SCRIPPS DISCOVERS Accele rating Discove r ies, S a ving L ives A Newsletter for Philanthropists Published Quarterly by The Scripps Research Institute SPRING 2011 | VOL 7 | NO 2 California-Florida I N S T I T U T E U P D AT E Scripps Research Names Michael Marletta as President > Appointment Represents First Presidential Transition at the Institute in 25 Years enowned biochemist Michael A. Marletta, Ph.D., has been named by the Board of Trustees as the next president of The Scripps Research Institute, effective January 1, 2012. He will succeed President Richard A. Lerner, M.D., who has led the institution for 25 years. Marletta, past Chair of the Department of Chemistry, Co-Director of the Chemical Biology Graduate Program, Aldo DeBenedictis Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California (UC), Berkeley, will join the Scripps Research faculty on July 1, 2011, and become President and CEO January 1, 2012. “We are thrilled Michael is assuming this important role,” said Dick Gephardt, President/ CEO of Gephardt Government Affairs and Lead Trustee of the Scripps Research Board of Trustees. R Michael A. Marletta “We are confident Michael’s leadership and vision will ensure the Institute’s continued preeminence in biomedical research and graduate education.” “I am honored to be named to lead one of the premier research institutions in the world,” said Marletta. “Richard Lerner’s leadership over the past 25 years has been nothing short of brilliant. His accomplishments as President coupled with a long and distinguished research career, are simply amazing. In addition to my excitement about being asked to serve as president, I am thrilled about moving my research program to Scripps Research and working with my new Scripps Research colleagues to push forward the Institute’s legacy of creating knowledge, improving healthcare, and educating the next generation of scientists.” Like The Scripps Research Institute as a whole, Marletta – a former recipient of the prestigious continued on page 2 I N S T I T U T E U P D AT E Inside: 3 4 5 6 7 7 . . . Scripps Research Scientists Develop Groundbreaking Technology to Detect Alzheimer’s Disease . . . Scientist Profile: Jamie Williamson . . . Scripps Research Compound Blocks Brain Cell Destruction in Parkinson’s Disease . . . Scripps Research Scientists Convert Skin Cells to Beating Heart Cells . . . Scripps Research Study Ranked Among Time Magazine’s Top 10 . . . Remember Us in Your Will BACK COVER: Partners, Contact Us Major Gift from Alex and Renate Dreyfoos to Expand Research in Arthritis and Joint Diseases at Scripps Florida major new gift from a Trustee promises to expand the scope of research on the Jupiter campus of The Scripps Research Institute. Alex Dreyfoos and his wife Renate have announced plans to support a Program in Musculo-Skeletal Research in the Department of Metabolism and Aging under the direction of Dr. Roy Smith. Dr. Smith was recruited to the Scripps Florida faculty in 2008 from Baylor College of Medicine where he directed the Huffington Center on Aging and where he taught in both clinical and basic science departments. He has long been interested in speeding continued on page 2 A Michael Marletta, CONTINUED MacArthur Fellowship—has focused his research on the intersection of chemistry and biology. He is acknowledged as a pioneer in discovering the role of nitric oxide, a critical player in communication between cells. Lerner, who will continue to lead his groundbreaking research program at the Institute after his tenure as president, said, “Please join me in welcoming Michael Marletta to Scripps Research. I have great confidence in his abilities and look forward to working with him during the transition and beyond. Given Michael’s expertise, we can be secure in the knowledge that the flagship programs of the Institute will continue to thrive.” “We are extremely pleased to announce Michael Marletta as the next president of The Scripps Research Institute,” said Alex and Renate Dreyfoos, CONTINUED Alex and Renate Dreyfoos Julie and Amin Khoury the flow of basic science discoveries to their clinical use, as shown by his earlier service in the pharmaceutical industry as vice president of biochemistry and physiology for Merck & Co. The Scripps Florida study will explore metabolic processes that affect the development and repair of bone and cartilage, and the impact of arthritis and other joint diseases on healthy tissue. Also participating in the study will be the first adjunct faculty member on the Jupiter campus, Dr. Andrew Hodge, who is a noted orthopedic surgeon in Palm Beach County. Dr. Hodge has published dozens of articles in medical journals and in 1987 he founded BioMotion’s Institute of Mobility and Longevity, a research and education not-for-profit. He also has designed and patented several orthopedic implants 2 | SCRIPPS DISCOVERS Lawrence C. Horowitz, M.D., member of the Board of Trustees and Chair of the Presidential Search Committee, who spoke on behalf of the Committee as a whole. “His extensive and distinguished professional background, passion for science and education, and ability to lead strategically embody the ideal mix of talent