KONINKLIJK BELGISCH INSTITUUT
VOOR NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN
INSTITUT ROYAL DES SCIENCES
NATURELLES DE
ROYAL BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF NATURAL
BELGIQUE
SCIENCES
MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BELGIUM
N. 52 - 2 0 0 5
G e o l o g i s c h Instituut R.U.G.
BIBLIOTHEEK
0
9 JAN 2006
Z3>l
Stratigraphie interprétation of the Neogene marine continental record in the Maaseik well (49W0220)
in the Roer Valley Graben, NE Belgium
N. V A N D E N B E R G H E , P. L A G A , S. L O U W Y E , R. V A N H O O R N E ,
R. M A R Q U E T , F. D E M E U T E R , K. W O U T E R S & H.W. H A G E M A N N
KONINKI.UK B I M . I M H I N S T I T U T
W K I « N\TI I RWETENV H\PPEN
I S M I H T R D U I DES SCIENCES
N \T1 k l I I .ES DE K l l i . h . M l
K O M I R H ( . l \ N INs M II F I O I N M I H V I
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M I . M O I K S Ol T M : (JLOI.OGIC A L Sl'RVEY Ol
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Stratfgraphlc Interpretation ol i l n Ncogcne marinet onlint nl;il i m n d
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0 9 JAN 2006
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MEMOIRS O
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GEOLOGICAL
S U R V E Y O F
B E L G I U M N
52 - 2005:
1-39
STRATIGR \ I ' H K l \ I I R l ' R I I \ I l< >n < >| I H I M ( ) ( . 1 \ l \ l \ K I \ K
CONTIN1 M \ l kKCORD IN THE MAASEIK WELL (49W0220)
l \ I I I I kl kVALLEi GR \ m N, M I>I I GIT M
-
N. VANDENBERGHE 1 . R L A G A : . S. LOU WYE', R. VANHOORNE'. R MARQUET 4 .
F. DE MEUTER 1 . K. WOLTERS* & H.W. HAGEMANN
'
K. U.Ijtuvcn,
'
KBIN- Geologüal
Hutoriuhe
Geologie, Redingenitraat
Survey of Belgium. Jennentraat
'
U Cent. Paleontology
•
KBIN.
'
RWTllAachen.
Vaulieruraat
Research Unit. Knjgilaan
29. B-1000
I.EK.
LxhnerUraue
16, B-30O0,
13. B-1000
281/SS.
B-9000
Leinen
Brussels
Gent
Brussels
4 20. D-S20S6
Aachen
( 1 0 figure*. 4 t a b l e s , 2 p h o t o p l a t e * )
s h s i r a c t . A 3 0 2 m d e e p , c o r e d r e c o n n a i s s a n c e well w a s drilled in 1 9 8 0 , at J a g c r s b o r g t o the n o r t h w e s t o f M a a s c i k
( 4 7 W 0 2 2 0 ) . T h c b o r e h o l e is l o c a t e d n o r t h o f the F c l d b t s s fault s y s t e m , in the R u r Valley G r a b e n . T h c t o p o f the section
c o n s i s t s o f S a a l i a n to P l c n i A V c i c h s c l i a n M c u s c g r a v e l s c a p p e d by l o a m .
Ihe section b e t w e e n 22 a n d 193 m is identified as the Kicscl<xi!ith F o r m a t i o n , c o n s i s t i n g m a i n l y o f q u a r r z i c s a n d s
w i t h t h e i n t e r c a l a t i o n o f four lignite a n d clay intervals. L t t h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d g e o p h y s i c a l well l o g s allow
the traditional identification o f the W a u b a e h s a n d s a n d gravels at t h e b a s e o f t h e K i c s c l o o l i t h F o r m a t i o n , overlain by
the Pcy s a n d s lictwccn t w o lignite a n d clay levels w h i c h arc i n t e r p r e t e d as B r u n s s u m clay; u s i n g t h e s a m e a p p r o a c h .
to the qu i n / sand below 9 0 m depth. Two palymr/oncs occur with a boundary around 5 7 . 6 m. The top ot the lower
palynozonc A . between 5 7 . 6 and 8 7 . 5 m, has a similar composition as the Mol sand lignites occurring to the west,
outtidi the Rur Valley ( i r a b c n . I h c upper palymwonc B between 5 7 . 6 m and the top of the sands characterizes the
Rcuvcrtan C and the clay layers present in this section arc consequently interpreted as Rcuver clay. The palynozonc A
represents a f i n d i r - covered b>' dense torcst in contrast to the upper palvno/onc B durtnir which the clearance ot the
w o o d s hail already started, the forest became less dense and enclosed mi res more extensive.The top of the Kicscloolith
Formation marks the transition to the Praetigliau. All lignites show a rank between the brown coals in the LowerIhe interval between 193 and 1 9 8 m is a yellow quarrzic, mica-containing marine sand of uncertain stratigraphic pmtIhc green glauconitic sands between l'>K and 3 0 2 m arc identified as the Breda Formation ami can be further subdivided
bawd on grain size and gtaiuonitc content Dirvoflagcllatcs and mollusc fragments allow the identification of a lower
K a r t • ''•>.' • M '»>'
ind al»>ut 2 7 1 m tint i t hi ..'r i'i.-t iphi. illv iinular t o the upper part of the Antwcrpcn Member
and ZoodandMN Member of the Berchem Furmation to the west It is considered as Middle Scrravallian in age based
o n .1
tli.-.. II it. . An upper part between about 2 3 5 ami 198 m is btostratiirraphicallv equivalent to the Dcurne ami
1
i n n ODTU DON
2
V A N D E N B E R G H E , L A G A , L O U W Y E , VANHOORNE. MARQUET. D E M E U T E R . W O U T E R S & H A G E M A N N
100
The N E T H E R L A N D S
Km
NORTH
SEA
Ao^Jêrpen^'0/^
b:
Waaselk
J
O
m
S
>
:
Legend :
•
position of the used cores
GR. '
DUCHY
LUX.
major faults
ROER VALLEY
GRABEN
F i g u r e 1 Situation of .he Maaseik well ( Ma / 49W0220) in northeast Belgium on a regional fault map. All boreholes indicated on
the map have been been strat.graphically interpreted and correlated in Figure 10. The faults and .heir nomenclature have been taken
Irom Gullentops and Vandenberghe (1995), Langenaeker (2000) and Van der Sluys (2000).
STRATIGRAPHIC
INTERPRETATION OF THE N E O G E N E MARINE -
C O N T I N E N T A L R E C O R D IN T H E M A A S E I K
WELL
3
Figure 2. Geophysical well logs and synthesis of the stratigraphie results of the Maaseik borehole (49W0220). based on core description, geophysical well logs, sediment analysis and biostratigraphy (palynology, dinoflagellates, molluscs, ostracodes and benthie
foraminifera). The stratigraphie interpretations are discussed in the text.
4
V A N D E N B E R G H E . L A G A . L O U W Y E . VANHOt )RNE. MARQUET. DE M E L T E R . W O L T E R S & H A G E M A N N
T h e cores have b e e n d e s c r i b e d by V a n d c n b e r g h e , L a g a
scale s a n d l a m i n a e b e t w e e n 4 5 a n d 4 6 m . S o m e levels
a n d V a n d o r m a e l already in 1 9 8 1 a n d their full d e t a i l e d
are c o a r s e g r a i n e d . Several e r o s i o n a l surfaces interrupt
d e s c r i p t i o n is k e p t in the files o f the G e o l o g i c a l S u r -
the s e d i m e n t a t i o n a n d lignite a n d clay f r a g m e n t s o c c u r
v e y o f B e l g i u m by t h e n u m b e r 4 9 W 0 2 2 0 ( V I I I , b ) .
as e r o d e d l u m p s in the s e d i m e n t . S m a l l s y n s e d i m e n t a r y
T h e b o r e h o l e d e s c r i p t i o n is o n - l i n e a v a i l a b l e via t h e
d e f o r m a t i o n a l features occur. C l a y l a m i n a e o f over 10 c m
s u b s u r f a c e b o r e h o l e d a t a b a s e o f the F l e m i s h M i n i s t r y
t h i c k n e s s o c c u r a n d s o m e levels h a v e a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
h t t p : / / d o v . v l a a n d e r e n . b e . A synthetic o v e r v i e w l i t h o l o g
g a m m a ray l o g clay r e s p o n s e ( F i g . 2 ) . C l a y s c a n be p a l e
is represented in F i g . 2 .
grey, p a l e g r e e n i s h o r b l a c k w i t h a d m i x t u r e o f p l a n t
H a m m e n e c k e r ( 1 9 8 0 ) initiated a regional study o f
remains. Sediment transport sometimes concentrated
P l i o - P l c i s t o c e n e o f the area a n d Van d e r S l u y s ( 2 0 0 0 )
m i c a flakes. T h e s a n d is often p u r p l e s t a i n e d b e c a u s e o f
reviewed t h e b o r e h o l e d a t a in the B e l g i a n p a r t o f the R u r
the a d m i x t u r e o f p l a n t r e m a i n s . A t 3 4 . 8 m even a b l a c k
Valley G r a b e n . T h e d e t a i l e d s t r a t i g r a p h y o f the b o r e h o l e
gyttja type m u d occurs.
M a a s e i k 4 9 W 0 2 2 0 , penetrating through the Pleistocene
into the N e o g e n e , h o w e v e r h a s n o t b e e n p u b l i s h e d . S i n c e
In the interval b e t w e e n 3 5 . 4 5 m a n d 3 7 . 6 5 m metallic
the c o r e s b e c a m e available for further research, several
spherules with diameters between 50 p m and 1700 p m
p a l e o n t o l o g i c a l a n a l y s e s have b e e n c a r r i e d o u t a n d as
were d e t e c t e d . M i n e r a l o g i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l analysis in
the M a a s e i k b o r e h o l e is o n e o f t h e few c o r e d wells n o r t h
several l a b o r a t o r i e s c o n c l u d e d that the m a g n e t i t e s p h e r -
o f the F e l d b i s s fault s y s t e m in B e l g i u m , its s t r a t i g r a p h y
ules are artificial a n d p r o b a b l y p r o d u c e d by a w e l d i n g - a r c
c a n c o n t r i b u t e in l i n k i n g the B e l g i a n a n d the D u t c h
at the well site (see D e G e y t e r , 1 9 8 9 ) .
traditions in s t r a t i g r a p h i e n o m e n c l a t u r e (see a l s o S e l s
et al., 2 0 0 1 ) .
B e t w e e n 5 0 . 5 m a n d 5 2 . 5 m g r e y a n d b l u i s h clay o c -
A s the l i t h o l o g i c a l c o l u m n c a n be s u b d i v i d e d in M e u s e
curs w i t h s o m e thin lignitic layers. T h e clay is u n d e r l a i n ,
sediments at the top ( 0 - 2 2 m ) , a quartz dominated sand
b e t w e e n 5 2 . 5 m a n d 5 6 m , by a t h i c k b r o w n coal layer
complex below (22-198 m) and a glauconitic green sand
(lignite 1 o n F i g . 2 ) . W o o d f r a g m e n t s c a n still b e r e c o g -
at the b o t t o m ( 1 9 8 - 3 0 2 m ) , a n d a s the b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c
n i s e d in this b r o w n c o a l layer.
t e c h n i q u e s for the s t u d y o f t h e q u a r t z s a n d s a n d t h e
T h e interval b e t w e e n 5 6 m a n d 6 2 m c o n s i s t s o f similar
g l a u c o n i t i c s a n d s are different, t h e p a p e r is s u b d i v i d e d
grey s a n d s as occur above the overlying clay and brown
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e three l i t h o l o g i c a l t y p e s .
c o a l layer. A l s o t h e resistivity l o g s , p o i n t i n g to p e r m e able s a n d s , a n d t h e l o w g a m m a - r a y l o g are similar to the
s a n d s h i g h e r u p in t h e b o r e h o l e ( F i g . 2 ) . S o m e s a n d s in
1. Pleistocene loam a n d M e u s e gravel (0 - 22 m )
this interval are l a m i n a t e d a n d s o m e s h o w the p r o m i n e n t
presence o f eroded lumps.
T h e u p p e r m o s t 6 m c o n s i s t s o f l o a m . In t h e area it is
fluvio-lacus-
T h e 6 2 m - 7 6 m interval c o n s i s t s o f less p e r m e a b l e s a n d s ,
trine to lacustro-eolian o r i g i n , the M o l e n b e e r s e l M e m b e r
k n o w n as a usually thinly l a m i n a t e d l o a m o f
a s i n d i c a t e d by the s i m i l a r resistivity v a l u e s m e a s u r e d by
(Kinrooi Formation), o f Pleni-Weichselian age. Below
l o n g - a n d s h o r t - s p a c e d e l e c t r o d e s . T h i s interval is c h a r -
the l o a m occur, till 2 2 m , M e u s e river g r a v e l s w i t h l o a m
a c t e r i s e d by the s y s t e m a t i c p r e s e n c e of thin clay layers o f
a n d c a r b o n a t e at their b a s e . T h e h i g h e r g a m m a ray s i g n a l s
5 t o 10 c m t h i c k n e s s . T h e clays are c o l o u r e d g r e e n , p a l e
( F i g . 2 ) p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t clayey intervals. T h e gravels
b r o w n a n d b l a c k . T h e b l a c k c o l o u r p o i n t s to the p r e s e n c e
b e l o n g to the L a n k l a a r F o r m a t i o n a n d are S a a l i a n a n d
o f vegetal o r g a n i c m a t t e r a n d within this interval, at 7 1 m
P l e n i - W e i c h s e l i a n in a g e . T h e l i t h o s t r a t i g r a p h i c n o m e n -
d e p t h , a 4 0 c m t h i c k b r o w n coal layer o c c u r s (lignite 2
clature s y s t e m u s e d here h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d d u r i n g the
on F i g . 2 ) . S e v e r a l e r o s i o n a l surfaces o c c u r a n d clays are
Q u a t e r n a r y m a p p i n g o r g a n i z e d by the F l e m i s h M i n i s t r y
s o m e t i m e s r i p p e d u p i n t o c l a s t s , a p p a r e n t l y by s t r o n g
(see B e e r t e n et al., 2 0 0 0 ) .
current activity.
2. T h e c o m p l e x of q u a r t z - r i c h s a n d s , clays
a n d b r o w n coal (22 - 198 m )
coal a n d b l a c k gyttja type m u d s are d o m i n a t i n g the lithol-
2. /. Lithological
e x p l a i n s the r a p i d c h a n g e s in the s p o n t a n e o u s p o t e n t i a l ,
B e t w e e n 7 6 m a n d 8 8 m clay layers, b l a c k clayey b r o w n
ogy. A l s o s o m e thin s a n d layers o c c u r a n d silt layers are
present within the clavs. H i is alternation ot urinologies
description
the resistivity, caliper a n d g a m m a - r a y l o g s ( F i g . 2 ) . T h e
T h e 2 2 - 5 0 . 5 m i n t e r v a l c a n b e i n d i v i d u a l i s e d on the
t w o b r o w n c o a l s at the b a s e o f this interval are labelled
g e o p h y s i c a l l o g s a n d it is c o m p o s e d d o m i n a n t l y o f a
as lignite 3 o n F i g . 2 .
fine-grained
to m e d i u m - s i z e d s a n d . T h e
dominant
structure in the s a n d is a h o r i z o n t a l l a m i n a t i o n but also
G e o p h y s i c a l well l o g s s h o w a p e r m e a b l e s a n d unit b e -
o b l i q u e stratification a n d clay d r a p e s over s a n d ripples
tween 8 8 m a n d 1 2 5 m . T h e s e d i m e n t c o n t a i n s m i l k y
occur. T y p i c a l m m l a m i n a t e d clays alternate with c m
q u a r t z g r a i n s , s m a l l t r a n s p o r t e d lignite f r a g m e n t s , thin
S l R A I K ' . R A P l l I C IN 11 KI'KI I Al K I N Ol
1 III
Ni
O O I NI
MAKINI
-
C O N UNI NIAI
Kl ( O K I ) IN I U I
M A A M IK Wl I I
5
42m
36 m
45m
46m
52m
57m
•20
-90
-30
^»0
30
68m
67m
70m
91m
95m
95m
-E
-E
-E
-70
-60
-50
-30
-80
-90
Photo plate 2
D e t a i l s f r o m the c o r e s in P h o t o plate 1, d i s p l a y i n g different t y p e s o f h o r i z o n t a l a n d o b l i q u e t y p e s o f l a m i n a t i o n s , a l t e r n a t i o n s b e t w e e n clay a n d s a n d , erosive c o n t a c t s a n d
clay pellets derived f r o m d i s r u p t e d clay l a m i n a e . T h e n u m b e r a b o v e each c o r e is t h e d e p t h o f the t o p o f t h e core b e l o w surface a n d t h e c m scale a l o n g each c o r e identifies the
exact d e p t h o f e a c h core f r a g m e n t s h o w n . T h e d e t a i l e d s t r a t i g r a p h i c p o s i t i o n o f each c o r e c a n b e f o u n d on F i g u r e 2 .
STRATIGRAPHIC
INTERPRETATION OF THE N E O G E N E MARINE -
C O N T I N E N T A L R E C O R D IN T H E M A A S E I K
clay l a m i n a e , r i p p e d u p clay f r a g m e n t s , a n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n
2.2. The depositional
7
WELL
environment
o f m i c a flakes in thin l a m i n a e . T h e s a n d s are o f t e n p u r p l e
stained by colloidal organic matter. Lignitic f r a g m e n t s
T h e m i c a - r i c h s e d i m e n t s b e t w e e n 1 9 8 a n d 1 9 3 m are
are s o m e t i m e s w a s h e d t o g e t h e r in thin l a m i n a e ; larger
i n t e r p r e t e d a s u n d e e p m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s , seen their fine
lignitic f r a g m e n t s s h o w b i o - p e r f o r a t i o n s and several
h o m o g e n e o u s n a t u r e , the p r e s e n c e o f s o m e g l a u c o n i t e
l i g n i t e f r a g m e n t s c o n t a i n p y r i t e . A t 1 1 6 m d e p t h a clay
g r a i n s a n d a l s o their d i n o f l a g e l l a t e c o n t e n t (see f u r t h e r ) .
horizon occurs. The sand between 88 m and 116 m can
B e t w e e n the u n d e r l y i n g g r e e n s a n d w i t h a b u n d a n t g l a u -
b e s u b d i v i d e d in t w o fining u p w a r d s cycles w h i c h h a v e
conite grains and marine molluscs, a continental phase
at a b o u t 1 0 3 m a n d 1 1 7 m a c o a r s e b a s a l level ( F i g . 2 , see
m u s t h a v e o c c u r r e d as s h o w n by t h e p e a t f r a g m e n t s at
resistivity l o g a n d l i t h o l o g ) . B o t h cycles e n d in clay a n d
the b a s e o f t h e unit.
l i g n i t e at their t o p .
The overlying coarse sediments between 193 and 148 m
B e l o w the c l a y h o r i z o n at 1 1 6 m , t h e s a n d u n i t , w h i c h
are interpreted as riverplain d e p o s i t s . T h e c o a r s e levels a n d
e x t e n d s till 1 2 5 m d e p t h , is m o r e h o m o g e n e o u s a n d h a s
r i p - u p clasts represent the s t r e a m c h a n n e l d e p o s i t s whilst
typical l o w g a m m a ray i n t e n s i t i e s c o m p a r e d to h i g h e r
the m o r e clayey a n d s o m e t i m e s h u m i c h o r i z o n s represent
r e a d i n g s a b o v e 1 1 6 m . S o m e o f t h e m o r e variable l i t h o l o -
floodplain
g i e s a b o v e 1 1 6 m are s h o w n in t w o p h o t o p l a t e s ( P l a t e
l i t h o l o g i e s , it c a n b e c o n c l u d e d that the l a n d s c a p e w a s
1,2).
d o m i n a t e d at that t i m e by a h i g h s a n d l o a d b r a i d e d river
B e t w e e n 1 2 5 m a n d 1 2 7 m a clay a n d b r o w n c o a l layer
d e p o s i t e d . T h e repetition o f several m e t e r - s c a l e
o c c u r s , i n d i c a t e d as l i g n i t e 4 o n F i g . 2 .
cycles s u g g e s t s t h a t the c h a n n e l s were laterally s h i f t i n g ,
T h e 1 2 7 m t o 1 9 3 m interval c o n s i s t s o f p a l e t o w h i t -
F r o m 1 4 8 t o 1 1 6 m the q u a r t z s a n d s are r a t h e r h o m o g e -
d e p o s i t s . F r o m the relative p r o p o r t i o n o f b o t h
s y s t e m a n d s o m e s w a m p y areas in w h i c h h u m i c clays were
fining-up
t u r n i n g into s w a m p y lakes or p o n d s w h e n a b a n d o n e d .
ish g r e y s a n d s . T h e t o p p a r t , d o w n to 1 4 8 m is m e d i u m
grained and very permeable; based on the log data a
further s u b d i v i s i o n c a n b e m a d e at a b o u t 1 3 8 m , w i t h
a lower p a r t b e i n g m o r e c l a y rich a n d less p e r m e a b l e .
