NEW Military Family Housing
R esidential
E nergy
E valuation
M anual
United States Air Force
Mountain Home AFB, Idaho
Disclaimer
This Manual was prepared by Delta Research Corporation under contract by the United
States Government. Neither the United States, nor the United States Department of
Defense, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors makes any warranty,
expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed.
The residential energy design guidelines presented in this Manual are recommendations
only, and do not supersede any applicable energy conservation building code
requirements.
The reader is responsible for determining the applicable code
requirements, and proposing a design in compliance with these code requirements.
Preface
The United States Air Force is committed to improving Military Family Housing. This
commitment is being vigorously executed through a balanced approach of renovation of
existing structures and new housing construction. As an important consideration in
housing design and construction, energy efficiency has become a key element in the
evaluation of each contractor’s proposal. The Air Force remains dedicated to improving
energy efficiency in family housing, and supports the use of leading energy technology
and renewable forms of energy when consistent with reliability, cost, and other design
criteria.
The Residential Energy Evaluation Manual (REEM) is a key part of the Air Force housing
procurement process, and is designed to serve several functions. First, the Manual
provides the contractor energy budgets for each type of housing identified in the Request
for Proposal (RFP) for new construction. Second, the Manual provides a simple
procedure for evaluating the energy effectiveness of any proposed design. The
evaluation procedure is standardized for each model type, thereby providing a common
method to evaluate individual proposals. If the proposed design exceeds the energy
budget allowed in the REEM, the contractor must alter his design to meet or exceed the
energy budget standard. Designs not meeting energy budget standards will be
disqualified from contract award. The REEM also provides information on energy saving
techniques which may aid the contractor in meeting energy budget requirements.
The Manual offers a straightforward energy computational process that is easy for the
contractor to use. The REEM uses design criteria and energy calculation procedures in
a stepwise manner to guide the designer to the optimal residential energy design
solution. The calculation process provided in this Manual is simple, and requires only
minimal computations. The calculation process is based on state-of-the-art building
energy analysis simulations and monitored building energy performance data. The
procedures provided in this Manual are applicable to a wide range of energy-efficient
residences including conventional, sun-tempered, passive solar, or super-insulated.
This Manual is divided into four chapters. Each chapter provides a step-by-step process
leading to the completion of the energy assessment required by the RFP. Chapter One
provides an overview of the use of the REEM, and should be read before proceeding to
any of the other chapters.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables and Figures
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
1-1
Chapter One:
How to Use the Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter Two:
The Energy Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
2.2 The Energy Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.3 Life Cycle Energy Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Chapter Three: Energy Conservation Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Conventional Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 The Building Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 Mechanical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.3 Domestic Hot Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Solar Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 Passive Solar Considerations . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 Site Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3 Interior Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter Four:
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-4
3-11
3-12
3-13
3-13
3-14
3-16
Energy Calculation Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Definition of Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Structure of Point System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Interpolating Between Energy Conservation Measures . .
4.5 Compliance with the Energy Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 Point System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Point System Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8 Point System Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References
.................................................
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-3
4-3
4-4
4-6
R-1
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
ii
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Page
Tables
Table 2.1:
Table 2.2:
Heating and Cooling Budgets for Single-Family
Ranch Style Houses and Two-Story Duplex Houses . . . . . . . . 2-2
Life Cycle Energy Cost in Dollars for
Two Prototype Houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Table 3.3:
Table 3.4:
Thickness in Inches of Select Insulation
and Corresponding R-Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Thickness in Inches of Select Rigid Insulation
and Corresponding R-Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
R-Value and Cost Index for Select Door Construction . . . . . . . 3-9
Infiltration Reduction Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Table 4.1:
Window Shading Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Table 3.1:
Table 3.2:
Figures
Figure 1.1 :
Manual Procedure Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Figure 2.1:
Projected Energy Consumption
by Major Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Idaho Climate Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Building Envelope Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Slab Floor Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
R-19 Standard Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
R-19 Equivalent Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
R-21 Standard Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
R-30 Standard Ceiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
R-38 Standard Ceiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Summer and Winter Sun Angles for Southern Idaho . . . . . . . 3-14
Solar Gain in Summer and Winter in Southern Idaho . . . . . . 3-15
Examples of Thermal Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
3.1:
3.2:
3.3:
3.4:
3.5:
3.6:
3.7:
3.8:
3.9:
3.10:
3.11:
Residential Energy Evaluation Manual (REEM)
Mountain Home Air Force Base
Chapter One
How to Use the Manual
This Manual is part of a larger Air Force housing procurement package. Therefore, it may
be necessary to move back and forth between this Manual and other sections of the RFP.
