. An introduction to archaeological chemistry. New York/London: Springer.
INST ARCH AJ PRI
*REEDY, T.J. and C.L. REEDY. 1992. Principles of experimental design for art conservation research.
GCI scientific program report. Marina del Rey: J. Paul Getty Trust. [Online]. [Accessed 23 September
2015]. Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/principles_experi
ment.pdf
Week 2: 12 October 2015
Caitlin R. O’Grady: Instrumental overview – spot-testing and optical microscopy / Adhesion
Practical – sampling: removal and preparation
The lecture will give an overview of optical microscopy, a technique available at the Institute and
discuss the micro-chemical spot-testing for chemical characterization. This will be followed be a brief
lecture on adhesion with special focus on adhesives, adherands, their chemical/physical
relationships, solubility and failure. The session will be followed by a practical focused on sampling
with special attention to removal and preparation for analysis.
Please also see reading for week 1!
*ARTIOLI, G., ed. 2010. Scientific methods and cultural heritage: an introduction to the application of
materials science to archaeometry and conservation science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISSUE DESK IOA ART 1
-focus on Introduction, Chapter 2: Overview of the analytical techniques
DERRICK, M., L. SOUZA, T. KIESLICH, H. FLORSHEIM and D. STULIK. 1994. “Embedding paint crosssection samples in polyester resins: problems and solutions,” Journal of the American Institute for
Conservation 33(3): 227-245.
*EASTAUGH, N., V. WALSH, T. CHAPLIN and R. SIDALL. 2004. The pigment compendium: optical
microscopy of historical pigments. Amsterdam/London: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
INST ARCH JDJ EST (reference only)
Digital copy available online through UCL libraries
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GRIBBLE, C.D. and A.J. HALL. 1985. A practical introduction to optical mineralogy. London: Allen &
Unwin.
GEOLOGY D32 GRI
HORIE, V. 2010. Materials for conservation: organic consolidants, adhesives and coatings. 2nd edition.
Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
INST ARCH JDE HOR
*JORJANI, M., G. WHEELER, C. RICCARDELLI, W. SOBOYEJO and N. RAHBAR. 2009. “An evaluation of
potential adhesives for marble repair.” In Holding it all together: ancient and modern approaches to
joining, repair and consolidation. Eds. J. Ambers, C. Higgitt, L. Harrison and D. Saunders. London:
Archetype Publications in association with the British Museum, pp.143-149.
INST ARCH LA Qto AMB
McCRONE, W.C., L.B. McCRONE, J.G. DELLY. 1978. Polarized light microscopy. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
Ann Arbor Science.
INST ARCH JKA Qto. MAC.
MILLS, J.S. and R. WHITE. 1994. The Organic chemistry of museum objects. 2nd edition. Oxford:
Butterworth- Heinemann.
INST ARCH JDB MIL
*MOGK, D.W. 2013. Optical mineralogy and petrography. [Online]. [Accessed 2 August 2015].
Available from:
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/mineralogy/optical_mineralogy_petrography.html.
-See A guide to thin section microscopy and polarized light microscope fundamentals.
*MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES COMMISSION. Adhesives and coatings. Science for conservators, volume
3. Conservation Science Teaching Series. London: Routledge.
INST ARCH JDE CRA
*ODEGAARD, N., S. CARROLL, W. ZIMMT. 2005. Material characterization tests for objects of art and
archaeology. Second edition. London: Archetype Publications.
INST ARCH LA ODE
-Focus on Introduction; Chapter 3: Scientific method and techniques of spot testing; spot tests for
carbonates, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, protein (nitrogen) and nitrate (cellulose).
ROBINSON, P.C. 1992. Qualitative polarized-light microscopy. New York: Oxford University Press/
Royal Microscopical Society.
INST ARCH AJ ROB
*PLESTERS, J. 1956. “Cross-sections and chemical analysis of paint samples,” Studies in conservation
2(3): 110-157.
REEDY, C.L. 2008. “Introduction.” In Thin-section petrography of stone and ceramic cultural materials.
London: Archetype Publications, pp. 1-7.
INST ARCH BA 10 Qto REE
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SCOTT, D.A. 1991. “10. Reflected polarized light microscopy.” In Metallography and microstructure of
ancient and historic metals. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute in association with
Archetype Publications, pp. 49-50. [Online.] [Accessed 23 September 2015.] Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/metallography.pd
f
INST ARCH KEB Qto SCO
SCOTT, D.A. 1991. “14. Mounting and preparing specimens.” In Metallography and microstructure of
ancient and historic metals. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute in association with
Archetype Publications, pp. 63-66. [Online.] [Accessed 23 September 2015.] Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/metallography.pd
f
INST ARCH KEB Qto SCO
STAVROUDIS, C. and S. BLANK. 1989. “Solvents and sensibility,” WAAC newsletter 11(2): 2-10.
[Online]. [Accessed 23 September 2015]. Available from: http://cool.conservationus.org/waac/wn/wn11/wn11-2/wn11-202.html
Articles for student-led class discussion: HAMANN, B. 2006. "Testing cultural material for arsenic
and interpreting the results: a case study at Carnegie Museum of Natural History," Collection forum
20(1-2): 13-22.
INST ARCH Pers
RUSSO, A., M.R. VEIGA, M.F. VAZ and A.P. CARVALHO. 2011. “Effect of the conservation treatment of
historical ceramic tiles on the tensile adhesion strength,” International journal of architectural
heritage: conservation, analysis, and restoration 5(2): 241-250.
Week 3: 19 October 2015 (TBC)
TBD: Ceramic technology and degradation
Owing to its wide spread use and durability, large quantities of ceramics are found in the
archaeological record. In this session we will look at a small number of pots to discuss what we could
learn from these about the selection and preparation of raw materials as well as the forming and
firing of the vessels. We will then discuss what information archaeologists and conservators may
retrieve from the ceramics and what larger questions about past societies this can address.
ARNOLD, D.E. 1985. Ceramic theory and cultural process. New studies in Archaeology. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
INST ARCH KD ARN
*BARCLAY, K. 2001. Scientific analysis of archaeological ceramics: a handbook of resources. Oxford:
Oxbow.
INST ARCH KD 3 BAR
BRAY, C. 2000. Ceramics and Glass: a basic technology. Sheffield: Society of Glass Technology.
INST ARCH KL BRA
FREESTONE, I. and D. GAIMSTER. 1997. Pottery in the making: world ceramic traditions. London:
British Museum Press.
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INST ARCH KD FRE
HAMER, F. and J. HAMER. 1991. The potter's dictionary of materials and techniques. 3rd edition.
London: A & C Black.
INST ARCH KD 1 Qto HAM
*KINGERY, W.D. and P.B. VANDIVER. 1986. Ceramic masterpieces: art, structure, technology. New
York: Free Press.