B e l o w 1 4 8 m the s a n d is c o a r s e a n d even c o n t a i n s g r a v e l ,
especially between 1 5 6 m a n d 1 7 0 m . Several, m e t e r - s c a l e ,
fining-upward
cycles c a n b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d . M a n y thin
clay l a m i n a e exist in t h e s a n d , o f t e n r i p p e d u p i n t o c l a s t s .
neous c o m p a r e d to the underlying and overlying sands
a n d b e t w e e n 1 3 8 a n d 1 1 6 m t h e s a n d s are c h a r a c t e r i z e d
by a d i s t i n c t i v e l o w g a m m a r a y s i g n a l . T h e l a n d s c a p e
w a s still d o m i n a t e d b y s a n d y p l a i n s b u t t h e d r a i n i n g
w a t e r s h a d lower e n e r g y t h a n b e f o r e . A t 1 2 5 - 1 2 7 m t h e
l a n d s c a p e h a d t u r n e d i n t o a s w a m p y v e g e t a t e d area for a
s h o r t t i m e (lignite 4 ) .
C o a r s e r river s a n d s are a p p e a r i n g a g a i n d u r i n g a s h o r t
C o l l o i d a l o r g a n i c m a t t e r h a s s t a i n e d the s a n d p u r p l e .
t i m e at 1 1 6 a n d 1 0 6 m , to fine u p a n d fill in t h e river
M a n y lignite f r a g m e n t s occur in the s a n d , especially in the
p l a i n w i t h s a n d a n d e v o l v i n g at the t o p in a s w a m p w i t h
c o a r s e r h o r i z o n s ; a l s o clay f r a g m e n t s o c c u r in t h e c o a r s e
a b u n d a n t v e g e t a t i o n . V e g e t a t i o n m u s t h a v e b e e n fairly
s a n d s . F o r this r e a s o n , the c o a r s e level at 1 6 5 m - 1 6 6 m
w i d e s p r e a d seen the m a n y lignitic f r a g m e n t s d i s p e r s e d
a p p e a r s rather as a m o r e clayey interval o n the resistivity
in the s a n d . A t the t o p o f the s e c o n d cycle the s w a m p y
a n d g a m m a ray l o g s .
v e g e t a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s s t a y for a l o n g e r p e r i o d , f r o m 8 8
I n the relatively c o a r s e s a n d s b e l o w 1 6 6 m , the c h a n g e in
t o 7 6 m (lignite 3 ) .
the p a t t e r n s o f the resistivity a n d s p o n t a n e o u s - p o t e n t i a l
F r o m that t i m e o n , s w a m p y c o n d i t i o n s with a b u n d a n t
l o g s , w i t h o u t a n o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e in the a c c o m p a n y i n g
v e g e t a t i o n d o m i n a t e d t h e l a n d s c a p e as s h o w n by t h e
g a m m a - r a y pattern, could suggest a m o r e saline g r o u n d -
regular occurrence o f b l a c k clay a n d lignitic layers b e t w e e n
w a t e r ; h o w e v e r this g e o p h y s i c a l l o g p a t t e r n is g e n e r a l l y
7 6 a n d 2 0 m . T w i c e , an extensive lignite (lignites 1
o b s e r v e d in n e i g h b o u r i n g w a t e r wells w i t h o u t any i n d i c a -
2 ) h a s d e v e l o p e d . H o w e v e r a finely l a m i n a t e d c l a y s a n d
&
tion o f i n c r e a s i n g salinities in t h e p r o d u c i n g w a t e r ( V a n
facies, p o i n t i n g to tidal influences i n d i c a t e s that the sea
der Sluys, oral.com). Small quantities o f glauconite grains
s h o r e w a s n o t very far n o r t h w a r d s o f the area. A l s o river
or o t h e r particularities in the m i n e r a l o g i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n
c h a n n e l s were c r o s s i n g t h e area as i n d i c a t e d by the m a n y
o f the s a n d c o u l d have a similar effect. A few thin clay h o -
e r o s i o n a l surfaces a n d e r o d e d c l a s t s .
r i z o n s o c c u r at the b a s e o f t h e interval a r o u n d 1 9 0 m .
2.3. The
lithostratigraphy
T h e interval b e t w e e n 1 9 2 . 7 0 m a n d 1 9 8 m is a n interm e d i a t e to fine p;ile yellowish g r e y s a n d ; a m o d a l s i z e
T h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c significance o f the 1 9 3 - 1 9 8 m m a r i n e
b e t w e e n 1 2 8 a n d 1 7 4 p m is m e a s u r e d o n t h r e e s a m p l e s .
interval is n o t clear. T h e u n i t is n o t f o r m a l l y n a m e d in
It contains small glauconite grains (1.7 to 3.5 % g l a u c o -
the area.
nite m e a s u r e d in t h r e e s a m p l e s ) . T h e s a n d is rich in m i c a
I n the tradition o f the l i t h o s t r a t i g r a p h y in the R u r Val-
flakes, a l s o e x p r e s s e d by the h i g h g a m m a ray s i g n a l . T h e
ley G r a b e n , the c o n t i n e n t a l q u a r t z s a n d s with a m i x t u r e
s a n d is faintly l a m i n a t e d a n d c o n t a i n s t o w a r d s the b a s e
o f river, s w a m p a n d coastal plain facies a n d the o c c u r -
g r e e n i s h clay, p e a t f r a g m e n t s , s o m e s m a l l g r a v e l s a n d a
rence o f lignite layers b e t w e e n 2 2 a n d 1 9 3 m b e l o n g t o
3 c m large pebble.
the K i e s e l o o l i t h F o r m a t i o n ( W e s t e r h o f f et al., 2 0 0 3 ) .
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8
STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION O F T H E N e O G E N E MARINE -
C O N T I N E N T A L R E C O R D IN T H E M A A S E I K
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Figure 3 . Diagram of the palynological counts (parts 1 & 2) in the section between 30 and 197.9 m. The lilhological column and
its legend are the same as in Fig.2.
10
V A N D E N B E R G H E . L A G A . L O U W Y E , V A N H O O R N E . MARQUET. D E M E U T E R . W O U T E R S & H A G E M A N N
W i t h i n this f o r m a t i o n several m e m b e r s c a n b e d i s t i n -
l o g correlations a n d calibration o f the l o g signatures with
sands
the cored a n d analysed wells o f M a a s e i k ( 4 9 W - 2 2 0 ) (this
between 1 9 3 a n d 1 4 8 m represent the W a u b a c h M e m b e r ,
paper) and Bocholt ( 3 3 W - 1 5 3 ) (Van der Sluys, 2 0 0 0 ) ,
guished. The lower coarse gravelly river-facies
oldest m e m b e r o f the Kieseloolith F o r m a t i o n (Westerhoff
the 1 : 5 0 . 0 0 0 F l e m i s h G e o l o g i c a l m a p s o f the area a n d
et al., o p . c i t . ) . O n t h e 1 : 5 0 . 0 0 0 g e o l o g i c a l m a p M a a s e i k ,
i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m N I T G - T N O for the D u t c h boreholes
b a s e d o n the g e o p h y s i c a l well l o g p a t t e r n a n d t h e c o r -
( W e s t e r h o f f , oral c o m . ) . T h e Sterksel F m ( s e e G u l l e n -
relation with n e i g h b o u r i n g wells, S e l s et al. ( 2 0 0 1 , fig. 11
tops et al., 2 0 0 1 ) is characterised by a high g a m m a - r a y
a n d g e o l o g i c a l m a p profile 3 ) e r r o n e o u s l y i n t e r p r e t e d the
signal, the S t r a m p r o y F o r m a t i o n ( i n c l u d i n g the former
1 6 8 t o 1 9 3 m section a s K a s t e r l e e S a n d , a m a r i n e s a n d o f
K e d i c h e m ) ( W e s t e r h o f f et al., 2 0 0 3 , p . 3 4 3 - 3 4 4 ) by a very
earliest P l i o c e n e ( L a g a e t al., 2 0 0 1 ) .
low g a m m a - r a y signal, a n d the Kieseloolith F o r m a t i o n
In the D u t c h s o u t h e r n L i m b u r g a n d the s o u t h e r n p a r t
s h o w s characteristic l o g signatures for its different m e m -
o f the R u r Valley G r a b e n , the B r u n s s u m C l a y M e m b e r
bers; the J a g e r s b o r g / S h i n v e l d s a n d s with clay a n d lignitic
occurs a b o v e t h e fluviatile W a u b a c h M e m b e r . I t h a s a
h o r i z o n s have an irregular b u t relatively h i g h g a m m a - r a y
m a x i m u m t h i c k n e s s o f s o m e tens o f m e t e r ( W e s t e r h o f f
signal with m o d e r a t e separation between the resistivity logs
et al., o p . c i t . ) . A l i t h o l o g i c a l l y similar clay overlies t h e
with different-spacing, the B r u n s s u m clay p a c k a g e s have
B r u n s s u m C l a y , n a m e l y t h e R e u v e r C l a y o c c u r r i n g in
p e a k g a m m a - r a y values a n d the Pey (between B r u n s s u m
the t o p o f the K i e s e l o o l i t h F o r m a t i o n a n d d e p o s i t e d in
p a c k a g e s ) a n d W a u b a c h (below lowest B r u n s s u m clay)
alluvial plains near the coast; R e u v e r clay is generally thin-
s a n d s have a m o r e regular g a m m a - r a y s i g n a l a n d a high
ner t h a n 1 0 m t h i c k ( W e s t e r h o f f et al., o p . c i t . ) . B a s e d o n
separation between the resistivity logs with different-spac-
lithology a l o n e , it is n o t p o s s i b l e to precisely differentiate
ing. H i g h g a m m a - r a y values in the J a g e r s b o r g / S h i n v e l d
between b o t h clay m e m b e r s . H o w e v e r , a s tidal influences
s a n d s c o u l d p o i n t t o R e u v e r clays ( W e s t e r h o f f et a l . , 2 0 0 3 ,
are o b s e r v e d t o w a r d s t h e t o p o f t h e s e c t i o n in t h e M a a -
p . 3 1 9 ) . T h e unit X is the pale yellowish m i c a rich marine-
seik well, it is e x p e c t e d that t h e u p p e r c l a y s c o u l d b e l o n g
s a n d b e t w e e n 1 9 3 a n d 1 9 8 m in the M a a s e i k well a n d
to the R e u v e r M e m b e r . T h e lower b o u n d a r y c a n n o t be
c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a m a r k e d l y h i g h e r g a m m a - r a y signal.
precisely d e t e r m i n e d .
T h e B r e d a F o r m a t i o n is characterised by g r e e n glauconitic
In the practice o f well d e s c r i p t i o n s in the s o u t h e r n p a r t o f
s a n d s a n d a very l o w resistivity signal.
the R u r Valley G r a b e n , a c o a r s e p e r m e a b l e s a n d b e t w e e n
t w o lignitic c l a y layers is d e s c r i b e d a n d m a p p e d a s P e y
2 . 5 . PaJynological
investigations
S a n d s a n d t h e b o u n d a r y lignitic clays a r e d e s c r i b e d as
lower a n d u p p e r B r u n s s u m clay ( s e e Z a g w i j n a n d v a n
2 . 5 . 1 . The samples a n d the pollendiagram
S t a a l d u i n e n 1 9 7 5 , fig. 2 . 1 . 4 7 ; v a n A d r i c h e m B o g a e r t &
K o u w e 1 9 9 3 , s e c t i o n I, p . 3 3 ) . A l t h o u g h t h e s e s u b d i v i -
In the lignitic s c a m s o f the u p p e r m o s t 2 0 0 m fifty s a m p l e s
sions are n o t precisely d e f i n e d , t h e s a n d s b e t w e e n l i g n i t e
were t a k e n for p a l y n o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h i r t y - o n e o f
3 a n d lignite 4 fit t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e P e y S a n d a n d
w h i c h y i e l d e d a reliable p o l l e n a s s e m b l a g e . T h e c h e m i -
therefore lignites 3 a n d 4 are d e s c r i b e d a s B r u n s s u m I a n d
cal t r e a t m e n t o f the s a m p l e s c o n s i s t s o f b o i l i n g in 1 0 %
I I clays in t h e M a a s e i k well ( F i g . 2 ) . L i t h o l o g i c a l l y , the
K O H a q u e o u s solution f o l l o w e d b y acetolysis. T h e results
s a n d b e l o w l i g n i t e 4 till 1 4 8 m , r e s s e m b l e s m o r e t h e P e y
are r e p r e s e n t e d in F i g . 3 a n d F i g . 4 . T h e taxa p e r c e n t a g e s
S a n d than t h e W a u b a c h S a n d . T h i s regional p r a c t i c e o f
are b a s e d o n a s u m c o n t a i n i n g the p o l l e n g r a i n s o f trees,
l i t h o s t r a t i g r a p h i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n h a s also b e e n s y s t e m a t i -
shrubs a n d herbaceous plants except waterplants and
cally a p p l i e d by V a n d e r S l u y s ( 2 0 0 0 ) .
s p o r e s . T h e n u m b e r o f p o l l e n g r a i n s c o u n t e d a n d the
In the D u t c h s t r a t i g r a p h i c practice t h e s a n d s a b o v e t h e
p e r c e n t a g e s o f t h e T e r t i a r y t y p e s a r e a r r a n g e d in t w o
B r u n s s u m C l a y are called t h e S c h i n v e l d S a n d s . V a n h o o -
c o l u m n s in the m i d d l e o f the d i a g r a m in F i g . 3 , s e p a r a t i n g
rne e t al. ( 1 9 9 9 J have p r o p o s e d for the white q u a r t z s a n d s
the s u m m e d p o l l e n a n d the taxa e x c l u d e d f r o m the s u m
u n d e r t h e M e u s e gravel d e p o s i t s in t h e area, the n a m e
to the right. T h e T e r t i a r y types c o m p r i s e Tsuga,
J a g e r s b o r g S a n d , w h i c h they c o n s i d e r a s a m e m b e r o f the
M o l F o r m a t i o n in t h e K i e s e l o o l i t h G r o u p . U n f o r t u n a t e l y
Taxodium, Sciadopitys, Cupressaceae, Podocarpus,
Juglans, Carya, Ostrya, Castanea, Eucomnia,
the b a s e of the J a g e r s b o r g S a n d w a s n o t f o r m a l l y defined.
Nyssa,
S e l s et al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) a n d L a g a et al. ( 2 0 0 1 , p . 1 4 6 ) c o n t i n u e
4 t h e relative i m p o r t a n c e o f these T e r t i a r y t y p e s is i n d i -
to r a n k t h e K i e s e l o o l i t h a s a f o r m a t i o n .
c a t e d with r e s p e c t t o t h e total v e g e t a t i o n cover unveiled
Cyrillaceae
a n d Symplocos
Sequoia,
Pterocarya,
Liquidamba,
( Z a g w i j n , 1 9 6 0 ) . In F i g .
by p o l l e n a n a l y s i s .
2.4. Geophysical
log characterisation
their
in the
correlation
of the units
and
area.
2 . 5 . 2 . T h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f the d i a g r a m
This lithostratigraphic interpretation o f the M a a s e i k well
T h e pollen d i a g r a m in F i g s . 3 8 c 4 s h o w s a p r e d o m i n a n c e
leads to a consistent stratigraphic f r a m e in the area, strad-
o f arboreal p o l l e n ( A . P . ) e x c e p t at d e p t h s o f 8 5 . 9 0 m a n d
d l i n g the D u t c h - B e l g i a n border ( F i g . 1 0 ) . In figure 10, the
7 0 . 1 0 m a s well a s at the levels 3 4 . 8 0 m , 3 2 . 5 0 m , 3 0 . 0 0 m
lithostratigraphic interpretations are b a s e d o n g e o p h y s i c a l
w h e r e the n o n arboreal p o l l e n ( N . A . P . ) are d o m i n a n t .
S T R A T K î R A P H I C I N T E R P R E T A T I O N O F T H E N e O G E N E M A R I N E - C O N T I N E N T A L R E C O R D IN T H E M A A S E I K
30m
32.50
34.80
37.00
I I
WELL
ERICALES
41.25
50.25
52.50
57.57 4
^^^L
67.58
70.10
72.65
V
77.50
rrv;?,.
82.60
89:88
89.80
92.40
100-
TERTIARY/
TYPES
100.25
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109.80 A
116.40
119.30
123.88
143.75
150-
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150.20
152.65
158.85
172.45
172.60
183.93
197.90
100% 0
50%
F i g u r e 4. The relative importance of deciduous and coniferous trees, herbs, Ericales and Tertiary types in the section between 30
and 197.9 m. The subdivision in palynozone A, lower and upper part, and B is discussed in the text.The lithological column and
its legend are the same as in Fig.2.
12
V A N D E N B E R G H E , L A G A . L O U W Y E . V A N H O O R N E . MARQUET, D E M E U T E R . W O U T E R S & H A G E M A N N
The coniferous pollen constitutes the m o s t important
e n t s p e c i e s ( F i g . 3 ) : Pinus diploxylon
c o m p o n e n t o f the A . P . g r o u p e x c e p t at 8 7 . 6 0 m a n d the
pollen g r a i n s o f 6 0 - 8 0 p m total l e n g t h , Pinus
levels 3 2 . 5 0 m (only r e p r e s e n t e d in F i g . 4 ) a n d 3 0 . 0 0 m
d i s p l a y i n g a total l e n g t h v a r y i n g b e t w e e n 8 0 a n d 1 0 0 p m
w h e r e A n g i o s p e r m tree p o l l e n are slightly m o r e n u m e r -
a n d a pollen structure at the limit o f the diploxylon
Pintis
is t h e m o s t a b u n d a n t tree t a x o n , even a t t h o s e
with
(sylvestris-Typc)
diploxylon
a n d the
haploxylon
t y p e , a n d finely the scarcely r e p r e s e n t e d
haploxylon
w h e r e t h e sacci arc a t t a c h e d t o t h e c o r p u s o f
Pinus
the p o l l e n g r a i n a l o n g a s t r a i g h t line a n d have the s a m e
d e p t h s w h e r e t h e A n g i o s p e r m trees e x c e e d t h e G y m -
h e i g h t a s the c o r p u s . S c o r i n g b e s t after Pinus, are
n o s p e r m trees, namely 3 0 . 0 0 m a n d 1 1 6 . 4 0 m (only
a n d Cupressaceae
represented in F i g . 4 ) . T h i s taxon c o m p r i s e s three differ-
the l o w e r m o s t p a r t o f the d i a g r a m ( F i g . 3 ) .
Sequoia
w h i c h are especially well represented in
Pollen o f other coniferous trees s u c h is Abies, Tsuga,
Taxodium,
Sciadopitys,
Podocarpus
Picea,
a n d Taxus are scarce;
their f r e q u e n c i e s r e m a i n b e l o w 4 % .
C o n c e r n i n g t h e A n g i o s p e r m trees, Alnus pollen is an i m p o r t a n t c o m p o n e n t o f the p o l l e n rain especially b e t w e e n
1 0 9 . 8 0 m a n d 1 5 8 . 8 5 m . A l s o Nyssa is regularly p r e s e n t
in t h e lower p a r t o f t h e d i a g r a m ( F i g . 3 ) r e a c h i n g even
m o r e than 1 5 % at 1 5 2 . 6 5 m d e p t h .
T h e p o l l e n o f o t h e r A n g i o s p e r m trees, including/z/g/rt?;.!,
Salix, Betula, Carpinus, Ostrya, Fagus, Castanea,
Ulmus, Eucommia,
Liquidambar,
Acer, I/ex,
Cyrillaceae
a n d Fraxinus
Quercus,
Cornaceae,
o c c u r in m i n o r q u a n t i t i e s .
