ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to acknowledge and thank all those who were instrumental
either in informing the work that follows or in helping to bring it to
fruition. I especially thank RAND’s leadership—President James
Thomson (also for his generous Foreword), Michael Rich, Jeff
Isaacson, and Stuart Johnson for making it possible for me to conduct this research and write the monograph. Stephen Larrabee,
Chair in European Security at RAND, read the manuscript, as did
Holger Pfeiffer, NATO Deputy Assistant Secretary General, Defence
Planning and Operations, and their comments were insightful and
invaluable. In the course of my research, I spoke with numerous
people, including some at NATO and the European Union. Although
I risk leaving some out, let me thank Lord George Robertson, NATO
Secretary General; General Joseph Ralston, Supreme Allied
Commander Europe; General Rupert Smith, Deputy Supreme Allied
Commander Europe; General Klaus Naumann (ret.), former
Chairman, NATO Military Committee; VADM Norman Ray (ret.),
former Vice Chairman, NATO Military Committee; Robert Hall and
Clarence Juhl, U.S. Mission to NATO; Ambassador Gunter Burghardt,
Head of the Delegation of the European Commission to the United
States; Fraser Cameron, Deputy Head of the commission delegation;
Jonathan Davidson of the delegation; European Union officials,
including Lodewijk Briet, the advisor responsible for specific CFSP
matters in the EU External Relations Directorate-General and LarsEric Lundin, Directorate A (CFSP), EU External Relations DirectorateGeneral; James Elles, MEP, European Parliament; and many others.
Much of the material in this monograph is derived from nearly four
decades’ work on issues related to NATO, WEU, and the European
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pillar of the alliance, beginning with graduate studies at the London
School of Economics, which culminated in a doctoral dissertation on
the origins of Western Union; and carrying through four and a half
years as U.S. ambassador to NATO (July 1993–January 1998), during
which time I also represented the United States to the Western
European Union. This included the period in which NATO and the
WEU negotiated the basic agreements that have led to today’s
NATO-EU relationship and the development of both ESDI and ESDP.
During that period, I had the incomparable advantage of being supported by a superb team of U.S. officials, especially at the U.S.
Mission to NATO—from the Defense Department (military and civilian), the State Department, the United States Information Agency,
and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. This team played a
decisive role in creating the “new NATO” and, with it, the development of the European pillar within NATO.
My thanks also to RAND’s Risha Henneman, who has shepherded
this monograph through to completion. And—most of all—my deep
appreciation to my wife, Shireen Hunter, for her wise counsel, encouragement, and support throughout this project.
While so many people contributed to the ideas contained in this
monograph, the responsibility for judgments, conclusions—and
errors—is mine.