FIGURES
2.1. Tracking the Controversy over Class Actions (Number of
Articles on Class Actions, 1969–1979) ......................
19
2.2. Tracking the Controversy over Class Actions (Number of
Articles on Class Actions, 1981–1989) ......................
22
3.1. Surveying the Class Action Landscape (1995–1996)............
53
3.2. Distribution of Cases Against Corporate Defendants
(1995–1996).........................................
54
3.3. Consumer Class Action Cases (1995–1996) ..................
55
3.4. Federal and State Division of Class Action Activity
(1995–1996).........................................
56
3.5. Distribution of Cases Within Federal and State Courts
(Reported Judicial Decisions) ...........................
57
3.6. Class Action Activity from Year to Year (1995–96; 1996–97) ......
59
3.7. Consumer Cases from Year to Year (1995–96; 1996–97) .........
60
3.8. Reported Judicial Decisions (1995–96; 1996–97) ..............
61
3.9. Hot States for Class Action Cases (Reported Judicial
Decisions)..........................................
62
3.10. Hot States for Class Action Cases (General Press) .............
63
3.11. “Class Clown” .......................................
84
3.12. Notice of Pendency of Class Action and Settlement
Hearing ...........................................
87
3.13. The Triangle of Interests in Damage Class Action
Litigation ..........................................
98
15.1. What Defendants Agreed to Pay to Compensate Class
Members (Evidence from Nine Class Actions) ............... 425
xvii
xviii
Class Action Dilemmas
15.2. How Promised Compensation to Class Members Compared
with Estimated Losses (Evidence from Three
Class Actions) ....................................... 427
15.3. What Proportion of the Compensation Fund Class
Members Received (Evidence from Nine Class Actions) ........ 429
15.4. Class Counsel Fees and Expenses as a Percentage of
Negotiated Settlement Value (Evidence from Nine Class
Actions) ........................................... 435
15.5. Class Counsel Fees and Expenses as a Percentage of Actual
Settlement Value..................................... 436
15.6. Class Counsel’s Share of the Sum of Class Benefits and
Attorney Fees Compared to Plaintiff Attorney Shares in
Other Civil Cases..................................... 437
15.7. Proportion of the Settlement, Excluding Defendants’ Own
Legal Fees and Expenses, Attributable to Transaction
Costs ............................................. 440
15.8. Components of Transaction Costs Paid by Defendants
(Evidence from Three Class Actions) ...................... 441
15.9. How Many Cents on Each Dollar Paid by Defendants
(Excluding Their Own Legal Fees and Expenses) Went to
Class Members ...................................... 443
15.10. Class Members’ Portion of Estimated Total Payout,
Compared to Plaintiffs’ Portion of Payout in Other Civil
Cases ............................................. 444
15.11. What Is This Case About? .............................. 455
15.12. Who Is in the Class?................................... 456
15.13. How Can Class Members Object?......................... 457
B.1. Class Action Coding Form .............................. 515
B.2. Comparison of Federal Judicial Center Data and RAND/ICJ
Data .............................................. 520