A t 1 5 0 . 2 0 m ( F i g . 4 ) four p o l l e n g r a i n s o f Mastixia
are
identified, w i t h a d i a m e t e r o f 3 1 t o 4 1 p m ( t y p e 1 in F i g .
5 ) , w h i l e at 1 8 3 . 9 3 m a n d 1 9 7 . 9 0 m o n e pollen grain o f
the s a m e g e n u s w i t h a d i a m e t e r o f 4 5 t o 5 8 p m is f o u n d
(type 2 in F i g . 5 ) . T h e p o l l e n s p e c t r u m at 1 5 0 . 2 0 m is
n o t r e p r e s e n t e d in F i g u r e 3. B o t h t y p e s are tricolporate
w i t h a p e r f o r a t e d t e c t u m a n d clearly d i s c e r n i b l e baculae
in the e k t e x i n e . E n d e x i n e a n d e k t e x i n e have a b o u t t h e
s a m e t h i c k n e s s . T h e a m b is triangular w i t h slightly c o n vex sides. E a c h o f t h e l o n g , t a p e r i n g colpi is b o r d e r e d b y
t h i n n i n g s in t h e e n d e x i n e , r u n n i n g parallel t o the colpi
( F i g . 5 ) . T h e g e n u s Mastixia
is a b u n d a n t l y r e p r e s e n t e d in
M i o c e n e d e p o s i t s b u t is also r e c o r d e d in s m a l l a m o u n t s
in the P l i o c e n e . T h i s is also t h e c a s e for Symplocos
which
o c c u r s at 7 0 . 1 0 m d e p t h ( M a i , 1 9 9 5 ) .
T h e N . A . P . are d o m i n a n t at t h e d e p t h s o f 8 5 . 9 0 m a n d
7 0 . 1 0 m b u t especially at t h e t o p levels o f the d i a g r a m in
F i g . 3 . T h i s pollen g r o u p is m a i n l y c o m p o s e d o f representatives o f Ericales
Figure 5. Photographs of pollen grains of Mastixia (type 1 & 2).
l a & l h : Pollen grain in oblique polar view of Mastixia (Type 1 )
from depth 150.20 m. Note the endexine thinnings, indicated in
la by arrows in la and the perforate tectum and baculae in I b
2a & 2 b : Pollen grain in oblique equatorial view of Mastixia
(type 1 ) from depth 150.20 m. Note the perforate tectum in 2a
and the tapering colpi in 2b.
3a, 3 b & 3c: Pollen grains in oblique equatorial view of Mastixia (type 2) from depth 183.93 m. Note the perforate tectum
in 3a, the endexine thinnings indicated by an arrow in 3b, the
baculae in 3b and the tapering colpi in 3c.
4: Pollen grain in slightly oblique polar view of Mastixia (type 2)
from deplh 197.90 m. Note the perforate tectum, the baculae and
the rounded triangular amb.
except at 1 2 3 . 8 8 m w h e r e h e r b s , m a i n l y
c o m p o s e d o f g r a s s e s e x c e e d the Ericales
t o p o f t h e d i a g r a m , the Ericales
( F i g . 4 ) . A t the
display high percentages,
a t t a i n i n g at t w o levels m o r e t h a n 7 0 % ( F i g . 4 ) . S p o r e s o f
Sphagnum
c o n t i n u o u s l y a c c o m p a n y the tetrads o f
Ericales
b u t they are less n u m e r o u s with m a x i m a l p e r c e n t a g e s o f
more than 2 0 % at 34.80 m and 85.90 m.
2 . 5 . 3 . T h e b o t a n i c a l interpretation
B a s e d o n the f r e q u e n c y o f the Ericales,
b u t especially o f
the T e r t i a r y t y p e s , the pollen d i a g r a m c a n b e s u b d i v i d e d
into t w o p a r t s , t h e limit lying p r o b a b l y j u s t a b o v e 5 7 . 5 7
m . I n t h e lower p a r t , called p a l y n o z o n e A , the A . P . - g r o u p
STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION O F T H E N E O G E N E MARINE -
C O N T I N E N T A L R E C O R D IN T H E M A A S E I K
WELL
d o m i n a t e s a n d t h e T e r t i a r y t y p e s are a b u n d a n t l y r e p r e -
c o n t i g u o u s o l i g o t r o p h i c m i r e s , Ericales
s e n t e d ; in t h e u p p e r p a r t , c a l l e d p a l y n o z o n e B t h e N . A . P .
peat samples from the mires high percentages exceeding
g r o u p d o m i n a t e s in t h e u p p e r levels a n d the T e r t i a r y types
even t h e A . P . v a l u e s a n d m a y v a r y a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e
undergo a substantial decrease. This subdivision m a y n o t
distance to the w o o d e d upland.
m a y attain in t h e
be confused with that o f Z a g w i j n , w h o subdivided the
F o r the t w o p a l y n o z o n e s in the M a a s e i k b o r e h o l e it can b e
R e u v e r i a n i n t o three s t a g e s A , B a n d C ( Z a g w i j n , 1 9 6 0 ,
c o n c l u d e d that in t h e u p p e r B z o n e a w o o d e d l a n d s c a p e
% 5).
existed enclosing oligotrophic mires a n d that, c o m p a r e d
T h e p o l l e n a s s e m b l a g e s o f t h e lower p a l y n o z o n e A reflect
t o t h e older z o n e A , t h e forest w a s less d e n s e a n d the
a m i x e d , m e s o p h y t i c forest d o m i n a t e d b y c o n i f e r o u s trees,
e n c l o s e d m i r e s m o r e extensive.
especially Pin us. T h e a c c o m p a n y i n g Ericales
In the M a a s e i k section the clearance o f the w o o d s had
tetrads m a y
derive f r o m t h e u n d e r g r o w t h o f t h e forest, e s t a b l i s h e d
a l r e a d y s t a r t e d a s is d o c u m e n t e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f t w o
on the quartz-rich upland or f r o m enclosed oligotrophic
light d e m a n d i n g plants growing on mineral soils: the
m i r e s w i t h o u t o r w i t h s c a t t e r e d trees.
c o n t i n u o u s curve o f Artemisia
T h e u p p e r p a l y n o z o n e B is c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a d e c r e a s e
o f t h e section a n d t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f Plant ago at t h e very
towards the top o f the A . P . percentages and by high
t o p level o f the p o l l e n d i a g r a m .
from 50.25 m to the top
f r e q u e n c i e s o f the N . A . P , o f w h i c h the g r e a t m a j o r i t y is
c o m p o s e d o f Ericales.
Pinus
r e m a i n s t h e d o m i n a n t tree
a n d t h e t h e r m o p h i l o u s trees s u c h as Carpinus,
Ulmus
a s well a s t h e T e r t i a r y e l e m e n t s i n c l u d i n g
Podocarpus,
Cupressaceae,
Pterocarya,
Tsuga,
Carya a n d Ostrya are
still p r e s e n t b u t in s m a l l e r q u a n t i t i e s t h a n in t h e u n d e r l y ing palynozone A . However, the Tertiary types including
Sequoia,
Sciadopitys,
Taxodium,
Nyssa a n d Symplocos
2.5.4. Palyno-stratigraphic interpretation
Quercus,
are
l a c k i n g f r o m 5 0 . 2 5 m till t h e t o p o f the s e c t i o n .
T h e tree p o l l e n in t h e d i a g r a m o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m exotic
taxa, belong to E a s t A s i a n genera including
a n d Eucommia,
a n d Taxodium
Sequoia
a n d t o g e n e r a o c c u r r i n g in b o t h
r e g i o n s i n c l u d i n g Tsuga,
Carya
a n d Nyssa. T h e i r c o e x i s t -
e n c e w i t h g e n e r a extant in E u r o p e i n c l u d i n g Pinus,
Alnus, Betula,
A s t h e a n a l y s e d s a m p l e s are t a k e n in p e a t l a y e r s , t h e
Ericales
Sciadopitys
to N o r t h American genera including
m a y originate to a large extend from oligo-
t r o p h i c m i r e s in w h i c h t h e y t h r o v e . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d
Fraxinus
Carpinus,
Corylus,
Fagus, Quercus,
Salix,
Acer a n d
p l e a d s for a P l i o c e n e a g e o f the d e p o s i t . This c o n -
c l u s i o n is n o t c o n t e n d e d b y the o c c u r r e n c e o f
a n d Mastixia,
Symplocos
a p p e a r i n g a f e w t i m e s in s m a l l q u a n t i t i e s ,
the p r e s e n c e o f t h e r m o p h i l o u s a n d s o m e T e r t i a r y t y p e s
as t h e s e g e n e r a w h i c h are a b u n d a n t l y r e p r e s e n t e d in M i -
trees w h i c h d o n o t g r o w in s u c h o l i g o t r o p h i c m a r s h e s ,
o c e n e d e p o s i t s , are regularly recorded in t h e P l i o c e n e . T h e
s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e s u r r o u n d i n g m i n e r a l soils w e r e covered
lack o f Tricolporopollenites
by trees. I n o r d e r t o c h e c k if h i g h p e r c e n t a g e s o f
henrici
Ericales
in a p o l l e n s p e c t r u m are n o t o n l y o w i n g t o a d e t e r i o r a -
a n d liblarensis,
villensis,
Tricolpopollinites
micro-
w h i c h are a b u n d a n t i y r e p r e s e n t e d
in M i o c e n e d e p o s i t s , c o u l d c o n f i r m t h e P l i o c e n e a g e .
tion o f t h e c l i m a t e , b u t c a n also b e f o u n d in a w o o d e d
area w i t h e n c l o s e d o l i g o t r o p h i c m i r e s , a c o m p a r i s o n is
m a d e w i t h t h e p o l l e n analytical results o f p e a t s a m p l e s
c o l l e c t e d in a c o m p a r a b l e l a n d s c a p e . F o r c o m p a r i s o n , a
H o l o c e n e p e a t d e p o s i t is c h o s e n f r o m t h e c o a s t a l plain
which developed along the N W E u r o p e a n coast from
C a l a i s in N W F r a n c e t o D e n m a r k . A l o n g t h e B e l g i a n
coast, this peat w a s g r o w i n g between the N o r t h S e a
a n d the d e n s e l y w o o d e d , c o n t i g u o u s , s a n d y u p l a n d f r o m
L a t e Atlantic to Subatlantic times. A t s o m e places the
p e a t evolved into a r a i s e d b o g w h e r e t h e Ericales
were
abundant as d e m o n s t r a t e d by the twigs a n d seeds o f
Ericales
in t h e p e a t . P u b l i s h e d p o l l e n d i a g r a m s ( S t o c k -
m a n s & Vanhoorne, 1 9 5 4 ) cannot be used as such a n d
p e r c e n t a g e r e c a l c u l a t i o n s have t o b e m a d e in o r d e r t o
o b t a i n c o m p a r a b l e p o l l e n d i a g r a m s as u s e d in the p r e s e n t
study. R e c a l c u l a t e d p o l l e n s p e c t r a c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d at
d i s t a n c e s o f 7.6 k m , 4 k m , 3 . 7 k m a n d 2 . 3 k m f r o m t h e
limit o f the w o o d e d u p l a n d , a n d m a x i m a l Ericales
values
at these d i s t a n c e s are respectively 5 8 % , 5 4 % , 3 7 % a n d
3 5 % . These percentages, decreasing when approaching
the w o o d e d u p l a n d , are lower t h a n in t h e p a l y n o z o n e B
in t h e M a a s e i k b o r e h o l e b u t s o m e e x c e e d t h e A . P . v a l u e s .
T h e s e p o l l e n d a t a i n d i c a t e that in a w o o d e d area w i t h
T h e p a l y n o z o n e A is characterised b y a d o m i n a n c e o f tree
p o l l e n a m o n g w h i c h the T e r t i a r y t y p e s play an i m p o r t a n t
role. F r o m t h e A . P . / N . A . P . ratio it m a y b e c o n c l u d e d
that t h e l a n d s c a p e at that t i m e w a s c o v e r e d b y a d e n s e ,
m i x e d , m e s o p h y t i c forest d o m i n a t e d b y c o n i f e r o u s trees,
e s p e c i a l l y Pinus.
T h e r e g u l a r t r e n d o f t h e tree p o l l e n
c u r v e s s h o w s n o m a j o r c h a n g e in t h e c o m p o s i t i o n a n d
therefore h a r d l y allows a n y s u b d i v i s i o n o f the p a l y n o z o n e A . I f h o w e v e r t h e m o d e r a t e b u t clear increase o f
Sequoia
observed below 87.5 m depth would correspond
to t h e h i g h Sequoia
v a l u e s c o n s i d e r e d by Z a g w i j n ( 1 9 6 0 )
as characteristic for t h e B r u n s s u m i a n , the lower p a r t o f
the p a l y n o z o n e A c o u l d c o r r e s p o n d t o this s t a g e ; i f n o t ,
the w h o l e p a l y n o z o n e A w o u l d c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e R e u v e r i a n , a p o s s i b i l i t y s u p p o r t e d b y t h e rarity o f
a n d Mastixia
p o l l e n a s s e m b l a g e s , a s well a s b y t h e l a c k o f
lenites
liblarensis,
Symplocos
w h i c h o c c u r regularly in t h e B r u n s s u m i a n
Tricolpopol-
w h i c h c a n attain u p to 1 3 % in t h e D u t c h
Brunssumian.
T h e u p p e r p a r t o f the p a l y n o z o n e A a b o v e 8 7 . 5 m r e s e m bles fairly well the pollen spectra o f the b o r i n g s 4 9 W 0 2 0 6
a n d 4 9 W 0 2 0 8 (files G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y o f B e l g i u m ) near
14
YANDLNKI Kl.lli . I \ ( , A. I O l ' W Y l . YANHOORM-:. M \ R O l 1 1 . 1)1. Ml 1 1 1 K.WOI
Depth (m) Samples
H/C
O/C
N/C
52.5-52.9
95
1.10
0.34
11.02
52.9-53.5
96
1.05
0 34
9.72
53.5-53.9
97
1.13
0.30
9.07
53.9-54.5
98
1.24
0.36
8.49
54.5-55.0
99
1.12
0.39
7.54
55.0-56.0
100
1.16
0.33
7.45
6.57
1
03 05
1
1
ƒ
\ \1
/
\
1
i
r/
/
•
1
101
1.13
0.39
68 7-69 0
102
1.11
0.27
12.61
69.0-69.4
103
1.16
0.30
11.19
70.2
104
1.27
0.49
1 06
70.8-71.0
105
1.08
0.35
9.43
ko f—
I
4
106
1.35
0.50
10.78
82.7-82.8
107
1.09
0.32
7.90
'
/
84.1-84.6
108
1.06
0.20
7.58
85.9-86.0
109
1.13
0.33
8.09
86 0-87.0
110
1.31
0.38
7.26
/
/
**
/
;
\
I
/
i
*
i
<
Table 1. The values of the elemental ratios (H.C.O.N) in the
lignite 1 (52.5-57.0 m). lignite 2 (68.7-71.0 m) and lignite 3
(81.0-87.0 m) (see also Fig. 6a).
X
/
J
J
i
)
•
81.0-81.6
t
i
\
56.0-57.0
M \\\
o/c
H/C
1
11 RN \ 11
4
X
Sphagnum
A
Peat (Peel area)
A
•J •
Soft brown coal
n
.' • i "1 exploitations)
o
a
Borehole M a a s e i k
M a a s e i k in t h e R u r Valley G r a b e n a n d d e s c r i b e d b y
V a n h o o r n e ( 1 9 7 9 ) . A t the t o p o f b o r e h o l e 0 2 0 6 t h e first
signs o f c l i m a t e c o o l i n g a p p e a r , s u g g e s t i n g that this t o p
level m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e o n s e t o f the p a l y n o z o n e B
or o f the P r a e t i g l i a n . O u t s i d e the R u r Valley G r a b e n t o
the w e s t , lignite o c c u r r i n g in t h e S a n d s o f M o l ( G u l i n c k ,
1 9 6 3 ) also h a s pollen spectra c o m p a r a b l e t o the u p p e r part
o f the p a l y n o z o n e A ( V a n h o o r n e , 1 9 7 3 ) .
Figure 6. (a) The elemental ratios H/C. O/C and N/C in samples
of lignite 1, 2 and 3 (see Fig. 2). (b) Van Krevelen diagram of
elemental ratios of H. C . O. showing the Maaseik brown coals
intermediate between peat samples and brown coal from Lower
Rhine exploitations (Hagemann, 1981).
The upper levels o f p a l y n o z o n e B are d o m i n a t e d by N . A . R
pollen, m o s t l y c o n s i s t i n g o f Ericales
while the lower levels
o f z o n e B d i s p l a y 5 0 % a n d less. I n t h e A . R g r o u p ,
Alnus a n d Betula
Pinus,
are b e s t r e p r e s e n t e d , w h i l e t h e r m o p h i l -
z o n e , c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e of subtropical
taxa s u c h a s Sequoia,
Nyssa,
Eucommia,
ous trees a n d Tertiary types are still present b u t less t h a n in
Sciadopitys
p a l y n o z o n e A . T h e pollen a s s e m b l a g e s e v o k e a less d e n s e
T h e regular o c c u r r e n c e o f Ilex,Myrica
forest w i t h e n c l o s e d o l i g o t r o p h i c m i r e s . N o t w i t h s t a n d -
g e s t s o c e a n i c c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s , while
Pterocarya
and
is d a t e d f r o m 2 . 7 2 1 t o 2 . 6 7 6 M a .
a n d Osmunda
sug-
Chenopodiaceae
ing t h e h i g h a m o u n t s o f N A P , especially at t h e t o p , t h e
m a y betray the proximity o f the sea. S u c h conditions could
correlation o f the p a l y n o z o n e B with t h e L a t e P l i o c e n e
be expected as to the west time-equivalent marine sedi-
or the R e u v e r i a n C in t h e N e t h e r l a n d s is preferred a b o v e
m e n t s are d e p o s i t e d d u r i n g the later p a r t o f the Reuverian
the P r a e t i g l i a n , b e c a u s e t h e r m o p h i l o u s trees a n d T e r t i a r y
( M e r k s e m S a n d s , Z a n d v l i e t S a n d s , S a n d s with
types c o n t i n u o u s l y occur a n d t h e Ericales
complánala
are c o n s i d e r e d
to o r i g i n a t e for a g r e a t p a r t f r o m e n c l o s e d o l i g o t r o p h i c
Corbula
S O W . , see also V a n h o o r n e , 1 9 6 3 ; Buffel et al.,
2 0 0 1 , V a n d e n b e r g h e e t al., 2 0 0 0 ) . T a k i n g into a c c o u n t
mires in the forest. W i l l i s et al. ( 1 9 9 9 ) have f o u n d a similar
the e n v i r o n m e n t a l differences, t h e p a l y n o z o n e s B a n d
z o n e in an annually layered s e q u e n c e o f the L a t e P l i o c e n e
A s e e m t o c o r r e s p o n d r e a s o n a b l y well with the f o r m e r
l a k e s e d i m e n t s f r o m P u l a m a a r in C e n t r a l
Hungary
a n d c o n s i d e r e d it a s transitional t o the next glacial. T h i s
m a r i n e regional s t a g e s , respectively t h e M e r k s e m i a n a n d
the Scaldisian, sensu de Heinzelin (1963).
STRATIGRAPHIC
INTERPRETATION
2.6. Brown coal
OF THE NEOGENF: MARINE -
CONTINENTAL
characterisation
RECORD
IN T H E M A A S E I K
15
WELL
T h e 2 2 5 . 5 m to 2 3 4 m interval c o n t a i n s slightly finer s a n d
t h a n a b o v e a n d is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by 5 to 1 0 % clay f r a c t i o n ,
In the d e p t h r a n g e s 5 2 . 5 - 5 7 m (lignite 1 o n F i g . 2 ) , 6 8 . 7 -
as also e x p r e s s e d o n t h e g a m m a - r a y l o g . T h e g l a u c o n i t e
7 1 m (lignite 2 o n F i g . 2 ) , a n d 8 1 - 8 7 m (lignite 3 on F i g . 2 ) ,
c o n t e n t is relatively h i g h a n d increases t o w a r d s the t o p .