In order to help you facilitate the preparation of information called for by the RFP, refer
to Figure 1.1 and the step-by-step procedures described on the pages following.
Residential Energy Evaluation Manual (REEM)
Mountain Home Air Force Base
STEP ONE: Review RFP and REEM
Your proposed design solution must satisfy the requirements described in both the RFP
and this Manual. Design guidelines are presented in Chapter Three to assist you in
achieving the desired level of energy performance. Individual energy-saving techniques
are presented that are realistic and cost effective. It is up to the designer to choose the
appropriate energy conservation measures that best fit the individual designs.
STEP TWO: Identify Mandatory Energy Requirements
Your proposed design solution must satisfy the energy budget requirements as defined
in Chapter Two. Any design that exceeds the required energy budget will be disqualified
from contract consideration. Designs that are projected to be below the required energy
budget will receive additional consideration in the proposal evaluation process. You
should choose the combination of energy-saving techniques that are most compatible to
Cost effectiveness should be a major
your design approach and cost goals.
consideration when choosing the mix of energy-saving features to achieve the energy
budget.
STEP THREE: Design Prototypes
With the energy budget defined in Chapter Two and the energy conservation measures
described in Chapter Three in mind, you should now develop a conceptual energy design
package that complies with the overall housing design criteria contained in the RFP.
STEP FOUR: Complete Point System Worksheets
Once a conceptual design for each unit type has been developed, you should complete
the point system forms contained in Chapter Four. These forms must be completed for
each unit type. Instructions for preparing these point system forms is described in
Section 4.2, Definition of Points.
YOU SHOULD MAKE COPIES OF THE FORMS PRIOR TO FILLING THEM OUT
AND KEEP THE MANUAL COPIES AS MASTERS.
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STEP FIVE: Compare Energy Performance Against Energy Budgets
The energy performance of each unit/building type should be compared to the energy
budget for that unit type. If your design satisfies the energy budget, then proceed to
Step Six. If your design does not satisfy the energy budget, identify what elements of the
unit design are causing poor performance, adjust those elements and return to Step Four
as shown in Figure 1.1.
STEP SIX: Complete Documentation and Submit Proposal
When you are satisfied with the energy performance of each unit and the total project,
complete all the required documentation and submit the final package for Air Force
review.
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Chapter Two
The Energy Budget
2.1 Overview
This chapter provides information about the heating and cooling energy budget and
projected life cycle costs for the residential housing types identified in the RFP. These
two energy products were developed to serve several functions. First, the Air Force
remains dedicated to incorporating modern, energy-saving features in new and renovated
Military Family Housing. As a key part of the REEM process, the energy budget
technique is viewed as an effective way to encourage contractors to design and build
more energy-efficient family housing. The life cycle cost summary of prototype housing
is provided to assist contractors and the Air Force in developing a perspective of the
effectiveness of select energy conservation measures (ECMs).
As a member of the greater southwest Idaho community, Mountain Home Air Force Base
has elected to incorporate in this RFP energy conservation standards consistent with
regional power and gas company recommendations, as well as general
recommendations from the Idaho Energy Conservation Bureau. Information from all of
these sources were combined to form the basis for Section 2.2, The Energy Budget.
The computation of the heating and cooling budgets and life cycle cost data is performed
using Department of Energy (DOE) developed computer programs termed COSTSAFR
(Conservation Optimization Standard for Savings in Federal Residences) and CAPS
(Computer Automated Point System). These two programs were developed for use by
federal agencies in the procurement of residential housing. Both programs are used
together, and provide projected annual energy consumption levels as well as life cycle
energy costs. The models take into consideration a variety of site-specific factors
including geographical location, climatology, and area cost as well as the ECMs being
considered for each housing type identified in the RFP. The COSTSAFR model also
provides a standardized, manual process to be used by contractors and the Air Force
in evaluating each prototype dwelling.
The energy budget represents a maximum energy use figure for each prototype that must
not be exceeded by the contractor. The contractor is encouraged to use any mix of
energy-saving features consistent with the energy budget and general design
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requirements. Use of the energy budget figure is intended to give the contractor flexibility
in the planning process and encourage innovation in designing energy-efficient housing.
