Impact of Marine Outfall Systems on
Environment : Indian Scenario
Dr. N. Jayaraju
Dept. of Geology
Yogi Vemana University
KADAPA- 516 003, AP
IN DIA
India’s Coastline
• India has a coastline of 7,500km and
2,000km wide Exclusive Economic Zone.
• The Indian coastline supports almost 30%
of its human population.
• The Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea are
rich Marine Biodviersity grounds.
• India continues to be the 7 the largest
marine fishing nation in the world
Characteristics of West & East
Coasts of India
West Coast
East Coast
• Flat sea bed slopes (1:100 to Steep sea bed slopes (1:30 to 1:100)
1:500)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Narrow continental shelf (about 20 km)
Wide continental shelf (about Tidal range : 1 to 2.5 m
250 km)
Weak tidal currents
Tidal range: 1 to 6 m
Severe wave climate
Strong tidal currents
Frequent cyclones (about 5 per year)
Wave climate less severe
Two monsoons : south west (May to Sept)
and northwest (Oct. to Jan.)
About 2 cyclones per year
Southwest monsoon (may to Heavy littoral drift: 0.5 M cum. At Chennai
sep.)
to 1.5 M cum at Paradip.
Almost all rivers debouch into bay of
Littoral drift negligible
•
• Only two major rivers
debouch in Arabian sea.
Bengal. High source of sediment.
• Bed material: clay, silty-clay
Bed material: fine sand.
Marine Habitats of India
• Sandbanks which are slightly covered by
seawater all the time
• Estuaries
• Mudflats and sand flats not covered by
seawater at low tide
• Large shallow inlets and bays
• Lagoons
• Reefs
• Submerged or partly submerged sea
caves
Study Area
Indicators of stress in crustaceans
1. Disoriented movements
2. Abnormal muscle opacity
3. Retardation of moulting
4. Disease in carapace & exoskeleton – white
spots
5. Black gills
6. Attachment of filamentous bacteria and
Protozoan as epidictic biofoulents or external
surfaces
7. Increased number of bacteria in haemolymph
"
Indicators of stress in Bivalve Molluscs
1. Abnormal shell formation
2. Mantle recession
3. Lag in gametogenesis
4. Pale digestive gland
5. Regress of digestive tubules
6. Edema
7. High taurine/glycine (aminoacid) ratios in gill and
mantle tissue
8. Destabilization of intercellular lysosomal
memebranes, resulting in autolysis of cells.
9. Slow growth and reduced "scope for growth
EFFECT OF POLLUTANTS ON MARINE ORGANISMS
1. Bioconcentration
The bioconcentration is the process by which a contaminant such as oil is
directly taken up (i.e., by absorption only) from water and is accumulated to
levels greater than those found in the surrounding water.
2. Bioaccumulation
Marine organisms can accumulate chemical species in amounts far exceeding
their surrounding (sea water or sediment)
concentrations.
3. Biomagnification
Biomagnification is the increase in tissue concentrations of a bioaccumulated
chemical substance such as oil as it passes up
though the trophic levels.
4. Biodegradation
Biodegradation is the process of degradation of a contaminant such as oil
because of its use as a food a source for certain
microorganisms. This process is limited to a great extent by temperature,
nutrients and oxygen availability
Non-Point Marine out Falls
(Mumbai )
Marine Out Falls
Point & Non- Point Source Out Falls
Marine Out fall Pollution along East Coast of India
Effects of out falls Systems
• Water quality, e.g. increase of suspended solids concentration
and potential release of contaminants during dredging or
• Disposal; leaching of contaminants from disposal sites;
• Habitats and natural areas, e.g. habitat enhancement or
• Creation, removal or destruction of benthos, smothering;
• Local communities, e.g. the effects of noise; increased labour
opportunities;
• Changes to bathymetry or topography;
• Physical processes, e.g. waves, currents, or drainage,
hence erosion or deposition;
•
•
•
•
Archaeological assets, e.g. shipwrecks;
Recreation, e.g. sailing, swimming and beach use;
Economic activities, e.g. commercial fishing;
Improved infrastructure.
and
Some of the Physico-Chemical Parameters along East
Coast of India
Plate 1. ( Scale = 100µm)
Adelosina laevigata d’Orbigny,
Adelosina semistriata d’Orbigny,
Ammobaculites exiguus Cushmann and
Bronnimann, side view
Ammonia beccarii (Linne’), dorsal view
Ammonia beccarii (Linne’), ventral view
Ammonia dentata (Parker and Jones),
Ammonia dentata (Parker and Jones),
Ammotium cassis (Parker), side view
Asterorotalia trispinosa (Thalmann),
Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jones),
Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jones),
Elphidium advenum (Cushman),
Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus), side view
Elphidium discoidale (d’Orbigny),
Elphidium excavatum (Terquem),
Elphidium excavatum (Terquem),
Plate 2. ( Scale = 100µm)
Elphidium hispidulum (Cushmann),
Elphidium norvangi (Buzas, Smith)
Elphidium norvangi (Buzas, Smith)
Eponides cribrorepandus (Asano and
Uchio), ventral view
Haplophragmoides hancoki,
(Maync&Cushman side view
Hanzawaia nipponica Asano,
Hanzawaia nipponica Asano,
Miliolinella subrotunda (Montagu),
Nonion grateloupi (d’Orbigny),
Nonionellina labrodorica (Dawson),
Pararotalia nipponica
Pararotalia nipponica Asano,
Quinqueloculina agglutinans
Quinqueloculina cliarensis (HeronAllen and Earland), Quinqueloculina
horrida Cushman, Quinqueloculina
lamarckiana
Plate 3. ( Scale = 100µm)
Quinqueloculina milletti (Wiesner),
Quinqueloculina parkeri (Brady),
Quinqueloculina patagonica d’Orbigny,
Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linne’), side view
Quinqueloculina stalkeri Loeblich and Tappan,
Rosalina globularis d’Orbigny, dorsal view
Reophax nodulosa Brady, side view
Rolshausenia rolshauseni (Cushman and )
Spiroloculina depressa d’Orbigny, side view
Spiroloculina henbesti Petri, side view
Siphogenerina raphanus ( Parker and Jones),
Textularia agglutinans (d’Orbigny), side view
Triloculina striatotrigonula Parker and Jones,
Triloculina tricarinata d’Orbigny, side view
Trochammina globigeriniformis Parker
Trochammina globigeriniformis Parker
World Marine Pollution
Conclusions
• This study helped in understanding the distribution
•
•
character of bioindicator - foraminifera and their distinctive
morphological variations due to marine outfalls along coasts
of India.
Coastal pollution is so high compared to the natural
background impact that could be that the abnormalities
among foraminiferal test morphology represent a useful
proxies for marine outfall pollution
Although it is not a direct bearing to distinguish between
natural and anthropogenic effects/ stress on foraminifera,
in the present study, the pollution is so high compared to
natural background impact that could be the abnormalities
among foraminiferal test morphology (plates 1-3) represent
a useful proxies for marine outfall pollution.
Man-Marine Pollution
Acknowledgments
• Financial support extended by the
Local Organizing Committee of the
SQU, Muscat , OMAN, is greatly
appreciated.
• Prof B. Syam Sunder , Vice-Chancellor,
Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra
Pradesh, India is thanked for permission
THANK YOU