Did Vietnam veterans get sicker in the 1990s? The
complicated effects of military service on self-reported
health
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Citation
Angrist, Joshua D., Stacey H. Chen, and Brigham R. Frandsen.
“Did Vietnam veterans get sicker in the 1990s? The complicated
effects of military service on self-reported health.” Journal of
Public Economics 94.11-12 (2010): 824-837.
As Published
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.06.001
Publisher
Elsevier
Version
Author's final manuscript
Accessed
Thu May 26 18:27:54 EDT 2016
Citable Link
http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61696
Terms of Use
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0
Detailed Terms
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
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@Q80;;
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WC
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=>:0??
B" ("&&$'$ ')*+,*-$# $%& %'(%&)$ *&+&* ,-./*&$&0 ') 3$ *&3)$ 3 83,%&*-59) 0&(5&& :5&)/-1)& ,-0& A -5 .-5&
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A;
8,113,000
7,916,774
8,210,925
8,054,993
4,064,000
3,347,310
3,580,249
3,256,925
1999
2001
2003
2005
1999
2001
2003
2005
-
N/A
6,524
8,994
10,994
18,879
17,703
16,761
15,476
N/A
6,452
N/A
5,552
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
8,903
9,230
9,941
10,030
6,862
6,411
N/A
N/A
174,807
166,362
164,482
161,512
B. Korea
N/A
N/A
15,659
25,529
2.01
2.04
2.12
2.2
67,836
66,335
65,026
62,713
Knee
impairment
(11)
Source: Veterans Benefits Administration Annual Reports for 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005.
* Diabetes not presumed service-related for Korea- and Gulf War-era service.
C. Gulf War
2,223,000
3.20
282,140
N/A
28,208
33,719
59,337
28,405
35,304
56,320
1999
3,095,952
3.32
365,780
N/A
36,399
42,523
77,849
37,260
52,826
63,966
2001
3,783,414
3.48
476,026
N/A
47,031
52,479
100,925
49,948
77,202
72,300
2003
4,377,845
3.70
611,729
N/A
60,023
60,350
131,092
64,558
100,374
81,677
2005
Notes: This table reports the number of veterans receiving VDC in total and for specific disabilities. The listed diagnoses are the top 10 conditions in 2005,
except for tinnitus (which is often diagnosed with loss of hearing acuity) and degenerative arthritis (which is not in the top 10 before 2005). Diabetes
recognized as a service-related impairment in 2002. "N/A" denotes that the diagnosis was not among the top ten compensated diagnoses for the given year
and service era.
Veteran
Population
(1)
Year
Table 1: Veterans disability compensation claims: Most common diagnoses for Vietnam veterans in 2005
Veterans receiving compensation for:
Generalized
Hearing
MusculoArthritis
Disabilities
Any
(loss of
skeletal
Hyper(due to
per Veteran
disabilities
Diabetes*
PTSD
acuity)
Scars
Conditions
tension
trauma)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
A. Vietnam
2.76
735,627
90,695
50,184
127,023
82,446
56,231
48,263
2.77
749,554
106,809
60,753
125,939
80,586
55,545
53,332
2.88
848,156
135,011
142,876
95,931
125,534
78,413
66,084
62,821
3.00
916,220
190,199
179,737
129,323
121,850
78,270
72,169
69,034
Table 2. Descriptive statistics by race and veteran status
All
(1)
Vietnam veteran
(2)
A. Whites
0.552
1.000
49.6
Wage index percentile
10-25
25-75
(5)
(6)
Non-veteran
(3)
<10
(4)
>75
(7)
0.386
0.000
49
0.425
0.261
49.1
0.424
0.354
49.1
0.438
0.338
49.2
0.446
0.228
49.3
Draft eligibility (by RSN)
Veteran status (served in Vietnam Era)
Age
0.437
0.305
49.2
Any disability
Work-limiting disability
Non-work-limiting disability
0.198
0.124
0.074
i. Disability variables
0.217
0.134
0.083
0.190
0.120
0.070
0.386
0.243
0.143
0.265
0.172
0.093
0.183
0.113
0.070
0.113
0.070
0.043
Other income (mostly VDC) > 0
SSA income excluding SSI (mostly SSDI) > 0
SSI > 0
Any Federal transfer income > 0
0.059
0.035
0.017
0.100
ii. Transfer income
0.109
0.036
0.013
0.142
0.037
0.034
0.019
0.082
0.069
0.097
0.060
0.197
0.068
0.051
0.024
0.129
0.062
0.028
0.012
0.093
0.044
0.014
0.005
0.059
Mental (difficulty learning, remembering, or
concentrating)
Vision or hearing (blindness, deafness, or a
severe vision or hearing impairment)
Physical (limitation to physical activities e.g.
walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting,
or carrying)
Mobility (difficulty going outside the home
alone)
Self-care (difficulty dressing, bathing, or
getting around inside the home)
0.045
iii. Specific disability types
0.049
0.044
0.134
0.062
0.036
0.019
Not working
Not in labor force
N
0.038
0.043
0.036
0.076
0.049
0.035
0.021
0.086
0.101
0.080
0.193
0.118
0.078
0.041
0.052
0.054
0.052
0.133
0.077
0.044
0.023
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.062
0.030
0.018
0.010
0.327
0.281
114,588
0.205
0.170
171,459
0.125
0.100
572,311
0.074
0.056
283,193
0.145
0.118
1,141,551
iv. Labor market variables
0.154
0.141
0.126
0.115
353,367
788,184
Draft eligibility (by RSN)
Veteran status (served in Vietnam Era)
Age
0.440
0.293
49.2
B. Nonwhites
0.520
1.000
49.5
0.406
0.000
49
0.427
0.148
49.0
0.424
0.195
49.0
0.443
0.337
49.2
0.449
0.326
49.2
Any disability
Work-limiting disability
Non-work-limiting disability
0.332
0.212
0.120
i. Disability variables
0.326
0.205
0.120
0.334
0.215
0.120
0.447
0.275
0.173
0.409
0.253
0.156
0.338
0.217
0.121
0.226
0.151
0.075
Other income (mostly VDC) > 0
SSA income excluding SSI (mostly SSDI) > 0
SSI > 0
Any Federal transfer income > 0
0.078
0.060
0.044
0.163
ii. Transfer income
0.140
0.056
0.029
0.198
0.052
0.062
0.051
0.148
0.067
0.093
0.086
0.218
0.069
0.085
0.072
0.201
0.083
0.060
0.041
0.163
0.078
0.032
0.017
0.116
Mental (difficulty learning, remembering, or
concentrating)
Vision or hearing (blindness, deafness, or a
severe vision or hearing impairment)
Physical (limitation to physical activities e.g.
walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting,
or carrying)
Mobility (difficulty going outside the home
alone)
Self-care (difficulty dressing, bathing, or
getting around inside the home)
0.076
iii. Specific disability types
0.072
0.077
0.136
0.115
0.071
0.036
0.048
0.047
0.049
0.070
0.063
0.047
0.032
0.139
0.145
0.136
0.205
0.178
0.140
0.085
0.122
0.112
0.126
0.173
0.162
0.124
0.072
0.042
0.036
0.044
0.069
0.061
0.040
0.022
iv. Labor market variables
Not working
0.338
0.295
0.356
0.508
0.468
0.341
Not in labor force
0.284
0.247
0.300
0.440
0.400
0.286
N
154,810
45,344
109,466
16,002
23,148
77,088
Notes: This table reports descriptive statistics for men born 1948-52 in the 2000 1:6 census file. Statistics use census sampling weights.