and vision to carry Scripps Research into the future.” Horowitz added that the Board is deeply grateful to Lerner for his extraordinary contributions, and expresses confidence Lerner and Marletta will work together to assure a seamless transition. Celebrations welcoming Marletta, honoring Lerner, and marking the 50th anniversary of the institute’s focus on biomedical research are planned throughout the year. SPRING 2011 and techniques which are being used successfully throughout the world. Through his international practice, Dr. Hodge has developed a remarkable data base on bone and cartilage injury and disease that spans America, Asia and the Middle East. He is fascinated by the way in which joint injury and disease present in different cultures. Alex Dreyfoos, an MIT graduate and MIT life Trustee, came to know Dr. Hodge when Dr Hodge was based at Harvard’s Massachusetts General Hospital and MIT’s Newman’s Laboratory for Bioengineering and Human Rehabilitation. When Dr. Hodge relocated his practice to Palm Beach County, they renewed their friendship. Alex was the matchmaker that brought together the interests of the clinician Hodge with the basic scientist Roy Smith. Alex and Renate Dreyfoos are noted philanthropists in Palm Beach County. The founder of Photo-Electronics Corporation, Alex has served on the Board of Trustees of The Scripps Research Institute since the earliest days of Scripps Florida. Since making south Florida his home in the late 1960s, he has worked to make the region an attractive community by devoting his time and giving to education, the arts, and, through Scripps Florida, to biomedical science. He founded the Palm Beach County Council of the Arts, now the Palm Beach County Cultural Council, and was instrumental in the founding in West Palm Beach of the Kravis Center for the Performing Arts, and in making the Dreyfoos School for the Arts one of the nation’s leaders as a public magnet high school focused on the visual and performing arts. The Dreyfoos family’s support of musculo-skeletal research builds on the earlier generosity of friend and fellow Trustee, Amin Khoury, who is also funding the collaboration of Drs. Smith and Hodge. Amin and Julie Khoury are residents of Jupiter Island, and Mr. Khoury is CEO of BE Aerospace, one of the leading technology firms in south Florida. R E S E A R C H U P D AT E Scripps Research Scientists Develop Groundbreaking Technology to Detect Alzheimer’s Disease > New Study Confirms Concept of Antibody Biomarkers to Diagnose Disease cientists from the Florida campus of The Scripps Research Institute, have developed a novel technology that is able to detect the presence of immune molecules specific to Alzheimer’s disease in patients’ blood samples. While still preliminary, the findings offer clear proof that this breakthrough technology could be used in the development of biomarkers for a range of human diseases. The study, led by Scripps Research Professor Thomas Kodadek, Ph.D., was published in the January 7, 2011 edition of the journal Cell. Traditionally, antigens—a substance such as a protein from a virus or bacteria that stimulates an immune response —have been necessary for the discovery of antibody biomarkers. There has previously been no way to identify an antibody (a type of targeted immune molecule) without first knowing the antigen that triggers its production. The new study, however, challenges conventional wisdom and uses synthetic molecules rather than antigens to successfully detect signs of disease in patients’ blood samples. These synthetic compounds have many advantages – they can be modified easily and can be produced quickly in relatively large amounts at lower cost. “Dr. Kodadek has conceived of a new approach for identifying antibody biomarkers of human disease that bypasses the conventional, but difficult, step of identifying the natural antigens or antigen mimics,” said James M. Anderson, M.D., Ph.D., director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, who helps oversee the NIH Common Fund’s Pioneer Award Program. “The results in the paper suggest S Professor Thomas Kodadek great potential for using this approach to rapidly develop diagnostic biomarkers for a variety of significant human diseases. Such boldness to challenge conventional paradigms to achieve important scientific advances is a hallmark of the NIH Director’s Pioneer Award Program, which supported much of this research.” “This study essentially puts an end to the notion that the only way to pull a potentially useful antibody from blood samples is with a specific antigen,” said Kodadek. “Because the antigen identification problem has proven to be so difficult, we decided to take it out of the equation.” To test the concept, Kodadek and his colleagues used comparative screening of combinatorial libraries of synthetic molecules – peptoids – against serum samples obtained from mice with a multiple-sclerosis-like condition or healthy controls. Those synthetic molecules that retained more immunoglobulin (IgG), a major type of antibody, from the blood samples of the diseased animals were identified as potential agents for capturing diagnostically useful molecules. This