16 b r o w n coal s a m p l e s o f a b o u t 5 0 c m length were taken
Shell d e b r i s is p r e s e n t .
a m o n g s t w h i c h 1 xylith s a m p l e . D u r i n g s u b s a m p l i n g care
T h e 2 3 4 m to 2 4 0 m interval is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a cycle
w a s taken to o b t a i n representative s a m p l e s for the analyses
o f c o a r s e r s a n d , less t h a n 5 % clay f r a c t i o n a n d relatively
(Hagemann, 1981).
high glauconite contents (Fig. 7).
T h e w a t e r c o n t e n t ot the s a m p l e s , at the t i m e o f s a m p l i n g
A t a b o u t 2 4 9 - 2 5 0 m a c h a n g e in g r a i n - s i z e p r o p e r t i e s
t h e c o r e s , v a r i e d b e t w e e n 2 9 a n d 5 9 % whilst the s a t u r a -
a n d a g l a u c o n i t e - r i c h level s u b d i v i d e s a l o w - g l a u c o n i t e
tion w a t e r c o n t e n t v a r i e d b e t w e e n 5 7 a n d 6 5 % . T h e s e
s a n d interval b e t w e e n 2 4 0 m a n d 2 6 1 m , in t w o p a r t s . T h e
figures p o i n t to w e a k l y evolved soft b r o w n c o a l , similar
interval b e t w e e n 2 4 0 a n d 2 4 8 m is e n r i c h e d in m i c a .
t o t h e O b e r f l o z - G r o u p in t h e L o w e r R h i n e b r o w n coal
T h e u n d e r l y i n g interval b e t w e e n 2 6 1 m a n d 2 7 3 m is
e x p l o i t a t i o n area at E s c h w e i l e r ( K o t h e n & R e i c h e n b a c h ,
f i n e - g r a i n e d a n d slightly richer in clay c o n t e n t t h a n the
1 9 8 1 ) . T h e a s h c o n t e n t , b a s e d o n w a t e r free c o a l s a m p l e s ,
u n d e r - a n d o v e r l y i n g intervals ( F i g . 7) as a l s o e x p r e s s e d
v a r i e d b e t w e e n 1 0 a n d 6 6 w e i g h t % . T h e xylith s a m p l e
o n the g a m m a - r a y a n d resistivity l o g s ( F i g . 2 ) .
o n l y h a s 3 . 1 % a s h c o n t e n t . T h e s e a s h c o n t e n t s are g e n e r -
In the lowest interval, between 2 8 8 m a n d the d e e p e s t level
ally h i g h e r t h a n in the b r o w n c o a l e x p l o i t a t i o n area o f the
o f the b o r e h o l e , the s e d i m e n t describes a coarser cycle a n d
L o w e r R h i n e area.
h a s relatively h i g h e r g l a u c o n i t e c o n t e n t s ( F i g . 7 ) .
T h e b r o w n c o a l s o f t h e M a a s e i k b o r e h o l e are w e a k l y
layered, p a l e to light c o l o u r e d a n d p r e s e r v i n g 1 0 to 3 5
lite J c p M s i u n i i . i l e n v i r o n m e n t foi the w h o l e B r e d a sand
volume % o f plant remains. Generally the coals contain
section in this well m u s t have b e e n m a r i n e seen the m a n y
a b u n d a n t m i n e r a l matter, xylith, fusain a n d resins.
m a r i n e fossils a n d the g l a u c o n i t e . D c p o s i t i o n a l d e p t h w a s
T h e caloric v a l u e o f t h e M a a s e i k b r o w n c o a l v a r i e s b e -
p r o b a b l y d e e p e r t h a n a b o u t 10 to 2 0 m e t e r b e c a u s e o f
t w e e n 8 8 3 0 t o 1 1 . 2 5 0 J / g r a n d therefore c a n b e classified
the a b u n d a n c e o f g l a u c o n i t e . T h e t w o gravelly h o r i z o n s at
as soft b r o w n c o a l ( G e r m a n r a n k ) or l i g n i t e B
(ASTM
2 3 6 . 9 a n d 2 4 0 m , the a b u n d a n c e o f shells a n d shell d e b r i s
r a n k ) . A n e l e m e n t a l analysis ( T a b l e 1 a n d F i g . 6 a ) p l o t t e d
in several levels, c o m m o n traces o f b i o t u r b a t i o n , a n d also
o n a V a n K r e v e l e n d i a g r a m ( F i g . 6 b ) s h o w s the M a a s e i k
the p r e s e n c e o f s m a l l w o o d f r a g m e n t s in several c o r e s all
b r o w n coal to b e i n t e r m e d i a t e b e t w e e n soft b r o w n c o a l
p o i n t to a rather s h a l l o w d e p o s i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t , s i t u -
from L o w e r Rhine exploitations and peats.
a t i n g t h e d e p o s i t i o n a l d e p t h a r o u n d the m i n i m a l d e p t h
l i m i t o f 1 0 - 2 0 m given a b o v e .
3. T h e g r e e n g l a u c o n i t i c s a n d s (198 - 3 0 2 m )
3.2. Dinoflagellate
.?./.
3.2.1. Introduction
The lithological
description
analysis
T h e s a n d s b e l o w 1 9 8 m a n d till 3 0 2 m are g e n e r a l l y
A n analysis o f marine organic-walled
fine-grained, glauconitic, bioturbated and often contain-
b a s e d o n a l o w resolution s a m p l i n g o f the B r e d a F o r m a -
i n g a b u n d a n t shell d e b r i s , as d e s c r i b e d for t h e B r e d a
tion w a s carried o u t for the a s s e s s m e n t o f the stratigraphie
F o r m a t i o n in this area (see a l s o W e s t e r h o f et al., 2 0 0 3 ,
p o s i t i o n o f the s e q u e n c e a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f its
p.300-303).
r e l a t i o n s h i p to o t h e r M i o c e n e d e p o s i t s in c o n t i g u o u s
B a s e d on the core description, geophysical well-log
areas. Sixteen samples (Tab. 2) were prepared using
characteristics, g r a i n - s i z e analysis a n d g l a u c o n i t e c o n t e n t ,
several s u b u n i t s c a n b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y d e l i n e a t e d ( F i g s .
2&7).
B e t w e e n 198 m a n d 2 2 5 . 5 m , the s a n d s are slightly
c o a r s e r t h a n below. A t the b a s e o f this u n i t a c o a r s e level
o c c u r s , e n r i c h e d in g l a u c o n i t e . T h i s u p p e r interval is also
c h a r a c t e r i z e d by h i g h e r g l a u c o n i t e c o n t e n t s t h a n b e l o w
( F i g . 7 ) . W i t h i n this interval, at a b o u t 2 1 2 m a further
s u b d i v i s i o n c a n b e m a d e w i t h an u p p e r m o s t p a r t t h a t is
f i n e r - g r a i n e d , clay-richer, less g l a u c o n i t i c a n d c o n t a i n i n g
a b u n d a n t fine shell d e b r i s . T h e lower p a r t h a s a very l o o s e
p a c k i n g a n d at its b a s e o c c u r s o m e c a r b o n a t e - c e m e n t e d
layers. T h i s further s u b d i v i s i o n is a l s o e x p r e s s e d o n the
g a m m a - r a y l o g ( F i g s . 2 8c 7 ) .
phytoplankton
standard palynological maceration techniques involving
d é m i n é r a l i s a t i o n w i t h H C 1 a n d H F . N o o x i d a t i o n or
alkali t r e a t m e n t s were a p p l i e d in o r d e r t o a v o i d d a m a g e
(loss o f p i g m e n t , t h i n n i n g o f cyst w a l l s ) a n d selective loss
o f s p e c i e s . A better d i s p e r s i o n o f fine o r g a n i c d e b r i s w a s
o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h a s h o r t u l t r a s o u n d t r e a t m e n t for 1 5 s.
A m i n i m u m of 2 5 0 marine palynomorphs was counted
s y s t e m a t i c a l l y in every s a m p l e . T h e rest o f the slide w a s
then s c a n n e d for rare s p e c i m e n s . A total o f 1 0 0 in situ
o r g a n i c - w a l l e d m a r i n e p a l y n o m o r p h s , m a i n l y dinoflagellate cysts a n d acritarchs, were r e c o r d e d . P r e s e r v a t i o n o f
t h e p a l y n o m o r p h s is variable. T h e b a s a l three s a m p l e s
(Tab. 2) yielded a poorly preserved assemblage o f d i n o flagellate
cysts a n d a b u n d a n t well p r e s e r v e d s p e c i m e n s
90% finer percentile (u,m)
MODE (urn)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
60
100
160
200
260
300
360
GLAUCONITE SHELL
%
DEBRIS
CLAY %
400
0
5 10
20
30
40
0
5 10
20
30
IN sample
0
*
Figure7. Sediment analysis data: modal size, 9 0 % percentile-finest. clay and glauconite content, shell fragments abundance, for the Breda Formation ( l 9 8 - 3 0 0 m ) and the overlying unit X
(192.7-198m) of possibly Sylt stratigraphic position. Size analysis is carried out by laser diffraction: clay content is therefore defined as < 8 pm. glauconite is separated by an electromagnet and
shell debris content is estimated visually in the samples taken from the cores for sediment analysis. Depths are expressed in meters below surface. Sample positions are indicated by the short
horizontal lines, left of the zero value line of each parameter. The subdivisions are discussed in the text and the legend of the lithological column is the same as in Fig.2.
m
Samples
-295.8
-292.4
-285.8
-279 9
-275.8
-270.9
-265.8
-256.3
-245.5
-234.5
-227.5
-220.5
-215 6
-210.8
1.2
1,1
19,3
9,0
21,3
7,9
3,8
+
+
2,7
<1
1,9
3,0
2,3
<1
+
1,5
4,4
+
5.4
<1
<1
1,9
2,5
1,5
1.8
1.5
1,1
1.9
1,9
1.5
<1
<1
1,5
2,3
4,8
3,0
2,3
+
1,1
<1
3,3
<1
1,1
1,5
3,1
<1
<1
1,5
+
+
+
<1
<1
1,5
4,9
1,9
2,3
<1
<1
11,2
1,1
2,1
3,3
6,2
5,2
5,0
9,5
15,6
2,3
+
1,5
1,9
3,1
1,3
1.9
5,8
1,5
2,1
1,9
8,4
7,3
1,9
3,8
<1
<1
<1
1.5
1,3
<1
2,6
2,1
1,2
<1
3,1
-201.5
-191.5
Dinoflagellates (n=81)
Bitectatodinium
arborichiarum
Dapsilidinium
pseudocolligerum
Labyrinthodinium
truncatum
sp 1 Louwye 2002
Lingulodinium
machaerophorum
Operculodinium
<1
machaerophorum
centrocarpum
Reticulosphaera
<1
truncatum
Lejeunecysta
israelianum
+ 0.
s p p . 1 Achomosphaera
Trinovantedinium
<1
+
+
<1
<1
actinocoronata
Round brown protoperidiniacean cysts
Spiniferites
+
spp.
+
+
2,3
<1
1,1
8.8
<1
1,5
+
1,7
<1
<1
4,9
1,2
2.3
3,4
3,7
2,2
28,0
6<1
34,6
25,1
63,5
55,6
65.9
21,4
23,4
43,1
29.7
46,2
56,5
37,0
<1
+
+
<1
1,5
<1
<1
+
<1
<1
1,2
+
<1
<1
+
+
<1
1,0
1,5
+
<1
+
<1
<1
<1
<1
+
spp. ind.
Operculodinium?
eirikianum
+
1,9
Selenopemphix
dionaeacysta
<1
<1
Selenopemphix
<1
pellitum
Trinovantedinium
Invertocysta
Barssidinium
choanophorum
andalousiensis
Pyxidinopsis
<1
1.8
<1
1,5
<1
Ataxiodinium
Batiacasphaera
+
1,4
5,0
<1
1,9
1,1
+
3,8
1,1
<1
1,1
1.8
1,0
1,1
<1
<1
15,6
+
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
+
<1
<1
<1
1,5
<1
+
<1
<1
<1
<1
+
+
3,8
<1
<1
+
<1
<1
<1
<1
rigaudiae
pliocenicum
tectata
<1
1,9
1,1
4.9
<1
glorianum
+
+
+
<1
<1
1,9
euaxum
<1
3,1
26,9
+
+
+
+
<1
<1
2,3
1.1
11,3
+
<1
<1
+
1,1
<1
<1
+
2,3
2,2
+
1,3
<1
+
+
2,9
2.8
1,1
1.5
2,6
laticinctum
<1
+
+
<1
+
<1
+
<1
42,9
<1
<1
<1
1,1
+
<1
<1
1,5
<1
<1
+
<1
<1
zevenboomii
minuta
+
1.1
<1
umbraculum
<1
<1
+
+
<1
<1
+
+
+
tuberculata
<1
1,1
+
borgerholtense
verricula
+
<1
<1
<1
<1
1.1
1.0
<1
campanula
+
+
+
<1
spp,ind.
iaticinctum
<1
<1
O r g a n i c w a l l of c a l c a r e o u s c y s t
Amiculosphaera
<1
<1
<1
+
2,3
+
brevispinosa
Operculodinium
Pentadinium
+
<1
nephroides
Heteraulacacysta
Gramocysta
1.5
andalousiensis
spp. ind.
Trinovantedinium
Batiacasphaera
<1
antwerpensis
Hystrlchokolpoma
Echinidinium
+
serratum
Selenopemphix
Habibacysta
+
+
<1
sp. 1 H e a d e t a l . 1 9 8 9
Selenopemphix
Barssidinium
<1
<1
graminosum
Operculodinium
Lejeunecysta
<1
lacrymosa
Bitectatodinium'?
Selenopemphix
<1
+
obscura
Melitasphaeridium
Achomosphaera
<1
<1
variabile
Hystrichosphaeropsis
+
<1
ferrugnomatum
Trinovantedinium
+
+
quanta
Tectatodinium
1,8
<1
<1
<1
2,3
+
<1
1.2
2,2
<1
<1
<1
+
3.1
Samples
Dlnopteryglum
-292 4
-2858
Selenopemphix
armageddonensis
sp
-275 8
-270.9
-256 3
-245.5
-234 5
-227 5
-220 5
-2156
-210.8
<1
<1
•
harpagonium
Leleunecysla
-279 9
<1
Trinovantedinium
•
•
•
A
Lingulodinium
<1
multivlrgatum
Tuberculodlnium
•
<1
vancampoae
Operculodinium
placacanlha
pseudofurcatus
Barssidinium
<1
<1
•
+
<1
*
Palaeocystodlnlum
Sumatradinium
<1
<1
<1
2.2
<1
<1
+
Trinovantedinium?
<1
spp
•
*
<1
<1
xytochophonjm
<1
+
<1
olymposum
•
Ind
1.5
+
brabanttana
Ind.
Selenopemphix
sp
Operculodinium
sp
Bitectatodinium
A
+
<1
ind.
<1
tepikiense
Apteodinium
<1
•
tectatum
sp
Pyxidiniopsis
<1
<1
deheinzelinii
Palaeocystodinium
<1
•
3,9
clineae
Batiacasphaera
Cerebrocysta?
<1
+
soucouyantiae
sp
•
<1
s p ind.
Pyxidiniopsis
<1
<1
goliowense
Barssidinium
<1
<1
•
sp. A
Pyxidlntopsls
<1
<1
glganteum
Trinovantedinium
•
<1
<1
wallii
Operculodinium
Scaktecysta
•
taxandrianum
Capisocysta
Geonettia
•
pseudofurcatus
+
•
•
<1
piaseckii
Systemalophora
Splniferites
-295.8
cladoides
1 Louwye 2002
1,2
<1
reticulata
cf
Cerebrocysta
poulsenii
Sumatradinium
•
druggii
Achomosphaera
cf andalousiensis
Cannosphaeropsis
<1
andalousiensis
+
passm
Selenooemphix
sp
Operculodinium
sp 3 d e Verteuil & Norris 1 9 9 6
Le/eunecysta
-
ind
<1
+
marieae
cf
Selenopemphix
-
conspicua
Tectatodmium
cf
FHisphaera
simplex
microomata
<1
<1
+
<1
Marine algae incertae sedis (n=16)
CydopsieUa
Parahcamella
?
trematcphora
indentata
3.3
<1
3,4
3.0
5.3
4.4
<1
3.3
2.1
4.7
11.5
8.1
2.7
87.6
89.3
14.4
4.5
5.7
3.1
1.2
<1
4.6
11.7
18,5
1.2
3.8
Samples
-2958
-292 4
-285.8
-279 9
-275.8
-270.9
Paiaaostomacysta
-2658
•256 3
<1
<1
tncertse t a d n 1
3.8
1.1
Qtobosa
•
. 14 !
•227.5
•220.5
.' • S B
*
-
etpbcatgranosa
Waasland»
i a
•201 5
-191.5
<1
<1
+
<1
<1
<i
<1
<i
Smal spmy acnurchs
Cyottpsieaa
.
<i
2 H e a d « al 1 9 6 9
Acntarchsp
6.7
<1
1.1
1.1
<1
<1
<1
<1
-f
1,8
+
gamma
<i
5.9
<1
+
Algal duster
Hannobartxphoia
gedlu
ComasDhaandtum
sp m d
+
1.1
<1
1 r-t^aiikrtmaa *jLa**^i«&. "1
<1
Acrnarch sp 1 L o u w y e 2 0 0 2
Cy&opsielia
Quadtma
-
<1
+
-
incwtae soda 2
. 4 -
<1
top m d
1.5
+
<1
<1
condiia
4.5
Graan alga* (n*3)
+
<1
raamanlM
Pediasfrum
+
<1
+
<1
boryanum
<1
+
+
<1
sp md
Pterospeimela
+
<1
+
R e w o r k e d parynomorphs (n=15)
+
s p ind
Carabfocysta
Chvoptandium
s p p ind
+
Ennaadocysta
top m d
+
+
1,2
sp Ind.
Aiaoligara
1.2
spp md
HomooyblHjm
6.8
<1
<1
+
<1
49.8
4,6
+
top m d
Aieospnaandium
<1
dctyoplokus
<1
s p ind
Panssaiasphaandium
<1
+
sp md
+
<1
Com/aulacacysla sp m d
Dellandraa
<1
sp md
Cnbmpandmium
Raetidinium
3.0
<1
to m d
<1
+
Lkvgo/ns<>/i.»er>dium a m O g u u m
0«jojp/iaev«J«jm comp*»i
+
complet
SBrMbdnium sp md
Total n u m b e r of parynomorphs
<1
241
270
J
64
....
263
227
266
259
270
238
2m
274
286
260
262
262
Table 2. Distribution of marine palynomorphs in ihe Maaseik borehole: percentages are given for each sample. * : reworked or suspected reworking, +: recorded outside
the count, n. number of recorded species.
20
V A N D E N B E R G H E , L A G A . L O U W Y E . V A N H O O R N E . MARQUET. D E M E U T E R . W O U T E R S & H A G E M A N N
O t h e r s a m p l e s , e.g. 2 0 1 . 5 m ,
H o w e v e r , b o t h d e Verteuil & N o r r i s ( 1 9 9 6 ) a n d S t r a u s s
yielded a very g o o d p r e s e r v e d a s s e m b l a g e w i t h a h i g h
et al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) stress t h e a b r u p t last c o m m o n , a n d well
species diversity. R e w o r k i n g o f p r e - N e o g e n e is m o d e r -
d a t e d , occurrence o f this species in the b a s e o f calcareous
ate, except for s a m p l e 2 2 7 . 5 m w h e r e h i g h n u m b e r s o f
n a n n o p l a n k t o n Z o n e N N 6 , an event not recorded in o u r
o f Paralecaniella
Homotryblium
indentata.
s p p . are recorded ( T a b . 2 ) . A l l species o f the
g e n u s Spiniferites
are g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r b e c a u s e o f their
l i m i t e d b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l v a l u e , e x c e p t for
pseudofurcatus
s u b s p . pseudofurcatus,
Spiniferites
w h i c h is a m a r k e r
study material. This implies that the whole studied interval
is y o u n g e r than early Serravallian. T h e D N 6 Z o n e o f d e
verteuil & N o r r i s ( 1 9 9 6 ) is defined as the interval f r o m
the highest occurrence ( H O ) o f S. placacantha
to the lowest
species in t h e n o r t h e r n G e r m a n M i o c e n e b i o z o n a t i o n
occurrence ( L O ) o f Cannosphaeropsispassio.Thc
o f S t r a u s s et al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) . T h e n o m e n c l a t u r e u s e d is after
lenopemphix
W i l l i a m s et al. ( 1 9 9 8 ) , L o u w y e ( 1 9 9 9 , 2 0 0 1 ) a n d D e
This z o n e is recognised in s a m p l e s 2 8 5 . 8 m a n d 2 7 9 . 9 m .