0.183
0.148
38,572
Table 3. First-stage estimates by race and year of birth
Pooled cohorts
By single year of birth
1948-52
1948
1949
1950
1951
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
A. Whites
Draft-eligibility effect
.112***
.058***
.074*** .133*** .138***
(.001)
(.001)
(.003)
(.002)
(.002)
RSN effects (5zx):
RSN 1-95
RSN 96-125
RSN 126-160
RSN 161-195
RSN 196-230
F-statistics
N
Draft-eligibility effect
.128***
(.001)
.082***
(.002)
.058***
(.002)
.044***
(.002)
.006***
(.002)
2294
1,141,551
.072***
(.003)
.065***
(.003)
.060***
(.005)
.054***
(.004)
.044***
(.004)
.004
(.004)
.088***
(.003)
.077***
(.005)
.061***
(.004)
.054***
(.004)
.006
(.004)
.154***
(.003)
.131***
(.004)
.126***
(.004)
.102***
(.004)
.013***
(.004)
.155***
(.003)
.128***
(.004)
.050***
(.004)
.024***
(.003)
-.001
(.003)
1952
(6)
.168***
(.002)
.173***
(.003)
.023***
(.003)
.008***
(.003)
-.001
(.003)
.008**
(.003)
111
202
731
861
1028
220,891 224,130 223,984 232,348 240,198
B. Nonwhites
.031***
.049*** .090*** .096*** .096***
(.007)
(.006)
(.006)
(.006)
(.006)
RSN effects (5zx):
RSN 1-95
RSN 96-125
RSN 126-160
RSN 161-195
RSN 196-230
F-statistics
N
.081***
(.003)
.058***
(.005)
.041***
(.005)
.021***
(.005)
.001
(.005)
.039***
(.009)
.027**
(.013)
.027**
(.012)
.012
(.012)
-.004
(.012)
.059***
(.008)
.072***
(.012)
.042***
(.012)
.027**
(.011)
.018
(.011)
.101***
(.007)
.089***
(.011)
.093***
(.011)
.066***
(.010)
.008
(.010)
.101***
(.007)
.090***
(.011)
.034***
(.010)
-.005
(.009)
-.010
(.009)
.099***
(.007)
.016*
(.009)
.005
(.009)
.005
(.009)
-.006
(.009)
134
154,810
4.98
28,272
14.3
30,321
48.9
31,942
55.1
31,162
47.3
33,113
Notes: This table reports draft-eligibility and RSN-group effects on the probability of veteran
status. Draft-eligibility effects and RSN group effects are from separate regressions. Effects
in columns (2)-(6) are from separate regressions by year. Robust standard errors are shown
in parentheses. All models include a full set of dummies for state of birth and month of birth,
and column (1) also includes year of birth dummies. Statistics use census sample weights.
***, **, and * denote significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.
Table 4. OLS and 2SLS estimates of effects on disability and labor force status for men born 1948-52
Whites
Nonwhites
2SLS
2SLS
Mean
OLS
elig
5zx
Mean
OLS
elig
5zx
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Dependent variable
A. Disability variables
Any disability
.198
.024***
.012
.014*
.332
-.012
-.061 -.063
(.001)
(.008)
(.007)
(.003) (.040) (.036)
Work-limiting disability
.124
.013***
.000
-.001
.212
-.010
-.045 -.054
(.001)
(.007)
(.006)
(.003) (.034) (.031)
Non-work-limiting disability
.074
.011***
.013**
.014***
.120
-.001
-.016 -.006
(.001)
(.005)
(.005)
(.002) (.028) (.026)
Other income (mostly VDC) > 0
.059
SSA income excluding SSI (mostly
SSDI) >0
.035
Any Federal transfer income > 0
.100
Mental
Vision or hearing
Physical
Mobility
Self-care
.000
(.000)
.058***
(.001)
.001
(.004)
.039***
(.006)
.040***
(.004)
.004
(.003)
.040***
(.005)
C. Specific disability types
.003***
.007
.006
(.001)
(.004)
(.004)
.038
.005***
.011***
.012***
(.000)
(.004)
(.003)
.086
.018***
.009
.012**
(.001)
(.006)
(.005)
.052
.001**
.005
.005
(.001)
(.005)
(.004)
.022
.000
.007**
.008***
(.000)
(.003)
(.003)
.045
Not working
.145
Not in labor force
.118
N
B. Transfer income
.072***
.042***
(.001)
(.005)
D. Labor force status
.010***
.005
(.001)
(.007)
.007***
.002
(.001)
(.007)
1,141,551
.003
(.007)
.002
(.006)
.078
.060
.163
.076
.048
.139
.122
.042
.338
.284
.087***
(.002)
.034
(.022)
.040**
(.020)
-.007
(.002)
.047***
(.002)
-.027
(.020)
.032
(.031)
-.030
(.018)
.027
(.028)
-.007
(.002)
-.003
(.001)
.005**
(.002)
-.014
(.002)
-.009
(.001)
.015
.011
(.023) (.021)
.039** .036**
(.018) (.016)
-.028 -.030
(.029) (.026)
-.008 -.008
(.028) (.025)
.011
-.001
(.017) (.016)
-.063
-.001
(.003) (.040)
-.057
.026
(.003) (.039)
154,810
-.020
(.037)
.016
(.035)
Note: This table reports OLS and 2SLS estimates of the effects of Vietnam veteran status on the dependent
variable listed at left. All regressions include a full set of dummies for state of birth, year of birth and month of
birth. The estimates in columns 3 and 7 use a simple draft-eligibility dummy as instruments. The estimates in
columns 4 and 8 use 5 RSN dummies interacted with year of birth. Robust standard errors are reported in
parentheses. Estimates use census sampling weights. ***, **, and * denote significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10%
level, respectively.