INST ARCH KD KIN
ORTON, C., P. TYERS and A. VINCE. 2013. Pottery in archaeology. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
INST ARCH KD 3 ORT
POTTS, P.J. 1987. A handbook of silicate rock analysis. Glasgow/London: Blackie & Son.
INST ARCH KA POT
RICE, P.M. 1987. Pottery analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
INST ARCH KD3 RIC
RICE, P. M. 1996. “Recent ceramic analysis: 1. function, style, and origins,” Journal of archaeological
research 4(2): 133-161.
INST ARCH 1753
RICE, P. M. 1996. “Recent ceramic analysis: 2. composition, production and theory,” Journal of
archaeological research 4(3): 165-202.
INST ARCH 1754
*RYE, O. S. 1981. Pottery technology: principles and reconstruction. Manuals on Archaeology no. 4.
Taraxacum: Washington D.C.
INST ARCH KD 1 RYE
SHEPARD, A. O. 1980. Ceramics for the archaeologist. Publication 609. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie
Institute of Washington. [Online]. [Accessed 15 August 2015]. Available from:
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCsQFjAB&url=http
%3A%2F%2Fcarnegiescience.edu%2Fpublications_online%2FCeramics_arch.pdf&ei=lwcXVMDuIu6p7
Aaw2YCgCA&usg=AFQjCNEqLNdtuEbHwyLHZVh9JTdrcUEb5w&sig2=tVuEQanSymc8AaErTaL9_A&bv
m=bv.75097201,d.d2s
Articles for student-led class discussion: SKIBO, J.M., T.C. BUTTS, and M.B. SCHIFFER. 1997. “Ceramic
surface treatment and abrasion resistance: an experimental study,” Journal of archaeological science
24(4): 311-317.
VANDIVER, P.B., O. SOFFER, B. KLIMA, and J. SVOBODA. 1989. “The origins of ceramic technology at
Dolni Vĕstonice, Czechoslovakia,” Science 246(4933): 1002-1008.
15
Week 4: 26 October 2015
Caitlin R. O’Grady: Instrumental overview – SEM and pXRF
The lecture will give an overview of instrumental analysis concentrating on techniques available at
the Institute - in particular scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and portable x-ray fluorescence
(pXRF). There will be a brief introduction to terms and concepts used in analytical chemistry
including a brief review of atomic structure, emission spectroscopy, energy sources and detectors.
SEM and pXRF will be discussed in relationship to sample requirements and preparation, as well as
produced data and methods of interpretation.
Please also see reading for week 1!
*ARTIOLI, G., ed. 2010. Scientific methods and cultural heritage: an introduction to the application of
materials science to archaeometry and conservation science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISSUE DESK IOA ART 1
-focus on Introduction, Chapter 2: Overview of the analytical techniques.
GLINSMAN, L. 2004. The application of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to the study of museum
objects.
INST ARCH JKB GLI
*GOLDSTEIN, J., D. NEWBURY, D. JOY, C. LYMAN, P. ECHLIN, E. LIFSHIN, L. SAWYER, and J. MICHAEL.
2003. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. 3rd Edition. New York/London: Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishers.
INST ARCH JKA GOL
JANSSENS, K. and R. VAN GRIEKEN. 2004. Non-destructive microanalysis of cultural heritage
materials. Amsterdam/London: Elsevier.
INST ARCH JDD JAN
*POTTS, P.J. and M. WEST, eds. 2008. Portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry: capabilities for in situ
analysis. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Digital copy available online through UCL libraries.
*SHUGAR, A.N., and J.L. MASS, eds. 2012. Handheld XRF for art and archaeology. Leuven: Leuven
University Press.
INST ARCH JKB SHU
*WATT, I.M. 1997. The principles and practice of electron microscopy. 2nd Edition. Cambridge: CUP.
PHYSICS L30 WAT
1st edition: INST ARCH JKA WAT
Articles for student-led class discussion: CRAIG, N., R.J. SPEAKMAN, R.S. POPELKA-FILCOFF, M.D.
GLASCOCK, J.D. ROBERTSON, M.S. SHACKLEY, and M.S. ALDENDERFER. 2007. “Comparison of XRF
and pXRF for analysis of archaeological obsidian from southern Peru,” Journal of archaeological
science 34(12): 2012-2024.
HARRISON, A., K.C. COBB, H.F. BEAUBIEN, P. JETT, and J. MAYO. 2012. “A study of pre-Columbian
gold beads from Panama.” In Historical technology, materials and conservation: SEM and
16
microanalysis, ed. N. Meeks. London: Archetype Publications in association with the British Museum,
pp. 49-55.
INST ARCH LA Qto MEE
Week 5: 2 November 2015
Ian Freestone: Stone
The way in which various types of stone are formed in the earth gives rise to particular
characteristics in the resulting material (for example some stone is easily carved and relatively soft
while some is hard and cannot easily be worked to produce fine detail). In this lecture you will be
introduced to the geological processes that form the three main types of stone (Igneous,
Sedimentary and Metamorphic). These will be discussed particularly in relation to the resulting
working properties of various types of stone and their subsequent uses. You will be given a brief
introduction to how stone is quarried and shaped and how the chemical and physical structure of
stone effects its deterioration.
ASHURST J and F.G. DIMES, eds. 1990. Conservation of building and decorative stone. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
INST ARCH KP 1 ASH
- This is quite old now but still extremely useful. See the first volume for details of different
stone types.
*BRADLEY, S. M. and A. P. Middleton. 1988. “A study of the deterioration of Egyptian limestone
sculpture,” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 27(2):64–68.
*CHAROLA, A.E. 2000. “Salts in the deterioration of porous materials: an overview,” Journal of the
American Institute of Conservation 39(3): 327-343.
GILL, R. 1996. Chemical fundamentals of geology. 2nd Edition. London: Harper Collins.
GEOLOGY B40 GIL
GRIBBLE, C.D. and A.J. HALL. 1985. A practical introduction to optical mineralogy. London: Allen &
Unwin.
GEOLOGY D32 GRI
HENRY, A. 2006. Stone conservation: principles and practice. Shaftesbury: Donhead.
INST ARCH KP 1 HEN
MIDDLETON A. P. and S.M. BRADLEY. 1989. “Provenancing of Egyptian limestone sculpture,” Journal
of archaeological science 16(5): 475–88.
PRICE, C.A. 1996. Stone conservation: an overview of current research. Los Angeles: The Getty
Conservation Institute. [Online]. [Accessed 12 September 2014]. Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/publications/virtuallibrary/0892363894.html?imprint=gtcn&pg=2&res=20?im
print=gtcn&pg=4&res=20?imprint=gtcn&pg=7&res=20?imprint=gtcn
PRIKRYL R. and B.J. SMITH, eds. 2007. Building stone decay: from diagnosis to conservation.