The Heating and Cooling Energy Calculation Worksheets in Chapter Four should be used
These
to compare proposed housing designs with the heating energy budget.
worksheets must be submitted as part of the contractor’s proposal. In some cases, if the
unit or building type varies significantly in orientation, insulation level, glazing area, or
other significant specification, several heating and cooling energy calculation worksheets
may be required for the same unit or building type. Please refer to Chapter Four for
more information on energy calculation procedures.
2.2 The Energy Budget
In Tables 2.1, a separate heating and cooling energy budget is shown for each proposed
building type. The tables include ECMs that meet or exceed regional and state residential
construction recommendations and the COSTSAFR-recommended program for new
federal residential buildings. The ECMs represent a sample set of features that will result
in compliance with the respective heating and cooling budgets. The energy budgets are
specified in thousands of Btus per square foot of conditioned space per year, and are
the projected maximum allowable energy consumption totals for each specified building
type.
FOUNDATION TYPE
HVAC TYPE
Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs)
Ceiling Insulation
l Wall Insulation
l Floor Insulation
l Infiltration
l Window Type
l Heating Equipment Ratings
l Cooling Equipment Ratings
l
Single-Family Ranch
Style Houses
Two-Story
Duplex Houses
Slab on Grade
Slab on Grade
Gas/Elec. Air
Gas/Elec. Air
R-30
R-19
R-10 for 2 Ft
Average
Low E & TB
90% AFUE
10.0 SEER
HEATING BUDGET (KBtu/Ft2/Yr)
COOLING BUDGET (KBtu/Ft2/Yr)
R-30
R-19
R-10 for 2 Ft
Average
Low E & TB
90% AFUE
10.0 SEER
43.4
2.9
38.0
3.2
Table 2.1: Heating and Cooling Budgets for Single-Family
Ranch Style Houses and Two-Story Duplex Houses
In Table 2.1, a prototype Single-Family Ranch Style House with a slab foundation, gas
heat and electric air conditioning, and ECMs as shown, is projected to require 43.4
2
2
KBtu/Ft /Yr for heating and 2.9 KBtu/Ft /Yr for cooling. Similarly, a Two-Story Duplex
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2
2
House is projected to require 38.0 KBtu/Ft /Yr for heating and 3.2 KBtu/F /Yr for cooling.
The energy budgets for heating and cooling are based on a projected 68 degree internal
temperature in winter, and a 78°F temperature in summer. The minimum outdoor design
temperature is 8°F, and the maximum outdoor design temperature is 97°F.
2.3 Life Cycle Energy Costs
The life cycle energy costs provided in Table 2.2, below, are based on outputs from the
COSTSAFR and CAPS computer models. The House Size column includes the three
different size units (in net square feet) and number of bedrooms required by the RFP.
These three sizes correspond to Air Force size requirements for two, three, and four
bedroom Junior Noncommissioned Officer Quarters (JNCOQ). The life cycle cost figures
represent the discounted cost in current year dollars in running the heating and cooling
equipment and the hot water heater of the proposed unit design for 25 years at local fuel
prices and projected fuel escalation rates. The discount rate used is 7 percent. The life
cycle cost figures were developed based on the same ECMs used in Table 2.1.
House Size
2
Type
Const.
HVAC
950 Ft
2 BR
1200 Ft2
3 BR
1350 Ft2
4 BR
Single-Family Ranch
Style Houses
Slab
Gas/Elec. Air
4,296
5,492
6,207
Two-Story
Duplex Houses
Slab
Gas/Elec. Air
4,101
5,259
5,945
Table 2.2 Life Cycle Energy Cost In Dollars for Two Prototype Houses
For the houses listed in the previous tables, the window area is estimated at 12 percent.
The summer and winter shading coefficients are 0.4 and 0.8, respectively.
There are several aspects of Table 2.2 that merit additional comment. Upon initial review,
the life cycle costs for the three prototypes may appear to be unusually low. However,
the figures shown are in current year dollars. The use of ‘then year” dollars would
present a much higher figure. Although Mountain Home AFB has a relatively high winter
heating requirement, total energy requirements are moderated by summer temperatures
that are generally cooler than many other areas of the country. The size of the houses
is another factor that supports lower levels of energy consumption. The prototypes also
benefit from substantial energy-saving measures and significantly lower government gas
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and power rates than found nationwide. All of these factors combine to produce
significant reductions in energy expenditures.
