th
This guide is based on the complete Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, BF76.7 .P83 2010 (2010, 6 ed.)
on reserve in the library. Some instructors may have preferred variations on APA style; check with your professor if you are unsure.
Using In-text Citations
APA style uses an author-date system for parenthetical references, and each reference cited in-text must be included in the
reference list. The author’s last name and the year of publication are cited either within the text, or in a parenthetical reference:
Johnson (2005) investigated infant perception…
In 2005, Johnson’s study of infant perception…
Another study of infant perception (Johnson, 2005), showed…
…according to a recent study (Johnson, 2005).
Incorporate direct quotations under 40 words into the text and enclose with double quotation marks. Place the citation after the
quotation marks and before any punctuation; include the page number after author and year. For quotations of 40 words or more,
use no quotation marks, offset the quotation with a half-inch indent, and start it on a new line. Place the parenthetical reference
after the final punctuation mark. For indirect quotations, provide the page number or paragraph number when possible.
Preparing the References List
Every source cited in the text must appear in the references list, and vice versa. Begin the references list at the top of a new page
with the title References, capitalized and centered. Double space the list and use a hanging indent of a half-inch. Arrange entries
alphabetically by last name of author.
At the end of each entry, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) whenever available, for both print and online sources. If no DOI is
available, for electronic resources provide the home page URL of the journal or book publisher, which may differ from the database
where you retrieved the article. For more information on using DOIs, see the complete manual (section 6.31, p.187).
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Single author · DOI available
Johnson, M. H. (2005). Subcortical face processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 766-774. doi:10.1038/nrn1766
In-text citation: (Johnson, 2005)
Two authors · Journal with separate pagination · No DOI available
Cox, D., & Cox, A. (2001). Communicating the consequences of early detection: The role of evidence and framing. Journal of
Marketing, 65(3), 91-103. Retrieved from http://www.atypon-link.com/AMA/loi/jmkg
In-text citation: (Cox & Cox, 2001, 95)
Three to five authors
Heath, R. M., Schwindt-Bayer, L. A., & Taylor-Robinson, M. M. (2005). Women on the sidelines: Women’s representation on
committees in Latin American legislatures. American Journal of Political Science, 49, 420-436. doi: 10.1111/j.00925853.2005.00132.x
In-text citation: For the first in-text citation, list all authors’ names: (Heath, Schwindt-Bayer, & Taylor-Robinson, 2005)
For subsequent in-text citations, use the first author’s last name followed by et al.: (Heath et al., 2005)
Six or seven authors
Elliott, J., Foster, I., Kortum, S., Munson, T., Perez Cervantes, F., & Weisbach, D. (2010). Trade and carbon taxes. American
Economic Review, 100, 465-469. doi: 10.1257/aer.100.2.465
In-text citation: (Elliott et al., 2001)
Eight or more authors
Mariage, T., Burgener, J., Wolbers, K., Shankland, R., Wasburn-Moses, L., Dimling, L., . . . Peters, S. (2009). An exploratory study of
reading in urban and suburban middle schools: Implications for at-risk and special education learners. Education and Urban
Society, 42, 42-71. doi: 10.1177/0013124509336327
In-text citation: (Mariage et al., 2009, 68)
MAGAZINE ARTICLES
Volume and issue available · No DOI available
Silvers, J. (1996, February). Child labor in Pakistan. Atlantic Monthly, 277(2), 79. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com
In-text citation: (Silvers, 1996)
Online magazine article · No author · Editorial section
How to feed the world: Business as usual will not do it [Editorial]. (2009, November 19). The Economist. Retrieved from
http://www.economist.com
In-text citation: (“How to Feed,” 2009)
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
No author
The facts on cell phones. (2001, February 6). The Washington Post, p. T10.
In-text citation: (“The Facts,” 2010)
Online newspaper article
Tabuchi, H. (2010, June 11). Disease threatens Japan’s beef trade. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
In-text citation: (Tabuchi, 2010)
BOOKS
Single author
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
In-text citation: (Hochschild, 1983)
Edition other than the first
Guthrie, D. (2009). China and globalization: The social, economic and political transformation of Chinese society (Rev. ed.). New
York, NY: Routledge.
In-text citation: (Guthrie, 2009)
Edited book
Kimmel, M. S., Hearn, J., & Connell, R. W. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook of studies on men & masculinities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications.
In-text citation: (Kimmel, Hearn, & Connel, 2005)
Subsequent citations: (Kimmel et al., 2005)
Chapter in an edited book
Franklin, M. E., Piacentini, J. C., & D’Olio, C. (2007). Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Developmental risk factors and
clinical implications. In A. Freeman & M. A. Reinecke (Eds.), Personality Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence (pp.
533-558). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
In-text citation: (Franklin, Piacentini, & D’Olio, 2007)
Subsequent citations: (Franklin et al., 2007)
Entry in an online reference book
Martin, J. E. & Harper, V. J. (2008). Individualized education program. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Educational
Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.sage-ereference.com/educationalpsychology/Article_n138.html
In-text citation: (Martin & Harper, 2008)
WORKING PAPERS
Published as a report or part of a series
Conley, D & Rauscher, E. (2010). Genetic interactions with prenatal social environment: Effects on academic and behavioral
outcomes. (NBER Working Paper No. 16026). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
In-text citation: (Conley & Rauscher, 2010)
WEBSITES
Webpage
Governance and anti-corruption. (2010, April). The World Bank. Retrieved from http://go.worldbank.org/CI3TOJK4I0
In-text citation: (“Governance,” 2010)