Geological Society Special Publication 271. London: Geological Society.
INST ARCH KP 1 PRI
17
RODRIGUEZ-NAVARRO, C., E. HANSEN, E. SEBASTIAN, W.S. GINELL. 1997. “The role of clays in the
deterioration of ancient Egyptian limestone sculptures,” Journal of the American Institute for
Conservation 36(2): 151-163.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3179829
UKIC. 1998. Analysis of pigments and plasters: its relevance to current wall painting and stone
conservation practice: post prints of a day conference of the Wall Paintings Section of the United
Kingdom Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works held 22 February 1997. London:
United Kingdom Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works.
INST ARCH KN 1 Qto UNI
Websites
Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary rocks
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/IgnRx/Ighome.html
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/SedRx/
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/MetaRx/index.html
There are a lot of sites covering this topic. Look out for university Earth Science Department sites, as
these are usually the best.
Articles for student-led class discussion: RICCI, S. and B. DAVIDDE. 2012. “Some aspects of the
bioerosion of stone artefact found underwater: significant case studies,” Conservation and
management of archaeological sites 14(1-4): 28-34.
RUFFOLO, S.A., V. COMITE, M.F. LA RUSSA, C.M. BELFIORE, D. BARCA, A. BONAZZA, G.M. CRISCI, A.
PEZZINO, and C. SABBIONI. 2015. “An analysis of the black crusts from the Seville Cathedral: a
challenge to deepen the understanding of the relationships among microstructure, microchemical
features and pollution sources,” Science of the total environment 502: 157-166.
READING WEEK: 9 – 13 November 2015 (NO TEACHING)
Week 6: 16 November 2015
Ruth Siddall: Pigments and pigment identification
Whether naturally occurring or synthetically produced, a pigment can be defined as a material that is
exploited solely or primarily for its colouring properties. This lecture will introduce the three
categories of pigments (inorganic, organic and synthetic) and examine the use in the historical record
up to 1600 AD. Pigment nomenclature will be discussed, as will their physical properties.
*BERRIE, B.H., ed. 2007. Artists' pigments: a handbook of their history and characteristics. Volume 4.
Washington/London: National Gallery of Art/Archetype Publications (distributer).
INST ARCH JDJ ART
BREGNHOI, L. 2006. Paint research in building conservation. London: Archetype.
INST ARCH KN 1 Qto BRE
18
DAWSON, J., C. ROZEIK and M.M. WRIGHT, eds. 2010. Decorated surfaces on ancient Egyptian
objects: technology, deterioration and conservation. London: Archetype in association with the
Fitzwilliam Museum and Icon Archaeology Group.
INST ARCH LA Qto DAW
*DELAMARE, F. 2000. Colour: making and using dyes and pigments. Trans. S. Hawkes. London:
Thames & Hudson.
INST ARCH JDJ DEL
*EASTAUGH, N., V. WALSH, T. CHAPLIN and R. SIDALL. 2004. The pigment compendium: optical
microscopy of historical pigments. Amsterdam/London: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
INST ARCH JDJ EST (reference only); digital copy available online through UCL libraries
*FELLER, R.L. ed. 1986. Artists' pigments: a handbook of their history and characteristics. Volume 1.
Washington/London: National Gallery of Art/Archetype Publications (distributer).
INST ARCH JDJ FEL
*FITZHUGH, E.W. ed. 1997. Artists' pigments: a handbook of their history and characteristics. Volume
3. Washington/Oxford: National Gallery of Art/Oxford University Press (distributor).
INST ARCH JDJ ART
HARLEY, R.D. 2001. Artists’ pigments c. 1600-1835: a study in English documentary sources. 2nd
revised edition. London: Archetype Publications.
INST ARCH JDJ HAR
*MOGK, D.W. 2013. Optical mineralogy and petrography. [Online]. [Accessed 2 August 2015].
Available from:
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/mineralogy/optical_mineralogy_petrography.html.
-See A guide to thin section microscopy and polarized light microscope fundamentals.
ROBINSON, P.C. 1992. Qualitative polarized-light microscopy. New York: Oxford University Press/
Royal Microscopical Society.
INST ARCH AJ ROB
*ROY, A. ed. 1993. Artists' pigments: a handbook of their history and characteristics. Volume 2.
Washington/Oxford: National Gallery of Art/Oxford University Press (distributor).
INST ARCH JDJ ART
Articles for student-led class discussion: MAYHEW, T.D., M. ELLIS, and S. SERAPHIN. 2014. “Natural
yellow chalk in traditional old master drawings,” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
53(1): 1-18.
McCRONE, W.C. 1990. “The Shroud of Turin: blood or artist’s pigment?” Accounts of chemical
research 23(3): 77-83.
19
Week 7: 23 November 2015
Caitlin R. O’Grady: Instrumental overview: XRD, FTIR and Raman
The lecture will introduce the principles of XRD, FTIR, and Raman. Sample requirements and
preparation will be discussed, as well as data produced by each technique and methods of
interpretation.
*CULLITY, B.D. and S.R. STOCK. 2001. Elements of x-ray diffraction. 3rd Edition. Upper Saddle River,
N.J.: Prentice Hall.
CHEMISTRY D 273 CUL
*DERRICK, M.R., D. STULIK and J.M. LANDRY. 1999. Infrared spectroscopy in conservation science.
Scientific tools for conservation. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. [Online]. [Accessed 2
September 2015]. Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/publications/virtuallibrary/0892364696.html?imprint=gtcn&pg=4&res=20?im
print=gtcn&pg=3&res=20?imprint=gtcn
*EDWARDS, H.G.M. and J.M. CHALMERS, eds. 2005. Raman spectroscopy in archaeology and art
history. Royal Society of Chemistry.
INST ARCH JKB EDW
PERLA, M., and F. MODUGNO, eds. 2009. Organic mass spectrometry in art and archaeology.
Chichester: Wiley.
INST ARCH JDD COL
*SMITH, G.D. and R.J.H. CLARK. 2001. “Raman microscopy in art history and conservation science,”
Reviews in conservation 2: 96-110.
Articles for student-led class discussion: HELWIG, K., V. MONAHAN, J. POULIN, and T.D. ANDREWS.
2014. “Ancient projectile weapons from ice patches in northwestern Canada: identification of resin
and compound resin-ochre hafting adhesives,” Journal of archaeological science 41(1): 655-665.
ROBINET, L. and M.-C. CORBEIL. 2003. “The characterization of metal soaps,” Studies in conservation
48(1): 23-40.
Week 8: 30 November 2015
Ruth Siddall: Gypsum, lime mortar and hydraulic cements
This session will cover the raw materials and the chemistry involved in the production of historically
used plasters, mortars and cements. The properties and uses of the different materials will be
explained and relevant methods of scientific analysis employed in the study of such materials will be
discussed.