Also, the life cycle costs shown in Table 2.2 take into account only part of the total house
energy requirement. For example, in residential buildings outlined in Table 2.1, space
heating and cooling account for an average of about 44 percent of total energy demand;
this figure would generally be less in more moderate climates. Domestic hot water lags
behind at 20 percent for all of the prototypes considered in this project. The remaining
36 percent of projected energy consumption is divided as shown in Figure 2.1, below.
Figure 2.1: Projected Energy Consumption by Major Category
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Chapter Three
Energy Conservation Measures
3.1 Overview
This chapter addresses three major areas: climate, conventional design considerations,
and solar applications. The purpose of this chapter is to provide contractors information
about energy-saving techniques that are realistic, easy to install, and cost effective. The
information provided focuses on proven energy applications designed specifically to meet
or exceed the energy budgets established in Chapter Two.
3.2 Climate
The residents of Idaho live in a
relatively broad range of climates.
Since climate plays a large role in
residential energy consumption, the
Idaho Energy Division established
three climatic zones representing
the different weather regimes within
Idaho.
Mountain Home AFB is
located at the edge of Climatic
Zone 1 shown in Figure 3.1. More
detailed climatic zone boundary
descriptions and lists of locations
within each zone are available
through the Idaho Department of
Water Resources Energy
Conservation Bureau, telephone
(208) 327-7976.
Figure 3.1: Idaho Climate Zones
More specifically, Mountain Home AFB is located in southwest Idaho at a surface
elevation of 2,996 feet above mean sea level. During a typical year at Mountain Home
AFB, temperatures reach an average annual high of 63°F and an average annual low of
39°F. Mountain Home AFB experiences four distinct seasons of about equal length: the
warm, dry, months of summer (June through August); the dry months of fall (September
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through November); the cold and relatively moist winter months (December through
February); and the spring transitional period (March through May). The spring transition
marks the end of the cloudy, cool days of winter and the start of the summer. In the
spring transition, March temperatures increase from an average maximum of 52°F and
an average minimum of 30°F to an average maximum and minimum of 71°F and 44°F,
respectively, in May.
Summer weather is characterized by warm, dry conditions and occasional thunderstorms.
Maximum temperatures average between 80°F and 92°F with minimum temperatures in
the mid-40s to upper-50s.
By the end of November, Mountain Home experiences a transition toward winter. Frontal
passages become more intense resulting in stronger winds and more abrupt weather
changes. Since the mean storm tracks pass near the base during winter and farther
north and east during summer, lower ceilings and visibilities can be expected to
accompany winter fronts. Prevailing surface wind flow transitions from light north westerly
flow in the summer, and by November, east-southeasterly flow predominates. Fall
temperatures decrease from an average daily maximum and minimum of 78°F and 48°F,
respectively, in September to an average maximum of 49°F and minimum of 30°F in
November.
Winter is characterized by cloudy, cool weather with occasional periods of rain. Frontal
passages occur frequently in winter with passages expected every three to four days.
Winter maximum temperatures average in the upper-30s to low-40s with average
minimums in the low- to mid-20s.
Mountain Home AFB has an annual average of 5,570 heating degree days and 828
cooling degree days.
3.3 Conventional Design Considerations
This section provides contractors with information about energy-saving considerations
For the purpose of this Manual, the term
that are conventional in approach.
“conventional” refers to proven, cost effective, off-the-shelf materials and hardware that
will produce significant energy savings. A second, and equally important consideration,
is that the ECMs chosen provide occupant comfort without demanding a change in
lifestyle. The examples provided in the two paragraphs following highlight successful
design efforts that produced dramatic reductions in residential energy use. Moreover, the
designs benefitted from a conventional approach that ensured reliability, effectiveness,
and user satisfaction.
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Two homebuilders in the Greater Chicago, Illinois area have an interesting incentive for
prospective home buyers: “Buy from us, and we guarantee that your heating bill won’t
exceed $200 per year. If it does, we’// pay the difference.” The builder’s confidence
seems well placed in noting that in eight years of active homebuilding, only one has paid
out any money - just $390. The homes are in the 2,500 square foot range, and a
$175,000 version sells for about $3,000 (two percent) more than conventional models
offered by competitors.
