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8291/02
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
October/November 2007
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, table or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE ON ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
All questions in this paper carry equal marks.
For Examiner’s Use
Section A
1
2
Section B
Total
This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.
SP (NF/CGW) T28525/5
© UCLES 2007
[Turn over
For
Examiner’s
Use
2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1
(a) Fig. 1.1 shows the under-storey (sub-canopy) vegetation in an area of tropical rain
forest.
Fig. 1.1
(i)
Fig. 1.2 is an incomplete pictorial graph for showing the structure of a tropical rain
forest. Add to the graph two additional, labelled vegetation layers.
[2]
50
tree
height
/m
25
under-storey (sub-canopy)
0
Fig. 1.2
© UCLES 2007
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Examiner’s
Use
3
(ii)
Identify three different ecosystems that are shown in Fig. 1.1
1 ...............................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
3 ...........................................................................................................................[3]
(iii)
Describe the biotic and abiotic factors that would sustain one of the ecosystems
you have identified in (ii).
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4
(b) Fig. 1.3 shows the stores and flows of nutrients within a tropical rain forest. In this diagram
the sizes of the circles and widths of the arrows are proportional to the quantities of
nutrients.
Rain
B
nt
pla
ris
deb
L
loss in
run off
uptake
by
plants
re
le
de li ase
co tte d a
mp r
s
os
es
S
B biomass
L litter
S soil
loss by
leaching
dissolved
rock
Fig. 1.3
(i)
Name the largest store of nutrients shown in Fig. 1.3.
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
Between which two stores is the largest flow of nutrients?
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii)
Use Fig. 1.3 to suggest reasons for the very poor quality soils frequently found in
areas of tropical rain forest.
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For
Examiner’s
Use
5
(c) The model in Fig. 1.4 represents one planning measure used to conserve areas of
woodland threatened by human activity.
For
Examiner’s
Use
Key:
T
core area: only
woodland
F
F
T
Re
inner buffer zone
70% woodland
Re
outer buffer zone
10% woodland
F
P
F
R
T
F
Re
Re
T
F
P
R
Re
=
=
=
=
=
=
recreational land
tourist facility
farm
park
woodland research centre
settlement
F
F
Fig. 1.4
(i)
What is the significance of the core area in the model?
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(ii)
Explain how such a strategy could successfully conserve an area of woodland that
is threatened by human activity.
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[20 marks]
© UCLES 2007
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For
Examiner’s
Use
6
2
(a) Fig. 2.1 shows the estimated residence times of the world’s stores of water.
(residence time is the average time that a unit of water is retained in a store)
Estimated residence times of the world’s water stores
biospheric water 1 WEEK
atmospheric water 1.5 WEEKS
river channels 2 WEEKS
swamps
1 TO 10 YEARS
lakes and reservoir 10 YEARS
soil moisture 2 WEEKS TO 1 YEAR
ice caps and glaciers
1 000 YEARS
oceans and seas
4 000 YEARS
2 WEEKS TO
10 000 YEARS
groundwater
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
years
Fig. 2.1
(i)
Suggest why it can be helpful to show water resources in the form of residence
times rather than by volume.
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(ii)
Suggest why biospheric and atmospheric water have very short residence times.
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(iii)
From evidence provided in Fig. 2.1, explain why it is often important to construct
reservoirs.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(iv)
Explain why the residence period for soil moisture is given as a range of 2 weeks to
1 year, and groundwater 2 weeks to 10 000 years.
soil moisture
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groundwater
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For
Examiner’s
Use
8
(b) Fig. 2.2 illustrates some of the major causes and forms of groundwater pollution.
public supply
well
clean-up
storage well
tanks
water
table
public supply
well
oil
leachate
fertilisers and
pesticides
groundwater
flow
permeable rock
groundwater
flow
wate
r
table
sea
solvents
impermeable rock
sea water
intrusion
Fig. 2.2
(i)
Name one type of groundwater pollution that is derived from
agricultural activity,
..................................................................................................................................
industrial activity.
..............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)
Describe how the extraction of water from a public well supply can affect the water
table and increase groundwater pollution.
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(c) Mexico City has been one of the world’s fastest growing cities. Its population exceeds
20 million. As the climate is dry, water resources for domestic, industrial and agricultural
use are under great strain. Fig. 2.3 summarises the water supply strategy for Mexico
City.
For
Examiner’s
Use
G
U
LF
O
F
Panuco Basin
Tuxpan Basin
M
EX
IC
O
Raw Water
Federal
District
State of
Mexico Total
Basin of Mexico
well fields
Magdalena River
Madin Dam
Springs, streams
22.7
0.2
–
0.5
20.3
–
0.5
0.2
43.0
0.2
0.5
0.7
imported
sources
Cutzamala River
Lerma well fields
7.6
4.3
3.0
1.0
10.6
5.3
35.3
25.0
60.3
Tula-Taxhimay
Lerma Basin
10.6
Cutzmala Basin
Basin of
Mexico
2.8
5.3
MEXICO
CITY
Tecolutia
Mexico
14.7
Oriental Libres
Basin
7.0
5.0
Temascaltepec
14.2
Amacuzac
Basin
Balsas Basin
total water
supply
Key
Water
Transfer
All numbers = m3 per second
Fig. 2.3
(i)
Describe how Mexico City is attempting to meet its demands for water.
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(ii)
Outline two issues that may arise in maintaining a clean supply of water for Mexico
City.
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[20 marks]
© UCLES 2007
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Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answers must be in continuous prose.
Write your answers on the separate paper provided.
3
(a) Describe the functioning of the coral reef ecosystem shown in Fig. 3.1.
[10]
Coral Reef Food Web
Solar Energy
phytoplankton
algae
sponges
zooplankton
coral
sea anemone
sea stars
sea slugs
sea urchins
crabs
angel fish
giant grouper
octopus
shark
Fig. 3.1
(b) Giving examples, explain how and why some marine ecosystems are under threat from
human activity. Assess the extent to which the management of human activity has helped the
conservation of one named marine ecosystem.
[30]
[40 marks]
© UCLES 2007
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4
(a) Fig. 4.1 shows how the three conditions of under-population, optimum population and
overpopulation can be related to population size and the wealth of a nation.
wealth
underpopulation
optimumpopulation
overpopulation
population size
Fig. 4.1
In terms of the extent to which nations utilise their resources, use Fig.4.1 to explain the terms
under-population, optimum population and over-population.
[10]
(b) Using examples from Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) and More
Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs), assess the extent to which a sustainable future
is dependent upon managing population change.
[30]
[40 marks]
5
(a) What is meant by the term eutrophication? Describe the causes and effects of eutrophication
in lakes.
[10]
(b) Outline the main types and causes of pollution in a river with which you are familiar.
Describe and evaluate the measures that have been used to reduce pollution in this river.
[30]
[40 marks]
© UCLES 2007
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BLANK PAGE
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1
Fig. 1.1 © www.bio.ilstu.edu/armstrong/crtrip/photoessay
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effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
8291/02/O/N/07