ABD El SALAM, A. 2004. Egyptian and Graeco-Roman wall plasters and mortars: a comparative
scientific study. Oxford: Hedges.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS S 5 ABD
ECKEL, E. 2005. Cements, limes and plasters: their materials, manufacture and properties.
With new introductions by P. Livesey and W.G. Hime. Shaftesbury: Donhead.
ARCHITECTURE DF 1 ECK
20
GOWING, R. and R. PENDER, eds. 2007. All manner of murals: the history, techniques and
conservation of secular wall paintings. Proceedings of the Secular Wall Paintings Symposia organised
by the Icon Stone and Wall Paintings Group and supported by English Heritage, London. London:
Archetype Publications.
INST ARCH KN 1 Qto GOW
HENRY, A. and J. STEWART, eds. 2011. Mortars, renders & plasters. Practical Building Conservation.
Farnham: Ashgate and English Heritage.
ARCHITECTURE DV 1 PRA
-Focus on Materials & History of Use – pp. 1-120; and Deterioration & Damage – pp. 121-162
Articles for student-led class discussion: ABRAMS, E.M., J. PARHAMOVICH, J.A. BUTCHER, and B.
McCORD. 2012. “Chemical composition of architectural plaster at the Classic Maya kingdom of
Piedras Negras, Guatemala,” Journal of archaeological science 39(5): 1648-1654.
WALSH, J.J. 2007. “Petrography: distinguishing natural cement from other binders in historical
masonry construction using forensic microscopy techniques,” Journal of ASTM international 4(1):12
pages. Paper ID: JAI100674.
Week 9: 7 December 2015
Ian Freestone: Glass, glazes and faience – chemistry and deterioration
The chemistry and structure of glasses resulting from different compositions and manufacturing
techniques will be discussed. Mechanisms of glass deterioration will be discussed as will factors
affecting the rate of deterioration.
BRAY, C. 2000. Ceramics and glass: a basic technology. Sheffield: Society of Glass Technology.
INST ARCH KL BRA
BRILL, R.H. 1999. Chemical analyses of early glasses. Corning, N.Y.: Corning Museum of Glass.
INST ARCH KL Qto BRI
FREESTONE, I. 2001. “Post-depositional changes in archaeological ceramics and glasses.” In:
Handbook of archaeological sciences, eds. D.R. Brothwell and A.M. Pollard. Chichester: Wiley, 615625.
INST ARCH AJ BRO
Heck, M. and P. Hoffmann. 2002. Analysis of early medieval glass beads - the raw materials to
produce green, orange and brown colours.
INST ARCH 3139 (Teaching Collection)
KOOB, S.P. 2006. Conservation and care of glass objects. London: Archetype in association with the
Corning Museum of Glass.
INST ARCH KL KOO
KUNICKI-GOLDFINGER J. 2008 “Unstable historic glass: symptoms, causes, mechanisms and
conservation,” Reviews in conservation 9: 47-60.
21
NEWTON, R. and S. DAVISON, S. 1996. Conservation of glass. 2nd edition. London: Butterworths.
INST ARCH KL NEW.
OAKLEY, V. 1992. The deterioration of vessel glass. In: Glass and enamel conservation, ed. C. Daintith.
UKIC Occasional Papers 11. London: United Kingdom Institute for Conservation, 18-22.
INST ARCH KL DAI
POLLARD, M. and C. Heron. 1996. “Chapter 5: the chemistry and corrosion of archaeological glass.”
Archaeological chemistry. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.
INST ARCH JD PO
RAUCH, I. 2004. Konservierung und restaurierung historischer Glasmalereien. Eine einführung in die
problematik. In Die Denkmalpflege, 62, Heft 2: 141-50.
Available on line and IN ENGLISH:
RAUCH, I. 2010. The conservation and restoration of historical stained and painted glass: an
introduction to the problems. [Online]. [Accessed 23 September 2015] Available from:
http://www.cvma.ac.uk/conserv/rauch.html
RÖMICH, H. 1999. Historic glass and its interaction with the environment. In The conservation of
glass and ceramics, ed. N.H. Tennant. London: James & James: 5-15.
INST ARCH LA TEN
Articles for student-led class discussion: MOUSSA, A. and M.F. ALI. 2013. “Color alteration of ancient
Egyptian blue faience,” International journal of architectural heritage: conservation, analysis, and
restoration 7(3): 261-274.
VANDIVER, P.B. 1995. “Corrosion of synthesized glasses and glazes as analogs for nuclear waste glass
degradation.” In Materials issues in art and archaeology IV: symposium held May 16-21, 1994,
Cancun, Mexico. Eds. P.B. Vandiver, J.R. Druzik, J.L. Galván Madrid, I.C. Freestone and G.S. Wheeler.
Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings (v. 352). Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society,
pp. 395-412.
INST ARCH LA MAT
Week 10: 14 December 2015
Marcos Martinón-Torres: Copper and copper alloys
This session will focus specifically on copper and copper alloys and will discuss manufacture,
technology and metallurgy as well as different alloy compositions and their effects on the metal
produced. Time will also be given over to discussing appropriate methods of analysis for the study of
copper and copper alloy artefacts.
CHANDLER, H. 1998. Metallurgy for the non-metallurgist. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International.
INST ARCH KEB CHA
CRADDOCK, P. and J. LANG. 2003. Mining and metal production through the ages. London: British
Museum.
INST ARCH KE CRA
22
DAVENPORT, W. G. 2002. Extractive metallurgy of copper. 4th edition. Oxford: Pergamon.
NST ARCH KEB 1 DAV
HODGES, H. 1989. Artifacts: an introduction to early materials and technology. 2nd edition London:
Duckworth.
INST ARCH K HOD
MAY, E. and M. JONES, eds. 2006. Conservation science: heritage materials. Cambridge: RSC
Publishing.
INST ARCH LA MAY
Mattusch, C.M. 1996. The fire of Hephaistos: large classical bronzes from North American collections.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Art Museums.
YATES QUARTOS M 130 MAT
OTTAWAY, B. and Q. WANG. 2004. Casting experiments and microstructure of archaeologically
relevant bronzes. Oxford: Archaeopress.
INST ARCH KEB 1 Qto OTT
SCOTT, D. 2002. Copper and bronze in art: corrosion, colorants, conservation. Los Angeles: Getty
Conservation Institute.
INST ARCH KEB 1 SCO
SCOTT, D. A. 1991. Metallography and microstructure of ancient and historic metals.
Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute in association with Archetype Publications. [Online.]
[Accessed 23 September 2015.] Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/metallography.pd
f
INST ARCH KEB Qto SCO
SCOTT, D.A., J. PODANY, and B.B. CONSIDINE. 1994. Ancient & historic metals: conservation and
scientific research: proceedings of a symposium organized by the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Getty
Conservation Institute, November 1991. Marina del Rey, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. [Online].
