����� ��������� Volume 1 | Issue 4 © 2007, Rural Sociological Society Starved for Access: Life in Rural America’s Food Deserts By Lois Wright Morton and Troy C. Blanchard In Brief... The Situation : • Rural areas risk becoming “food deserts ” as young families move away and mar ket pressures continue to squeeze small gro cers and retailers. Food deserts are def ined as counties in which all residents must drive more than 10 miles to the nearest supermarket chain or supercenter. • The Great Plains are especially lack ing in easy-access grocers. • The residents of food deserts tend to be older, poorer, and less educated. • Health can be compromised by lack of food access. Many do not consume adequate amounts of fresh fruits or vegetables, and they often lack adequate dairy and protein in their diet. • Wal-Mart and other superstores are not always cheaper on all food items, leaving room for a competitive advantage for smaller grocers. Policy and Community Options: • • • • • • • Focus on economic development to stem population loss, which is a central reason for the exodus of local grocers. Target federal food and nutrition progra ms to areas designated as food deserts in rural America. Advocate for advantageous wholesale prices and distribution networks. Shop locally. Creating campaigns to buy locally can revitalize rural downtowns and increase the community tax base. Connect local food production to loca l markets. Fresh, high-quality foods are needed to hold rural food dollars locally. Farmer ’s markets and niche food markets hav e potential for increasing local food reso urces. Strengthen the safety net. Encourage exis ting and create new voluntary organiz ations that support school lunch programs, mea ls-on-wheels, meal sites, food pantries, community gardens, and other safety net programs. Improve the transportation infrastructu re to facilitate access to food retailers by elder and limited income residents. 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The brief concludes with insights on what W Although high-growth rural areas of the country are challenged to manage population expansion and the influx of regional and national firms, other rural places find it difficult to keep or attract decent jobs, conditions that are accelerating the exodus of well-educated adults, young families, and talented youth. Generally undetected amid these economic shifts is the uneven distribution of food stores across the rural landscape. Some rural areas, in fact, are considered “food deserts”—areas with limited, if any, grocery stores.1 These food deserts are the collective result of several forces, including the growth in more populated areas of superstores (with a large variety of food products), an insufficient population base to support a wide array of local supermarkets (resulting in the loss or consolidation of these stores), and changes in food distribution channels, shifts that tend to favor larger food retailers at the expense of smaller food stores in rural areas. Filling the void in some parts of rural America are convenience stores and gas stations, which charge a premium for a limited range of food choices, often with low nutritional value. F local communities and policymakers might do to expand access to quality foods for rural people living in food desert areas of the country. Food Deserts: Where Are They Located? What Are Their Characteristics? Although there is no universally accepted definition of “food deserts,” one way to approach the concept is to begin with access, or the degree to which individuals live within close proximity to a large supermarket or supercenter. Many perceive such food establishments as offering consumers a wider array of food choices at relatively lower costs. Map 1 identifies those counties in which at least one-half of the population lives more than 10 miles from these large food stores, counties that we define as “low-access” places. The largest concentrations of low-access counties are in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions of the country. Low access is also prevalent in select areas of the Deep South and in the Appalachian region of Kentucky and West Virginia. All told, 803 counties are low access areas in the United States. ood deserts, on the other hand, are counties in which all residents have low access to large food retailers – that is, live more than 10 miles from any supermarket or supercenter. 