College degree
Some college
HS graduate
HS dropout
>75
25-75
10-25
<10
.105**
(.050)
.036***
(.012)
.026**
(.011)
.006
(.010)
.109***
(.034)
.029*
(.016)
.018**
(.009)
.006
(.011)
.039
(.044)
.018*
(.010)
.009
(.009)
-.005
(.008)
.046
(.030)
.021
(.014)
.000
(.007)
.000
(.010)
Work-limiting
disability
(2)
.066*
(.037)
.018**
(.008)
.017**
(.008)
.011*
(.006)
.062**
(.025)
.009
(.010)
.018***
(.006)
.006
(.008)
.102***
(.028)
.048***
(.012)
.041***
(.007)
.032***
(.009)
.134***
(.042)
.036***
(.009)
.056***
(.009)
.032***
(.007)
B. By schooling group
.080***
.084***
(.025)
(.032)
.033***
.009
(.007)
(.006)
.056***
.002
(.007)
(.005)
.036***
-.005
(.006)
(.004)
Any Federal
transfer
income >0
(6)
Other income
SSA income
(mostly VDC)
(mostly SSDI)
>0
>0
(4)
(5)
A. By wage index percentile
.069***
.055***
(.017)
(.021)
.037***
.013
(.009)
(.008)
.045***
-.001
(.006)
(.004)
.035***
-.005
(.008)
(.604)
.116**
(.049)
.032***
(.011)
.014
(.010)
-.006
(.008)
.081**
(.033)
.038**
(.015)
.009
(.008)
.008
(.010)
Not working
(7)
.086*
(.047)
.027***
(.010)
.009
(.009)
-.005
(.007)
.058*
(.032)
.030**
(.014)
.008
(.007)
-.008
(.009)
Not in labor
force
(8)
Labor Force Status
Notes: Panel A reports coefficients from a regression in the sample of white men born 1948-1952 of the variable indicated in the column heading on dummies for the wage index
percentile and their interactions with Vietnam veteran status, and Panel B reports coefficients from a regression of the variable indicated in the column heading on dummies for
education level and their interactions with Vietnam veteran status. The sample size is 1,141,551. All regressions control for state, year, and month of birth. The wage index was
computed from a regression of white non-veterans' weekly wages on state of birth and education interactions, controlling for year of birth. Robust standard errors are shown in
parentheses. ***, **, and * denote significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.
