The mucosa – associated lymphoid
tissue or (MALT)
Local immune component are recently being 
talked by immunologist as an active local
immune system it consist of both B- and TCells epithelial cell producing secretory piece
they can fix up both humoral and cellular
immune response in site , the mucosa –
associated lymphoid tissue or (MALT) the main
mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue are the
gastrointestinal tract ( including oral mucosa
and salivery gland , the genitourinary tract , the
respiratory tract and the secretion of the
mammary glands
this local immune stimulated through 
mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue which
is organized into discrete areas in the
gut known as Peyer patches just below
the epithelial cells in the lamina propria
Antigen travels through specialized
epithelium(M Cells) to the subepithelial
lymphoid tissue. The main antibody
produced at these sites is secretory IgA ,
dimeric immunoglobulin which aquires it
secretory component during transport
across the epithelium.
The mucosa – associated lymphoid
tissue or (MALT)
Follicle-associated epithelial &M cells
Transport of IgA across the mucosal
epithelium
Role of lgA mucosal component
immunity of oral cavity
mmunity of oral cavity : the oral cavity 
environment is controlled primary by saliva
mucosal surface saliva contain several nonspecific host factores
(mucins,lactoferrin,lysozyme, peroxidase,
Histatins, cystains, salivery glycoprotein)
It is well established that S.IgA is predominant 
immunoglobulin in whole saliva it is considered
to be the main specific defense mechanism in
oral surface by limiting
microbial adherence to epithelial & tooth 
surface by neutralizing toxin& host factors
another part of oral cavity immunty.
Protective barriers of oral mucosa
There are several factors which may prevent
penetration intact of oral mucosa by
microorganisms:
1-saliva 
2-keratin 
3-Granular-layer 
4-Basment membrane 
5-leucocytes 
6-Antibody 
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Protective barriers of oral mucosa
Saliva
It is a vey important component of oral 
defances both by it mechanical washing
activity & by means of antimicrobial factors
that it contains:
1-Mechanical cleaning 
2-lysozymes 
3-peroxidase 
4-lactoferrine 
5-leucocytes 
6-Secratory lgA 
Role of secretory lgA in oral
CavityIgA is by far the most important
Secretory

immunoglobulin in Saliva lgA is secreted by
salivary gland plasma cells two molecules
combined by a J chain which are also secreted
by local plasma cells, the result the resultant
diametric IgA is than complexes by secretory
component synthesized by epithelial cell of
salivary aching & the complete secretory lgA
into the duct lumen & thence into the mouth
so secretory lgA is more resistant to the
proteolysis degradation than other
immunoglobulin it function probably by
combining with microorganisms & prevent their
adherence to the host surfaces.
secretory lgA at mucosa surface
The gingival cervical fluid
In addition to the immunoglobuline the (GCF)the Gingivial 
Cervical Fluid: including complement system both classical &
alternative pathway activated in gingival cervical fluid and
Blood including leucocytes are able to reach the oral cavity 
via the flow of fluid through the junctional epithelium of the
gingival cervicular fluid increases greatly with the
inflammation accompany periodontal disease in addition to
immunoglobulin ,complement system have been detected ,
other component such as lysozyme , protease and collegians &
cervical fluid comprises Neutrophile with some number of
macrophage and B- and T-Cell these cells migrate continuously
from Blood through the junctional epithelium into the gingival
cervic over 80% of macrophage as Neutrophiles are
functional and can phagocytosis microorganism .
.

It is clear therefor that the tooth surfasce is
inflience by both local(mucosa) salivery
immune mechanisms mediated largely by
secretory lgA & by systemic immunity
involving all the varied immune components
present in blood the way in which these
contributing factors interact to provide
immuity within the oral cavity

Immunological Techniques
The study of Biological reactions relevant to 
the pathogenesis of disease, epidemiology &
diagnosis, serology the measurement of
specific antibodies in serum to diagnosis
indirectly specific infection still is a major rock
in clinical microbiology. Some of the most
commonly used techniques involved the used
of tagged or labeled antibodies when the
labeled can be fluorescent dyes.
An enzymes or radioactive isotope. Two 
of the most commonly used techniques
are enzymes-linked immunosorben assay 
(ELIZA) and immunobiotecing (Westren 
blotting) both techniques involes the
ultimate detection of Antibod-Antigen
complex where either the antibody or
the antigen being assayed the third
techniques latex or called coagglutenation
Enzyme –linked immunosorben assay
(ELIZA) principle:
It is simplest form of this technique is summarize in 
diagram ,it can be used to detect antibodies in
serum or other body fluids by binding them to an
antigen coated to a solied phas ( a well in polystyrene
multi-well plate) the bond antibody can then be
detected by adding a tagged second antibody which
recognize the first as antigen . this second antibody
covalently labeled with an enzyme the first as
antigen . the complex of antigen , first antibody and
the second antibody-Enzyme conjugate is detected
by adding achromogenk substrate for the enzyme,
the intensity of colour produced which is
proportional to the amount of antibody bound by
microplate spectrophotomete
ELIZA) is one of diagnostic procedures for vast 
microbial pathogen particularly in virus serology.
Detection of antigen is less frequently used but
it has a role in detection of microorganisms or
toxin of normally sterile sites such as antigen
of meningitis – causing in cerebrospinal fluid
anther technique immunobiotcing (westering 
blotting) both technique involve the ultimate
detection of antibody-antigen complex.
From (ELIZA) The different here the product 
must be insoluble as well as coloured by using
autoradiografy.
ELIZA Precedure :
1-Antige absorbed on plastic well 
2-Wased
3Dilution of test antibody solution are add to
the Antigen adsorobed
4-The complex is washed 
5-Add the enzyme-conjugated, anti iso- 
Antibody
6-washing 
7-Enzymes-substrate is add 
The result coloured measured using 
spectrophotometer
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