Diploma of Environmental Monitoring & Technology
Study module 2
Sampling & Analysis Plan (SAP)
MSS025006A
Groundwater sampling
& analysis
Completion Record
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GSA Study module 2
Sampling & Analysis Plan
WHAT IS A SAMPLING & ANALYSIS PLAN (SAP)?
Introduction
Data Quality Objectives (DQO)
Objectives of a Sampling & Analysis Plan
DEVELOPING THE SAMPLING & ANALYSIS PLAN
Desktop preparations
Equipment & reagent preparations
Transportation preparations
Purging and sampling equipment protocols
Field measurement protocols
Decontamination protocols
DOCUMENTING A SAMPLING EVENT
Written documents
Electronic documents
Audio-visual records
ASSESSMENT & SUBMISSION
Knowledge questions
Assessment & submission rules
References & resources
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GSA Study module 2
Sampling & Analysis Plan
What is a Sampling & Analysis Plan (SAP)?
Introduction
The Sampling & Analysis Plan (SAP) is a key document that maps the required fieldwork to
the project management requirements, and outlines the specifics of the techniques and
requirements for field technicians when undertaking specific fieldwork for a job.
The SAP finds significant use in environmental compliance work, but in Australia is usually is
referred to using different terminology.
Data Quality Objectives (DQO)
When implementing an environmental sampling and analysis program of any type, the
objectives of the program need to be well defined and understood. The most common form
is the US EPA Data Quality Objectives (DQO) model. This employs a seven stage
management process which helps align all of the relevant project aims in one simplified
process. The seven steps involved are;
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Identify the problem
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Identify the goals of the study
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Identify the information sources
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Define the program boundaries
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Develop an analytical approach
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Specify performance criteria
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Develop the plan
For a complete summary of the DQO, refer to the Environmental Fieldwork notes
Objectives of a Sampling & Analysis Plan
There is a lot of science behind ground-water sampling and the selection of sampling
methods and equipment for each site. Ensuring that sampling teams are aware of
requirements for sample collection is therefore essential, and a site-specific SAP helps
ensure the quality and cost effectiveness of the project is maintained.
Implementation of a comprehensive and well thought out SAP should ensure that groundwater sample collection procedures are consistent from one sampling event to the next,
thus reducing the potential for sampling team related error and bias. In conjunction with
good DQO implementation, this will ensure that the field and analytical data generated will
meet the quality and cost goals. The objectives of a typical SAP are summarized below;
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Provide a written statement of objectives of the sampling program
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Provide a schedule for sample collection
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Provide detailed procedures for all aspects of the ground-water sampling process
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Provide written documentation of field procedures for outside evaluation
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Provide a vehicle for project management and budgeting
Preparation of the SAP
The SAP should be written by experienced project managers or staff who have relevant field
experience and who can identify potential sources of error and bias in each component of
the ground water sample collection process.
The SAP author needs to communicate and work closely with laboratory personnel as that
forms a significant part of the DQO requirements. Depending on the type of work involved
the SAP may be required to go to regulatory department personnel for their approval.
It is recommended that the field sampling team have the opportunity to review and provide
honest input on procedures contained within the SAP. Communication between all levels of
personnel involved in the sampling program will ensure that the final SAP is not only
technically correct for the site-specific program, but that field protocols are practical and
realistic and based on good science.
Figure 2.1 – An example from the NEPM of how the SAP stage is positioned in the overall
process [source]
Typically, once the document has approval for implementation, procedural changes should
not be made randomly in the field as any deviation from the documented protocol can call
into question all results from field measurements and subsequent data generated by
laboratory analysis of collected samples.
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Developing the Sampling & Analysis Plan
Desktop preparations
Site identification and navigation
The identification and location of the monitoring bores is both a desktop and ground sensed
activity. The desktop part involves viewing the SAP, which will have a detailed map or aerial
photograph with the location and identification of each bore overlayed on the map or
photo. The second part is ground trothing the map or photo on site, which is usually where
the field technician will make a ‘mud map’ which shows practical hazards and other
information not shown (or obvious) on the map or photo.
Figure 2.2 - Example of a map depicting groundwater monitoring bore locations and
identification numbers.
Current best practice is for the SAP to have each bore uniquely identified using an
identification system that is unique for the client at the time. Each organisation will have its
own identification system.
Site safety, inductions & access
As you should already know, safety is a legal requirement, and as such you are required by
law to work in a manner that ensures both your safety and that of all others persons in your
area of work.
Safety…
The details of Workplace Health & Safety are covered in another subject (group of units) at
the Certificate 4 level.