[Accessed 27 August 2015]. Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/ancientmetals.html
SELWYN, L. 2004. Metals and corrosion: a handbook for the conservation professional. Ottawa:
Canadian Conservation Institute.
INST ARCH KEB SEL
Articles for student-led class discussion: FRAME, L.D., I.C. FREESTONE, S.Y. ZHANG and M. NICOLAS.
2013. “The effects of corrosion and conservation treatments on non-destructive neutron diffraction
analysis of archaeology copper alloys: preliminary results,” Archaeometry 55(1): 68-90.
VAN LANGH, R., A. PAPPOT, S. CREANGE, L. MEGENS, and I. JOOSTEN. 2011. “The effect of surface
changes in heat treated bronze samples analysed by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry.” In Metal
2010: proceedings of the interim meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, October 11-15,
2010, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Eds. P. Mardikian, C. Chemello, C. Watters and P. Hull.
Clemson: Clemson University, pp. 273-280. [Online]. [Accessed 29 September 2015]. Available from:
23
https://www.lulu.com/shop/search.ep?keyWords=Metal+2010%3A+proceedings+of+the+interim+m
eeting+of+the+ICOM-CC+Metal+Working+Group%2C+October+1115%2C+2010%2C+Charleston%2C+South+Carolina%2C+USA&type=
Term 2
2016
Week 11: 11 January 2016
John F. Merkel: Iron working and technology
Continuing with the metals theme, in week 11 we move on to discuss iron working and technology.
As in previous sessions we will discuss manufacture, technology and metallurgy as well as different
alloy compositions and their effects on the metal produced. Time will also be given to discussion of
appropriate methods of analysis for the study of Iron and Steel artefacts.
BUCHWALD. 2005. Iron and steel in ancient times. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske
Videnskabernes Selskab.
INST ARCH KEA 2 BUC
CRADDOCK, P. 1993. Metal plating and patination: cultural, technical and historical developments.
Oxford/Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
INST ARCH KEA LAN
CRADDOCK, P. and J. LANG. 2003. Mining and metal production through the ages. London: British
Museum.
INST ARCH KE CRA
DRAYMAN-WEISSER, T. 2000. Gilded metals: history, technology and conservation. London:
Archetype Publications in association with The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and
Artistic Works.
INST ARCH KEB Qto DAR
HAYMAN, R. 2005. Ironmaking: the history and archaeology of the iron industry. Stroud: Tempus.
INST ARCH KEA 2 HAY
JANAWAY, R. and B. SCOTT. 1989. Evidence preserved in corrosion products: new fields in artifact
studies. London: United Kingdom Institute for Conservation.
INST ARCH LA JAN
JONES, D.A. 1996. Principles and prevention of corrosion. 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice
Hall.
INST ARCH KEB JON
SCOTT, D. A. 1991. Metallography and microstructure of ancient and historic metals.
Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute in association with Archetype Publications. [Online.]
[Accessed 23 September 2015.] Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/metallography.pd
f
INST ARCH KEB SCO
SCOTT, D.A. and G. EGGERT. 2009. Iron and steel in art: corrosion, colorants, conservation. London:
24
Archetype, 2009.
INST ARCH KEB 2 Qto SCO
SELWYN, L. 2004. Metals and corrosion: a handbook for the conservation professional. Ottawa:
Canadian Conservation Institute.
INST ARCH KEB SEL
Articles for student-led class discussion: DREWS, M.J., N.G. GONZÁLEZ-PEREYRA, P. MARDIKIAN and
P. DE VIVIÉS. 2013. “The application of subcritical fluids for the stabilization of marine archaeological
iron,” Studies in conservation 58(4): 314-325.
JULEFF, G. 1996. “An ancient wind-powered smelting technology in Sri Lanka,” Nature 379(6560): 6066.
Week 12: 18 January 2016
Caitlin R. O’Grady: Analytical data, interpretation and presentation
This session will look at the types of analytical data collected to answer research questions and
discuss various methods of interpretation and presentation to various audiences.
DERRICK, M.R., D. STULIK, and J.M. LANDRY. “Chapter 5: spectral interpretation.” In Infrared
spectroscopy in conservation science. Scientific tools for conservation. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty
Trust, pp. 82-129. [Online]. [Accessed 23 September 2015]. Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/infrared_spectros
copy.pdf
INST ARCH LA DER
DRENNAN, R.D. 1996. Statistics for archaeologists – a commonsense approach. Interdisciplinary
contributions to archaeology. Second edition. New York: Springer. [Online]. [Accessed on 25
September 2015]. Available from UCL library.
INST ARCH AK 10 DRE
DRUMMOND, G. 2012. “Statistics: a journey that needs a guide.” In Essential guide to reading
biomedical papers: recognising and interpreting best practice. Ed. P. Langton. Oxford: WileyBlackwell, pp. 17-26. [Online]. [Accessed on 25 September 2015]. Available from UCL libraries.
EBEL, H.F., C. BLIEFERT, and W.E. RUSSEY. 2004. The art of scientific writing: from student reports to
professional publications in chemistry and related fields. Second edition. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE Y 11 EBE
REEDY, T.J. and C.L. REEDY. 1992. Principles of experimental design for art conservation research. GCI
scientific program report. Marina del Rey: J. Paul Getty Trust. [Online]. [Accessed 23 September
2015]. Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/principles_experi
ment.pdf
ROUGIER, N.P., M. DROETTBOOM, and P.E. BOURNE. 2014. Ten simple rules for better figures.
[Online]. [Accessed 23 September 2015]. Available from:
http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003833
25
SHUGAR, A.N. and J.L. MASS. 2012. “Introduction.” In Handheld XRF in archaeological sciences, eds.
A.N. Shugar and J.L. Mass. Studies in Archaeological Sciences 3. Leuven: Leuven University Press, pp.
17-36.
SMITH, D. “Handheld X-ray fluorescence analysis of Renaissance bronzes: practical approaches to
quantification and acquisition.” In In Handheld XRF in archaeological sciences, eds. A.N. Shugar and
J.L. Mass. Studies in Archaeological Sciences 3. Leuven: Leuven University Press, pp. 37-74.
VALIELA, I. 2001. Doing science: design, analysis, and communication of scientific research. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE A 9 VA
VAN HOEK, C.J.G., M. DE ROO, G. VAN DER VEER and S.R. VAN DER LAAN. 2011. “A SEM-EDS study of
cultural heritage objects with interpretation of constituents and their distribution using PARC data
analysis,” Microscopy and microanalysis 17: 656-660.
VERKADE, P. 2012. “Chapter 7 – Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM).” In Essential guide to reading
biomedical papers: recognising and interpreting best practice. Ed. P. Langton. Oxford: WileyBlackwell, pp. 59-65. [Online]. [Accessed on 25 September 2015]. Available from UCL libraries.
