Workbook STRUCTURE 3 Material for Semester Three of the English Department Structure Series Developed from the Common-core Grammar Bambang Sugeng English Department Faculty of Languages and Arts Yogyakarta State University 2010 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................... ii FOREWORD ............................................................................. iii CONTENTS ............................................................................... iv TO THE USER............................................................................. vii MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS ...................................................... viii LESSON ONE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE: REVIEW ............. The Sentence ................................................. The Subject .................................................... The Predicate ................................................. Punctuation ..................................................... 1 1 2 3 4 TWO VERBS: FORMS ................................................ Finite and Non-finite Verbs ............................. Verb Forms ..................................................... Regular Verbs .......................................... Irregular Verbs ......................................... 7 7 9 10 10 THREE VERBS: TENSES ............................................... Review ............................................................ The Simple Present Actual ............................. The Simple Present Actual ....................... The Simple Present Neutral ..................... The Simple Present Habitual ................... The Simple Present Future ...................... Frequency ................................................ The Simple Past Tense .................................. The Simple Past Narrative ...................... The Simple Past Actual ............................ The Simple Past Neutral .......................... The Simple Past Habitual ........................ Frequency ................................................ 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 18 18 18 19 20 20 FOUR SUBJECTS: PRONOUNS AND NOUNS ............ Review ............................................................ Pronouns ........................................................ Nouns ............................................................. Characterizing Nouns .............................. Classifying Nouns .................................... 23 23 24 27 27 29 FIVE VERBS AND VERB GROUPS ............................ Verb Groups ................................................... Questions ....................................................... Verbal Questions ...................................... The Question Mark .................................. Pronominal Questions ............................. Pronominal Subject Questions ................ The Question Mark .................................. Negative Statements ...................................... 31 31 34 35 36 37 38 38 39 SIX ARTICLES .......................................................... Review ............................................................ Omission of a/an or the ................................... The Meaning of a/an ....................................... Numerical a/an .......................................... Individualizing a/an ................................... Classifying a/an ........................................ The as D-item ................................................. Classifying a/an and the a/an .......................... 41 41 41 43 44 44 44 45 47 SEVEN THE TREE DIAGRAM ........................................ The Diagram ................................................... Simple Sentences ........................................... Compound Sentences .................................... Complex Sentences ......................................... 51 51 51 53 54 EIGHT NOUN GROUPS .................................................. The Form ........................................................ M Items ............................................................ Q Items ........................................................... 57 57 59 62 NINE NOUN GROUPS: D AND Q ITEMS....................... D Items ........................................................... Some and Such ............................................... Q Items ............................................................ 65 65 67 69 TEN THE RELATIVE CLAUSES .................................. The Complex Sentence ................................... The Sub-clause ................................................ The Form .......................................................... The Functions ................................................... Subject ....................................................... Object ...................................................... D item ........................................................ After Preposition ...................................... 73 73 73 74 76 76 77 78 78 ELEVEN RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSES Review ............................................................ 81 The Two Types of Relative Clauses ............... 82 Restrictive Relative Clauses ....................... 83 Non-restrictive Relative Clauses ................... 83 Omission of the Relative Pronoun .................... 84 The Tree Diagram .......................................... 85 Some Ambiguity ............................................. 86 TWELVE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ..................................... The Form ........................................................ Types of Adverbial Clauses .............................. Adverbial Clause of Time ........................ Adverbial Clause of Place ....................... Adverbial Clause of Cause or Reason .... Adverbial Clause of Purpose ................... Adverbial Clause of Result ...................... Adverbial Clause of Condition ................. Adverbial Clause of Contrast .................. Adverbial Clause of Comparison ............. 89 89 90 90 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 THIRTEEN NOUN CLAUSES ............................................... Subject ........................................................... Object ............................................................. Complement ................................................... Object of Preposition ....................................... Content Clauses ............................................ 95 95 96 97 97 99 FOURTEEN INDIRECT CONSTRUCTIONS ........................... The Form ........................................................ Statements ..................................................... The Omission of that ....................................... Questions ....................................................... Imperatives ..................................................... 101 101 102 102 103 104 FIFTEEN CO-ORDINATION: AND ..................................... Review ............................................................ The Co-ordinator And ..................................... Words ..................................................... Phrases .................................................. Clauses...................................................... Sentences ............................................... Co-ordination and Sub-ordination .................. 107 107 108 108 109 110 110 111 SIXTEEN CO-ORDINATION: BUT, OR, AND NOR ........... 113 81 But .................................................................. Or .................................................................. Nor ................................................................. Listing ............................................................. Punctuation .................................................... For ................................................................. 113 114 115 117 117 117 REFERENCES .......................................................................... 119