2 l i t oci i ica ral lS l S l So Rur ical ica iolo ety cie l So Soc ral S ocie ty gic iety log Soc l Soci ciolo ciety ciolog Rura logica Rura al So ural S l Soc Socio Socie ciolog ty Ru ciolog Rura ical Ru cal S a y cio e So o c g o o y i a t i y l R o y l t a S t o c c S t S e l g c i S a e a ur i e i o l e i gi c y i r g ural ical ural Soc ral So l Soci ociolo ociet ciolog ty Ru ologi Rura ical S Rural l Soc Socio l Soc ciolo iety R o R l g R i l o o a ety ociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical S ral So Socie l Soc ociety iolog ciety logica Rura ogica ral S l Soc ral S l l c u S o o o g e a u R l i o Ru R S r io l io ty ica l o c R ci a ci So lS ura gical al So al So al Soc ociety Sociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical al So Socie l Soc ciety ciolog ciety logica r g r e o o l R olo i i lo u ogic Rur al S ral u ical Rura l S l So l So ocio iety So counties cio ty RFood on ithe other aa common Soc l Soc l Socio cieIntygeneral, l deserts, y R desert al are u hand, ci iefood c g counties y ca S t c ishare oc ca o t l y R o i i e g e a i a c S c c a l So al ci iolo iety iol og Rur iolo ociet iolog y Rur iologi Rural cal S Rura i r o c o g u S Soc al Sino which o S r t non-food c S In contrast l lo largeR S uset ofacharacteristics. c lowtyaccess to c l alloresidents ca gi oc oc have y ieto Rur logica ral S cal S ral So Socie Socio ociety iologi iety R logic Rural gical ral S l Soc ral So ociet ociolo ociety olog y i u icacounties l t S lS i S u al more lo y Rdesert S miles o y Ruretailers Ru tend Soc l Soc l Sociodesert log e(that al10 ura than cio food g oci ifood y R is,giclive cal tourhave: t a gical al Soc So iety areas, t c i o t l y R o o i S i c t e e l i g a a c S l i o g e r c o o y olo i a Soc from ur So l supermarket oc gic al percentages ura l•S Larger Ru iol or So y R olo iolo without ietsupercenter). cal oci ofocindividuals al Rural any a S l Soc l Soc l Soci ciety ociolo iety R ogica y Rur gical ral S ical S l Soc ociet l Soci iety R iologi iety c c i i t l c g ty g S c a a GED; c a o S o a Ru oldegree og Ruror school al Rura al So l Soc al So oc e ociolo ty Rur logic y Rur cal S ural al So Socio Socie ociaol high y c i t i i c y c e g c So al S ocie et logi ty R logic ural ical ral S Soci l So ociet ciolo ciety logi Rura logic ral S cio ociclear, Somakes 2 and rates; u • l Higher R are g io foodiedesert o poverty S y io S Map o ca o family ur lAs Ru S ra individual io counties l R l Soc l Soc l Soc ciety ociolo iety R logica ty Ru gical ral S ical S l Soc Societ l Soci ciety iologi y gica Rura gica l o North S Dakota a g incomes; ra the border ra o o • eLowerlomedian a o o commonplace in o Ru family rstates ca y oc Sof oc and Montana, and continue along a continuous • Greater percentages of residents living in band to the western half of Texas. Of all U.S. counties, 418 are food deserts, with nearly 98% located in nonmetropolitan areas, most in areas with towns or cities of fewer than 10,000 people. • • sparsely populated areas outside cities; Larger shares of people who are older (owing to the exodus of younger adults, especially those aged 20–29); and Higher numbers of small grocers and convenience stores per capita. 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To explore these important questions, that viable strategies to improve local access to we conducted in-depth studies in rural Iowa. healthy foods do in fact exist in these places. Living in a Food Desert: The Case of Rural Iowa The surveys uncovered three distinct challenges for residents (see Figure 1): We randomly surveyed more than 1,500 individuals in four nonmetro counties in Iowa. All four counties (1) A large share (more than 45%) did not consume adequate amounts of fresh fruits; Map 2: Food Desert Counties in the U.S., 2000 4 l i t oci i ica ral lS l S l So Rur ical ica iolo ety cie l So Soc ral S ocie ty gic iety log Soc l Soci ciolo ciety ciolog Rura logica Rura al So ural S l Soc Socio Socie ciolog ty Ru ciolog Rura ical Ru cal S a y cio e So o c g o o y i a t i y l R o y l t a S t o c c S t S e l g c i S a e a ur i e i o l e i gi c y i r g ural ical ural Soc ral So l Soci ociolo ociet ciolog ty Ru ologi Rura ical S Rural l Soc Socio l Soc ciolo iety R o R l g R i l o o a ety ociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical S ral So Socie l Soc ociety iolog ciety logica Rura ogica ral S l Soc ral S l l c u S o o o g e a u R l i o Ru R S r io l io ty ica l o c R ci a ci So lS ura gical al So al So al Soc ociety Sociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical al So Socie l Soc ciety ciolog ciety logica r g r e o o a l o R l r c o i i lo y cio ty Ru iologi ty Ru ical S Rural ical S l Soc l Soc Socio ciety ociolo ty