worked well. The team next turned to serum samples from six Alzheimer’s patients, six healthy individuals, and six Parkinson’s disease patients. Three peptoids were identified that captured at least three-fold higher levels of IgG antibodies from all six of the Alzheimer’s patients than any of the control or Parkinson’s patients. The results showed that two of the peptoids bind the same IgG antibodies; a third binds different antibodies, resulting in at least two candidate biomarkers for the disease. “We use these peptoids as a lure to capture the IgG antibodies,” Kodadek said. “Some of these synthetic molecules recognize the antigen-binding sites of disease-specific antibodies well enough to pull them from blood samples, although they almost certainly don’t bind as well as the native antigens. This ability should make it possible to short circuit the discovery of the natural antigens.” SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE | 3 SCIENTIST PROFILE Jamie Williamson: Nurturing the Scientists of Tomorrow > Scripps Research’s Kellogg School of Science and Technology graduate program has a single educational objective: to train the next generation of scientists in the biological and chemical sciences. hrough curricular and laboratory research experiences, Scripps Research provides the multidisciplinary, creative and dynamic environment necessary to enable its graduate students to thrive in the rapidly evolving endeavor that is top-level scientific research. The Kellogg School, which has consistently maintained its ranking in the top ten graduate programs in the country in biology and chemistry by U.S. News & World Report, has two campuses in La Jolla, California and Jupiter, Florida. Its peers include Caltech, MIT, UC Berkeley, Harvard, Stanford, Columbia, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Princeton, UCSF, and Yale. The school has a prestigious scholarship program with Oxford University in England, the first partnership in Oxford’s 800-year history. T Jamie Williamson, Dean of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Jamie Williamson has served as dean of the school since 2008. He served as associate dean from 2001 until then. He came to Scripps Research in 1998 after seven years in the chemistry department at MIT. First started in 1989, the school has been growing rapidly in both size and reputation and currently enrolls about 200 students, while boasting more than 400 accomplished alumni, who hold prominent positions in both academia and industry. The school accepts about 30 new students each year. In 2002, it was named the Kellogg School of Science and Technology, in honor of philanthropists Janet R. (“Jean”) and W. Keith Kellogg II. “The Kellogg School offers our students both an interesting curriculum and the opportunities to join stellar research laboratories for their thesis work,” said Jamie. “Graduate work here is a special opportunity, and many of the 4 | SCRIPPS DISCOVERS SPRING 2011 features of our program are different than at a traditional university. We encourage opportunities for our students to craft research projects that encompass several laboratories, not bounded by department walls, enabling the students to move about more freely than at other academic institutions. Our students have the amazing luxury of working across laboratories. There are also no undergraduate students here, so our graduate students have no teaching requirements. Our faculty is also unique in that they don’t receive any compensation for the hours they spend teaching. They teach because they want to. A lot of other programs around the country have now adopted our cross-disciplinary approach,” said Jamie. Jamie grew up on the east coast. As the only child of a Methodist minister, he spent his early years moving from one small New England town to the next, until his family eventually settled near Groton, Connecticut, where his father ministered to the Naval community. “I love the daily contact with the students,” said Jamie. “It’s tremendously rewarding to see each student develop and flourish during their graduate education and subsequent careers. I think our true success can be measured in the growth of our students as scientists.” When asked why he took on the position of dean, Jamie said, “I’ve always had an altruistic streak. “Back when I was a young assistant professor at MIT, not much older than the students, the students and I naturally gravitated toward each other. I became an informal advisor and found that the faculty was sending students to me for advice. Plus with my father being a minister, it runs in the family! It seemed natural to step into the position here. I enjoy working with students and adding value to their graduate experience. It is very satisfying, and the environment here is supportive for them.” The graduate program is currently undergoing a reaccreditation process from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). Through the process, the program has established metrics in such areas as laboratory work, the writing of grant proposals and scientific papers, and communicating science verbally to others, all vital tasks for scientists. Students who are