S c h e p p e r et al. (in p r e s s ) .
T h e D N 6 Z o n e is considered equivalent with part o f cal-
T h e a s s e m b l a g e of m a r i n e o r g a n i c - w a l l e d p a l y n o m o r p h s
careous n a n n o p l a n k t o n Z o n e N N 6 a n d is thus o f m i d d l e
f r o m t h e B r e d a F o r m a t i o n in t h e M a a s e i k b o r e h o l e
c o m p a r e s well t o t h e M i d d l e a n d U p p e r M i o c e n e a s s e m b l a g e s recovered by d e Verteuil 8 c N o r r i s ( 1 9 9 6 ) f r o m
the S a l i s b u r y E m b a y m e n t ( A t l a n t i c M a r g i n , U S A ) a n d
by S t r a u s s e t al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) f r o m t h e N i e d e r O c h t e n h a u s e n
R e s e a r c h W e l l in N o r t h e r n G e r m a n y . T h e d i n o f l a g e l late c y s t b i o z o n a t i o n s c o n s t r u c t e d in b o t h latter a r e a s
c a n readily b e a p p l i e d t o o u r s t u d y m a t e r i a l , a n d are
d i s c u s s e d below. A n o v e r v i e w o f t h e b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l
useful species for correlation a n d relative d a t i n g are given
in figures 1 a n d 2 .
Serravallian a g e . C. passio
is recorded in s a m p l e 2 7 5 . 8 m
and this points to the presence o f the D N 7 Z o n e , defined as
the interval f r o m the L O to the H O o f the aforementioned
species. B a s e d o n O D P d a t a , d e Verteuil & N o r r i s ( 1 9 9 6 )
p r o p o s e a c h r o n o s t r a t i g r a p h i c position o f u p p e r MiddleM i o c e n e to u p p e r m o s t M i d d l e M i o c e n e for their
Verteuil 8 c N o r r i s ( 1 9 9 6 )
C.passio
D N 7 Z o n e , i.e., equivalent to the u p p e r part o f calcareous
n a n n o p l a n k t o n Z o n e N N 6 to N N 8 (late Serravallian).
H a r d e n b o l et al. ( 1 9 9 8 ) a n d W i l l i a m s et al. ( 2 0 0 4 ) place
the H O o f C. passio
at 1 1 . 3 M a (latest Serravallian), j u s t
b e l o w the M i d d l e - L a t e M i o c e n e boundary. S t r a u s s et al.
( 2 0 0 1 ) stress the very restricted range o f C. passio
3.2.2. Salisbury E m b a y m e n t , Atlantic M a r g i n , U S A - de
o f only a
c o u p l e o f m e t e r s in the u p p e r M i d d l e M i o c e n e sequences
in the N o r t h S e a B a s i n a n d the N o r t h A d a n t i c realm (a.o.
B r o w n 8c D o w n i e , 1 9 8 5 ; L u n d 8 c L u n d - C h r i s t e n s e n ,
S a m p l e s 2 9 5 . 8 m a n d 2 9 2 . 4 m are s t r o n g l y d o m i n a t e d
( 8 7 . 6 % a n d 8 9 . 3 % ) by t h e acritarch Paralecaniella
inden-
tata ( T a b . 2 , F i g . 8 ) . T h i s species is a c o m m o n e l e m e n t in
M e s o z o i c and Cenozoic organic-walled palynomorphs
a s s e m b l a g e s . P. indentata
L O o f 5<?-
is a d i a g n o s t i c event for this z o n e .
dionaeacysta
apparently has a broad eco-
logical t o l e r a n c e since it thrives in m a r i n e t o margined
m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t s ( E l s i k , 1 9 7 7 ) . N o t e w o r t h y is that
d i n o f l a g e l l a t e cysts diversity in these s a m p l e s is very l o w
- o n l y 1 9 s p e c i e s were r e c o r d e d - a n d t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f
the cysts is poor. T h e h i g h a b u n d a n c e o f P. indentata
in
this interval i n d i c a t e s a d e p o s i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t h i g h l y
u n f a v o u r a b l e for d i n o f l a g e l l a t e s , m a y b e very m a r g i n a l
m a r i n e o r even b r a c k i s h . T h e d e c r e a s e o f P. indentata
in
the a b o v e - l y i n g s a m p l e s ( 1 4 . 4 % in 2 8 5 . 8 m a n d 4 . 5 % in
2 7 9 . 9 m ) p o i n t s to a g r a d u a l return t o m o r e favourable
m a r i n e d e p o s i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t s for d i n o f l a g e l l a t e s .
A l t h o u g h the dinoflagellate cyst diversity in t h e t w o latter
s a m p l e s is higher, the p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e cysts r e m a i n s
poor. T h e increase o f the relative a b u n d a n c e ofP
indentata
in a h i g h e r interval ( 2 3 4 . 5 m t o 2 1 5 . 6 m ) t o a m a x i m u m
o f 1 8 . 5 % testifies o f a return t o m o r e u n f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i tions for dinoflagellates ( F i g . 8 ) . T h i s is u n d e r s c o r e d b y
the relative increase o f Cyclopsiella
s p e c i e s . T h i s interval
is f u r t h e r m o r e c h a r a c t e r i s e d by a p r o n o u n c e d influx o f
r e w o r k e d dinoflagellate cysts ( T a b . 2 ) .
Poorly preserved s p e c i m e n s o f
Systematophoraplacacantha
are sporadically present in l o w n u m b e r s in s o m e s a m p l e s .
W h e t h e r the s p e c i m e n s are reworked or not is unclear
and c a n n o t be j u d g e d solely f r o m the state o f preservation.
1 9 9 2 ; E n g e l , 1 9 9 2 ) , w h i c h underlines t h e stratigraphic
potential o f this species. H o w e v e r , the chronostratigraphic
calibration o f this event r e m a i n s uncertain b e c a u s e o f the
lack o f a parallel record o f calibration d a t a f r o m other fossil g r o u p s . S t r a u s s et al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) furthermore speculate that
the short lasting occurrence o f C. passio
m i g h t b e situated
j u s t before the i m p o r t a n t sea level d r o p associated with
s e q u e n c e b o u n d a r y 1 0 . 5 M a sensu H a q et al. ( 1 9 8 7 ) or
the m a j o r sequence b o u n d a r y S e r 4 / T o r l at 1 1 . 7 M a sensu
H a r d e n b o l et al. ( 1 9 9 8 ) . T h e single record o f C.passio,
utinensis,
as C.
in the M a z z a p i e d i section (Italy) by Z c v e n b o o m
( 1 9 9 5 ) in the earliest T o r t o n i a n is d i s s o n a n t vis-a-vis other
regions ( N o r t h S e a B a s i n a n d the N o r t h A t l a n t i c r e a l m ) ,
a n d thus n e e d s further research.
T h e interval f r o m 2 7 0 . 9 m t o 2 2 7 . 5 m h o l d s t h e D N 8
Z o n e , w h i c h is defined as t h e interval f r o m the H O o f C.
passio
t o the H O o f S. soucouyantiae.
events are the H O of C.poulsenii
Additional diagnostic
( s a m p l e 2 6 5 . 8 m ) within
the z o n e a n d the H O o f Palaeocystodinium
spp. (sample
2 2 7 . 5 m ) near t h e u p p e r b o u n d a r y o f the z o n e .
boquadrina
acostaensis
Neoglo-
is r e c o r d e d in t h e b a s a l b e d s of the
D N 8 Z o n e in t h e t y p e area. I t s a p p e a r a n c e , at 1 0 . 9 M a
a c c o r d i n g t o B e r g g r e n et al. ( 1 9 9 5 ) , defines t h e lower
b o u n d a r y o f p l a n k t o n i c foraminiter Z o n e N 1 6 . T h e u p p e r
b o u n d a r y o f the D N 8 Z o n e is close t o the calcareous n a n n o p l a n k t o n Z o n e N N 1 0 / N N 1 1 b o u n d a r y . D e Verteuil
8 c N o r r i s ( 1 9 9 6 ) e s t i m a t e that this D N 8 Z o n e s p a n s t h e
t i m e f r o m the b e g i n n i n g o f the L a t e M i o c e n e to the early
part o f C h r o n C 4 r . T h e H O o f Hystrichosphaeropsis
obscura
STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION O F T H E N E O C E N E MARINE -
C O N T I N E N T A L R E C O R D IN T H E M A A S E I K
WELL
21
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Maaseik borehole 4 9 W 2 2 0
Figure 8. Distribution of selected dinoflagellate cysts in the Maaseik borehole (49W0220) and correlation with the biozonation of
de Verteuil & Norris (1996). Depth of samples is given in m below topographic surface.
defines the u p p e r b o u n d a r y o f the D N 9 Z o n e , w h i l e its
3.2.3. Nieder Ochtenhausen Research Well, Northern
b a s e is defined by t h e u p p e r b o u n d a r y o f t h e D N 8 Z o n e .
G e r m a n y - S t r a u s s et al. ( 2 0 0 1 )
T h e five u p p e r m o s t s a m p l e s of t h e M a a s e i k b o r e h o l e c a n
be a c c o m m o d a t e d w i t h i n t h e D N 9 Z o n e .
inium
truncatum
Labyrinthod-
T h e low species diversity a n d p o o r preservation in s a m p l e s
o c c u r s in t h e u p p e r m o s t s a m p l e o f our
2 9 5 . 8 m a n d 2 9 2 . 4 m hinder the recognition o f a b i o z o n e .
s t u d i e d section a n d h a s its H O at t h e u p p e r b o u n d a r y o f
S a m p l e s 2 8 5 . 8 m a n d 2 7 9 . 9 m m i g h t h o l d the N a q Z o n e ,
the D N 9 Z o n e in t h e S a l i s b u r y E m b a y m e n t . T h e D N 9
defined a s t h e s t r a t a b e t w e e n t h e L O o f
Z o n e is e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e lower p a r t o f c a l c a r e o u s n a n -
aquaeductum
n o p l a n k t o n Z o n e N N 1 1 a n d h a s a late T o r t o n i a n a g e .
A c c o r d i n g t o S t r a u s s e t al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) , t h e last c o m m o n o c -
Selenopemphix
armageddonensis
h a s in o u r s t u d y m a t e r i a l
Unipontedinium
t o the L O o f Cannosphaeropsispassio
currence o f Systematophoraplacacantha
(Fig. 9 ) .
a n d t h e H O o f U.
an early e n t r y already in t h e D N 9 Z o n e , w h i l e in t h e t y p e
aquaeductum
area it only a p p e a r s in t h e s u p e r j a c e n t latest T o r t o n i a n t o
is a b s e n t in t h e M a a s e i k well a n d S. placacantha
M e s s i n i a n D N 1 0 Z o n e . H a r d e n b o l e t al. ( 1 9 9 8 ) p l a c e t h e
o n l y in l o w n u m b e r s ( s e e a b o v e ) . T h u s , it is p r o b a b l e
L O o f S. armageddonensis
t h a t o n l y t h e u p p e r m o s t p a r t o f the N a q Z o n e is p r e s e n t
H O o f H. obscura
a t 9 . 0 M a , w h i c h is b e f o r e t h e
at 7 . 3 4 M a .
are situated h i g h in this z o n e . U.
aquaeductum
occurs
in t h e M a a s e i k well. S i n c e this z o n e is correlated w i t h
22
VANDENM-.RGHE. I AG \ . I n l ' Y Y Y E . VANHOORNi;. Y1ARQUET. D E M E U T E R , W O U T E R S & H A G E M A N N
the m i d d l e a n d u p p e r p a r t o f c a l c a r e o u s n a n n o p l a n k t o n
Achomosphaera
Z o n e N N 5 (lower to m i d d l e Serravallian), samples
in samples 2 7 0 . 9 m and 2 6 5 . 8 m.This zone is interpreted by
2 8 5 . 8 m a n d 2 7 5 . 8 m c o u l d have a m i d d l e Serravallian
Strauss et al. (2001) to be equivalent to the upper part o f N N 6
andalousiensis
is thus present
andalousiensis,
a g e . S a m p l e 2 7 5 . 8 m h o l d s t h e C p a Z o n e , defined a s t h e
and the lower part o f N N 7 , and to b e o f (middle to) late Ser-
interval f r o m the L O t o t h e H O o f C. passio.
ravallian age. The G v c Z o n e , defined as the interval from the
Contrary
to t h e findings o f d e Verteuil 8 c N o r r i s ( 1 9 9 6 ) in t h e U S
L O o f Gramocysta
A t l a n t i c M a r g i n , Cerebrocystapouhenii
losphaera
h a s a H O within
verricula
umbraculum,
to just below the L O o f
Amicu-
is recorded in samples 256.3 m and
this z o n e at N i e d e r O c h t e n h a u s e n . S t r a u s s et al. ( 2 0 0 1 )
2 4 5 . 5 m . T h e G v e Z o n e is interpreted to straddle the M i d d l e
s u g g e s t a correlation with calcareous n a n n o p l a n k t o n Z o n e
- U p p e r M i o c e n e boundary (Strauss et al. 2 0 0 1 ) . However,
N N 6 ( m i d d l e t o late S e r r a v a l l i a n ) b a s e d o n an indirect
this interpretation should be considered tentative since it is
correlation b y m e a n s o f b o l b o t o r m s .
based on an indirect correlation, namely the occurrence o f G.
The upper boundary o f the superjacent S a n Z o n e lies just
verricula
below the L O o f Gramocysta
is indirectly calibrated with calcareous nannoplankton Z o n e s
verricula,
recorded in sample
2 5 6 . 3 m. T h e S a n Z o n e , also characterised by the L O of
in an interval o f the G r o s s Pampau borehole which
N N 8 and N N 9 by means o f bolboforms.
Nieder Ochtenhausen
Northern Germany
Strauss ef a l . (2001)
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Maaseik borehole 49W220
Figure 9. Distribution of selected dinoflagellate cysts in the Maaseik borehole (49W0220) and correlation with the biozonation of
Strauss et al. (2001). Depth of samples is given in m below topographic surface.
STRATKIRAPHIC DNTERPRETATION O F T H F N E O C E N E M A R I N E -
C O N T I N E N T A L R E C O R D IN T H E M A A S E I K
23
WELL
T h e a b o v e l y i n g A u m Z o n e covers t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f
correlation is m a i n l y based o n t h e recognition o f the D N 6
the U p p e r M i o c e n e a n d is d e f i n e d b y t h e L O o f A.
Z o n e a n d D N 7 Z o n e o f d e Verteuil & N o r r i s ( 1 9 9 6 ) .
umbraculum
(sample 234.5 m ) to the L O o f
cf.pseudofurcatus
Spiniferites
L o u w y e ( 2 0 0 2 ) recorded a w e l l - p r e s e r v e d a n d rich d i n o -
sensu H a r l a n d (not recorded). The u p -
flagellate cyst a s s e m b l a g e f r o m the D e u r n e S a n d s , a local
per part of t h e s t u d i e d s e c t i o n f r o m s a m p l e s 2 3 4 . 5 m
m e m b e r o f the Upper M i o c e n e Diest Formation. T h e
to 1 9 1 . 5 m t h u s h o l d s t h e A u m Z o n e . T h e A u m Z o n e
i n v e s t i g a t e d s e q u e n c e is located in t h e A n t w e r p area a n d
is s u b d i v i d e d i n t o four s u b z o n e s a n d an u p p e r m o s t u n -
has a t h i c k n e s s o f only a f e w m e t e r s . T h e dinoflagellate
n a m e d interval ( F i g . 9 ) . R e c o g n i s i n g t h e s e s u b z o n e s o f
cyst a s s e m b l a g e r e c o r d e d in t h e D e u r n e S a n d s is c o m -
S t r a u s s et al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) in t h e interval 2 3 4 . 5 m t o 1 9 1 . 5 m
p a r a b l e t o t h e a s s e m b l a g e s r e c o r d e d in s a m p l e s 2 3 4 . 5 m
is m u c h m o r e difficult.
to 2 2 0 . 5 m o f the M a a s e i k b o r e h o l e . T h e c o m p a r i s o n is
The l o w e r m o s t Pal S u b z o n e is defined a s the interval f r o m
b a s e d o n the occurrence o f species s u c h
the b a s e o f the regular o c c u r r e n c e at A. umbraculum
H O of Palaeocystodinium
t o the
s p p . H o w e v e r , the latter s p e c i e s
h a s its h i g h e s t c o m m o n o c c u r e n c e in s a m p l e 2 4 5 . 5 m .
W h e t h e r the two single specimens o f
Palaeocystodinium
s p p . in s a m p l e s 2 3 4 . 5 m a n d 2 2 7 . 5 m , r e c o r d e d o u t s i d e
the c o u n t i n g , are r e w o r k e d o r in situ i f difficult t o a s s e s s ,
and renders t h e f o r m a l r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e Pal S u b z o n e
difficult ( F i g . 9 ) . T h i s interval is f u r t h e r m o r e typified b y
the substantial presence o f r e w o r k e d cysts (see a b o v e ) . T h e
Pal s u b z o n e is c a l i b r a t e d a g a i n s t N N 8 / N N 1 0 a n d h a s a
s u p p o s e d l y early t o m i d d l e T o r t o n i a n a g e .
Sample 220.5 m possibly holds the S p s S u b z o n e whose
u p p e r b o u n d a r y is d e f i n e d b y t h e t o p o f t h e r e g u l a r
o c c u r r e n c e o f Spiniferites
However, the
pseudofurcatus.
o c c u r r e n c e o f this s p e c i e s is s p o r a d i c in t h e M a a s e i k
b o r e h o l e a n d never regular. T h e S p s S u b z o n e is p r o b a b l y
equivalent t o calcareous n a n n o p l a n k t o n Z o n e s N N 1 0 a n d
asAmiculosphaera
umbraculum,
Lejeunecysta
s p . 1, Sumatradinium
soucouyantiae, Spiniferites
pseudofurcatus
and
Trinovantedinium
glorianum.
T h e D e u r n e S a n d s w e r e correlated with d i n o -
flagellate
cyst z o n e D N 8 o f d e Verteuil 8 c N o r r i s ( 1 9 9 6 )
a n d t h e A u m b i o z o n c o f S t r a u s s et al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) , a n d , m o r e
tentatively, with their S p s S u b z o n e . A s stressed by L o u w y e
( 2 0 0 2 ) , neither t h e lower n o r u p p e r b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e
a b o v e m e n t i o n e d z o n e s were r e c o g n i s e d in t h e unit. T h e
p r e s e n c e o f Impagidiniuw
s p e c i e s in the D e u r n e S a n d s
is noteworthy. A c c o r d i n g t o D a l e ( 1 9 9 6 ) , t h e p r e s e n c e
of this s p e c i e s ( a n d also Nematosphaeropsis
s p e c i e s ) , even
in very l o w n u m b e r s , is an i n d i c a t i o n o f the influence o f
o c e a n i c w a t e r m a s s e s , a p h e n o m e n o n n o t r e c o r d e d in t h e
M a a s e i k b o r e h o l e . S t r i k i n g is t h e a b s e n c e o f
•verricula
Gramocysta
in t h e D e u r n e S a n d s , w h i c h m i g h t b e e n v i r o n -
mentally controlled.
T h e D e s s e l S a n d s a n d D i e s t S a n d s are t h e t w o ot her
N N 1 1 ( p a r s ) ( m i d d l e T o r t o n i a n t o ?earliest M e s s i n i a n ) .
m e m b e r s o f t h e D i e s t F o r m a t i o n a n d are f o u n d in t h e
T h e u n d e r l y i n g thin N c r S u b z o n e , d e f i n e d b y the L O a n d
C a m p i n e area. B o t h m e m b e r s are d i a c h r o n o u s ( L o u w y e
H O o f Nematosphaeropsis
crassimuratus,
was most prob-
et al.. 1 9 9 9 ) . T h e
fine-grained
Dessel Sands and coarse-
ably n o t r e c o g n i s e d in t h e M a a s e i k well b e c a u s e of t h e
g r a i n e d D i e s t S a n d s are genetically related t o t h e f o r m a -
l o w s a m p l i n g r e s o l u t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , this N c r S u b z o n e
tion a n d infilling o f a large g u l l y in the eastern C a m p i n e
w a s never
area, w h i c h p r e s u m a b l y f o r m e d at t h e e n d o f M i d d l e
recorded o u t s i d e t h e type locality N i e d e r O c h t e n h a u s e n .