Ru ogica y Rur ical S ral So ical S Socio ociet l t e e l g S l e i g a u i a c S i o g g e a a r c Soc al So l Soc ociolo ociety ciolo ty Ru ologic Rura ical S ural al So Socio l Soci ociolo iety R ciolo y Rur gical y Rur R o o y l r t a i t S o c c S t S e l g c u i S c S i o l e ie g ca ie y ra R gi ural ical ural Soc ral So l Soci ociolo ociet ciolog ty Ru ologi Rura ical S Rural l Soc Socio l Soc ciolo ty cioloMapping R l g R i l o o a a S S o l o ety ocio ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural ical ral S Socie l Soc ociety iolog ciety logic Rura ogica ral S l So al S SociTo u S opopulations R thatg have ulimitedl accessa to large io o S supermarkets y identify orio supercenters, ol we used iein U.S.olcounties ca oc al Rural ical S l Soc l Soc l Soci ciety ociolo iety R ogica y Rur gical ral S ical S l Soc ociet Soci iety R ologi iety c i l t olo to identify l g ty ARCVIEW g a ica uInformation o a l S reside Ru ologpopulations oc omapping oci l Soc c ura icathat l S l S(GIS) Soc laSgiven cio Sociesoftware ura awithin i R g y R r cal S uraSystem e ociolo ty RurGeographic l y c i R t i o c S o l y a c e g c R o iety logi Rura ogica ral So So al S ocie iet ciolat al ral SzipScodes cio supermarkets So contained iet ologi and oci althat gic ural We c c y o c i o t o l distance from supercenters. selected least r S o g e u R l i oc one S io supermarket S i ca o u S r io iol withRu ty y R gical Rural gical l Soc l Soc l Soc ciety ociolo iety R logica ty Ru gical ral S ical S l Soc Socie l Soc ciety iologi S o g ra ra from ZBPato theo1999oc e We lmatched 50 data o 1999. o o employees o Ru zip code ra ca or supercenter/wholesale y or more oc club in So U.S. Bureau of the Census Zip Code File to obtain longitude and latitude coordinates. We selected all census block Methodology groups whose boundaries intersect a 10-mile radius of the zip codes that contained supermarkets or supercenters. Block groups falling outside the 10-mile radius were classified as low food access areas. After obtaining the population housed in low food access areas for each county, we divided by the county’s total population to obtain the percentage of the population residing in a low food access area. A detailed explanation of this method is provided by Blanchard and Lyson.4 (2) Nearly two-thirds did not consume adequate amounts of vegetables; (3) More than one-third (34%) lacked adequate dairy in their diet; (4) More than one-fourth lacked the recommended levels of protein in their diet. As a whole, these results suggest that a sizable number of people in these four food desert counties are lacking healthy, nutritious diets. Left unanswered, however, is whether their poor diets are the result of limited access to healthy food or an issue of cost. Past research suggests that small grocery stores have a limited variety of quality foods and tend to ������ �� ������� ���������� �� ��������� ������ ���� ���� Figure 1: Average Proportion of������ Residents Across��Four Food Deserts in Iowa who... �������� ���� ���� 5 l i t oci i ica ral lS l S l So Rur ical ica iolo ety cie l So Soc ral S toycie ty gic iety log Soc l Soci ciolo ciety ciolog Rura logica Rura al So ural S l Soc Socio Socie ciolog ty Ru ciolog Rura ical Ru cal Sal Sa y cio e So o c g o o y i a t i y l R o y l t a S t o c c S t S e l g c i S a e a ur i e i o l e i gi c y i r g ural ical ural Soc ral So l Soci ociolo ociet ciolog ty Ru ologi Rura ical S Rural l Soc Socio l Soc ciolo iety iRoloog R l g R i l o o a ety ociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical S ral So Socie l Soc ociety iolog ciety logica Rura ogica ral S l Soc ral Scie l l c u S o o o g e a u R l i o Ru So l R S r io io ty ica l o c R ci a ci So lS ura gical al So al So al Soc ociety Sociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical al So Socie l Soc ciety ciolog ciety logicaRu r g r o a l o R l r c y y o ie io lo cio ty Ru iologi ty Ru ical S Rural ical S l Soc l Soc Socio ciety ociolo ty Ru ogica y Rur ical S ral So ical S Socio ocieStoc l t e e l g S l e i g a u i a c S l a i o g g e a r c Soc al So l Soc ociolo ociety ciolo ty Ru ologic Rura ical S ural al So Socio l Soci ociolo iety R ciolo y Rur gical y Rulr R o o y l r t a i t S o c c S t S e l hese findings provide a hopeful sign that small grocery stores may be a g c u i S S i o l l ie ca ie ica g y ra o l o R l ci oc ie g ty ciolog Rura ogica Rura al So ral S l Soc ociol ociet ciolo ty Ru iologi Rura ical S Rural al Soc l Soci l Soc ociolioet o g o S oc o ty people ie than ty ic ca forl Shealthy ic Sfoods ca ol more