having trouble in any of these areas will receive further training for their success. When asked about the graduate program, Scripps Research graduate students again and again cite the institute’s quality, its interdisciplinary studies in the sciences, its research-intensive environment, and its emphasis on collaboration. And after they graduate from the program, they move on continued on page 7 R E S E A R C H U P D AT E Scripps Research Compound Blocks Brain Cell Destruction in Parkinson’s Disease > Findings May Open Door to First Protective Therapy cientists from the Florida campus of The Scripps Research Institute have produced the first known compound to show significant effectiveness in protecting brain cells directly affected by Parkinson’s disease, a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Although the findings were in animal models of the disease, the effectiveness of the compound, combined with its potential to be taken orally, offers the tantalizing possibility of a potentially useful future therapy for Parkinson’s disease patients. The results were published in two separate studies in the journal ACS Chemical Neuroscience. “These studies present compelling data on the first oral, brain-penetrating inhibitor to show significant efficacy in preventing neurodegeneration in both mouse and rat models of Parkinson’s disease,” said team leader Philip LoGrasso, a professor in the Department of Molecular Therapeutics and senior director for drug discovery at Scripps Florida. “The compound offers one of the best opportunities we have for the development of an effective neuroprotective treatment.” The new small molecule –labeled SR-3306 –is aimed at inhibiting a class of enzymes called c-jun-N-terminal kinases ( JNK). Pronounced “junk,” these enzymes have been shown to play an important role in neuron (nerve cell) survival. As such, they have become a highly viable target for drugs to treat neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. S “A drug like SR-3306 that prevents neurodegeneration would be a quantum leap in the clinical treatment of Parkinson’s because all current therapies treat only the symptoms of the disease, not the underlying pathologies,” LoGrasso said. Patients with Parkinson’s disease suffer from the loss of a group of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), part of the midbrain involved in motor control. These cells produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in motor reflexes and cognition. The disease also affects projecting nerve fibers in the striatum, a part of the forebrain filled with cells that interact with dopamine. The SR-3306 compound, which has been in development at Scripps Florida for several years, performed well in both cell culture and animal models. In cell culture, the compound showed greater than 90 percent protection against induced cell death of primary dopaminergic neurons, while in mouse models of induced neuron death, the compound showed protective levels of approximately 72 percent. The scientists went one step further, testing the new compound in a rat model, which duplicates the physical symptoms often seen with the human disease – a pronounced and progressive loss of motor skills. The results showed SR-3306 provided a protection level of approximately 30 percent in the brain, a level that reduced the dysfunctional motor responses by nearly 90 percent. “It was a surprise that level of neuroprotection reduced the behavioral impact so strongly,” LoGrasso said, “but it’s indicative of how it might perform in human patients. While SR-3306 doesn’t represent a cure, it does appear to have the potential of stopping the progression of the disease.” The new studies are part of a $7.6 million multiyear grant awarded to LoGrasso in 2008 by the National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). The grant will enable Scripps Research and potential partners to file an application for an investigational new drug (IND) – the first step in the lengthy clinical trials process required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration before a new drug can be brought to market. Both studies were supported by the National Institutes of Health. Funding was also received from the Atlantic Innovation Fund. Professor Philip LoGrasso SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE | 5 R E S E A R C H U P D AT E Scripps Research Scientists Convert Skin Cells to Beating Heart Cells > Breakthrough Discovery Offers Hope for New Therapies for Range of Diseases cripps Research Institute scientists have converted adult skin cells directly into beating heart cells efficiently without having to first go through the laborious process of generating embryonic-like stem cells. The powerful general technology platform could lead to new treatments for a range of diseases and injuries involving cell loss or damage, such as heart disease, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease. “This work represents a new paradigm in stem cell reprogramming,” said Scripps Research Associate Professor Sheng Ding, Ph.D., who led the study. “We hope it helps overcome major safety and other technical hurdles currently associated