Articles for student-led class discussion: Each student will suggest an article that incorporates
analytical data for assessment in class. The selected article should be applicable to research projects.
Week 13: 25 January 2016 (TBC)
Emma Richardson: Plastic chemistry, properties and technology
The chemistry, properties and technology of plastics will be discussed as they relate to the
production of art objects, and, conservation materials. Deterioration mechanisms will also be
discussed as they relate to both materials and art objects.
*GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE. 2014. “Conservation of plastics,” Conservation perspectives: The
GCI Newsletter 29(1). [Online]. [Accessed 23 September 2015]. Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/29_1/
-Read the entire issue
HORIE, V. 2010. Materials for conservation: Organic consolidants, adhesives and coatings. 2nd edition.
Amsterdam/London: Butterworth-Heinemann.
INST ARCH JDE HOR
*----. 2011. “Does what we want exist?” In Adhesives and consolidants for conservation: research and
applications symposium proceedings / Adhésifs et consolidants pour la conservation: recherche et
applications: les actes. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute. [Online]. [Accessed 12 September
2015]. Available from:
http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/discovercci-decouvriricc/Symposium/2011Symposium-eng.aspx
VAN OOSTEN, T., Y. SHASHOUA, F. WAENTIG, and F. KÖLN, eds. 2002. Plastics in art: history,
technology, preservation. München: Siegl.
INST ARCH LA OOS
26
ROWE, S. and C. ROZEIK. 2008. “The uses of cyclododecane in conservation,” Reviews in conservation
9: 17-31.
*SHASHOUA, Y. 2008. Conservation of plastics: materials science, degradation and preservation.
Amsterdam/London: Butterworth-Heinemann.
INST ARCH LA SHA
Articles for student-led discussion: NEL, P., D. LAU, and C. BRAYBROOK. “A closer look at old
cellulose nitrate repairs obtained from a Cypriot pottery collection.” In Adhesives and consolidants
for conservation: research and applications symposium proceedings / Adhésifs et consolidants pour la
conservation: recherche et applications: les actes. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute. [Online].
[Accessed 12 September 2015]. Available from:
http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/discovercci-decouvriricc/Symposium/2011Symposium-eng.aspx
QUYE, A., D. LITTLEJOHN, R.A. PETHRICK and R.A. STEWART. 2011. “Investigation of inherent
degradation in cellulose nitrate museum artefacts,” Polymer degradation and stability 96(7): 13671376.
Week 14: 1 February 2016
Phillip Austin: Wood structure and ID
This session will focus on the structure and anatomy of wood and how these effect the way different
species of wood have been used in the past. The session will aim to familiarize the student with the
structure of wood in order to aid them in species identification, the session will be followed by a
practical class in wood identification.
HATHER, J.G. 2000. The identification of northern European woods: a guide for archaeologists and
conservators. London: Archetype Publications.
INST ARCH KC HAT
HOADLEY, R.B. 1990. Identifying wood: accurate results with simple tools. Newtown, CT: Taunton
Press.
INST ARCH KC Qto HOA
MILLS, J.S. and R. WHITE. 1994. The organic chemistry of museum objects. 2nd edition. ButterworthHeinemann.
INST ARCH JDB MIL
Articles for student-led class discussion: MORALES CONDE, M.J., C.R. LIÑÁN, and P. RUBIO DE HITA.
2014. “Use of ultrasound as a non-destructive evaluation technique for sustainable interventions on
wooden structures,” Building and environment 82: 247-257.
OIKAWA, T., T. MATSUI, Y. MATSUDA, T. TAKAYAMA, H. NIINUMA, Y. NISHIDA, K. HOSHI, and M.
YATAGAI. 2006. “Volatile organic compounds from wood and their influences on museum artefact
materials II: interference of casual substances of deterioration based on intercomparison of laser
Raman spectra of deteriorated products,” Journal of wood science 52(2): 140-146.
27
Week 15: 8 February 2016
Gustave Milne and Dean Sully: Wood technology and deterioration
Building on the previous session, these lectures will focus on wood technology and deterioration in
order to answer the following questions: How is wood used, shaped and formed? How does wood
macro-structure lend itself to certain tasks?
DORGE, V. and F. HOWLETT, eds. 1998. Painted wood: history and conservation. Los Angeles: The
Getty Conservation Institute.
INST ARCH KN 1 Qto DOR
EATON, R. A. 1993. Wood: decay, pests, and protection. New York: Chapman & Hall.
INST ARCH KC EAT
HATHER, J.G. 2000. The identification of northern European woods: a guide for archaeologists and
conservators. London: Archetype Publications.
INST ARCH KC HAT
HOADLEY, R.B. 1990. Identifying wood: accurate results with simple tools. Newtown, CT: Taunton
Press.
INST ARCH KC Qto HOA
MILLS, J.S. and R. WHITE. 1994. The organic chemistry of museum objects. 2nd edition. Oxford:
Butterworth- Heinemann.
INST ARCH JDB MIL
RIVERS, S. 2003. Conservation of furniture. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
INST ARCH LA RIV
SANDS, R. 1997. Prehistoric woodworking: the analysis and interpretation of Bronze and Iron Age
toolmarks. Wood in archaeology, volume 1. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College
London.
INST ARCH KC SAN
READING WEEK: 15 – 19 February 2016 (No teaching)
Week 16: 22 February 2016 (TBC)
Renata Peters and Sandra Bond: Plant and animal fibres
This session will focus on sources of plant and animal fibres, their structure and appearance and the
processes involved in their production. The session will be followed by a practical session on the
identification of fibres using a range of diagnostic features.
APPLEYARD, H. M. 1978. Guide to the identification of animal fibres. 2nd edition. Leeds: Wira.
INST ARCH KJ APP
CATLING, D. and J. GRAYSON. 1982. Identification of vegetable fibres. London: Chapman & Hall.
INST ARCH KH CAT
28
GALE, R., and D. CUTLER. 2000. Plants in archaeology: Identification manual of artefacts of vegetative
plant materials used in Europe and the sourthern Mediterranean to c. 1500. Otley: Westbury and
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
INST ARCH BB 51 Qto GAL
FLORIAN, M.-L.E., D.P. KRONKIGHT, and R.E. NORTON. 1990. The conservation of artifacts made from
plant materials. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. [Online]. [Accessed 23 September
2015] Available from:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/conserv_artifacts_pla
nt_materials.html
GREAVES, P.H. 1995 Microscopy of textile fibres. Oxford: BIOS Scientific in association with the Royal
Microscopical Society.
INST ARCH KJ GRE
MILLS, J.S. and R. WHITE. 1994. The organic chemistry of museum objects. 2nd edition. ButterworthHeinemann.