M i o c e n e t i m e s or d u r i n g early L a t e M i o c e n e t i m e s . T h e
is difficult t o calibrate since N. crassimuratus
Samples 2 1 5 . 6 m to 2 0 1 . 5 m can possibly be placed
within the P l a S u b z o n e , w h o s e u p p e r b o u n d a r y is defined
by the H O o f Pentadinium
laticinctum
laticinctum.
This
s p e c i e s , however, a l s o h a s a very s p o r a d i c o c c u r r e n c e a n d
is never a b u n d a n t . A c c o r d i n g t o S t r a u s s et al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) , this
s u b z o n e is m o s t p r o b a b l y e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e u p p e r p a r t o f
calcareous n a n n o p l a n k t o n Z o n e N N l l , a n d they s u g g e s t
D e s s e l S a n d s in t h e vicinity o f the gully in t h e eastern
C a m p i n e area h o l d the D N 8 Z o n e o f d e Verteuil 8 c N o r ris ( 1 9 9 6 ) , while t h e s a m e s a n d s h o l d the D N 9 Z o n e in
the w e s t e r n C a m p i n e area. T h e a b o v e - l y i n g D i e s t S a n d s
h o l d s , in respectively the s a m e areas, the D N 9 a n d D N 1 0
Z o n e s . T h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e s e b i o z o n e s in b o t h units
allows a correlation with t h e M a a s e i k s e q u e n c e ( F i g . 8 ) .
a ?latest T o r t o n i a n - early M e s s i n i a n a g e .
T h e u p p e r m o s t " u n n a m e d " S u b z o n e in t h e N i e d e r
3.2.5. Conclusions
O c h t e n h a u s e n well is c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y c o m m o n o c c u r rences of, a.o., Hystrichosphaeropsis
opshaera
actinocoronata,
obscura
and
Reticulat-
a p h e n o m e n o n a l s o o b s e r v e d in
sample 191.5 m.
A t M a a s e i k , the deposition o f the Breda
for d i n o f l a g e l l a t e c y s t s , testified b y h i g h n u m b e r s o f
Paralecaniella
3 . 2 . 4 . C o m p a r i s o n w i t h M i o c e n e d e p o s i t s in n o r t h e r n
Belgium
T h e dinoflagellate cyst a s s e m b l a g e s r e c o r d e d f r o m s a m ples 2 8 5 . 8 m t o 2 7 5 . 8 m are c o m p a r a b l e t o t h o s e f o u n d in
the u p p e r p a r t o f the A n t w e r p e n S a n d s , a m e m b e r f r o m
the B e r c h e m F o r m a t i o n , in the " B o r g e r h o u t R i v i e r e n h o f "
o u t c r o p in the A n t w e r p area by L o u w y e et al. ( 2 0 0 0 ) . T h i s
Formation
started in a m a r g i n a l m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t u n f a v o u r a b l e
indentata
in t h e very b a s e o f the s e q u e n c e .
D e c r e a s i n g n u m b e r s o f this s p e c i e s h i g h e r u p in t h e
s e q u e n c e indicate that d e p o s i t i o n t o o k place in i n c r e a s ingly m o r e m a r i n e c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g m i d d l e Serravallian
t i m e s . A n a g e for the basal section c a n n o t b e p r o p o s e d .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e b i o z o n a t i o n o f d e Verteuil 8 c N o r r i s
( 1 9 9 6 ) , the M i d d l e - U p p e r M i o c e n e b o u n d a r y is located
b e t w e e n s a m p l e s 2 7 5 . 8 m a n d 2 7 0 . 9 m , while a c c o r d i n g
to S t r a u s s et al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) t h e b o u n d a r y lies s o m e w h e r e in
24
V A N D E N B E R G H E . L A G A . L O U W Y E , V A N H O O R N E . MARQUET. D E M E U T E R . W O U T E R S & H A G E M A N N
the interval 2 5 6 . 3 m t o 2 4 5 . 5 m . T h e u p p e r M i o c e n e
the b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n M i d d l e a n d U p p e r M i o c e n e z o n e s
s e q u e n c e in t h e M a a s e i k well w a s d e p o s i t e d s o m e t i m e
between 2 2 8 . 5 a n d 2 3 7 . 5 m represented by a hiatus o f
during Tortonian times. The Messinian biozone D N 1 0
more than 2 M a .
o f d e Verteuil & N o r r i s ( 1 9 9 6 ) w a s n o t r e c o g n i s e d in
the M a a s e i k b o r e h o l e , w h i l e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e S t r a u s s et
3.4. Molluscan
fauna
al. ( 2 0 0 1 ) b i o z o n a t i o n t h e u p p e r m o s t s a m p l e c o u l d h o l d
their M e s s i n i a n " u n n a m e d " b i o z o n e . T h e l o w - r e s o l u t i o n
3.4.1. Material and methods
sampling does not allow us to draw conclusions regarding c h a n g e s o f t h e d c p o s i t i o n a l rate. A n increase o f P.
a n d Cyclopsiella
A n u m b e r o f c o r e s , taken b e t w e e n 2 0 0 a n d 2 9 8 m d e p t h ,
s p e c i e s in t h e u p p e r p a r t o f
were sieved o n a 0 . 5 m m m e s h a n d all identifiable f r a g -
the s e q u e n c e f r o m s a m p l e s 2 3 4 . 5 m t o 2 1 5 . 6 m , a n d a
m e n t s ot m o l l u s c a w e r e collected ( d e p o s i t e d in t h e I R -
p r o n o u n c e d influx o f reworked species in s a m p l e 2 2 7 . 5 m
S c N B / K B I N collection, D e p a r t m e n t o f Palaeontology,
indentata
i n d i c a t e a return t o less favourable c o n d i t i o n s for d i n o -
section I n v e r t e b r a t e P a l a e o n t o l o g y ) . T h e cores s o r t e d o u t
flagellate
c o n s i s t e d o f h a l f ot t u b e s o f 1 m l o n g , w i t h a cross section
cysts, i.e. m u c h s h a l l o w e r c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g a
p e r i o d o f l o w sea level o r uplift.
o f 1 0 c m , t a k e n in t h e intervals 2 9 7 - 2 9 8 m , 2 8 5 - 2 8 6 m ,
279-267 m, 258-248 m, 242-228 m and 218-200 m.This
3.3. Calcareous
y i e l d e d a collection o f m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 0 shells a n d shell
microfossils
f r a g m e n t s . T h e h i g h e s t d e n s i t y w a s reached b e t w e e n 2 4 2
and 2 2 8 m , in w h i c h several lenses or b e d s m a i n l y c o n s i s t -
3 . 3 . 1 . B e n t h i c foraminifera
i n g o f s i n g l e valves o f t h e bivalve s u b s p e c i e s
T h e section b e t w e e n 1 9 6 . 5 0 m a n d 2 3 2 . 5 0 m w a s e x a m i n e d . B e l o w 2 0 3 . 5 0 m a b u n d a n t Florilus
s o m e Elphidium
s o m e s a m p l e s with a b u n d a n t foraminifera, also
bosiusi
deurnensis
and
boueanus
are present. I n a d d i t i o n , in
antoninum
Uvigerina
is present. T h e p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m s , the s o
called Globigerinapachyderma,
obovata
baldii
Glycymeris
Glibert 8c Van de Poel, 1965 occurred.
T h e r e m a i n i n g m a t e r i a l w a s d i s t r i b u t e d r a n d o m l y in
the cores.
T h i s m a t e r i a l w a s identified u s i n g t h e w o r k s o f G i i r s
(2001,2002),Giirs8cWeinbrecht (2001),Janssen (1984),
in the s a m p l e s are generally
H e e r i n g ( 1 9 5 0 ) , H i n s c h ( 2 0 0 0 ) , M e n z e l e t al. ( 1 9 9 4 ) ,
dextrally coiling (see D e M e u t e r 8 c L a g a , 1 9 7 0 a n d also
M o t h s ( 1 9 8 9 ) , Van Voorthuysen ( 1 9 4 4 ) and Wienrich
H o o y b e r g h s e t al., 2 0 0 4 ) .
( 2 0 0 2 ) . T h e d a t a are r e p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 3.
This section b e t w e e n 1 9 6 . 5 0 a n d 2 3 2 . 5 0 m c a n therefore
b e correlated b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y t o t h e Uvigerina
deurnensis
- Elphidium
antoninum
bosiusi
assemblage zone ( D e
3.4.2. Previous research about the M i o c e n e M o l l u s c a
from Belgium
M e u t e r 8 c L a g a , 1 9 7 6 ) or t h e B F N 3 ( B e l g i u m B e n t h i c
F o r a m i n i f e r a ) - F C 2 ( b i o z o n e in t h e N e t h e r l a n d s ) o f
A l t h o u g h already N y s t (1845) described
D o p p e r t et a l . ( 1 9 7 9 ) . T h i s b i o z o n e c o r r e s p o n d s in B e l -
s p e c i e s f r o m t h e M i o c e n e o f the A n t w e r p area, t h e first
g i u m to the D e u r n e a n d D e s s e l S a n d s o f the D i e s t F o r m a -
systematic studies were these o f Glibert ( 1 9 4 5 , 1 9 5 2 ,
molluscan
tion; in a d d i t i o n , characteristic f o r a m i n i f e r a a s s o c i a t i o n s
1954) and Glibert 8 c d e Heinzelin de Braucourt (1955).
of k n o w n over- a n d u n d e r l y i n g l i t h o s t r a t i g r a p h i c u n i t s
T h e first three w o r k s m e n t i o n e d t r e a t e d respectively t h e
are m i s s i n g in this interval.
bivalves, g a s t r o p o d s ( m i n u s T u r r i d a c ) a n d T u r r i d a e o f the
3.3.2.The Ostracods
the L a t e M i o c e n e D e u r n e S a n d M e m b e r . All Gilbert's
E a r l y a n d M i d d l e M i o c e n e , t h e last t h e w h o l e f a u n a o f
s t u d i e s h o w e v e r w e r e b a s e d o n m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d in
I n t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y s a m e interval b e t w e e n 2 0 1 . 5 0 m
t h e n i n e t e e n t h century, b y N y s t a n d o t h e r a m a t e u r c o l -
a n d 2 3 5 . 5 0 m o s t r a c o d s are d e t e r m i n e d . E s p e c i a l l y t h e
l e c t o r s . A s y s t e m a t i c field s u r v e y w a s never a t t e m p t e d ,
p r e s e n c e o f Thaerocythere
b e c a u s e o f l a c k o f e x p o s u r e s b e f o r e a n d at t h e t i m e o f
sp.l,
Sagmatocythere
variolata
are typical for the S a n d s o f
t h e s t u d i e s o f this f a u n a b y G l i b e r t a n d d e H e i n z e l i n .
D e u r n e . N o n e o f t h e s e three s p e c i e s were ever f o u n d in
T h i s h a d h o w e v e r several d r a w b a c k s . F i r s t of all, a l o t
o t h e r M i o c e n e o r P l i o c e n e s t r a t i g r a p h i c units in t h e area.
o f m a t e r i a l w a s c o l l e c t e d ex situ,
T h e o t h e r species p r e s e n t p o i n t t o a M i o c e n e rather than
P l i o c e n e s p e c i e s w e r e i n c l u d e d in M i d d l e
Pliocene deposit.
f a u n a lists. T h i s w a s e m p h a s i z e d b y j a n s s e n & V a n D e r
a n d Propontocyprispropinqua
T h e p r e s e n c e o t Callistocytheresp.l
and 2 and
Leptocythere
sp. is interesting a s these species w e r e never r e c o r d e d in
the D e u r n e S a n d s o f their classical A n t w e r p C a m p i n e
o c c u r r e n c e area. I t c o u l d p o i n t t o a different p a l a e o e n v i r o n m e n t a s t h e species o f b o t h g e n e r a preferentially live
in s h a l l o w e n v i r o n m e n t s in a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h a l g a e .
H o o y b e r g h s et al. ( 2 0 0 4 ) have recently d e s c r i b e d t h e
Bolboforma
z o n e s in t h e b o r e h o l e M a a s e i k a n d identified
so that a n u m b e r o f
Miocene
M a r k (1969) and confirmed by Marquet ( 1 9 9 5 , 1 9 9 7 a ,
b , 2 0 0 2 , in p r e s s ) r e g a r d i n g t h e P l i o c e n e m a l a c o f a u n a .
S e c o n d l y , o n l y p a r t o f the B e l g i a n M i o c e n e w a s k n o w n
to Glibert: the Early M i o c e n e H o u t h a l c n a n d E d e g e m
S a n d M e m b e r s , the M i d d l e M i o c e n e A n t w e r p c n S a n d
M e m b e r , the L a t e Miocene Deurne Sand M e m b e r and
t h e r e w o r k e d silicified B o l d e r b e r g f a u n a . Thirdly, in t h e
collection o f the I R S c N B / K B I N , the material o f the
S T R A T I G R A P H I C I N T E R P R E T A T I O N O F T H E N E O C E N E M A R I N E - C O N T I N E N T A L R E C O R D IN T H E M A A S E I K
25
WELL
K a t t e n d i j k F o r m a t i o n ( E a r l y P l i o c e n e ) is i n c l u d e d in
dii G l i b e r t 8 c V a n d e P o c l , 1 9 6 5 , Modiolula
that o f the L a t e M i o c e n e D e u r n e S a n d , (pers. o b s . ) , so
( P h i l i p p i , 1 8 4 4 ) , Scaccbia
that the a g e o f this M e m b e r could be underestimated.
1 9 1 1 ) ; Goodalia
L a s t l y , o n l y l a r g e shell s p e c i e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d , m i n u t e
beyschlageri
wae/i
degrangei
waeli
(Glibert, 1945),
( K a u t s k y , 1 9 2 5 ) , Ervilia
o n e s are u n d e r r e p r e s e n t e d . S o this p r e - 1 9 6 0 m a t e r i a l is
1 8 3 6 ) , Parvicardium
for a l a r g e p a r t u n s u i t e d for s t r a t i g r a p h i c c o m p a r i s o n s .
odontella
F r o m t h e 1960's o n w a r d , large scale w o r k s a l l o w e d t h e
Fusiturris
collection o f a large a m o u n t o f m a t e r i a l f r o m t h e B e l g i a n
subangystoma
nitida
scabrum
dachasteli
pusilla
Digitaria
(Philippi,
(Philippi, 1844),
( R e u s s , 1 8 6 7 ) , Gouldia
1 8 0 3 ) ( B i v a l v i a ) , Hyalia
phaseolina
( C o s s m a n n 8 c Peyrot,
laevigata
minima
Spani-
(Montagu,
(von Koenen, 1882),
(Kautsky, 1925),
fiexiplicata
( d ' O r b i g n y , 1 8 5 2 ) a n d Cylichna
Retusa
cylindracea
M i o c e n e . This m a t e r i a l w a s c o l l e c t e d better, i n c l u d i n g
( P e n n a n t , 1 7 7 7 ) ( G a s t r o p o d a ) . A l l t h e s e h o w e v e r are
the s m a l l e r s p e c i e s , b u t it h a s n o t y e t b e e n p u b l i s h e d
species with a long stratigraphic range, encompassing
completely. T h e R i n g M o t o r w a y a n d K e n n e d y T u n n e l
the w h o l e M i o c e n e a n d s o m e even r e a c h i n g till now. A
around Antwerp and the Antwerp M e t r o works con-
n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n is E. pusilla,
tained a b u n d a n t m a t e r i a l f r o m t h e E d e g c m , A n t w e r p e n
in o t h e r B e l g i a n M i o c e n e s e d i m e n t s : it is very c o m m o n
and Deurne Sand M e m b e r s . In D o e l , Oost-Vlaanderen
( D e u r g a n c k d o k ) a M i o c e n e fauna preserved in s a n d s t o n e ,
of yet u n k n o w n a g e , w a s discovered. In D e u r n e ( A n t w e r p ,
M i d d e l a r e s H o s p i t a l ) , the D e u r n e S a n d M e m b e r c o u l d b e
s a m p l e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , in H e i s t - O p - D e n - B e r g t h e rich
Zonderschot S a n d M e m b e r was discovered and sampled
extensively d u r i n g several large scale d i g g i n g s , o r g a n i z e d
mainly by the " W e r k g r o e p v o o r T e r t i a i r e en Kwartaire G e ologie". S m a l l e r exposures also proved t o contain u n k n o w n
molluscan faunae, especially a clay pit in R a m s e l ( A n t w e r p
p r o v i n c e ) w i t h an i n t e r n a l m o u l d f a u n a a n d b u i l d i n g
w o r k s in P u t t e , near L i e r ( A n t w e r p p r o v i n c e ) . L a s t o f all,
a fauna, preserved in p h o s p h o r i t e n o d u l e s , could b e studied
in B r o e c h e m ( s a m e p r o v i n c e ) , w h i c h s e e m s to r e p r e s e n t a
M i o c e n e - P l i o c e n e b o u n d a r y a s s e m b l a g e . M a t e r i a l o f all
these e x p o s u r e s is c o n s e r v e d in t h e collection M a r q u e t ( t o
be transferred t o t h e I R S c N B / K B I N in B r u s s e l s ) a n d t h e
N N M N a t u r a l i s in L e i d e n . T h e N e t h e r l a n d s , as well as in
an e x t r e m e l y rare species
in t h e u p p e r p a r t o f the M a a s e i k b o r i n g , b u t a l s o occurs
rarely in t h e lower part; b e f o r e , it h a s b e e n f o u n d in t h e
Early Miocene E d e g e m Sand Member.
O n l y a rather l o w n u m b e r o f taxa - 2 4 - s e e m t o have
s t r a t i g r a p h i c s i g n i f i c a n c e . F i r s t o f all, s o m e c h a r a c t e r i z e
o n l y p a r t o f the section i n v e s t i g a t e d a n d are well e n o u g h
r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e s a m p l e s . T h e y a l l o w t h e d i s t i n c t i o n
o f t w o different p a r t s in t h e s e c t i o n , a l t h o u g h there is
a c o n s i d e r a b l e o v e r l a p p i n g p a r t in their r a n g e s . T h e y
are listed in T a b l e s 4 a a n d 4 b . T h e o v e r l a p p i n g p a r t is
between 2 3 9 a n d 2 2 7 m , with o n e species characteristic
o f this p a r t b y its g r e a t a b u n d a n c e , b u t r e a c h i n g a b o v e a s
well a s b e l o w : Anodontia
benoisti
( C o s s m a n n 8c Peyrot,
1912) found between 2 6 8 and 2 1 4 m depth. Secondly,
o t h e r s p e c i e s only were f o u n d in o n e or f e w s a m p l e s , b u t
c h a r a c t e r i z e p a r t o f t h e N e o g e n e in o t h e r p a r t s of t h e
North Sea Basin.
O f t h e 1 4 species c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e u p p e r p a r t o f t h e
n u m e r o u s private collections. P u b l i c a t i o n s h o w e v e r a b o u t
s e c t i o n , o n l y t w o have b e e n f o u n d b e f o r e in t h e B e l g i a n
this n e w material are scarce: J a n s s e n S c M i i l l e r ( 1 9 8 4 ) d i s -
M i o c e n e , w h i l e o f t h e 1 0 s p e c i e s in t h e lower p a r t , o n l y
cussed the R a m s e l fauna, M a r q u e t (1980) the B r o e c h e m
o n e is n e w {A. benoisti).
fauna a n d M a r q u e t in B o s s e l a e r s e t al. ( 2 0 0 4 ) that o f the
parendy contains molluscs n e w to the Belgian M i o c e n e ;
D e u r n e ( M i d d e l a r e s H o s p i t a l ) section. T h e b u l k o f t h e
o n l y t w o s p e c i e s in t h i s p a r t a r e k n o w n f r o m earlier
The u p p e r p a r t o f the section a p -
newly collected material r e m a i n s however t o b e d e s c r i b e d ;
research, n a m e l y f r o m t h e D e u r n e S a n d M e m b e r , o n e
the d o c t o r a l thesis b y R i n g e l e ( 1 9 7 4 ) a b o u t t h e N e o g e n e
o f w h i c h is also f o u n d in P l i o c e n e d e p o s i t s . T h e lower
Bivalvia, u n f o r t u n a t e l y w a s never p u b l i s h e d . A s y s t e m a t i c
p a r t o f t h e s e c t i o n c o n t a i n s species f o u n d in b o t h the
revision o f the w h o l e B e l g i a n M i o c e n e m o l l u s c a n f a u n a is
consequently n e e d e d a n d this w o u l d c o n s i d e r a b l y e n h a n c e
Z o n d e r s c h o t a n d t h e A n t w e r p e n S a n d M e m b e r s , s o it
c o u l d b e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o b o t h ; their g e n e r a l m o l l u s c a n
its s t r a t i g r a p h i c utility.
c o n t e n t o n l y differs slightly.