with some types of stem cell therapies.” As the human body develops, embryonic-like stem cells multiply Associate Professor and transform themselves into Sheng Ding more mature cell types through a process known as differentiation, producing all of the body’s different cell types and tissues. Past the embryonic stage, however, the human body has limited capacity to generate new cells to replace ones that have been lost or damaged. Thus, scientists have been trying to develop ways to “reprogram” adult human cells back to a more embryonic-like, or pluripotent, state, from which they are able to divide and then change into any of the body’s cell types. Using these techniques, scientists aim to someday be able to take a patient’s own cells, say skin cells, change them into heart or brain cells, and then insert them back into the patient to fix damaged tissues. In 2006, Japanese scientists reported that they could reprogram mouse skin cells to become pluripotent simply by inserting a set of four genes into the cells. Although the technology to generate these cells, dubbed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, represents a major advance, there are some hurdles to overcome before it can be adapted to therapies. “It takes a long time to generate iPS cells and then differentiate them into tissue-specific functional cell types,” said Ding, “and it’s a tedious process. Also, what you generate is not ideal.” Specifically, it takes some two to four weeks for scientists to create iPS cells from skin cells and the process is far from efficient, with only one cell out of thousands making the complete transformation. Furthermore, once scientists obtain S 6 | SCRIPPS DISCOVERS SPRING 2011 iPS cells, they then have to go through the tricky procedure of inducing the iPS cells to differentiate into desired types of cells, which takes an additional two to four weeks. In addition, the process of generating mature cells from iPS cells is not foolproof. When, for example, scientists induce iPS cells to become heart cells, the resulting cells are a mix of heart cells and some lingering iPS cells. Scientists are concerned that giving these new heart cells (along with the remaining pluripotent cells) to patients might be dangerous. When pluripotent cells are injected in mice, they cause cancer-like growths. Because of these concerns, Ding and colleagues decided to try to tweak the process by completely bypassing the iPS stage and going directly from one type of mature cell (a skin cell) to another (a heart cell). The team introduced the same four genes initially used to make iPS cells into adult skin fibroblast cells, but instead of letting the genes be continuously active in cells for several weeks, they switched off their activities just after a few days, long before the cells had turned into iPS cells. Once the four genes were switched off, the scientists gave a signal to the cells to make them turn into heart cells. “In 11 days, we went from skin cells to beating heart cells in a dish,” said Ding. “It was phenomenal to see.” Ding points out the protocol is fundamentally different from what has been done by other scientists in the past and notes that giving the cells a different kind of signal could turn them into brain cells or pancreatic cells. “It is like launching a rocket,” he said. “Until now, people thought you needed to first land the rocket on the moon and then from there you could go to other planets. But here we show that just after the launch you can redirect the rocket to another planet without having to first go to the moon. This is a totally new paradigm.” In addition to better understanding the basic biology of stem cells, the next step will be to modify this technique further to remove the need for inserting the four genes, which have been linked to the development of cancer. As a result, many scientists, including Ding, have been working on new techniques to develop iPS cells without use of these genes. That has proven difficult. But with the new protocol, which bypasses the iPS cell stage, the genes are needed for a much shorter time. “Action for such a short period of time is a lot easier to replace,” Ding noted. The research was funded by The Scripps Research Institute, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fate Therapeutics, and the Esther B. O’Keeffe Foundation. AWARDS AND HONORS Scripps Research Study Ranked Among Time Magazine’s Top 10 Medical Breakthroughs for 2010 ime magazine ranked a paper on a gene expression test for coronary disease by Scripps Research Institute investigators number seven in the top 10 medical breakthroughs for 2010. The paper, by Eric J. Topol, Nicholas Schork, and Mary Winn, of Scripps Research and the Translational T Sciences Institute (a collaboration between Scripps Research, Scripps Health, and other institutions in San Diego), and colleagues, was published in the Annals of Internal Medicine (Volume 153, Number 7, Oct. 5, 2010). According to the Time article, the researchers identified a preliminary panel of 23 genes “that code for blood proteins,” which improved by 16 percent the ability to classify heart disease patients at high or low risk compared to