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Although there are many bores on public lands, most groundwater bores are on a site that is
private property, whether this is residential or industrial. If the bores on are on private
property, then you will need to be inducted on site as either a visitor (accompanied at all
times) or as a contractor (free roam to certain or all areas).
You will need to ensure that all your inductions are up to date, and that they cover the areas
you need to work in. This is usually coordinated between the project staff and the client, but
you may be in a position to organise this yourself.
Reviewing procedures
The review of procedures in a workplace is typically performed by management staff, and
the only contact with the field staff would be to ask an opinion on the information collected
or required.
Reviewing involves comparing the current field and data requirements to any new
requirement (or current requirements if documents are old). If there is an overlap between
the two, changes are made, checked and implemented to ensure all procedures and
paperwork conform to the current new (or current) requirements.
Equipment & reagent preparations
Selecting the correct equipment
The equipment required to perform ‘standard’ groundwater sampling and testing has been
somewhat standardised, yet there can never be a ‘standard’ scenario as each job will
typically require slightly different, so, let’s assume that it is the most difficult type of job.
This scenario requires sampling and testing in the field for a contaminated site that is under
a licence from the EPA, and an EIA background study for an extension to a current activity,
so it is being tested for both the EPA and the planning department under the current
planning tools.
Sampling regimes such as these require very stringent quality assurance and control
systems, so we need to consider a lot of internal and external aspects such as;
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Tools to access sample points including keys for padlocks and caps or Hex keys
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Laboratory supplied virgin sample bottles in accordance with NEPM guidelines
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decontamination solutions and equipment,
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special sampling equipment that is easily decontaminated which could include;
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Single use bailers
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Stainless steel bailers
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Pumps made from inert materials (or easily decontaminated)
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Tubing that is either single use or able to be decontaminated
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Laboratory supplied blank water or other QA solutions
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Energy supplies (such as batteries or generators)
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GIS information such as;
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Maps
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Locations defined in standard GIS formats
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GPS units (preferably differential)
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Safety equipment such as PPE and communication devices
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Documentation and reporting paperwork or computers
Sampling & Analysis Plan
Obviously, the specific equipment required for each job is determined by the job
requirements, so you’ll only ever need some of the equipment the organisation has, and not
all of it.
Reagent preparation
The preparation of reagents is typically done by the NATA registered laboratory, unless they
are field based additions such as some acid based preservatives or decontamination
materials. Reagents could include any of the following;
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Reagent water (lab supplied)
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Colour forming reagents
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Preservatives (such as acids, bases)
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Decontaminating agents such as Decon90™
And the list goes on.
Manuals, methods & calibrations
The source of documentation can be from a variety of places, such as;
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Organisational documents
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Government documents
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Manufacture’s manuals
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Transportation preparations
Figure 2.1 – Example of a truck with lots of equipment
Assuring readiness
The company you work for should have a system associated with the management of the
project which will allow for the individual requirements of the project to be ‘checked off’
when they are available or completed. This will also include checkboxes for the readiness of
the transportation requirements.
Packing with checklists
One of the underlying motives to document best practices within an organization is to
reduce the mistakes made by project team members and managers. The resulting document
can be used to train and remind people on expected practices.
The basic premise here is that a simple checklist can ensure that critical steps in a process
have not been overlooked, either due to haste, forgetfulness or inexperience by stating
what steps to perform in a variety of given specific situations. Generally speaking there are
two types of checklist;
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Read-Do
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Do-Confirm
The difference between the two is simple enough. The ‘read-do’ checklist allows people to
remind themselves of what needs to be done, whereas the ‘do-confirm’ checklist allows
people to check what they should have already done.
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When packing a truck for groundwater fieldwork (or any fieldwork really), the ‘read-do’
checklist is relevant. At the end of the sampling event, the do-check checklist is more
relevant as you need to confirm what you have done. As a result of this logic, theoretically,
each task you perform will require at least two checklists, the ‘read-do’ for the beforehand
work, and the do-check for completing after the event.
Transportation
As all groundwater sampling is located in the field, and as such appropriate transportation is
essential to performing the work.
Most organisations that perform groundwater sampling are acting as consultancies to a
client, and as such require dedicated vehicles for fieldwork. This has advantages and
disadvantages for the company and the technician alike.
The types of vehicles required vary from simple sedans and utilities all the way up to trucks
of varying kind.
Most organisation require their field staff to be competent at driving manual cars 9including
four wheel drives), with at least a ‘C’ class drivers licence.