3.4.3. Results
3.4.4. N o t e s on systematics
( N y s t , 1 8 3 5 ) w a s f o u n d in f r a g -
E v e n t a k i n g the u n p u b l i s h e d material collected after 1 9 6 0
G/ossus lunulatus
into a c c o u n t , t h e M a a s e i k b o r i n g y i e l d e d 3 2 taxa n e w t o
m e n t a r y c o n d i t i o n in t h e w h o l e s e c t i o n , b u t t h e lack o f
hmulatus
the B e l g i a n M i o c e n e f a u n a , p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t i n g a p a r t
shell sculpture a n d the s h a p e o f the u m b o are recognizable
o f the M i o c e n e w h i c h w a s n o t f o u n d b e f o r e in B e l g i u m
in the material c o l l e c t e d . T h i s s u b s p e c i e s is only present in
a n d therefore n o t t o b e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a n y o f the k n o w n
the m i d d l e part o f the B e l g i a n M i o c e n e : the A n t w e r p a n d
M e m b e r s (see T a b l e 3 ) .
Zonderschot Sand Members.The Deurne Sand Member
A total n u m b e r o f 1 8 7 s p e c i e s w a s f o u n d , c o m p o s e d o f
c o n t a i n s a n o t h e r s p e c i e s , Glossus
7 5 bivalve, 2 s c a p h o p o d a n d 1 0 7 g a s t r o p o d taxa. T a b l e
(Glossus)
3 gives a list o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e s p e c i e s . M o s t
lower shell a n d m u c h less p r o t r u d i n g u m b o .
were r e p r e s e n t e d b y f e w s p e c i m e n s in e a c h c o r e p a r t
Aequipecten
only. E x c e p t i o n s a r e m a i n l y Glycymeris
obovata
bal-
forchhammeri
( B e c k in R a v n , 1 9 0 7 ; M a r q u e t , in p r e s s ) , differing b y its
operculars
( L i n n a e u s , 1 7 5 8 ) s.l. m a k e s p a r t
o f a g r o u p o f very s i m i l a r s p e c i e s a n d t h e s p e c i m e n s
New
Name:
Bivalvia
Isocrassina
f. ariejansseni
Lentidium
Arcopagia
chione
beyschlageri
Glossus
lunulatus
degrangei
Dosinia
Spaniodontella
Mactra
(Nyst, 1835)
(Reuss, 1867)
opercularis
( L i n n a e u s , 1 7 5 8 ) s.I.
sp. nov. ?
Yoldia
gtaberrima
Goodallia
angulata
( L e h m a n n , 1885)
Nuculajeffreysi
Bellardi, 1875
Leionucula
laevigata
Lucinoma
(Sowerby, 1818)
borealis
Parvicardium
(Linnaeus, 1758)
scabrum
(Philippi, 1844)
antwerpiensis
Corbula
gibba
Thracia
(T.)
Glycymeris
GNbert, 1 9 4 5
gibba
i. microgranosa
o. baldii
Angulus
benedeni
Periploma
ariei
Turneria
cylindrica
Nucula
(Olivi, 1792)
Gl. & V.d. Poel, 1965
fallax
( B e y r . in v. K.. 1 8 6 8 )
Gürs. 1996
( W o o d , 1850)
trigonula
Panopea
Marquet, 2004
W o o d , 1851
kazakovae
Glibert & V . d . P o e l , 1966
Pododesmus
squamula
Modiolula
Hiatella
árctica
(Philippi, 1844)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
diluvii
(Lamarck, 1805)
"subtruncata"
Acanthocardia
Angulus
(Linnaeus. 1758)
phaseolina
Scapharca
Spisula
X
X
X X X
X
X X
auct.
hanseata
donacinus
(Kautsky, 1925)
(Linnaeus. 1758)
ro
1.
~l-
ÍO r o r o r o r . r o ro r o r o r- r . r o r o r o r o r o r o INJ r o r o M r . r o r . r o CO ro IO r o M r o r o r o r^ r o r o r o r o ro r o
IO M IV' V . r o Co
CO
-o -o -o
CO Co
CO Co CO
rcn
c
cn on
- J - J —J
-i X r
o . on cn
CO t o o
CD
ro CO ~ cn 35 -o
5* - J cn O) -J CO CO o w ro CO u cn 1.
o
r o CO o . o i r -Nl X oi -o
CO CO o
CO
ro ro
Jl
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X X X X X X X
X
X
X X X
X X
X
X
X X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
?
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X X X
X
X
X X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X X X X X X X X
X
X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X X X X X X X X
X
X
X X X X X
X X X
X
X X X X
X X X X
X
X X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X X X
X
X X X X X X
X X X
X
X
X X
X
X X X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X X X X X
X X X
X
X X X X X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
Ensis
ro
ro
X
X X
X X X
N
(von Münster, 1817)
- - N
X
X
X X
(Linnaeus, 1758)
nitida
CD •O
X
X
( C o s s m . & Peyr., 1911)
cf. lupinus
Aequipecten
N
(Kautsky, 1925)
lunulatus
rO re N)
o
X
X
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Digitana
Scacchia
(De Serres. 1819)
3 c o o
o
O
w t o I- Ü1 3
X
( C o s s m . & Peyr., 1914)
cf. ventricosa
Callista
Abra
Marquet. 2005
turonensis
ro ro to r o ro ro ro
X X X X X X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X X X
X X X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X X X X X X
X
XX
X
X X
X
X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X
ro ro ro ro
ro
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
ro ro ro roOC
roOro ro ro ro ro roro ro ro ro ro ro
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
z IN- ro ro
-JOroi
-J
-4
cn 01
COCO
O ro COCOCOC
0) - J
ro ro ro ro ro COro COC
C INJ
O3 o
on cn cn
C
ro CO CN Ol 5 to
r^ CO <- on s
Ol -o
<D 8 C ro oCO S O
cn -si 00 3 3
ro to cn 03 •o on CT- ro
COCD©
-.I GO COo COro COS cn 5 •o COo
O
§
f
8
Name: Bivalvia
Goodalha
waeli
Similipecten
waeli
X
(Gilbert. 1945)
similis
X
X
(Laskey, 1822)
Lyons/a
X
Erycinidae
X
Teredinidae
X
Etvilia
pusilla
Timodea
X X X X X
X
X
X X X X X X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Pennant, 1777)
X
Aligena
Lapnkairea
lajonkairei
Arcopema
sericea
Mioerycma
coarclala
Pandora
copiose
Limopsis
anomala
Pilar
X
X X X X X
(Philippi. 1836)
ovala
X X X
rudis
rudis
Pseudamussium
? (Payraudeau, 1826)
N
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
(Wood, 1859)
X
X
Sorgenfrei. 1958
X
auct.
(Montagu. 1803)
X
Ulli
X
(Pusch. 1837)
X
X X X
X X
X
X X X X X
X X X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
Anodonlia
benoisti
Bathyarca
pectunculoides
Cyclocardia
Gouldia
(Cossm. & Peyr., 1912)
scalaris
minima
X X X
X X
X X X X X
(Leathes in Sow., 1825)
clavatum
Yoldielta
p . wesselinghi
Thyasira
tlexuosa
germanicus
Limatula
sulcata
anus
westendorpi
Cuspidaria
cuspidata
Cardiomya
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X X X X X
Marquet. 2002
X X X X
X
X X
X
X X X X
X X X
Anderson, 1967
X
A.W. Janssen, 1972
X
X
( L a m a r c k . 1818)
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
Nuculana
Mysella
X
X X X
(Poli, 1795)
Afrina sp.
Cahnastarte
X
X
X X X X X X
(Brown. 1827)
phalaenacea
X X X X X
X
X
X
(Montagu, 1803)
sorgenfrei!
Axinulus
X X
X X
X
X
X
(Montagu, 1803)
Pseudamussium
Musculus
N
(Scacchi, 1844)
X
X
X
Lepfon
Pteria
X
X
(Bronn, 1811)
bidentata
costellata
Ostreidae mdet
(Philippi, 1843)
(Nyst. 1839)
(Olivi, 1792)
(Montagu, 1803)
(Oeshayes, 1835)
N
X X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
New
N a m e : Bivalvia
Spaniorinus
Limea
cimbhcus
strigillata
multilamella
scalaris
X
X
X
X
X
(Lamarck, 1818)
subturgidum
Mimachiamys
angelonii
chionides
X
X
X X
{Bronn, 1831)
Laevicardium
? Callista
cn
X
{Kautsky, 1925)
(Brocchi, 1814)
Ventricoloidea
Clausinella
r o r o ro r o ro r j r j r o r o " - ro- r o r o r-j r o
r o r o ro r o r o r o r o ro r o r o r o r o I O ro r o r o r o r o r o r o r o r o r o r^ t _• r o ro r o r . r o r o ro r o r o r o r o r o r o r „ o r o ro- r o
cn cn cn c n
IO r.. S3 r o
on on cn
O
O
CO CO CO CO CO CO Co CO CO CO U J*
O
Z o
O
CTJ •sj "sj -s) -s| -si
-sj -si -si CO C
r o CO J> cn r -si -s| CD D O
cn
r o CO
cn a -sj CD D O
r o CO *» r j i
r o ... J> cn
-si cn 0 1 -si CO CD O
CD O
O
- J 0 0 CD C
- J CO c n -si
K CO
(d'Orbigny, 1852)
X
X
(De St. & P., 1880)
X
X
X
X
X
(Nyst, 1844)
Name: Scaphopoda
X X X X X X
Dentalium
X
Laevidentalium
X
X
X X X X
X
X X X
X
X
X
Name: Gastropoda
Svellia
var. paucicoslata
Ringicula
Ficus
(Peyrot, 1927)
ventricosa
conditus
Turritella
(Beyrich, 1854)
bracteata
Calliostoma
laureatum
subcirculus
curta
Eulima
glabra
(Mayer, 1874)
X
gastaldi
frondiculum
Hadriania
coelata
Brocchinia
mitr.
N
(Dujardin. 1837)
spinicoslata
prysmaticus
Asthenotoma
pannoides
Sorgenfreispira
sorgenfreii
(Beyrich. 1856)
(Bronn, 1831)
helicina
protracla
Chrysallida
semireticulata
Daphnobela
miocaenica
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X X
(Nordsieck, 1972)
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
N
X
X
X
X
X
N
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X X X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
(von Koenen, 1872)
(Eichwald, 1830)
X
X
X
X
X
N
X
X
X X X X
X
X
Gürs. 2003
X
X
X X
Sorgenfrei, 1958
X
X
X
X
(Brocchi. 1814)
X
X X
X
Xenophora
Euspira
X X X
X
X
N
X
X X
X X X X
X
(Wood, 1848)
X
X X X
X
X
auct.
parvula
X X
X
X
X
(Da Costa, 1778)
Turbonilla
Turbicauda
X
Hinsch, 1972
X
X
(Brocchi, 1814)
nieheimensis
X
X X X X
X
X
N
(Cossm. & Peyr., 1916)
Epitonium
Nassarius
X X
X X
Coralliophila
Alvania
X
X
d'Orbigny, 1852
sp. nov. ?
Orculus
X X X
X X
bicoronata
Turbonilla
N
(Brongniart, 1823)
eryna
Semicassis
(Sowerby, 1824)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
New
Name:
Gastropda
Fusiturrisd.
Retusa
flexiplicata
Calyptraea
Pleurotomella
Roxania
utriculus
Cylichna
cylindracea
Ringicula
Hyalia
obtusangula
subangulata
nana
Semicassis
Philine
(Brocchi, 1814)
miolaevigata
aquila
R
2002
X
Caecum
banoni
(Sacco, 1890)
(Benoist, 1872)
calcarata
Nassarius
tenuistriatus
Odostomia
conoidea
Retusa
elongata
Scaphander
X
Acteon
X X
Tectonatica
(Etheridge & Bell, 1898)
Conus
dujardini
Acteon
laevigatus
Baryspira
Chrysallida
(Kautsky, 1925)
Deshayes, 1845
(Grateloup, 1827)
obsoleta
Orthosurcula
(Brocchi, 1814)
steinworthi
pygmaea
aquense
(Philippi, 1843)
Sorgenfrei, 1958
miopusilla
(von Koenen, 1871)
(Grateloup. 1838)
(Recluz, 1850)
X
X X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X X
X
X X X
X
X
ON C , O-.
- J - J CO
r a ro R . RO R- R, R. RO RO RO
OD
- J - J - J - J - J - J •O - J
CO a
R CO R- ON CN
-J
CO
o
X
X X
X
X X
/
X X /
X
X X X
X
X X
X
X
X X X
X
X X X
0)
X
X X
X
X X X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
/
X X X
X
X
X /
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X X X X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N
X X
X
N
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X X X X X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
(Michelotti. 1847)
arnumensis
X
X X
X
X X X
X
X X
X X X
X X
X X
Glibert, 1952
terebelloides
X
X X
X
X
N
auct.
basistriata
Crenilabium
X X X
X X X X X
X
(von Eichwald, 1830)
hennei
X
ro r - RO r ; r J
X
(Beyrich, 1854)
grateloupi
Circulus
Evalea
(Brocchi, 1814)
o
o
X
X X
X
( J e f f r e y s . 1867)
Calcarata
01
X
X X
X
V a n Der Linden & A W . J a n s s e n , 1996
walleri
R.J RO RO RO RO RO RO R. RO RO RO RO R.^ RO t J RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO RO FO
TO CO TO TO TO J> i- 1- R- ON ON CN ON
RO R. RO RO RO CO C J TO TO
00 'O
R.. CO
-G CO CO
R CO •c ON s
- J CO CO O
&
-•T O ) - J ON
X
X X
X
Hermiaclis
CO 1-
X
N
Hyaloscala
Sinum
RO- R^ RO RO RO
3 o
o CD
0o
-•J
X
(Brocchi, 1814)
M a r q u e t et at.,
_
X X X
X X
(Van V o o r t h u y z e n , 1942)
Aporrhaisdingdenensis
o
Ji
X X
(Brocchi, 1814)
(von K o e n e n , 1882)
Asthenotoma
Mitrella
N
(Pennant, 1777)
buccinea
Turritella
(Nordsieck, 1972)
(Brocchi, 1814)
laevigata
:
CO
X X
(Cantraine, 1835)
mioweberi
RO
X
(Linnaeus, 1758)
fusiformis
~ 3
X
(d'Orbigny, 1852)
chinensis
Babylonella
ro R . RO RO RO RO TO RO RO
X X
(Kautsky, 1925)
subangystoma
RO
—
O
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X,
X
X
X X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
z
Name:
i
Gastropda
Tornalina
bellardii
(von K o e n e n , 1882)
N
neumayri
Balcisalba
Relusa
(von K o e n e n , 1882)
cf. Iruncatula
facki
Volvulella
acuminata
Pyramidella
elata
(Bruguiere, 1792)
(Bruguiere, 1792)
umb.
Turbonilla
undulata
Lyrotyphis
sejunctus
nysti
(von K o e n e n . 1882)
pluricostata
(Kautsky, 1925)
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X X X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N
X X
X
X
dufresnei
Raphitoma
Basterot, 1825
spinoreticulatum
X
Gurs, 2001
N
X
Pyramidella
grateloup!
C o s s m . & Peyr., 1917
N
X
Semibittium
duvergieri
( C o s s m . S P e y r . , 1921)
N
X X
Cerithiopsidae
exmaug.
hemmoorensis
Latirusrothi
Neverita
Schilder, 1929
(Beyrich, 1856)
Trigonostoma
extractrix
jos.
olta
(Boettger, 1906)
escheri
Agatothoma
hontensis
simplex
(Mayer, 1861)
( C s e p r e g h y - M e z n . , 1954)
(Beyrich, 1854)
Bathytoma
c. jugleri
Nassarius
holsaticus
Teretia
anceps
Genota
ramosa
Alvania
antwerpiensis
(Philippi, 1847)
(Beyrich, 1856)
(von Eichwald. 1830)
(Basterot, 1825)
Glibert, 1952
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(De Serres, 1829)
Acamptogenotia
Ficus
r
X
Natica
Erato
- r o r^ I O r o r o r o
-si - J -si - J - j -si CO c
CO x- c n T -sj CD on -o
X
X X
X
(Grateloup, 1832)
(Wienrich, 2001)
X
X
(Kautsky, 1925)
karinae
X
X
X
(Semper. 1861)
nassoides
X
X X X
X
ro r o r o ro r o r o r o r o r o r o r o ro r o r o
ro r o r o r o r o r o r _ r o r o
CO
o . * - on on on cn c n cn on cn
CO CO CO J>
•o.
-o
' t cn CO -4 GO n O
CO •o O
ro
CO CO O
ro CO J> on 5) -4
X
(von K o e n e n . 1882)
borealis
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
r o r o rO r o
CO CO CO CO
-o on r - 1 no z o
r o CO
X
(d'Orbigny, 1852)
Crassispira
Oliva
t o CO J> on
X
(von K o e n e n , 1882)
elatus
Trigonostoma
Nassarius
N
(von K o e n e n , 1872)
Actaeopyramis
Mitrella
ro IO IO ro ro r
X
(Da Costa, 1778)
Amyclina
Euspira
r o r._ NJ r o r o r o r o r o r o I-o r :
-Z o
o o c
O 3
To CO J> on 5 ~s| CO o o
X
Terebridae
Syrnola
o
o
N
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
2
S
Name: Gastropoda
Be/a ankae
Giirs, 2001
Nassarius
Actaeocina
Putilla
(Bellardi, 1882)
cavatus
(Brocchi, 1814)
spirata
N
(de Boury in C. & P., 1912)
duvergieri
? Dorsanum
semiplicata
Trigonostoma
apertum
Tornus
quadrifasciatus
Vexillum
plicatulum
(Van Voorlhuyzen, 1944)
o
(X)
s
ro ro ro r j ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
to r - f >
fO U
Cfl o» - J cn 9
O
K rrtOoo
CO
r o ro- r o r o r o r o r o r o ro. r o
CO
CO c o
Co
rj
'6', •«J
't
CO o
8
J
r
1-
X
r - ro f - r > ro r - r r'/I
to
s
2
I?
r.
n
r.
2 3
- J
r -
r-
-J
--4
r.
t -
3
-4
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
N
(Beyrich, 1856)
spina
Milra
grateloupi
X
(Brocchi, 1814)
X
X
(d'Orbigny, 1852)
gramensis
luisae
R. J a n s s e n , 1993
(von Koenen, 1878)
X
X
(Graleloup, 1832)
( H o m e s , 1855)
Billium
Pleurotomoides
8
X
(Nyst, 1871)
pertusa
Spirotropis
8
X
Hydrobiide
Opalia
ro t o ro ro ro to
O Q o
O
o
to co
th
X
(von Koenen. 1882)
gottscheana
Brachystomia
Acirsa
N
N
N
8
X
N
X X
X
Table 3. Distribution of molluscs (Bivalvia, Scaphopoda and Gastropoda) identified in the Breda Formation arranged according to their depth of first occurrence in the borehole. The depths
given in the top of the table are the tops of the core interval in meter below surface. The molluscs described for the first time in the area are indicated with N in the first column.
32
\ \ \ ! > l M i l RCillI . I U . A . 1 O l W Y E V A N H O O R M
Species
Mac tra sp. nov. ?
Arcopagia
cf. ventricosa
Callista
chume
Lenticiiiim
(Linnaeus, 1758)
turonensis
Turbonilla
(Cossm. & Peyr., 1914)
sp. nov. ?