ty viable y perceive. lS Ruoutlet oc most ra al S Socie l Soci Socie ciolog iety iologi Rura ogica Rural l Soc ral S Socie ociolo ociet iolog ty Ru iologi Rural ical uSra o g R y oc oc ie al ty ica lS Ru oc oc y lS ra al ty al iol gic ty Ru logic ural S ical S ral S Socie l Soc o2ciet ciolog ciety ologic Rura ogica ural S l Soc ral S Socie ociolo Socielot g o oc R higher R dairy l a o o Ru foralthese rproducts. c•i Three ie l S Was l Ru ty high-volume ica products—cottage cio charge iol lS og prices Soc al So ociety ociol ciety logic ty Ru logica ural S ical S ral So Socie l Soc ociety iolog ciety logica Rura ogica ral Sl S S for o g cheese, 2% u R l io counties S milk, o studied? S this true ie oc and owhole imilk—were ur Ru a ca Sothe Iowa ra iwe iol ty y R gical Rural gical l Soc l Soc l Soc ciety ociolo iety R logica ty Ru gical ral S ical S l Soc Socie l Soc ciety ioloigeity S ra ra e higher o o a o o lo priced Ru atg the supercenters. ra ca y oc So oc c o T We found the following with regard to the twin issues of access and cost: ACCESS: • At least three of four persons in the identified food deserts shopped at grocery stores in their respective counties; • Most had low access to a major supercenter such as Wal-Mart (in fact, most lived at least 20 miles from this type of major food retailer); • A majority of residents in three of the four counties sampled believed there were enough accessible grocery stores. Although these results run counter to expectation, they do indicate that major food retailers may be more expensive than small grocery stores on key foods that are important to a balanced, nutritionally sound diet (such as fresh vegetables and low-fat dairy). It is important to point out, however, that our study profiled food costs in four rural Iowa food desert counties and as such, may not accurately reflect conditions in other areas. Nonetheless, these findings provide a hopeful sign that small grocery stores may be a more viable outlet for less costly healthy foods than most people perceive. Implications of Food Deserts in Shaping Policy Activities COSTS: When comparing the average cost on 149 items sold at the small grocery stores located in the Population density affects the economy of scale and the number and type of grocery stores available to rural residents. Beyond economic development four food desert counties with the average prices found at the three superstores located outside these counties, we discovered that: policies that are designed to attract new residents and retain younger residents in the area, rural food desert counties can address the challenges they face on a number of fronts. However, federal and state agencies must be active partners with these local counties in helping tackle these important issues. • The supercenters had lower prices for frozen juices, breads, cereals, meats and meat alternatives, and canned vegetables; • • 6 The large retailers were higher priced on 8 of 13 fresh vegetables (cabbage, carrots, celery, leaf lettuce, onions, potatoes, spinach, and squash) Encourage independence and innovation among grocers: Outlets such as Wal-Mart and Sam’s Club, as well as dollar stores and other nontraditional food retailers, increased their share of consumers’ grocery l i t oci i ica ral lS l S l So Rur ical ica iolo ety cie l So Soc ral S ocie ty gic iety log Soc l Soci ciolo ciety ciolog Rura logica Rura al So ural S l Soc Socio Socie ciolog ty Ru ciolog Rura ical Ru cal S a y cio e So o c g o o y i a t i y l R o y l t a S t o c c S t S e l g c i S a e a ur i e i o l e i gi c y i r g ural ical ural Soc ral So l Soci ociolo ociet ciolog ty Ru ologi Rura ical S Rural l Soc Socio l Soc ciolo iety R o R l g R i l o o a ety ociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical S ral So Socie l Soc ociety iolog ciety logica Rura ogica ral S l Soc ral S l l c u S o o o g e a u R l i o Ru R S r io l io ty ica l o c R ci a ci So lS ura gical al So al So al Soc ociety Sociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical al So Socie l Soc ciety ciolog ciety logica r g r e o o a l o R l r c o i i lo y cio ty Ru iologi ty Ru ical S Rural ical S l Soc l Soc Socio ciety ociolo ty Ru ogica y Rur ical S ral So ical S Socio ociet l t e e l g S l e i g a u i a c S i o g g e a a r c Soc al So l Soc ociolo ociety ciolo ty Ru ologic Rura ical S ural al So Socio l Soci ociolo iety R ciolo y Rur gical y Rur R o o y l r t a i t S o c c S t S e l g c u i S c S i o l e ie g ca ie y ra R gi ural ical ural Soc ral So l Soci ociolo ociet ciolog ty Ru ologi Rura ical S Rural l Soc Socio