www.studyguide.pk UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level *9894469755* 8291/02 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere October/November 2008 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, table or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 12 printed pages. SP (SM/CGW) T52322/3 © UCLES 2008 [Turn over www.xtremepapers.net www.studyguide.pk 2 Section A For Examiner’s Use Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Table 1.1 gives the average values for annual net primary productivity (NPP) and biomass for two ecosystems. Table 1.1 ecosystem savanna grassland temperate deciduous forest (i) NPP / g m–2 mean biomass / g m–2 900 4000 1200 30000 Explain what is meant by the following terms: ecosystem ................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. net primary productivity ............................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. biomass .................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[6] © UCLES 2008 8291/02/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net www.studyguide.pk 3 (ii) Suggest one reason for the difference in NPP between savanna grassland and temperate deciduous woodland. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[2] (iii) Explain why the values for mean biomass are greater than those for NPP in both ecosystems. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[1] (iv) For the woodland, the biomass value is over 20 times greater than the NPP value. For the savanna, the biomass value is about 4 times greater than the NPP value. Briefly explain why. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[1] © UCLES 2008 8291/02/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 4 (b) Read the following Greenpeace news report on biodiversity; then answer the questions that follow. As the two-week long world summit on biodiversity drew to a close, Greenpeace described the outcome as major failure – a missed opportunity to stop the global loss of life in the world’s forests and oceans. At the beginning of the conference, Greenpeace presented a roadmap to recovery, a global map of the last intact forests, and a network of marine reserves on the high seas, calling governments to take action. 5 The need for a moratorium on high seas bottom trawling, the most destructive form of fishing, is now being blocked by a few key countries. Despite the exploitation of the Amazon by illegal and destructive logging providing timber products to internal and external markets, the Brazilian government has blocked any meaningful collaboration at a regional and international level. 10 (a moratorium is a legal authorisation, often by an emergency law) (i) In this report a ‘roadmap’ is a plan or a route. Give two reasons why Greenpeace suggested ‘a roadmap to recovery’. (lines 4–5) .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[2] (ii) Suggest why a moratorium on high seas trawling is proposed in the roadmap. (line 7) .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[2] (iii) Outline the effects that illegal and destructive logging would have upon the food webs found within tropical rain forests. (line 9) .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[2] © UCLES 2008 8291/02/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk 5 (iv) Some nations rejected the recommendations made by Greenpeace. Discuss the possible reasons for this. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[4] [20 marks] © UCLES 2008 8291/02/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 6 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 is a simplified model showing the passage of water in part of a drainage basin. A water table river B permeable rock impermeable rock Fig. 2.1 (i) What is meant by the terms drainage basin, ......................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. infiltration? ................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[2] (ii) State the names of the process occurring at points A and B in Fig. 2.1. A ............................................................................................................................... B ...........................................................................................................................[2] © UCLES 2008 8291/02/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk 7 (iii) Describe how a balance between water gain and water loss would be maintained in a drainage basin. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[4] (iv) Describe how the flows in Fig. 2.1 would respond to conditions of heavy rainfall following a wet winter. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[2] © UCLES 2008 8291/02/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 8 (b) Fig. 2.2 shows some of the characteristics of the River Murray drainage basin in south east Australia. Irrigated areas and grazing areas of the River Murray Basin R Mu R Murray rrumbidgese Red cliffs reservoir Loxton R Murray Adelaide irrigated cropland sea sheep & cattle grazing 750 500 30 20 10 100 0 250 50 0 river mouth Loxton Red cliffs reservoir salinity in the Murray River J F M A M J J A S O N D climatic chart for Loxton Fig. 2.2 © UCLES 2008 8291/02/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net rainfall /mm total dissolved solids /ppm 1000 temperature / °C Murrumbidgee river input sea For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk 9 (i) Less than 50% of the water received by the River Murray actually reaches the sea. Outline four reasons for this significant loss of river water. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[4] (ii) Describe and explain the pattern of salinity between the reservoir and the sea within the River Murray system shown in Fig. 2.2. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[4] (iii) Suggest one strategy that could be used to relieve the problems of either water supply or water quality in the River Murray Basin. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[2] [20 marks] © UCLES 2008 8291/02/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 10 Section B Choose one question from this section. Answers must be in continuous prose. Write your answers on the separate paper provided. 3 (a) The Chagga people of Tanzania effectively maintain biodiversity by practising agroforestry. This is shown in Fig. 3.1. canopy of rain forest trees protects soil and crops from the impact of tropical storms fruit trees, e.g. banana, papaya coffee bushes crops crops rain forest with deep roots irrigation channels controlled livestock grazing provides meat and manure Fig. 3.1 Describe three ways in which this system of agricultural land-use helps to maintain biodiversity. [10] (b) Using examples you have studied, explain how National Parks help to conserve ecosystems. For the examples you have chosen, assess the extent to which they have been successful in achieving their objectives. [30] [40 marks] © UCLES 2008 8291/02/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net www.studyguide.pk 11 4 (a) Briefly describe the possible effects of global warming upon the flows and stores in the global hydrological cycle illustrated in Fig. 4.1. [10] water vapour over oceans evaporation 319 transfer 36 precipitation 283 oceans water vapour over land precipitation 95 surface run off and groundwater flow 36 evapotranspiration 59 land with fresh water and ice figures given as 100000 km3 of water Fig. 4.1 (b) Using examples with which you are familiar, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of conserving water supplies through the construction of dams and reservoirs. [30] [40 marks] © UCLES 2008 8291/02/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 12 5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a pattern of forest regeneration following clearance of the original climax vegetation cover. uncut forest forest cut and burnt farm in use A climax vegetation 2 years later after 15 years after after 60 years 100 years B regeneration C Fig. 5.1 Describe how biotic and abiotic processes work together in stages A, B, and C of this model. [10] (b) Describe the damaging effects of forest clearance upon soils and hydrological systems within a deforested region, and beyond that region. Assess the extent to which it has been possible to restore areas affected by such deforestation. [30] [40 marks] Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1(b) © www.peopleandplanet.net / doc.php?id=2716 3 April 2006. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2008 8291/02/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net