Protocols for screening bore headspace
The physical construction of bore holes results in an area where any volatile substances can
collect in the void of the bore headspace. Sometimes, these substances can provide a very
good indicator of the chemical processes that are occurring in the groundwater, and as
such, they are frequently measured by a variety of gas meters, or sampled for later analysis
at a laboratory.
The SAP will need to state whether headspace sampling or testing is to occur and how.
Factors considered in the selection of headspace screening equipment include:
◗
which instrumentation is required for screening the well headspace
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how the data are to be used
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the equipment is to be calibrated, operated, and maintained
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type of data generated (qualitative versus quantitative)
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ability to detect the parameters of concern,
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ease of calibration
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sources of interference
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ease of use
The legislative or statutory trigger that generated the requirement for assessment may also
impart headspace sampling criteria that must be met.
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Depth and interface measurement protocols
Following well headspace screening, the next task is to take water-level or product thickness
measurements, so in this portion of the SAP, specific procedures for where, when, and how
to take water-levels and, if applicable, separate-phase product measurements (LNAPL or
DNAPL) must be described in detail.
These measurements must be taken in all sampling points prior to any purging and sampling
activities, to ensure that the data are collected under as close to the same environmental
and atmospheric conditions as possible.
This is of particular concern when taking water-level measurements, which are potentially
affected by a number of environmental variables including changes in ambient air pressure
(especially problematic for shallow, unconfined formations), tides, changes in levels of
nearby rivers, precipitation events, and operation of nearby pumping wells.
Field QA/QC protocols
Considering the reasons for performing groundwater assessments, it should come as no
surprise that the procedures employed are heavy in quality assurance and control.
The QA program documents administrative and field procedures that are designed to
monitor management of the project as well as field sample collection and measurement
activities.
The QC program involves the use of measureable components that can quantify quality and
includes items such as reagent blanks, known samples, spiked samples, duplicates or
statistical assessments. The list below highlights the types of QA and QC that the SAP should
consider.
Administrative elements
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Project description and definition of project objectives
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Project fiscal information (travel, support services, expendable supplies, equipment
needs)
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Schedule of tasks and products (field activities, analysis, data review, reporting)
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Project organization and responsibility
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Selection of appropriately trained and experienced personnel for field and management
roles
Field elements
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Implementation of technically sound SOPs
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Documentation for maintenance of all field instrumentation
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Collection of field QC samples (which, when, how, and how many)
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Adherence to required sample pre-treatment methods and holding times
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Use of chain-of-custody procedures
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Record keeping procedures that incorporate good laboratory practices (GLP)
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Methods for checking accuracy of field parameter measurements
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Corrective actions to be implemented if an error is detected
Refer to the laboratory or the Contaminated Site NEPM for details on the use of QC samples
in the field. In short, a summary of potential QC samples is listed below;
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Trip blank
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Temperature blank (or data logger)
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Field blank
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Equipment blank
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Blind duplicate sample
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Spiked sample
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Field split sample
Purging and sampling equipment protocols
Purging
The purging process is essential for the collection of a representative sample, and as such,
the SAP must stipulate;
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The identity bores are to be purged
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The type of purge equipment to be used
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The amount to be purged
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The methodology to be employed for purging
◗
The management of the discarded water
Depending upon the project, the specifics of this can be very detailed; right down to the
serial number of the pump being used to ensure the same pump is used each time.
Sample pre-treatment
Sample pre-treatment refers to any physical or chemical treatment that is applied to a
sample between the point of sampling and the transporting of the sample, and can involve a
variety of parameter specific field protocols that must be evaluated and included in the SAP.
The most common sample pre-treatment steps include sample filtration and physical and
chemical preservation.
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Sample pre-treatment must be performed at the wellhead at the time of sample collection
to ensure that physical and chemical changes do not occur in the samples during the time
that the sample is collected and after the sample container has been filled and capped.
For field filtering, the SAP will need to provide clear instruction of the following attributes;
◗
The identify of the samples that need to be filtered
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The type of filtering allowed
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The equipment required for filtering
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The quality of filter materials
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The timeframes for filtering after sampling
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The collection of blanks and duplicates
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The management of waste materials involved in filtering
With regards to the use of preservatives, the sample plan will need to state;
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Which samples require preservatives?