Veteran status
x schooling
group
Veteran status
x wage index
percentile
Any disability
(1)
Non-worklimiting
disability
(3)
Table 5. 2SLS estimates of veteran effects by predicted wage and schooling: Whites
Transfer income
Disability variables
Table 6. 2SLS estimates of veteran effect interactions for specific disability types: Whites
Disability Type:
Mental
(1)
Veteran status
x wage index
percentile
<10
10-25
25-75
>75
Veteran status
x schooling
group
HS dropout
HS grad
Some college
College degree
.064***
(.024)
.014
(.009)
.006
(.004)
.003
(.005)
.060
(.037)
.013**
(.006)
.012**
(.006)
.003
(.004)
Vision or
hearing
Physical
Mobility
(2)
(3)
(4)
A. By wage index percentile
.039**
.088***
.062***
(.019)
(.028)
(.024)
.022***
.028**
.005
(.008)
(.012)
(.010)
.011***
.010*
.008
(.004)
(.006)
(.005)
.003
-.008
.000
(.005)
(.007)
(.006)
B. By schooling group
.047*
.120***
.056
(.028)
(.042)
(.037)
.021***
.026***
.010
(.006)
(.009)
(.007)
.010*
.015*
.011*
(.006)
(.008)
(.006)
.006
-.006
.002
(.004)
(.006)
(.005)
Self-care
(5)
.027
(.017)
.013**
(.006)
.010***
(.003)
.002
(.004)
.036
(.027)
.011**
(.005)
.013***
(.004)
.002
(.003)
Notes: The same as table 5. The sample size is 1,141,551. ***, **, and * denote significance at the
1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.
-.018
(.107)
-.007
(.108)
-.113
(.116)
0.371
0.404
0.294
.050
(.063)
-.010
(.063)
-.010
(.066)
.081
(.108)
.029
(.108)
-.100
(.116)
0.439
0.419
0.071
.054
(.065)
-.019
(.066)
-.044
(.068)
-.033
(.059)
0.584
-.003
(.064)
.001
(.063)
-.003
(.066)
B. Birth cohorts 1948-1952 (N=724)
0.093
0.417
0.095
0.404
0.185
-.046
(.041)
-.004
(.042)
-.025
(.042)
0.371
0.404
.014
(.060)
0.818
0.439
0.419
.004
(.062)
0.950
0.093
0.095
-.026
(.040)
0.621
0.089
0.112
Service-related
disability
(8)
.014
-.035
.022
-.002
(.103)
(.103)
(.104)
(.060)
F test p-value for education vars.
0.078
0.461
0.088
0.004
0.893
0.736
0.834
0.000
Notes: the table reports OLS coefficients of the dependent variables in the column headings on dummies for education levels and 5-year cohort dummies in Panel A. The sample in
Panel B contains only one 5-year cohort group. The omitted education level is HS dropout. Data are from the third Survey of Veterans (SOV-III), conducted in 1987.
HS graduate or more
College graduate
Some college
.072
(.108)
.025
(.108)
-.112
(.115)
0.417
0.404
Dependent variable mean
Dep. var. mean for HS dropouts
Regression estimates
HS graduate
0.039
.021
(.063)
-.059
(.062)
-.081
(.065)
F test p-value for education vars.
HS graduate or more
College graduate
Some college
Regression estimates
HS graduate
Dependent variable mean
Dep. var. mean for HS dropouts
Table 7. Combat and war-theater exposure by education for white Vietnam veterans
Schooling
HS graduate status only
Vietnam/ Laos/
Combat or
Service-related
Vietnam/ Laos/
Combat or
Cambodia
Combat
war
disability
Cambodia
Combat
war
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
A. Birth cohorts 1943-1957 (N=1893)
0.398
0.360
0.462
0.089
0.398
0.360
0.462
0.406
0.328
0.439
0.112
0.406
0.328
0.439
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
Table A1. Proportion Draft-Eligible in the 2000 Census
Actual
HS dropout
HS grad or more
All
Theoretical
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(A) White
0.5241
0.5310
0.5303
0.5348
(.0039)
(.0013)
(.0012)
0.5394
0.5356
0.5359
0.5358
(.0039)
(.0013)
(.0012)
0.5279
0.5394
0.5384
0.5376
(.0040)
(.0013)
(.0012)
0.3336
0.3401
0.3395
0.3424
(.0037)
(.0012)
(.0011)
0.2499
0.2605
0.2596
0.2596
(.0034)
(.0011)
(.0010)
0.2575
0.2594
0.2592
0.2604
(.0033)
(.0011)
(.0010)
F(6,!)