traditional methods alone. While not a heart-attack predictor, the blood test “could serve as an early warning call for patients who register as high risk,” said Time. Remember Us in Your Will > Legacy income is vital to our work The generosity of supporters who leave us a gift in their will means that we are able to fund medical research on a variety of devastating diseases in order to better understand and treat these diseases. With your support, we aim to help find cures. If you have any questions about leaving a gift to The Scripps Research Institute in your will, please contact Steve Abramson at (858) 784-9365 or stevea@scripps.edu. Jamie Williamson, CONTINUED to some pretty prestigious positions. “About two-thirds of our alumni who have entered the workforce are in either biotech or pharmaceutical firms,” said Jamie. “The other one-third— over 50 alums—hold faculty positions at colleges or universities – that’s a lot.” For the sake of comparison, Jamie’s Ph.D. class at Stanford had 30 students and three hold faculty positions now. “They’re sent off from here on fire and they really appreciate the experience they had here,” said Jamie. Financial support for graduate students is provided by Scripps Research, the student’s advisor, and national fellowships. This support covers tuition, benefits and stipend. The annual cost to fund a graduate student this academic year is $39,980. “We want to provide the support and resources so that students can come to work everyday and not worry about things like health coverage and money to buy books.” Generous gifts from donors have made many merit-based fellowships available to students, including the Bagel Fellowship, Norton B. Gilula Student Fellowships, Fletcher Jones Fellowships, Pfeiffer Foundation Scholarships, a San Diego Foundation scholarship from the Norman and Margaret Lassey Fund, the Delia Baxter Fellowship, the Andrea Elizabeth Vogt Memorial Award, and Eli Lilly and Company Foundation fellowships. Scripps Research is especially grateful to the Skaggs family and Achievement Rewards for College Scientists (ARCS) for their significant funding of many of its students over the years. “One of the major fundraising goals of Scripps Research is to endow the graduate program,” said Jamie. “This would allow students to join any laboratory they choose without worrying about the lab finances.” In his other life at Scripps Research, Jamie runs a laboratory that is conducting pioneering work unraveling the threedimensional structure and function of RNA, has made discoveries that may help spur advances in the global challenges of antibiotic drug resistance, and is aiming to develop novel therapeutic strategies against HIV infection. A big honor for Jamie was his recent election as a new member of the prestigious American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The Society consists of distinguished individuals who provide practical policy solutions to the pressing issues of the day. “We have amazing facilities here,” said Jamie. “Our goal is to provide the most practical and conducive environment to enable students to make important discoveries as a stepping stone for their careers.” SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE | 7 Partners 1 Scripps Florida kicked off the second-annual “CELLebrate Science with Scripps Florida,” a public education outreach event held at The Gardens Mall. Inspired by the campus’s grand opening extravaganza in early 2009, the Mall hosted the first “CELLebration” in February 2010 to an overwhelming response. For 2011, the Forbes Group, which owns and operates the 1.4-million-square-foot high-end shopping center, eagerly requested an encore. On February 5th, nearly 100 Scripps Florida volunteers– scientists and support staff alike – turned out to bring the science of Scripps Research to an estimated 4,000 South Florida residents. (top photo) 2 A special “Medals Ceremony” was held to honor those Palm Beach County 2010 Science and Engineering Fair middle school and high school awardees who have been invited to compete in the 2011 State Science and Engineering Fair of Florida. Sidney Forbes, founding partner of The Gardens Mall (standing at center), and Deborah Leach-Scampavia, director of education outreach programs for Scripps Florida (seated at center) recognized each student’s achievement by presenting them with a special commemorative medal, and applauding the future scientists and engineers. Scripps Florida donors Colin and Gail Halpern pose for a photo during “Sunset at Scripps Florida,” an evening event and fundraiser for the Frenchman’s Creek Women for Cancer Research. Over 70 guests received an update on the cancer research they support, participated in hands-on science experiments and a behind the scenes tour, plus enjoyed a “Garden of Eden” themed reception on the Florida campus. (center photo) (bottom photo) 3 Contact Us: • For more information about Scripps Research, visit our web page at www.supportscrippsresearch.org • To learn more about supporting Scripps Research’s cutting-edge research, please contact: CALIFORNIA (858) 784.2037 or (800) 788.4931 burfitt@scripps.edu FLORIDA (561) 228.2013 abruner@scripps.edu