l Soc ciolo ty cioloIowa R l Case Studies g R i l o o a a S S o l o ety ocio ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural ical ral S Socie l Soc 5 ociety iolog ciety logic Rura ogica ral S l So al S SociRural u S counties o in the g astores. S This study u3.8 grocery R on average l io United o ol have iao ruralyIowa food ol desert ie States ca oc defines al Rural ical S l Soc l Soc l Soci ciety ociolo iety R ogica y Rur gical ral S ical S l Soc ociet Soci iety R ologi iety c i l l c g ty as alogcounty S selected a icfour a al We a urafewerSogrocery ci Soc Rudefinition iet ciolofit this l S stores. cio Soccounties log y Rinur2000. Soc SThirteen ura al Sofour Sorural l c g y Ror e ocio ty Rur with a y c o o i l R t i r i l o a c o l a u c e c g c i S o ciet iolo iety ogi Rura gical ral So io ciet logi ty R ogic ral ical c So al S ocie l c S o a o l l Iowa on with S g or fewer ur grocery Ru 1) four l S rastores; io ofiethreeiocriteria: oc places So2) counties iol with S counties ca oc ur So the basis iolothanRu ty fewer y R gical Rural gical l Soc l Soc l Soc ciety ociolo iety R logica ty Ru gical ral S ical S l Soc6 Socie l Soc ciety iologi a g rcodes o theoc 10,000 to ; and a3) above o the e1993 ERS o opeopleraand not lo urban o Ru influence ra ca adjacent y oc using So metroS counties, state poverty level (which was 9.9% in 1997). We conducted a stratified random sample of the general population Methodology in each county in 2002 and 2003 using the Dillman “Total Design Method” mail survey approach. Response rates ranged from 60% to 64% for a total of 1,513 completed surveys. The survey asked respondents questions about access to food in their community, community efforts to solve food infrastructure problems, food insecurity, food and diet patterns, and health status. In addition, we surveyed prices in the 11 grocery stores in these four counties in the summer of 2002 (four stores) and Fall 2003 (seven stores) using the USDA Thrift Plan food list of items (see www.extension.iastate.edu/hunger/ foodprice.htm for a complete list of the 149 food items in the survey). The USDA thrifty food plan (TFP) is the national standard for a nutritious diet at low cost. It represents a set of market basket food items people could consume at home and maintain a diet that meets dietary standards. The average U.S. cost of the TFP is used to set the food stamp benefit level. U.S. weekly costs of food plans (thrifty, low-cost, moderate-cost, and liberal) are reported monthly by USDA on the basis of a national food price survey adjusted for inflation of urban areas (see http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/USDAFoodPlansCostofFood.htm). We surveyed the three Wal-Mart superstores that were closest to these counties but not located within them in fall 2003. We derived average rural grocery store prices from individual item average of all 11 stores. Average Wal-Mart superstore prices were derived from the average of three stores. • expenditures from 17.7% in 1998 to 32.9% in challenges that remaining rural grocers have 2004.3 The Independent Grocers Association and other organizations can play a larger role in both innovating and advocating for reasonable wholesale prices and distribution networks and other essentials for viable local grocers located in low-income areas. in staying financially profitable and providing the expected variety and prices of foods. Shop locally: Encouraging families to shop locally should be on the agenda. Rural residents frequently commute to work and many do their grocery shopping near work rather than in their hometowns. This exacerbates the • Enhance the safety net: Civic community efforts can serve as an important safety net for disadvantaged residents. Bolstering civic activities, such as meals on wheels, community kitchens, and food pantries, can play an important role in providing local residents with a quality diet. These efforts are especially important for elderly residents and others with financial or physical constraints. In the policy 7 l i t oci i ica ral lS l S l So Rur ical ica iolo ety cie l So Soc ral S toycie ty gic iety log Soc l Soci ciolo ciety ciolog Rura logica Rura al So ural S l Soc Socio Socie ciolog ty Ru ciolog Rura ical Ru cal Sal Sa y cio e So o c g o o y i a t i y l R o y l t a S t o c c S t S e l g c i S a e a ur i e i o l e i gi c y i r g ural ical ural Soc ral So l Soci ociolo ociet ciolog ty Ru ologi Rura ical S Rural l Soc Socio l Soc ciolo iety iRoloog R l g R i l o o a ety ociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical S ral