p-value
N
4.77
0.0001
109,754
2.85
0.0090
1,031,797
3.74
0.0010
1,141,551
1948
0.5413
(.0068)
0.5294
(.0067)
0.5365
(.0066)
0.3362
(.0065)
0.2598
(.0058)
0.2604
(.0058)
0.5304
(.0039)
0.5395
(.0037)
0.5463
(.0036)
0.3446
(.0035)
0.2666
(.0032)
0.2667
(.0031)
(B) Nonwhite
0.5376
(.0034)
0.5371
(.0032)
0.5440
(.0032)
0.3427
(.0031)
0.2650
(.0028)
0.2653
(.0028)
0.38
0.8950
37,313
3.31
0.0029
117,497
2.48
0.0210
154,810
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
F(6,!)
p-value
N
Difference
(5)
-.0044
(.0012)
.0002
(.0012)
.0008
(.0012)
-.0030
(.0011)
.0000
(.0010)
-.0012
(.0010)
-
3.74
0.0010
0.5358
.0017
(.0034)
.0016
(.0032)
.0069**
(.0032)
.0010
(.0031)
.0068**
(.0028)
.0053*
(.0028)
0.5354
0.5371
0.3417
0.2583
0.2600
-
2.48
0.0210
Notes: Columns 1-2 report the fraction draft eligible observed in each cohort by high school
graduation status. Column 3 reports the overall fraction draft-eligible. Column 4 reports the
theoretical fraction assuming births are evenly distributed within a month. Column 5 reports the
difference between the overall empirical proportion draft eligible and the theoretical fraction, with
robust standard errors in parentheses. The F-statistic is for a joint test of theoretical and empirical
equality for all cohorts.
Draft eligibility (by RSN)
Age
Table A2. Descriptive statistics by race, veteran status, and wage percentile
Wage index percentile
<10
10-25
25-75
Vietnam
NonVietnam
NonVietnam
NonVets
Vets
Vets
Vets
Vets
Vets
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
A. Whites
0.520
0.393
0.537
0.361
0.550
0.381
49.4
49.0
49.5
48.8
49.6
49.0
>75
Vietnam
NonVets
Vets
(7)
(8)
0.588
49.8
0.404
49.2
Any disability
Work-limiting disability
Non-work-limiting disability
i. Disability variables
0.346
0.400
0.259
0.125
0.252
0.168
0.131
0.147
0.091
0.268
0.174
0.094
0.208
0.126
0.082
0.169
0.106
0.063
0.146
0.087
0.059
0.103
0.069
0.038
Other income (mostly VDC) > 0
SSA income excluding SSI (mostly SSDI) > 0
SSI > 0
Any Federal transfer income > 0
0.118
0.077
0.033
0.197
ii. Transfer income
0.152
0.107
0.104
0.047
0.069
0.017
0.198
0.151
0.046
0.053
0.029
0.117
0.111
0.032
0.011
0.138
0.036
0.026
0.012
0.069
0.103
0.019
0.006
0.119
0.027
0.013
0.005
0.042
iii. Specific disability types
0.099
0.146
0.060
0.064
0.044
0.031
0.028
0.016
0.069
0.079
0.047
0.050
0.042
0.032
0.030
0.019
0.178
0.198
0.122
0.116
0.096
0.069
0.062
0.035
0.103
0.144
0.071
0.080
0.049
0.041
0.030
0.021
0.045
0.067
0.027
0.032
0.020
0.016
0.014
0.008
0.208
0.173
110,788
0.141
0.114
193,623
0.118
0.094
378,708
0.090
0.070
64543
0.069
0.052
218,650
Mental (difficulty learning, remembering, or
concentrating)
Vision or hearing (blindness, deafness, or a
severe vision or hearing impairment)
Physical (limitation to physical activities such
as walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting,
or carrying)
Mobility (difficulty going outside the home
alone)
Self-care (difficulty dressing, bathing, or
getting around inside the home)