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Whether the lab or the technician will preserve
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The amounts of preservative
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The quality of the preservative
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The management of preservative discard
Field measurement protocols
Monitoring of selected chemical and physical indicator parameters in groundwater in the
field is an integral component of many contaminated site projects. Chemical parameters
most commonly measured include pH, specific conductance (or conductivity), DO and ORP
(redox potential, also measured as Eh). In addition, some sampling programs include the
measurement of temperature, and some include turbidity, a physical parameter that is an
indicator of the disturbance caused to the water column by the purging and sampling
method used. The SAP must therefore detail;
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The exact indicator parameters are to be measured in the field,
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The stage during the sampling process at which the testing is to occur
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The specific equipment to be used
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The reagents to be used
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The methods of operation, calibration and decontamination
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The consumables required for testing (such as batteries etc)
Whether the testing requires measurement stabilization, with an accurate definition of
‘‘stabilization’’ for each parameter,
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As this work relates directly to the DQO, it is this aspect of field testing which is a common
deficiency of many SAPs, which results in a great deal of error in field parameter
measurement.
Decontamination protocols
A well written SAP will provide a written protocol appropriate for cleaning and
decontaminating field equipment used throughout the ground-water sampling program to
prevent cross-contamination of sampling locations and collection of unrepresentative
samples.
Even in situations where dedicated equipment is being used for purging and sample
collection, there will be pieces of equipment taken from sampling point to sampling point,
which will require cleaning between locations. Examples of equipment that falls into this
category are electronic water-level gauges, oil_/water interface probes, flow-through cells,
and instrumentation used to measure water-quality indicator parameters (e.g., pH meters
and multi-parameter sondes).
Equipment cleaning is also necessary to ensure that equipment will continue to operate
properly in environments with high levels of suspended sediment and aggressive chemical
constituents and to ensure that sampling team members are not accidentally exposed to
contaminants that may be present on the surfaces of equipment following its use.
Documenting a sampling event
Three primary mechanisms are available for recording information collected during a
sampling event: (1) written records; (2) electronic records; and (3) audio-visual records.
When writing the section of the SAP devoted to documentation, project managers are
encouraged to seek counsel from in-house or client legal staff for guidance on what are
considered to be acceptable practices for field documentation. This is particularly important
in cases where a site is undergoing litigation or could be the subject of a corporate sale or
merger.
Written documents
The procedures and equipment used and the data generated during a groundwater
sampling event must be documented in the field at the time of data generation and sample
collection.
The SAP must detail procedures required for recording field observations and
measurements made throughout the sampling event. These records are used to document
field conditions that may be important to refer to when interpreting laboratory data and to
document exactly what was done in the field during the sampling event, including;
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how the well headspace was screened
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how water levels were taken
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how sampling points were purged
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how samples were collected
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what samples were collected at each sampling point
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results of all field measurements
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field parameter analyses
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how samples were pre-treated and prepared for shipment
Sampling & Analysis Plan
The suggested content of ground-water sampling event documentation is summarized
below;
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Facility or site name and well identification
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Weather conditions
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Names of sampling team members and others present during the sampling event
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Instrumentation calibration results
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Well integrity inspection results
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Changes in land use or physical conditions at the site since the last sampling event
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Results of well headspace screening and details on how screening was performed
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Water-level measurement results and product-thickness measurements (if taken)
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Well-depth measurement results (if taken)
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Description of the well purging method, equipment used and time of operaiton
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Equation used to calculate a well volume (if relevant) and results of calculations
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Total volume of water removed during purging of each well
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Description of how purge water was managed
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Results of all field parameter measurements and the definition of stabilization used
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Description of how it was determined when each well was ready to sample
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Description of the sampling device
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Description of the sample containers filled and the order in which containers were filled
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Description of the water collected as samples (appearance, odour, and turbidity)
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Description of sample pre-treatment methods
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Description of any problems encountered in the field during the sampling event
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Description of the temporary storage method used for samples during the sampling
event
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Description of all QC samples collected
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Description of sample preparation for transportation and other transportation details
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Description of any photographs taken during the sampling event
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Details of all the required documentation
Electronic documents
In this modern age, there are many ways or capturing information that has in the past being
traditionally captured using a pen and paper. The use of these new methods can bring with
it advantages and disadvantages, so the SAP needs to consider all aspects of the use of
digital or electronic data capturing methods to ensure the quality of the project is
maintained.
Data loggers
Many instruments used in the field for field parameter measurement contain a data logging
component to electronically record all measurements made. While this is certainly
convenient for samplers and theoretically should be a more accurate way to record
numerical data, there are some concerns from a legal perspective.
The greatest concern is that it is possible to change, or lose entirely, an electronic file
without keeping a permanent record of the original file. For this reason, in many situations,
it is required that original data be recorded in the field notebook and that the data-logging
system be used as an electronic backup recording system (not the other way around).
For most ground-water sampling applications, this is not problematic due to the timeframe
involved between measurements. In situations where pumping tests are being conducted,
however, water-level measurements may need to be recorded in a timeframe too fast to be
done manually, so exceptions to this rule may be made as required.
