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w w ap eP m e tr .X w om .c s er UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level * 9 8 3 1 9 4 3 6 6 5 * 8291/22 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere May/June 2013 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Electronic calculators may be used. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 11 printed pages, 1 blank page and an Insert. DC (SJF/SW) 67947/2 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over 2 Section A For Examiner’s Use Answer all questions in this section. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a model of part of the water cycle in a forest in a river valley. precipitation ................................ drip from trees ................................ river ................................ soil moisture storage ................................ groundwater storage Fig. 1.1 (i) Write the following labels into the appropriate empty boxes in Fig. 1.1. surface storage © UCLES 2013 percolation infiltration 8291/22/M/J/13 interception [4] 3 (ii) Describe the conditions that would cause the level of water in the river in Fig. 1.1 to rise rapidly and cause flooding. 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[4] (iii) Outline two man-made changes to the flows and stores in Fig. 1.1 that would enable the flooding referred to in (ii) to subside. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] (b) Fig. 1.2 (on the Insert) contains information on the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River. (i) With reference to Fig. 1.2 suggest why this was a suitable site to construct the Kariba Dam. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] © UCLES 2013 8291/22/M/J/13 [Turn over 4 (ii) Briefly describe and explain two environmental issues associated with the construction of dams and reservoirs. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2013 8291/22/M/J/13 For Examiner’s Use 5 Question 2 starts on page 6. © UCLES 2013 8291/22/M/J/13 [Turn over 6 2 (a) Within most coastal dune systems a vegetation succession occurs. Marram grass is a characteristic plant of sand dunes as shown in Fig. 2.1 (on the Insert). Fig. 2.2 contains a cross section through a sand dune system with a table showing the results of a survey recorded along a 175 metre transect from the shore line, away from the sea, through the sand dune system. shore line (position of average high water mark) distance from shore line, away from the sea, along transect / m wind direction 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 percentage of bare sand (no plant cover) 100 13 19 21 17 2 9 11 number of plant species 0 3 2 3 3 6 4 14 percentage of marram grass cover 0 85 78 58 69 23 78 27 average wind speed / m per s 1.15 1.38 1.33 0.65 1.08 0.35 0.58 0.42 Fig. 2.2 (i) What is meant by the term succession? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2013 8291/22/M/J/13 For Examiner’s Use 7 (ii) Suggest why the percentage of marram grass cover is highest at 25 metres. .................................................................................................................................. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] (iii) Describe and explain the trend in plant diversity with increasing distance from 0 m to 175 m. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [6] © UCLES 2013 8291/22/M/J/13 [Turn over 8 (b) Fig. 2.3 (on the Insert) contains information on Camargue (Southern France). Study the information provided and answer the questions that follow. Describe how each of the following will assist in the conservation of Camargue: • • • developing visitor centres involving local stakeholders raising awareness. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [10] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2013 8291/22/M/J/13 9 Section B starts on page 10. © UCLES 2013 8291/22/M/J/13 [Turn over 10 Section B Select one question from this section. 3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows some sources that can be the cause of groundwater pollution. agricultural land industrial area oil storage tanks urban area waste management sea groundwater flow seawater intrusion underlying rocks Fig. 3.1 With reference to three of the sources in Fig. 3.1 describe the processes that can lead to groundwater pollution. [10] (b) With reference to either an agricultural or an urban area with which you are familiar, assess the measures that have been used to achieve a clean water supply. [30] [Total: 40] 4 (a) Fig. 4.1 (on the Insert) shows the size of the River Mississippi Delta in 2011 and its predicted area in 2100. Suggest reasons for the predicted reduction in area of the River Mississippi Delta in 2100. [10] (b) Using examples with which you are familiar, assess the extent to which human activity has an adverse effect on both the quantity and quality of river water. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2013 8291/22/M/J/13 11 5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a relationship between population and resources; a model proposed by Thomas Malthus in 1798. population size of population resources point of crisis amount of resources time Fig. 5.1 Briefly describe the trends for population and resources shown in Fig. 5.1. Outline two criticisms of this model. [10] (b) Using examples of countries from LEDCs and MEDCs, evaluate the policies that aim to reduce issues caused by overpopulation and underpopulation. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2013 8291/22/M/J/13 12 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1b Figure 1.2 Photograph Question 2a Figure 2.1 Photograph Question 2b Figure 2.3 Photograph Question 4 Figure 4.1 Photograph © Rhys Jones; Kariba Dam; http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/KaribaDam.jpg. © Arterra Picture Library / Alamy, BEMJHA. © http://tsouret.fond-ecran-image.com/blog-photo/files/2009/11/pont-de-gau-001.jpg; Galerie photo de Tsouret. © http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/06/090629-mississippi-river-sea-levels/; Illustrations courtesy Mike Blum, created using NASA images. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2013 8291/22/M/J/13