Not working
Not in labor force
N
iv. Labor market variables
0.292
0.339
0.200
0.249
0.293
0.164
29,851 84,736
60,671
Draft eligibility (by RSN)
Age
0.492
49.1
B. Nonwhites
0.415
0.493
49.0
49.3
0.407
49.0
0.520
49.5
0.404
49.0
0.537
49.6
0.406
49.1
Any disability
Work-limiting disability
Non-work-limiting disability
i. Disability variables
0.427
0.451
0.386
0.265
0.277
0.235
0.162
0.174
0.151
0.415
0.257
0.157
0.339
0.214
0.125
0.337
0.219
0.118
0.258
0.167
0.091
0.210
0.143
0.067
Other income (mostly VDC) > 0
SSA income excluding SSI (mostly SSDI) > 0
SSI > 0
Any Federal transfer income > 0
0.125
0.082
0.062
0.233
ii. Transfer income
0.057
0.124
0.095
0.084
0.090
0.050
0.216
0.225
0.055
0.085
0.077
0.195
0.139
0.058
0.029
0.198
0.054
0.060
0.047
0.146
0.150
0.037
0.014
0.181
0.043
0.030
0.019
0.084
iii. Specific disability types
0.124
0.138
0.103
0.118
0.073
0.070
0.048
0.030
0.067
0.070
0.058
0.065
0.048
0.047
0.039
0.029
0.211
0.203
0.173
0.179
0.150
0.135
0.111
0.073
0.156
0.176
0.141
0.168
0.118
0.122
0.082
0.068
0.072
0.068
0.049
0.064
0.036
0.042
0.026
0.021
0.480
0.410
18,630
0.306
0.254
25, 963
0.360
0.302
51,125
0.195
0.160
12579
0.198
0.142
25,993
Mental (difficulty learning, remembering, or
concentrating)
Vision or hearing (blindness, deafness, or a
severe vision or hearing impairment)
Physical (limitation to physical activities such
as walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting,
or carrying)
Mobility (difficulty going outside the home
alone)
Self-care (difficulty dressing, bathing, or
getting around inside the home)
Not working
Not in labor force
N
Notes: Same as the previous table.
iv. Labor market variables
0.480
0.513
0.417
0.409
0.445
0.358
2,365
13,637
4,518
Table A3. Estimated Median of the VDC Replacement Rates, by States and
by Skill Groups
Replacement
Average
rate
annual earnings
(A) White
Wage index
<10
.983
34556
percentile
10-25
.848
38412
25-75
.707
49458
>75
.569
65411
Schooling
groups
HS dropout
HS grad
Some college
College degree
Wage index
percentile
<10
10-25
25-75
>75
Schooling
groups
HS dropout
HS grad
Some college
College degree
1.001
.828
.730
.586
(B) Nonwhite
1.226
1.107
.932
.731
1.250
1.001
.854
.714
33382
39636
46604
63266
28859
32699
35777
47308
29483
32905
38036
48266
Note: All states are included, except for DC. N=279,999 for whites and
31,352 for nonwhites. The replacement rate is the reciprocal of the OLS
estimate of the coefficient of the state average VDC, for 100% disability or
IU, in a regression of annual earnings, without covariates or a constant. The
state average VDC with 100% disability/IU is derived from the “Review of
State Variances in VA Disability Compensation Payment” (Department of VA
Office of Inspector General, 2004).
HS dropout
>75
25-75
10-25
<10
-.102
(.235)
.007
(.144)
-.045
(.045)
-.094
(.046)
-.255
(.236)
-.022
HS grad
(.057)
-.009
Some college
(.047)
-.081
College degree
(.048)
Notes: The same as Table 5. The sample size is 154,810.