So Socie l Soc ociety iolog ciety logica Rura ogica ral S l Soc ral Scie l l c u S o o o g e a u R l i o Ru So l R S r io io ty ica l o c R ci a ci So lS ura gical al So al So al Soc ociety Sociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical al So Socie l Soc ciety ciolog ciety logicaRu r g r o a l o R l r c y y o ie io lo cio ty Ru iologi ty Ru ical S Rural ical S l Soc l Soc Socio ciety ociolo ty Ru ogica y Rur ical S ral So ical S Socio ocieStoc l t e e l g S l e i g a u i a c S l a i o g g e a r c Soc al So l Soc ociolo ociety ciolo ty Ru ologic Rura ical S ural al So Socio l Soci ociolo iety R ciolo y Rur gical y Rulr R o o y l r t a i t S o c c S t S e l n all, it will take individual and community actions, as well as public g c u i S S i o l l ie ca ie ica g y ra o l o R l ci oc ie g ty ciolog Rura ogica Rura al So ral S l Soc ociol ociet ciolo ty Ru iologi Rura ical S Rural al Soc l Soci l Soc ociolioet S gthe capacity o S oc o ty improvements, of ieandocincrease ty ic ca ic So ca ol policy ty l S to lmaintain y Ru ra rural al S Socie l Soci Socie ciolog iety iologi Rura ogica Rural l Soc ral S Socie ociolo ociet iolog ty Ru iologi Rural ical uSra c o g R y oc oc stores ie al quality, ty provide ica l S affordable Ru high oc to ofoods y nutritious, lS ra al ty al grocery iol gic ty Ru logic ural S ical S ral S Socie l Soc ociet ciolog ciety ologic Rura ogica ural S l Soc ral S Socie ociolo Socielot g o oc R log ybeing R Ru al profitable ci ie l S enough l Ru ty business. ica ra cio iol lS in al So to stay So o Soc al So ociety ociwhile et logic ty Ru logica ural ical ral So Socie l Soc ociety ciolog ciety logic Rura logica ral Sl S i c S g u R l io o S io S ie o ur Ru a ca So ra io io ty y R gical Rural gical l Soc l Soc l Soc ciety ociolo iety R logica ty Ru gical ral S ical S l Soc Socie l Soc ciety ioloigeity S g ra ra e o o a o o lo Ru ra ca y oc So oc c o I • • 8 arena, funds should be set aside within the USDA Community Food Projects Competitive Grants Program (CFPCGP) for special targeting to rural food desert areas, areas having high numbers of low-income people program provides increased dollars for senior’s farmers’ market vouchers, and targets expanded resources to increase fruit and vegetable consumption by the working poor and the elderly, local grocery stores could be an important experiencing episodes of food insecurity. beneficiary of this type of program shift. Special efforts should be made to target these food and nutrition-related Farm Bill programs to food desert counties in rural America. Transportation: An aging-in-place elder population needs transportation to access food resources. Rural communities should assess their transportation infrastructure and develop a mix of private and public sources to provide transportation services to residents with low access to food retailers. Special efforts should be made by the Federal Transportation Administration (U.S Department of Transportation) to ensure that state-based Rural Transit Assistance Programs (RTAP) are devoting attention and resources to the unique Garasky, S., L.W. Morton, K. A. Greder. 2006. “The Effect of the Local Food Environment and transportation challenges of residents who may be living in rural food desert counties. Social Support on Rural Food Insecurity.” Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 1(1): 83-103. The 2007 Farm Bill Legislation: The 2007 Farm Bill offers important opportunities -- and potentially new revenues -- for local grocery stores, farmer’s markets, and roadside produce stands through expanded funding for additional fruit and vegetable purchases associated with our nation’s food assistance programs. Title IV, formerly the Food Stamp Program, is proposed to be the Food and Nutrition Program. If this Johnson, K. M. 2003. “Unpredictable Directions of Rural Population Growth and Migration.” In D.L. Brown and L.E. Swanson, editors, Challenges for Rural America in the Twenty-first Century. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press. In all, it will take individual and community actions, as well as public policy improvements, to maintain and increase the capacity of rural grocery stores to provide nutritious, high quality, affordable foods while being profitable enough to stay in business. Additional Resources: l i t oci i ica ral lS l S l So Rur ical ica iolo ety cie l So Soc ral S ocie ty gic iety log Soc l Soci ciolo ciety ciolog Rura logica Rura al So ural S l Soc Socio Socie ciolog ty Ru ciolog Rura ical Ru cal S a y cio e So o c g o o y i a t i y l R o y l t a S t o c c S t S e l g c i S a e a ur i e i o l e i gi c y i r g ural ical ural Soc ral So l Soci ociolo ociet ciolog ty Ru ologi Rura ical S Rural l Soc Socio l Soc ciolo iety R o R l g R i l o o a ety ociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical S ral So Socie l Soc ociety iolog ciety logica Rura ogica ral S l Soc ral S l l c u S o o o g e a u R l i o Ru R S r io l io ty ica l o c R ci a ci So lS ura gical al So al So al Soc ociety Sociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical al So Socie l Soc ciety ciolog ciety logica r g r e o o o R l r o lo Ru S ra o ic u l o S ty ol io ci ci cio ty Endnotes log ety Ru gical Rura ical S al So l So l Soci ciety ociol iety R logica ty Ru gical ural S ical S l Soc Socie o i e i a c S i o g a r oc ocio Socie ciolo ty R iolog Rura ical Soc al So l Soc ociolo ociety ciolo ty Ru ologic Rura ical S u4.ral Troy Rur l SBlanchard S and Thomas Lyson, “Access to c e g o y i a y l R o o y l r t a i t 1. Lois Wright Morton, E. A. Bitto, M. J. Oakland, S o c c S t S e l g c u i S i l y log Rura gica ral l So al S ocie cio ocie log l o R l ci oc ie u ica ty ciolog Rura ogica Rura al So ral S l Soc ociol ociet cioLow S l So l S ocio lo Rur ical Counties: ty oGroceries S S o l a of Iowa u cio iety Rin lNonmetropolitan g o iand y ieCost ty M.cioSand,ie“Solving ic the Problems c S t l y l R ra gica ral S l So o i S c t e g l g a a S l o g e r c o o i RuDeserts.” i Creation S raRetailers lo Food l a Soc l So Soc ciol ty iolo u ogic Rura al Large c o lo c u a o e R o S y i i o and the of t c c S S al u ical c andety ciol e Socio ety R logic ety o c Insecurity o o i i R o y l ra Deserts: al RuFood al l SFood c S t S c g c S a i i i o i i o g Rur ic ural l S ral ty oloPresented g ty g a ical ural oc l So Socie ciolo ciePaper Soc l Soci l Soc oc at Measuring logthe a Rural u Diversity i l S Rural R g yStructure.” e oPerceptions iolo ty Rur ofloCivic l a y o c o R c o i l R t i r c i a a c S S o y a u a c e c g c i S o ciet iolo iety ogi Rura gic ral S So al S ocie cio ociet ologi ty R logic ural ical ralConference, Soc ral SWashington, c at g e u R l i So y o iol Available S al So70l (1): olo Ru i ca oc DC;o(2002). ur lSociology S i o c R 94-112; (2005). a c l R u c So l So l So ciety ocio iety logic ty R gical ral S ical S l Soc Societ l Soci ciety iologi y gica Rur gica l S g ra ra e o o http://srdc.msstate.edu/measuring/blanchard.pdf. a o o lo o Ru ra ca y oc So oc 2. P. M. Morris, L. Neuhauser, and C. Campbell, “Food Security in Rural America: A Study of the Availability and Costs of Food.” Journal of Nutrition Education 24: 52S-8S; (1992). P.R. Kaufman, “Rural Poor Have Less Access to Supermarkets, Large Grocery Stores.” Rural Development Perspectives 13: 19-26; (1998). 3. USDA, Food CPI, Prices, and Expenditures: Outlook for Food Prices in 2006. Washington, DC: USDA, Economic Research Service; (2006). Available at www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/ CPIFoodAndExpenditures/outlook.htm. 5. P. M. Morris, L. Neuhauser, and C. Campbell, “Food Security in Rural America: A Study of the Availability and Costs of Food.” Journal of Nutrition Education 24:52S-8S; (1992). 6. Linda Ghelfi and Timothy S. Parker, “A County-Level Measure of Urban Influence.” ERS Staff Paper No. 9702. Washington, DC: Rural Economy Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, February (1997). Seeking Authors The Rural Realities Board of Editors has identified the following as high priority issues for possible inclusion in future issues: • • • Socioeconomic Impacts of Military Base Closings, Expansions and/or Re-alignments Located in Rural Places The Consolidation Game (i.e., Schools, Hospitals): The Pluses and Minuses for Rural Areas Ten Years After TANF (Welfare Reform): How Have Low-Wealth Rural Americans Fared? Interested in addressing ane of the high priority topics, or suggesting other possible topics? Please prepare a one-page abstract of your proposed article and submit it to the series editor, or contact him to discuss your ideas. Bo Beaulieu Editor, Rural Realities 662-325-3207 ljb@srdc.msstate.edu 9 i t oci i ic lS l S l So Ru ral ica ica iol cie lS ty gic Soc ral S ocie ety iety log u Soc l Soci ciolo ciety ciolog Rura logica Rura al So ural S l Soc Socio Socie ciolog ty Ru ciolog Rura ical S y cio o c g ety R ical ur o ocie So iety o a t i l R o y l a S o c S t S e l g c i S a a i i l l e og Rura gical Rural l Soc al So Soci ociolo ociety iolog y Rur logic Rura cal S ural l Soc Socio Soci ciolog ety R c l l R i o t i r io l o o a ety ociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical S ral So Socie l Soc ociety iolog ciety logica Rura ogica ral S l Soc ral S l l c u u S o a o o g e a u R l i o S y o i o R R S r i l io t ic l o c R c a ci S l ura gical al So al So al Soc ociety Sociol ciety logic ty Ru ogica ural S ical al So Socie l Soc ciety ciolog ciety logica r g r e o o a o l R olo o u ogic Rur al S ral u o ci ci al Rur al S l So al So ocio ci ety ol l y R logicRealities al S al So al So l Soci ciety About u ci ietRural cAuthors oci iety R ciAbout y the S a i c ic o c o t y R o i g e S i o g r c c a lS c io ociet iolog y Rur iologi Rural cal S Rura lo iety iolo i l u r o c o o g a u R i S Soc al So Lois o S r t R l Rural i S isalaSquarterly u Rural l Wright y Ph.D. oc Morton ca oloin eDevelopment cie l Soc ofcithe Soc Spublication Soc l received ica uRealities Soc ociether ety ci ol og ci ety l og oIts l S at l(RSS). c y R logSociological ral giSociety l Cornell ogiShe Rur logicaSociology oci oNew i ty York. t l a a c a S a r r e o o a University, Ithaca, purpose is to: (1) Provide o R l r c y i i S r t cio ty Ru iologi ty Ru ical Rural ical S l Soc l Soc Socio ciety ociolo ty Ru ogica y Ru ical S ral So ical S l Socio o o S t e is currently an Associate Professor of Sociology in the valuable insights on the current and emerging issues al Socie l Soc Socie ciolog iety iolog Rura ogica Rural l So ral S Soci ociol ocie iolog ty Ru iolog Rura ical S a S Socin rural l u ical people c and e America o oc cState l S iand ra College al Soc atl SIowa ety University. cal aofl SAgriculture al places cio cietyDr. logic ty Rimpacting a i i l l Soci al So ociety ciolog ociety c r l o g gic ty Ru lMorton’s g a u a o S o a r g r e o o l R r c o i i areas of research include civic structure, rural beyond; and (2) Offer policy and program options that S r i u u l o o c ie cio ty R iolog ty Ru ical Rura ical S l Soc l So Soci ciety ociol ty R ogica y Ru ical S ral So ical S l Soc t e e Soc al So occommunities, l g rural quality of life, community based might prove effective in addressing these important rural l e i g a i Soc l Soci ciolo ciety ciolog Rur logica Rura al So ural S l Soc Socio Socie ciolo ty Ru ciolog Rura ica ur l S watershed l R y e c R gicaand opportunities. o cenvironments So l So rural y gica Rura gica management, ci l So inciety iolog So Soshowcased Sfood al ical ralArticles iet Socio cand ety ologi echallenges ty series ral andcapopulation o a o lo draw o Rurupon ghigh ral health. y foodoinsecurity, oi So oc the quality social sciences-based Troy C. Blanchard is Assistant Professor of Sociology and Research Fellow at the Social Science Research Center at Mississippi State University. His research focuses on the role of social and economic structural context on social demographic outcomes. His current research examines the role of community context on job mobility. Potential Rural Realities Authors We encourage potential authors to submit a brief abstract (approximately 250 words) via email to Bo Beaulieu, the Series Editor, at ljb@srdc.msstate.edu. studies conducted by researchers and practitioners located within universities/colleges, government, philanthropic, and nonprofit organizations. The Rural Sociological Society is a professional social science association that promotes the generation, application and dissemination of sociological knowledge. The Society seeks to enhance the quality of rural life, communities and the environment through research, teaching, and outreach/extension education. The Rural Realities Editorial Board Series Editor: • Lionel J. “Bo” Beaulieu Southern Rural Development Center Mississippi State University E-mail: ljb@srdc.msstate.edu Editorial Board: • Walt Armbruster Farm Foundation • Frank Boteler Economic and Community Systems, CSREES/USDA • Alisha Coleman Penn State University • Tadlock Cowan Congressional Research Service • Al Cross Institute for Rural Journalism and Community Issues, University of Kentucky • Brian Dabson Rural Policy Research Institute, University of Missouri • Robert Gibbs Economic Research Service, USDA • Steve Murdock University of Texas – San Antonio • William O’Hare Visiting Senior Fellow – The Carsey Institute • Jim Richardson National Rural Funders Collaborative • Louis Swanson Colorado State University • Rachel Tompkins Rural School and Community Trust • Michelle Worosz Michigan State University Technical Assistance Provided By: • Barbara Ray, Communications Specialist Hired Pen, Inc., Chicago, Ill. • Jeremy S. Robbins, Freelance Designer Jackson, Miss. http://www.ruralsociology.org/pubs/ruralrealities 10