Circulatory Systems
‫الدكتور عبد المهدي عبد الرضا حسن الشحماني‬
PhD,Pediatric & Mental Health Nursing
Transport Systems in
“Circulation”
Heart Disease
Heart Disease: Atherosclerosis
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol Levels
Causes of Death in the United States
Death from Diseases of the Heart 2010
Causes of Death in the U.S. 2010
Symptoms of Coronary Artery (Heart) Disease:
Cell Requirements:
1. Each cell requires a supply of oxygen and food molecules.
Cell Requirements:
2. The cells must get rid of waste products.
Cell Requirements:
3. In all animals that have a transport system, two parts are essential:
(1) Circulating Fluid
(2) One or more hearts to pump the blood.
The Circulatory System
A. The transport system of animals is called the circulatory system.
Open Circulatory System
A. Blood sloshes around freely in a body cavity.
B. Example: Grasshopper’s Open Circulatory System
(1)The blood is pumped toward the head by a dorsal, segmented heart, into
the aorta, the only blood vessel in its body.
(2) From the aorta, blood empties into the insect’s body cavity.
Closed Circulatory System
A. Blood is enclosed at all times within vessels.
B. Example: Humans
Closed Circulatory System
C. Circulation in vertebrates is made up of:
1. Heart
a. Atrium: Thin-walled chamber receiving and collecting blood.
b. Ventricle: Larger, more muscular, thicker walled chamber, it pumps blood
to the body.
Closed Circulatory System
2. Arteries: Transport oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Closed Circulatory System
3. Veins transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
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a. One-way valves keep the blood from flowing backwards.
Closed Circulatory System
4. Capillaries: Consist of a single cell layer.
a. Function: Exchange of materials
Types of Hearts
Different Types of Hearts:
1. Hearts with 2 chambers: Fish (only have one atrium and one ventricle)
a. Low pressure, low energy demands.
Different Types of Hearts:
2. Hearts with 3 chambers: Amphibians
(Two atria and one ventricle)
Different Types of Hearts:
3. Heart with 4 chambers: Mammals
a. High Pressure, Double Circulation:
(1) Once through the lungs and once through the body tissues.
Circulation
A. Animals in which body temperature is determined by the environment are
called “ectotherms,” or cold-blooded.
(1) Reptiles, Amphibians
Circulation in Mammals
A. Mammals are endotherms (warm-blooded)
(1) Maintain a constant body temperature and have high energy demands.
Circulation in Mammals
B. In humans, blood goes to and from the lungs.
-Called “Pulmonary Circulation”
Circulation in Mammals
C. There is circulation of blood to and from all the organs, tissues, and cells of
the body.
Called “Systemic Circulation”
Circulation in Mammals
D. Thousands of arteries and veins are linked by capillaries within the tissues to
form a closed circulatory system.
Lymphatic System
A. Excess fluid in the tissues moves into tiny vessels of the lymphatic system. This fluid is called lymph.
B. Lymph is moved by the squeezing of skeletal muscles.
High Blood Pressure is Called “Hypertension”
1. Hypertension is the biggest risk factor in heart disease.
2. Normal (average) blood pressure is around 120/80.
a. The top number “120” refers to the systolic pressure.
(Ventricles Contract)
b. The bottom number “80” refers to the diastolic pressure.
(Atria fill up with blood)
The Human Circulatory System
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Coloring Activity:
Accurately color the heart diagram: (1) Use the color “blue” for deoxygenated
blood.
(2) Use the color “red” for oxygenated blood.
The Human Circulatory System
A. The heart is the muscular pump of the blood vascular system.
The Human Circulatory System
B. It has four chambers:
(1) Two on the right relate to the lungs (Pulmonary Circulation)
(2) Two on the left relate to the rest of the body (Systemic Circulation)
The Human Circulatory System
C. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium and is pumped to
the lungs by the right ventricle under relatively low pressure.
The Human Circulatory System
D. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and is pumped to the body tissues
by the left ventricle under rather high pressure, a fact reflected in the thicker
left ventricular walls.
The Human Circulatory System
E. The bicuspid and tricuspid valves prevent regurgitation of blood back into the
atria.
The Human Circulatory System
F. The semi-lunar valves prevent reflux of blood back into the ventricles.
Electrical Impulses in the Heart
A. An action potential is initiated by the S-A Node, the impulse spreads out over
both atria causing them to contract.
Electrical Impulses in the Heart
B. The S-A Node is located in the right atrial wall and it initiates each cardiac
cycle; consequently, it is also known as the pacemaker of the heart.
Electrical Impulses in the Heart
C. The A-V Node sends an electrical impulse down the septum and up the
ventricle walls.
Film: Body Story
A. Signs and symptoms of heart disease.
B. List ten facts from today’s film about heart disease:
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