Veteran status
x schooling
group
Veteran status
x wage index
percentile
Any disability
(1)
-.175
(.209)
-.027
(.050)
.010
(.041)
-.079
(.041)
-.045
(.211)
.004
(.128)
-.035
(.039)
-.072
(.039)
Work-limiting
disability
(2)
-.080
(.179)
.005
(.039)
-.019
(.032)
-.003
(.030)
-.057
(.177)
.003
(.107)
-.011
(.031)
-.022
(.029)
Non-worklimiting
disability
(3)
B. By schooling group
-.077
(.121)
.016
(.030)
.050*
(.029)
.053*
(.030)
-.053
(.141)
-.031
(.029)
-.017
(.022)
-.017
(.019)
Other income
SSA income
(mostly VDC)
(mostly SSDI)
>0
>0
(4)
(5)
A. By wage index percentile
.045
.026
(.120)
(.136)
-.101
-.026
(.075)
(.083)
.046*
-.034
(.025)
(.023)
.049*
-.023
(.029)
(.019)
Table A4. 2SLS estimates of veteran effects by predicted wage and schooling: Non-whites
Transfer income
Disability variables
.225
(.200)
.009
(.044)
.031
(.037)
.038
(.036)
.359*
(.205)
-.029
(.117)
.028
(.035)
.007
(.035)
Any Federal
transfer
income >0
(6)
.227
(.234)
-.043
(.058)
.002
(.047)
.063
(.044)
.304
(.242)
.114
(.145)
-.051
(.045)
.011
(.043)
Not
working
(7)
.332
(.240)
.012
(.056)
.015
(.045)
.055
(.041)
.333
(.244)
.254*
(.147)
-.026
(.044)
.010
(.040)
Not in
labor
force
(8)
Labor Force Status
Table A5. 2SLS estimates of veteran effect interactions for specific disability types: Non-whites
Disability Type:
Mental
(1)
Veteran status x
wage index
percentile
<10
10-25
25-75
>75
Veteran status x
schooling group
HS dropout
HS grad
Some college
College degree
-.092
(.162)
.085
(.098)
.023
(.025)
-.004
(.021)
-.013
(.166)
.011
(.032)
.049*
(.025)
.006
(.021)
Vision or
hearing
Physical
Mobility
(2)
(3)
(4)
A. By wage index percentile
.177
-.144
.035
(.123)
(.192)
(.179)
.158**
-.053
.016
(.075)
(.113)
(.110)
.032
-.012
-.011
(.020)
(.033)
(.031)
-.002
-.028
-.013
(.019)
(.031)
(.029)
B. By schooling group
.258**
-.158
-.042
(.126)
(.190)
(.182)
.053**
.012
-.042
(.026)
(.042)
(.040)
.024
-.037
.046
(.021)
(.035)
(.032)
.007
-.012
-.006
(.020)
(.032)
(.029)
Notes: The same as table 6. The sample size is 154,810.
Self-care
(5)
.060
(.120)
.052
(.074)
-.002
(.019)
.015
(.017)
.095
(.125)
-.007
(.025)
.012
(.019)
.023
(.017)
Veterans' Compensation
0
500 1000 1500
A. Average VA Income (Including VDC)
1990
1995
Year
Vietnam vets, born 1944-54
2000
2005
Korea vets, born 1929-34
Share with Receipt
.04
.06
.08
.1
B. Share With VA Income (Including VDC)
1990
1995
Year
Vietnam vets, born 1944-54
2000
2005
Korea vets, born 1929-34
Share with VDC
.02
.04
.06
.08
C. Share With VDC
1990
1995
Year
Vietnam vets, born 1944-54
2000
Korea vets, born 1929-34
Figure 1. VA Income and Receipt by Year and Service Era
Note: Amounts are in 2005 Dollars. Data are from the March CPS.
2005
.05
Share with Work Disa.
.1
.15
.2
A. Share with Work Disability
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Vietnam vets, born 1944−54
Non−vets, born 1944−54
.04
Share with Poor Health
.05
.06
.07
.08
B. Share with Poor Health
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Vietnam vets, born 1944−54
Non−vets, born 1944−54
Figure 2. Work Disability and Health by Year and Veteran Status
Note: Data are from the March CPS.
.7
Employment Rate
.75
.8
.85
.9
A. Employment Rate
1990
1995
Year
Vietnam vets, born 1944-54
2000
2005
Non-vets, born 1944-54
.02
.04
Share
.06
.08
.1
B. Share Quitting or Retiring for Health Reasons
1990
1995
Vietnam vets, born 1944-54
Year
2000
2005
Non-vets, born 1944-54
Figure 3. Employment and Health-Related Labor Force Exit by Year and
Veteran Status
Note: Data are from the March CPS.