INST ARCH JDB MIL
WILDMAN, A.B. 1954. The microscopy of animal textile fibres: including methods for the complete
analysis of fibre blends. Leeds: Wool Industries Research Association.
INST ARCH KI WIL
Week 17: 29 February 2016
Matija Strlič: Paper chemistry, technology, degradation and conservation
This session will focus on the chemistry of paper, as well as manufacturing technologies. Degradation
and methods of conservation will also be discussed.
CALVINI, P. and A. GORASSINI. 2006. “On the rate of paper degradation: lessons from the past,”
Restaurator: international journal for the preservation of library and archival material 27(4): 275-290.
DANIELS, V. 2006. “Paper.” In Conservation science: heritage materials, eds. E. May and M. Jones.
Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 32-55.
INST ARCH LA MAY
DANIELS, V., A. DONNITHORNE, and P. SMITH, eds. 2002. IIC 2002 Baltimore Congress: works of art
on paper, books, documents and photographs – techniques and conservation. London: Archetype
Publications with International Institute for Conservation.
INST ARCH KH Qto DAN
HAVLINOVA, B., S. KATUSCAK, M. PETROVICOVA, A. MAKOVA, and V. BREZOVA. 2009. “A study of
mechanical properties of papers exposed to various methods of accelerated aging. Part 1: the effect
of heat and humidity on original wood-pulp papers,” Journal of cultural heritage 10: 222-231.
ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY. 2013 March. “Saving paper.” [Online]. [Accessed 23 September
2015]. Available from: http://www.rsc.org/education/eic/issues/2013March/paper-conservationcellulose-acid-hydrolysis.asp
29
STRLIČ, M. J. KOLAR, and S. SCHOLTEN. 2004. Paper and durability. In Ageing and stabilisation of
paper, eds. M. Strlič, J. Kolar, and S. Scholten. Ljubljana: National and University Library, pp. 03-09.
[Online]. [Accessed on 23 September 2015]. Available from:
http://www.science4heritage.org/papylum/Papylum%20Book%20WEB.pdf
Week 18: 7 March 2016
Margarita Gleba: Textile technology, examination
This session will focus on the production of textiles and woven structures. Methods of examination
will be discussed as they relate to the analysis of woven materials in order to discover the methods
employed in their manufacture.
ANDERSSON STRAND, E.B., ed. 2009. North European symposium for archaeological textiles.
Oxford: Oxbow Books.
INST ARCH KJ Qto STR
FOEKJE, B. 2007. Unravelling textiles: a handbook for the preservation of textile collections. London:
Archetype Publications.
INST ARCH KJ BOE
JANAWAY, R. and P. WYETH. 2005. Scientific analysis of ancient and historic textiles: informing
preservation, display and interpretation. London: Archetype Publications.
INST ARCH KJ Qto JAN
O'CONNOR, S.A. and M.M. BROOKS. 2007. X-radiography of textiles, dress and related objects.
Oxford: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann.
INST ARCH KJ OCO
SCHOESER, M. 2003. World textiles: a concise history. London/New York: Thames & Hudson.
INST ARCH KJ SCH
SEILER-BALDINGER, A. 1994. Textiles: a classification of techniques. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution Press.
INST ARCH KJ SEI
WATKINS, S.M. 1984. Clothing: the portable environment. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
INST ARCH KJ WAT
Articles for student-led class discussion: CARTWRIGHT, C. and J.C.H. KING. 2012. “Identification of
hairs and fibres in Great Lakes objects from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries using variable
pressure scanning electron microscopy,” British Museum technical research bulletin 6: 69-81.
ZHU, Z., L. LIU, and D. GONG. 2013. “Transglutaminase-mediated restoration of historic silk and its
ageing resistance,” Heritage science 1(13): 7 pages.
30
Week 19: 14 March 2016
Dean Sully: Skin and Leather: technology and processing
This session will focus on skin/leather as, its acquisition, processing techniques and degradation. The
structure of skin will be addressed on a microscopic level in order to enable the student to identify
and locate diagnostic features. The class will include a practical session on microscopic identification
of leather species, condition assessment methodologies and tests for deteriorated leather.
*CALNAN, C. and B. HAINES. eds. 1991. Leather: its composition and changes with time.
Northhampton, England: Leather Conservation Centre.
INST ARCH KI CAL
*COVINGTON, T. 2009. Tanning chemistry: the science of leather. Cambridge: RSC Publishing.
Online access through UCL Library
FLORIAN, M.-L. E. 2007. Protein facts: fibrous proteins in cultural and natural history artifacts.
London: Archetype Publications.
INST ARCH L FLO
*HAINES, B. 1999. Parchment: the physical and chemical characteristics of parchment and the
materials used in its conservation. Northampton: Leather Conservation Centre.
INST KI Qto HAI
*HORIE, C.V. 1990. “Deterioration of skin in museum collections,” Polymer degradation and stability
29(1): 109-133.
*KITE, M. 2006. Conservation of leather and related materials. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
INST ARCH KI KIT
LARSEN, R., ed. 2002. Microanalysis of parchment. London: Archetype.
INST ARCH KI Qto LAR
*RICHARDS, M. 2004. Deerskins into buckskins: how to tan with brains, soap or eggs. 2nd edition,
revised and updated. Cave Junction, Oregon: Backcountry Pub.
INST ARCH KI RIC
*WRIGHT, M. 2002. The conservation of fur, feather and skin: seminar organised by the Conservators
of Ethnographic Artefacts at the Museum of London on 11 December 2000. London: Archetype.
INST ARCH KJ WRI
Articles for student-led class discussion: BLASCHKE, K. 2012. “Lubricants on vegetable tanned
leather: effects and chemical changes,” Restaurator: international journal for the preservation of
library and archival material 33(1): 76-99.
FALCÃO, L. and M.E.M. ARAÚJO. 2013. “Tannins characterization in historic leathers by
complementary analytical techniques ATR-FTIR, UV-Vis and chemical tests,” Journal of cultural
heritage 14(6): 499-508.
31
Week 20: 21 March 2016 (TBC)
Daniel Antoine: Animal hard tissues – bone, teeth, ivory, horn, antler, shell
In this session the micro structure of different hard tissues will be examined and we will discuss what
they consist of and how they are produced. This will lead us onto an understanding of the features
present in each type of material that can aid us in their identification. This session will be followed by
a demonstration/practical in identifying hard tissue materials in objects.
CASSMAN, V. and N. ODEGAARD, 2007. “Condition assessment of osteological collections.” In Human
remains: guide for museums and academic institutions, eds. V. Cassman, N. Odegaard, and J. Powell.
Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press, p. 29-47
INST ARCH AG CAS
CHILD, A.M. 1995. “Towards an understanding of the microbial decomposition of archaeological
bone in the burial environment,” Journal of archaeological science 22(2): 165-174.