Turneria
cylindrica
Caecum
banoni
Alvania
curta
Calcarata
Evalea
(De Serres, 1819)
(Wood, 1850)
(Benoist, 1872)
nieheimensis
calcarata
(Brocchi, 1814)
basistriata
Lajonkairea
(Etheridge & Bell. 1898)
lajonkairei
Anodontia
benoisti
Pseudamussium
Turbonilla
? (Payraudeau, 1826)
(Cossm. & Peyr., 1912)
clavalitm
undulata
Carinastarte
Nuculana
anus
Acamptogenotia
(Philippi, 1843)
(Nyst, 1839)
escheri
(Mayer, 1861 )
201-202
211-212
201-202
232-233
201-202
233-234
202-203
207-208
202-203
229-230
202-203
233-234
207-208
237-238
202-203
238-239
207-208
238-239
207-208
238-239
209-210
230-231
214-215
267-268
226-227
228-229
227-228
276-277
229-230
230-231
229-230
278-279
232-233
255-256
232-233
276-277
holsaticus
(Beyrich, 1856)
232-233
278-279
(von Eichwald, 1830)
232-233
278-279
232-233
278-279
anceps
Genota
ramosa
(Basterot, 1825)
cavatus
Clausinella
(Bellardi, 1882)
233-234
277-278
( Bronn, 1831 )
271-272
276-277
275-276
278-279
scalaris
Laevicardium
subturgidum
(d'Orbigny, 1852)
II \ ( l | \ | \ \ \
M a x i m u m depth
(Philippi, 1847)
Teretia
II R s \
Minimum depth
c. jugleri
Bathytoma
Nassarius
(Poli, 1795)
(von Koenen, 1882)
westendorpi
Nassarius
Hinsch, 1972
\ 1 \ R O I I L I U M l 1 II R . W O I
Table 4a. List of the stratigraphie important molluscs in the Breda Formation arranged according to depth of occurrence in the borehole,
expressed as the highest (minimum depth) and lowest (maximum depth) core intervals of occurrence, in meter below surface.
e n c o u n t e r e d b e l o n g t o a t y p e , slightly d e v i a t i n g f r o m
stratigraphic distribution. In a number o f characteristics,
P l i o c e n e t o R e c e n t m a t e r i a l , d e s c r i b e d in M a r q u e t &
it c o m e s closer t o t h e P l i o c e n e Mitrella
D i j k s t r a ( 2 0 0 0 ) . F u r t h e r s t u d y is n e e d e d t o ascertain this
R e g t e r e n A l t e n a ) , w i t h w h i c h it c o u l d f o r m a n e n d e m i c
"subtruncata"
met.
docs
probably belong to another
species, as d o Belgian Pliocene specimens, formerly referred t o b y the s a m e n a m e , w h i c h b e l o n g t o t h e extinct
taxon Spisula
p r e s s ) . Mactra
(S.) obtruncata
( W o o d , 1 8 5 7 ) ( M a r q u e t , in
s p . p r o b a b l y is a n e w s p e c i e s , f r o m w h i c h
unfortunately only fragmentary material was found.
Mitrella
nana
(Van
e v o l u t i o n a r y series.
identification.
Spisula
scaldensis
( V a n V o o r t h u y s e n , 1 9 4 4 ) w a s originally
d e s c r i b e d a s a variety o f Mitrella
nassoides
(Grateloup,
1 8 3 2 ) , w i t h w h i c h it c a n cocxist.Tfie differences b e t w e e n
b o t h however are clear e n o u g h t o d i s t i n g u i s h b o t h o n t h e
species level. M. nana r e m a i n s h a l f as s m a l l a s M.
nassoides,
for adult s p e c i m e n s w i t h c o m p l e t e l y d e v e l o p e d apertural
d e n t i c l e s . I t s s i p h o n a l c a n a l is s h o r t e r a n d t h e s u t u r e
is m o r e d i s t i n c t . A n i m p o r t a n t difference is t h e m u c h
lower, b u t b r o a d e r a p e r t u r e . I t is f u r t h e r m o r e only f o u n d
together with M. nassoides
in a l i m i t e d part o f its M i o c e n e
range and seems to be endemic to the N o r t h S e a Basin,
while M. nassoides
h a s an e x t r e m e l y w i d e g e o g r a p h i c a n d
T h e m a t e r i a l f r o m Amyclinafacki
(von K o e n e n , 1 8 7 2 ) is
in g e n e r a l b a d l y preserved; f r a g m e n t s f r o m the u p p e r part
o f t h e b o r i n g are larger t h a n o r d i n a r y s p e c i m e n s f r o m
the A n t w e r p e n S a n d M e m b e r a n d a p p e a r t o b e relatively
broader. T h e s e c o u l d b e l o n g to Amyclina
badensis
(Partsch
in H o m e s , 1 8 5 6 ) ; this is a species p r o b a b l y typical o f
M i o c e n e d e p o s i t s y o u n g e r t h a n s e d i m e n t s with A. facki
(especially B a d e n i a n o f the P a r a t e t h y s ) , but also f o u n d by
V a n V o o r t h u y s e n ( 1 9 4 4 ) in t h e N o r t h S e a B a s i n .
F r o m Dorsanum
semip/icata(Van
V o o r t h u y s e n , 1 9 4 4 ) only
o n e s p e c i m e n w a s f o u n d , w h i c h is, however, m u c h less
slender t h a n the type material a n d c o m p l e t e l y lacks spiral
o r n a m e n t . T h i s identification is clearly o n l y provisional.
3 . 4 . 5 . C o m p a r i s o n w i t h other M i o c e n e m o l l u s c a n f a u n a s
from the N o r t h S e a Basin
First, t h e f a u n a o f the b o r i n g c a n b e c o m p a r e d t o that o f
the known Belgian M i o c e n e Formations and M e m b e r s .
STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION O F T H E N E O C E N E MARINE -
C O N T I N E N T A L R E C O R D IN T H E M A A S E I K
Species
33
WELL
Depth range (m)
Characteristic of upper part
Pseudamussium
clavatum (Poli, 1795)
Anodontia benoisti (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1912)
Carinastarte anus (Philippi, 1843)
Mactra sp. nov.?
Lajonkairea lajonkairei ? (Payraudeau, 1826)
Arcopagia cf. ventricosa (De Serres, 1819)
Callista chione (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turncria cvlindrica (Wood. 1X50)
Lentidium turonensis (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1914)
Alvania curta nieheimensis Hinsch, 1972
Caecum banoni (Benoist, 1872)
Calcarata calcarata (Brocchi, 1814)
Evalea basistriata (Etheridge & Bell, 1898)
Turbondla sp. nov.?
Characteristic of lower p a r t
Nuculana westendorpi (Nust, 1839)
Laevicardium subturgidum (d'Orbigny, 1852)
Clausinella scalaris (Bronn, 1831)
Nassarius holsaticus (Beyrich, 1856)
Nassarius cavatus (Bellardi, 1882)
Bathytoma cataphracta jugleri (Philippi, 1847)
Teretia anceps (von Eichwald, 1830)
Genota ramosa (Basterot, 1825)
Acamptogenotia
escheri (Mayer, 1861)
Turbondla undulata (von Koenen, 1882)
226-229
214-268
229-231
201-212
209-231
201-233
201-234
202-234
202-208
202-239
207-238
207-239
207-239
202-230
229-2^9
275-279
271-277
232-279
233-278
232-277
232-279
232-279
232-256
227-277
Table 4b. List of the molluscs characteristic for the upper and lower part of the Breda Formation with the indication of their depth
range in meter below surface.
T h e u p p e r p a r t ( a b o v e 2 3 9 m ) o f the M a a s e i k M i o c e n e
b e l o w 2 3 9 m . Anodontia
deposits cannot be directly correlated with any o f the
1 9 1 2 ) also is a s p e c i e s u n k n o w n f r o m t h e A n t w e r p e n /
benoisti
( C o s s m a n n & Peyrot,
deposits, known from the A n t w e r p Basin. T h e mollus-
Z o n d e r s c h o t M e m b e r s , r e a c h i n g b e l o w this limit. I t h a s
c a n f a u n a f r o m t h e D e u r n e S a n d M e m b e r in b o r e h o l e
n o t b e e n f o u n d in R a m s e l , b u t r e c o g n i z i n g this species in
M a a s e i k differs c o n s i d e r a b l e f r o m t h e a s s e m b l a g e s in t h e
internal m o u l d m a t e r i a l w o u l d b e very difficult. I t c o u l d
s a m e m e m b e r in t h e A n t w e r p r e g i o n , e s p e c i a l l y b y t h e
b e c o n c l u d e d that t h e lower M i o c e n e p a r t o f the b o r i n g
a b s e n c e o f s p e c i e s t h a t are c h a r a c t e r i s t i c for t h e latest
c o u l d b e correlated w i t h the R a m s e l f a u n a , y o u n g e r t h a n
M i o c e n e ( L a n g e n f e l d i a n a n d G r a m i a n ) s u c h a s G/ossus
the A n t w e r p e n / Z o n d e r s c h o t M e m b e r s .
forchhammeri
( B e c k in R a v n , 1 9 0 7 ) a n d t h e s c a p h o p o d
R. Janssen, 1987. However, eco-
T h e b e s t m a t c h for t h e b o r i n g M a a s e i k c a n b e f o u n d in
logical differences c o u l d a l s o e x p l a i n differences in m o l -
b o r e h o l e s f r o m a d j a c e n t r e g i o n s in T h e N e t h e r l a n d s . Van
FissidentaliumJloratum
lusc c o n t e n t b e t w e e n t i m e - e q u i v a l e n t u n i t s .
R o o i j e n e t al ( 1 9 8 4 ) d e s c r i b e d b o r i n g s f r o m B r o e k h u i -
T h e lower part o f the b o r i n g e x a m i n e d differs only s l i g h d y
z e n v o r s t a n d G e l d e r n in t h e P e e l - V e n l o a r e a , w h i c h
f r o m t h e A n t w e r p c n / Z o n d e r s c h o t S a n d M e m b e r s , all
they divided into z o n e s u s i n g different
s p e c i e s i n d i c a t e d in T a b l e 4 b a s l a c k i n g in t h e u p p e r
marker groups: foraminifera, calcareous nanoplankton
p a r t o f the b o r i n g b e i n g p r e s e n t in t h e s e M e m b e r s . O n e
a n d m o l l u s c s , b e s i d e s heavy m i n e r a l s . T h e y i n t r o d u c e d
s p e c i e s , Turbkauda
stratigraphic
(Bronn, 1831), has been
a m o l l u s c a n z o n e F ( s e e further), w h i c h they correlated
f o u n d until n o w in B e l g i u m o n l y in t h e R a m s e l internal
with the latest part o f the G e r m a n " R e i n b e k Stufe".
m o u l d m a t e r i a l . Its r a n g e in M a a s e i k d o e s n o t i n c l u d e
Sliggers & van L e e u w e n ( 1 9 8 7 ) , working with material
t h e l o w e s t p a r t o f t h e M i o c e n e , b u t it r e a c h e s w e l l
from the s a m e a n d other borings, including material
spinicostata
34
V A N D E N B E R G H E . L A G A . L O U W Y E . V A N H O O R N E . MARQUET. D E M E U T E R . W O U T E R S & H A G E M A N N
from D u t c h L i m b u r g , published a more detailed m o l -
F o r m a t i o n ) , with a thin cover o f Pleni-Weichselian
luscan a n d f o r a m i n i f e r a l division o f the M i o c e n e o f t h e
fluviolacustrine
southeastern part o f The Netherlands. Several o f the
M e m b e r ) . T h e b a s e o f these P l e i s t o c e n e d e p o s i t s occurs
s p e c i e s , n o t e n c o u n t e r e d in t h e M i o c e n e o f B e l g i u m
at 2 2 m d e p t h .
to colian l o a m d e p o s i t s ( M o l e n b e c r s e l
previously, a n d f o u n d m o s t l y / e x c l u s i v e l y in t h e u p p e r
p a r t o f t h e M a a s e i k b o r i n g , s e e m t o b e characteristic o f
their m o l l u s c a n ccozones. Astartejusca
ariejanssemMarquet,
"incrassata"(=
T h e m a i n m a s s o f quartzic pale grey s a n d s below, with b a s e
A.f.
at 1 9 3 m d e p t h , is k n o w n a s t h e K i e s e l o o l i t h F o r m a t i o n .
1 9 9 5 ) is f o u n d f r o m M o l F 5 t o F 3 ,
I t c o n t a i n s four lignite a n d c l a y - r i c h lignite h o r i z o n s .
Caecum
banoni
( B e n o i s t , 1 8 7 2 ) characterises M o l F 4 only,
Palynological associations divide this Kieseloolith F o r m a -
Ervilia
pusilla
( P h i l i p p i , 1 8 3 6 ) , Lentidium
donaciformis
tion in t w o p a r t s at 5 7 . 6 m . T h e u p p e r a s s o c i a t i o n s h o w s
( C o s s m a n n & P e y r o t , 1 9 1 4 ) a n d Actaeocina
lajonkai-
a w o o d e d l a n d s c a p e with extensive e n c l o s e d m i r e s , o p e n
( B r o c c h i , 1 8 1 4 ) here) o c c u r in F 4 a n d
e n o u g h t o allow light d e m a n d i n g plants to grow. T h e
r e a p p e a r in M o l H . T h i s M o l H , however, also c o n t a i n s
lower a s s o c i a t i o n s h o w s a d e n s e r forest l a n d s c a p e with
s p e c i e s , characteristic o f o l d e r M i o c e n e d e p o s i t s , s u c h a s
less extensive m i r e s .
reana
(= A. spirata
Patinopecten
brummeli
( N y s t , 1 8 6 4 ) , Lembulus
( L a m a r c k , 1 8 1 9 ) a n d Conus
clavatulus
emarginatus
d'Orbigny, 1 8 5 2 .
T h e s e s p e c i e s are a b s e n t f r o m o u r m a t e r i a l . S o a c o r r e l a tion with M o l F 4 s e e m s m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e . T h e i r z o n e M o l
G c o n t a i n s t w o s p e c i e s , Eudolium
1 9 6 4 a n d Aqui/ofusus festivus
Anderson,
dingdense
(Beyrich, 1856), (both also
m a r k e r s p e c i e s for t h e early M i d d l e M i o c e n e " R e i n b e k
S t u f e ) , w h i c h are a b s e n t in b o r e h o l e M a a s e i k . F o r this
reason a correlation with M o l F 4 s e e m s m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e .
M o l F 4 corresponds with the foraminiferal zone F C 2 B ,
w h i c h a c c o r d i n g t o D o p p e r t et al. ( 1 9 7 9 ) c h a r a c t e r i z e s
the U p p e r M i o c e n e D i e s t F o r m a t i o n b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f
Uvigerina
hosiusi
deurnensis.
C l e a r increase o f Sequioa
d e e p e r than 8 7 . 5 m could b e
linked to the B r u n s s u m i a n (Pliocene, Z a n c l e a n ) as characterized by Z a g w i j n ( 1 9 6 0 ) , although according to the palyn o l o g y also this part o f the section is preferably interpreted
as Reuverian. T h e association in the t o p o f p a l y n o z o n e A
b e t w e e n 8 7 . 5 a n d 5 7 . 6 m is similar to the p a l y n o l o g y o f
the lignites in the M o l S a n d lignite t o the west.
T h e u p p e r a s s o c i a t i o n A c a n b e correlated with the latest
Reuvcr C (Pliocene, Piacenzian).
B a s e d o n the o c c u r r e n c e o f the lignite h o r i z o n s a n d t h e
g r a i n - s i z e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s a n d s , t h e W a u b a c h , Pey,
S c h i n v e l d / J a g e r s b o r g units have b e e n identified as well as
the B r u n s s u m a n d R e u v e r C l a y s . T h i s traditional l i t h o s -
Giirs (2002) divided the G e r m a n M i o c e n e by m e a n s
t r a t i g r a p h i c s u b d i v i s i o n o f the K i e s e l o o l i t h F o r m a t i o n in
o f the occurrence o f m e m b e r s o f the G a s t r o p o d family
the area, is n o t entirely c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the palynological
N a s s a r i i d a e . A l l species o f the g e n u s Nassarius
p r e s e n t in
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n in this study. T h e p a l y n o l o g y s u g g e s t s a
the M a a s e i k b o r i n g are a c c o r d i n g t o this p a p e r typical o f
R e u v e r - P l i o c e n e a g e for the w h o l e section whilst in t h e
the R e i n b e k i a n , E a r l y as well as L a t e . T h e T u r r i d a e , f o u n d
D u t c h stratigraphic nomenclature the Waubach S a n d
in M a a s e i k a n d n e w t o t h e M i o c e n e o f B e l g i u m , were
u n i t is c o n s i d e r e d a s S u s t e r i a n o f U p p e r M i o c e n e a g e ;
however described by Giirs ( 2 0 0 1 ) from the Pinneberger
only the m o d e r a t e increase in Sequioa
S c h i c h t e n , w h i c h have a G r a m i a n - S y l t i a n or L a t e M i -
s u p p o r t i n g a p o s s i b l e B r u n s s u m i a n a g e for this lower part
o c e n e a g e . A l s o AIvania
carta
nieheimensis
Hinsch, 1972
( R i s s o i d a e ) is a R e i n b e k i a n s p e c i e s .
Be/a ankae
( G i i r s , 2 0 0 1 ) is t h e first s p e c i e s o f its g e n u s
b e l o w 9 0 m d e p t h is
o f the K i e s e l o o l i t h F o r m a t i o n , an interpretation in line
with t h e l i t h o s t r a t i g r a p h i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f B r u n s s u m
clays a n d intercalated P e y S a n d s in t h e b o r e h o l e .
to a p p e a r in the N o r t h S e a B a s i n , in w h i c h it will h a v e a
m a r k e d e v o l u t i o n a r y diversification d u r i n g t h e P l i o c e n e
(see M a r q u e t , 1 9 9 7 c ) .
T h e thin p a l e yellowish g r a y m i c a - r i c h m a r i n e s a n d unit
X between 193 m and 198 m , could not unequivocally
b e l i n k e d t o a n y k n o w n l i t h o s t r a t i g r a p h i c unit in t h e
3.4.6. Conclusion
area. B a s e d o n d i n o f l a g e l l a t c c o n t e n t c o m p a r i s o n with
T h e b e s t m a t c h for the u p p e r p a r t ( 2 0 0 - 2 3 9 m ) o f t h e
M i o c e n e a g e is p r o p o s e d .
the N i e d e r O c h t e n h a u s e n b o r e h o l e a Syltian u p p e r m o s t
M a a s e i k b o r i n g a c c o r d i n g t o its m o l l u s c a n f a u n a is the
M o l F 4 z o n e in T h e N e t h e r l a n d s . T h e lower p a r t , slightly
T h e m a r i n e B r e d a F o r m a t i o n b e l o w e x t e n d s till t h e
overlapping with the upper part ( 2 3 2 - 2 9 8 m ) , could
total d e p t h o f the b o r e h o l e at 3 0 2 m . B i o s t r a t i g r a p h i -
c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e R a m s e l f a u n a , w h i c h is R e i n b e k i a n -
cally an u p p e r p a r t , a p p r o x i m a t e l y a b o v e 2 3 5 m , c a n b e
H e m m o o r i a n in c o m p o s i t i o n a n d c o m e s c l o s e t o t h e
d i s t i n g u i s h e d in this f o r m a t i o n w h i c h b a s e d o n m o l l u s c s ,
Antwerpen-Zonderschot Members.
dinoflagellates and calcareous microfossils, ressembles
the b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c c o n t e n t o f the D e u r n e S a n d ( D i e s t
Formation, U p p e r Miocene.Tortonian). Similarly a low-
4. G e n e r a l C o n c l u s i o n s
est p a r t b e l o w a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 7 5 m , c a n b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d
w h i c h b a s e d o n m o l l u s c s a n d dinoflagellates c o r r e s p o n d s
A t t h e very t o p o f the M a a s e i k b o r e h o l e , the S a a l i a n t o
to the B c r c h e m Formation, best comparable to the A n t -
P l c n i - W e i c h s e l i a n M e u s e river gravels occur ( L a n k l a a r
w e r p , Z o n d e r s c h o t M e m b e r s ; t h e dinoflagellate z o n e s
Figure 10. Resistivity and gamma-ray logs in selected boreholes in the Rur Valley Graben in northeast Belgium and the southeast Netherlands, are illustrating the regional correlation of the
detailed study in the Maaseik borehole (49W0220). The origin of the different lithostratigraphic names are explained and justified in the text.
36
V A N D E N B E R G H E . L A G A . L O U W Y E . V A N H O O R N E . MARQUET. D E M E U T E R . W O U T E R S & H A G E M A N N
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