Immunization
Immunity is the resistance that an individual has against disease.
Natural immunity : Innate immunity or resistance to infection or
toxicity.
Acquired immunity : immunity from exposure to the invading agent ,
either bacteria , virus or toxin. Acquired immunity may be passive or
active .
Active immunity : Immune bodies are actively formed against specific
antigens ,either naturally by having had the disease clinically or subclinical or artificially by introducing the antigen (vaccine ) into the
individual .
Passive immunity: Temporary immunity by transfusing plasma proteins
either artificially from another human or an animal that has been
actively , immunized against an antigen or naturally from the mother to
the fetus via the placenta.
Antibody: A protein , found mostly in serum , that is formed in response
to exposure to a specific antigen.
Antitoxin : Antibody formed in response to a toxin ( antigen).
Toxin: A poisonous substance , usually produced by the invading
microorganisms.
Toxoid : A toxin that has been treated to destroy its toxic properties but
retains its antigenic quality.
Antigen : A variety of foreign substance including bacteria, viruses ,
toxins and foreign protein that stimulate the formation of antibodies.
Immunization : is a process by which resistance to infection disease is
induced or augmented.
* Children are immunized against infections diseases , all dangerous can
be prevented through immunization the following table is recommended
Vaccine
B.C.G
O.P.V .zero
dose
H.B.V.1
O.P.V
H.B.V.2
D.P.T 1
O.P.V 2
D.P.T 2
O.P.V3
D.P.T 2
H.B.V.3
Measles
Disease
Age of the
child
Tuberculosis From birth
Poliomyelitis till one
Hepatitis B
week
infection
Poliomyelitis 2 months
Hepatitis B
infection.
diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus
Poliomyelitis 4 months
diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus
Poliomyelitis 6 months
Hepatitis B
infection.
diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus
measles
9 months
O.P.V1
Poliomyelitis 18 months
Booster
diphtheria
D.P.T1Booster Pertussis
Tetanus
O.P.V2
Poliomyelitis 4 years
Booster
diphtheria
D.P.T2Booste Pertussis
Tetanus
Route
Dose
Intra dermal
oral
Intra
muscular
Oral
Intra
muscular
Intra
muscular
0.05 ml
2 drops
0.5 ml
Oral
Intra
muscular
2 drops
0.5 ml
Oral
Intra
muscular
Intra
muscular
2 drops
0.5 ml
Intra
muscular
Oral
Intra
muscular
0.5 ml
Oral
Intra
muscular
2 drops
0.5 ml
2 drops
0.5 ml
0.5 ml
0.5 ml
2 drops
0.5 ml
General contra-indications include the following:
*Prior allergic reactions to the same or related vaccine .
*Live vaccines ie. OPV/BCG/ and measles are not to be administered in
the following situations .
1.Immuno-suppressive theraoy.
2.Immuno-deficiency disorders
3.Leukemia, lymphoma or generalized malignancy.
Specific contra-indications to vaccines.
VACCINES
SPCIFIC CONTRA - INDICATIONS
BCG
Clinical symptomatic HIV infection
DPT
Any past history of seizures , other than febrile
convulsions . especially if these occurred after any
previous dose of DTP
OPV
NIL. NOTE: if a child has diarrhea the OPV dose should be
given , but not recorded in the regular schedule , the
mother must schedule be told bring the child back as
soon as the episode of diarrhea is over and another dose
must be repeated and dully recorded.
MEASLES
NIL
HEPATITIESB
NIL