*HOLTZAPFFEL C. 2000. Working horn, ivory and tortoishell. Portland OR: Caber Press.
INST ARCH KB HOL
*MACGREGOR, A. 1985. Bone, antler, ivory and horn: the technology of skeletal materials since the
Roman period. London/Totowa, NJ: Croom Helm/Barnes & Noble Books.
INST ARCH KB MAC
MILLS, J.S. and R. WHITE. 1994. The organic chemistry of museum objects. 2nd edition. ButterworthHeinemann.
INST ARCH JDB MIL
PARIS, C., S. LECOMTE, and C. COUPRY. 2005. “ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as a way to identify natural
protein-based materials, tortoiseshell and horn, from their protein-based imitation, Galalith,”
Spectrochimica acta. Part a, molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 62 (1-3): 532-538
SHELTON, S.Y. 2007. Byne’s “disease;” how to recognize, handle and store affected shells and related
collections. Conserve o gram 11/15. Washington, D.C.: Museums Management Service, National Park
Service.
STARLING, K. and D. WATKINSON, eds. 1987. Archaeological bone, antler and ivory. London: United
Kingdom Institute for Conservation.
INST ARCH KB STA
Articles for student-led class discussion: PASSMORE, E., J. AMBERS, C. HIGGITT, C. WARD, B. WILLS,
S.J. SIMPSON, and C. CARTWRIGHT. 2012. “Hidden, looted, saved: the scientific research and
conservation of a group of Begram Ivories from the National Museum of Afghanistan” British
Museum technical research bulletin 6: 33-46.
ESPINOZA, E.O., B.W. BAKER and C.A. BERRY. 2007. “The analysis of sea turtle and bovid keratin
artefacts using drift spectroscopy and discriminant analysis,” Archaeometry 49(4): 685-698.
4
ONLINE RESOURCES
The full UCL Institute of Archaeology coursework guidelines are given here:
32
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook
The full text of this handbook is available here (includes clickable links to Moodle and online reading
lists):
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/staff/handbook
Online reading list
The online reading list for this course can be found via the Moodle site for this course.
Moodle
There is a Moodle course associated with this core unit, please make sure you sign up so that you can
benefit from the extra resources available in this location. The course title is as follows: ARCLG123
Conservation Materials Science and you can log in to the Moodle system here:
http://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/login/
5
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES
In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of
particular relevance to this course are:
Main Library, Wilkins Building, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT
Bartlett Library, Ground Floor, Central House, 14 Upper Woburn Place, WC1H 0NN
Science library, DMS Watson Building, Malet Place, London, WC1E 6BT
Libraries outside of UCL which have holdings which may also be relevant to this degree are:
The British Museum Conservation Department Library to which you are admitted as a conservation
student of this institute (see separate leaflet on access to, and rules for the use of, this library).
INFORMATION FOR INTERCOLLEGIATE AND INTERDEPARTMENTAL STUDENTS
Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the Institute’s coursework
guidelines from Judy Medrington (email j.medrington@ucl.ac.uk), which will also be available on the
IoA website.
HEALTH AND SAFETY
The Institute has a Health and Safety policy and code of practice which provides guidance on
laboratory work, etc. This is revised annually and the new edition will be issued in due course. All
work undertaken in the Institute is governed by these guidelines and students have a duty to be
aware of them and to adhere to them at all times. This is particularly important in the context of the
laboratory work which will be undertaken as part of this course.
33
APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2015-16 (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY)
This appendix provides a short précis of policies and procedures relating to courses. It is not a
substitute for the full documentation, with which all students should become familiar. For full
information on Institute policies and procedures, see the following website:
http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin
For UCL policies and procedures, see the Academic Regulations and the UCL Academic Manual:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-regulations ; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/
GENERAL MATTERS
ATTENDANCE: A minimum attendance of 70% is required. A register will be taken at each class. If you
are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email.
DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your lecturers whether
there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia should indicate it on each
coursework cover sheet.
COURSEWORK
SUBMISSION PROCEDURES: You must submit a hardcopy of coursework to the Co-ordinator's
pigeon-hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception (or, in the case of first year undergraduate work, to
room 411a) by stated deadlines. Coursework must be stapled to a completed coversheet (available
from IoA website; the rack outside Room 411A; or the Library). You should put your Candidate
Number (a 5 digit alphanumeric code, found on Portico. Please note that this number changes each
year) and Course Code on all coursework. It is also essential that you put your Candidate Number
at the start of the title line on Turnitin, followed by the short title of the coursework (example:
YBPR6 Funerary practices).
LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission is penalized in accordance with UCL regulations, unless
permission for late submission has been granted. The penalties are as follows: i) A penalty of 5
percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted the calendar day after the deadline
(calendar day 1); ii) A penalty of 15 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted on
calendar day 2 after the deadline through to calendar day 7; iii) A mark of zero should be recorded for
coursework submitted on calendar day 8 after the deadline through to the end of the second week of
third term. Nevertheless, the assessment will be considered to be complete provided the coursework
contains material than can be assessed; iv) Coursework submitted after the end of the second week of
third term will not be marked and the assessment will be incomplete.
GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for
coursework have been introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session. Full details will be circulated
to all students and will be made available on the IoA intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no
longer permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL
form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred
on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are now acceptable are limited. Those
with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special
arrangements.
TURNITIN: Date-stamping is via Turnitin, so in addition to submitting hard copy, you must also
submit your work to Turnitin by midnight on the deadline day. If you have questions or problems
with Turnitin, contact ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk.
RETURN OF COURSEWORK AND RESUBMISSION: You should receive your marked coursework within
four calendar weeks of the submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period,
34
or a written explanation, notify the Academic Administrator. When your marked essay is returned to
you, return it to the Course Co-ordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all coursework
submitted.
WORD LENGTH: Essay word-lengths are normally expressed in terms of a recommended range. Not
included in the word count are the bibliography, appendices, tables, graphs, captions to figures,
tables, graphs. You must indicate word length (minus exclusions) on the cover sheet. Exceeding the
maximum word-length expressed for the essay will be penalized in accordance with UCL penalties for
over-length work.
CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be expressed in your own
words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number; website address if applicable) of any
ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. This applies to all media
(books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must
be indicated as such by being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious
irregularity, which can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for
presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of
plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-students/guidelines/plagiarism
RESOURCES
MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the course on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please
contact Nicola Cockerton, Room 411a (nicola.cockerton@ucl.ac.uk).
35
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES
General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including submission
procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available in your Degree Handbook and
on the following website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin. It is essential that you read and
comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on
your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate,
interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your course co-ordinator.
GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS:
New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework have been
introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session. Full details will be circulated to all students and
will be made available on the IoA intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted
to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together with
supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for
consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are now acceptable are limited. Those with
long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements.
36