Spreadsheets and computers
The other method lies between the paper and data logging techniques, and that is to
manually collect data and enter it into a spreadsheet or database as the data is collected.
An upside to this is immediate storage which makes data entry slightly quicker, but the
disadvantages possibly outweigh the ups. The downside to this is that computers require
power, which is often difficult to find in the field (although an inverter from the DC socket is
an option). Also, computer drives can fail, meaning complete loss of data.
Either way, the SAP need to specify whether data collected electronically has any specific
requirements that need to be conformed with.
Audio-visual records
Another system for data collection is audio-visual. This is linked in many ways to the concept
of ‘remote-sensing’, but in this case, it is only used to verify conditions of the sampling
points, or to prove that certain equipment was used, or used at certain points or places.
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Audio-visual record keeping may include audio recording of field activities, but more
commonly involves taking photographs or video clips of site activities.
Written permission must be obtained from authorized facility personnel by sampling teams
prior to taking any audio-visual records.
Options for photographic recording of field activities include both still and video cameras,
but all should have the capability to date and time stamping images, which might be of
value in some legal applications provided the feature is set up correctly.
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Assessment & Submission
This section provides formative assessment of the theory. Answer all questions by typing
the answer in the boxes provided. Speak to your teacher if you are having technical
problems with this document.
Knowledge questions
◗
Type brief answers to each of the questions posed below.
◗
All answers should come from the theory found in this document only unless the
question specifies other.
◗
Marks shown next to the question should act as a guide as to the relative length or
complexity of your answer.
1. What is an SAP? 1mk
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Assessor feedback
2. Where does a SAP fit into the DQO process? 2mk
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Assessor feedback
3. What are the key objectives of an SAP? 2mk
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Assessor feedback
4. What role would a field technician play in the preparation of an SAP? 1mk
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Assessor feedback
5. Discuss three types of information determined during the desktop phase of an SAP
preparation. 6mk
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Assessor feedback
6. Identify the key information that an SAP must address in relation to the selection of
equipment. 6mk
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Assessor feedback
7. What are the two types of checklist used and how do they differ? 2mk
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Assessor feedback
8. What should an SAP outline about transportation requirements? 5mk
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9. Identify and discuss the key field testing criteria that a SAP should address. 6mk
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Assessor feedback
10. Identify two pro’s and con’s of the three different types of data collection techniques?
6mk
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Assessor feedback
11. What is the difference between QA and QC? What should the SAP state about each of
these aspects of quality? 4mk
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Assessment & submission rules
◗
Attempt all questions and tasks
◗
Write answers in the text-fields provided
Submission
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Use the documents ‘Save As…’ function to save the document to your computer using
the file name format of;
Yourname-APM-SM1
◗
email the document back to your teacher
Penalties
◗
If this assessment task is received greater than seven (7) days after the due date, it may
not be considered for marking without justification.
Results
◗
Your submitted work will be returned to you within 3 weeks of submission by email fully
graded with feedback.
◗
You have the right to appeal your results within 3 weeks of receipt of the marked work.
Problems
If you are having study related or technical problems with this document, make sure you
contact your assessor at the earliest convenience to get the problem resolved. The contact
details can be found at;
◗
www.cffet.net/env/contacts
References & resources
Resources
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Video resource on bore installation can be found here.
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Free groundwater modelling software can be found here.
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National Centre for Groundwater Research & Training here.
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NSW office of Water drilling pages can be found here.
References
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Note that some of these resources might be available from your teacher or library
Bates, G. (2010). Environmental Law in Australia. Australia: LexisNexis-Butterworths.
Burden, F. E. (2002). Environmental Monitoring Handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional.
Corporation, B. A. (2013). Procedure for installation of ground monitoring wells. Brisbane:
Brisbane Airport Corporation.
DIPNR. (2004). Guideline for the preapration of Environmental Management Plans. Sydney:
DIPNR.
EPA, U. (2013). Design and Installation of Monitoring Wells. America: US EPA.
Grammeno, Gaby (Ed). (2009). Planning Occupational Health and Safety, 8th Ed. Melbourne:
McPherson's Printing Group.
National Uniform Drillers Licensing Committee. (2012). Minimum Construction Requirements
for Water bores in Australia. 3rd Ed. Canberra: National Water Commission.
Nielsen, D. M. (2007). The Essential Handbook of Groundwater Sampling. Boca Raton: CRC
Press.
Quevauviller, P. E. (2009). Water Quality Measurements Series: Groundwater Monitoring.
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