In Tampa, Florida, a builder’s 2,200 square foot house scored a 16.9 out of 100 on
Florida’s Energy Performance Index (EPI). The EPI provides an overall rating of ECMs
incorporated into a residence, with lower values indicating better performance. Homes
of comparable size with normal energy-saving treatments typically score between 80 and
90. In Pensacola, Florida, another builder is projecting an 18.9 EPI on a new model, and
expects the cost to be within five to seven percent of conventionally built homes. In the
Pensacola area, where heating and cooling costs for comparable homes average $79 per
month, the builder is projecting $7.75 for monthly cooling and $3.78 for heating.
In the cases presented above, the builders used mostly conventional building techniques
emphasizing off-the-shelf products. The walls were constructed using 2 by 6 inch
framing. Wall insulation was high density fiberglass batts with a super efficient R-21
rating. Also, extra insulation was installed under the exterior siding. Ceiling insulation
ranged from R-30 to R-48. Thermal break doors, low-E (low-emissivity glass) windows
(R-8), and 93 percent efficient gas furnaces were used. In smaller units (less than 2,200
square feet), no furnace was used. Instead, a system of metal coils similar to a car
radiator was installed at the starting point of the forced air heating system. Hot water was
piped from the hot water heater to the coils with air being forced over the coils to heat
the house. Key leakage points were sealed with the intent to eliminate any significant
uncontrolled air movement. Foam sealers were installed around plate lines, mud sills,
electrical and plumbing penetrations, baseboard and band joints, and any other points
penetrating the building envelope. The homes also benefitted from contractor education
and emphasis on proper installation of each system. Without such involvement, improper
installation techniques can dramatically reduce the maximum performance of each
component, and the system as a whole.
The key to success in the homes identified centers on a number of important factors.
l
l
l
l
l
l
Use off-the-shelf components
Build a tight envelope
Use 2 by 6 inch framing with R-21 insulation and exterior sheathing
Install double pane, insulated, low-E glass and insulated doors
Start ceiling insulation R-values at R-30
Use R-30 insulation in raised floor construction
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l
l
l
l
Install gas furnaces with 90 percent or greater AFUE
Use air conditioning units with a SEER of 11 or higher
Take the time to seal every penetration to the building envelope
Make sure the installers know proper insulation installation techniques
3.3.1 The Building Envelope
The building envelope is basically the barrier that separates the outside environment from
the inside environment. The building envelope refers to the outer perimeter of the
structure and generally includes the foundation, floor, walls, windows, doors, ceiling, and
roof. The real objective of residential energy conservation is to minimize heat flow and
infiltration through the building envelope. Figure 3.2 shows factors to consider in
designing and constructing the building envelope.
Figure 3.2: Building Envelope Considerations
Residential design considerations should emphasize a tight building envelope that
minimizes infiltration or exfiltration and heat transfer. Other envelope considerations
include vapor and weather barriers and adequate drainage and ventilation to compensate
for moisture deposits. Enhancements to the envelope primarily deal with the following.
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l
l
l
l
l
Levels and quality of insulation materials used throughout the structure.
The amount of infiltration into or out of the building.
The thermal mass of the building (materials that slow temperature changes inside
the building such as masonry and concrete).
The size, type, and shading of glass and other fenestration products.
Site considerations that better use the effects of shading and insulation.
The remainder of this section will take a closer look at the two principal factors impacting
heat flow through the envelope: insulation and infiltration. The topics of thermal mass
and site considerations are included in Section 3.4, Solar Applications.
Insulation
Minimum net insulation requirements for the homes identified in the RFP are contained
in Chapter Two, Table 2.1. Insulation materials must comply with applicable standards
regarding performance, quality, health, and safety. In most residential construction, four
types of insulation are installed: batts, blankets, loose fill, and rigid board. Each type has
specific attributes and applications, but all are intended to increase a home’s resistance
to heat transfer, and thereby lower energy requirements for heating and cooling.
Selection of specific types of insulation should be based on R-Value ratings, as well as
application. R-Values for select types of insulation are shown in Tables 3.1 and 3.2.
Table 3.1: Thickness in Inches of Select Insulation and Corresponding R-Values
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R-Value for
One inch
Type
Polystyrene
Expanded
Extruded
4
5
Polyisocyanurate and
Polyurethane
6-7
Phenolic
8
l
l
Table 3.2: Thickness in Inches of Select
Rigid insulation and Corresponding R-Values
Slab Foundation. For slab floors, insulation
is primarily intended to lessen heat transfer
through the edge of the slab. Rigid insulation
is normally used around the edge of slab
foundations due to its strength and ease of
installation, and is applied using a mastic
adhesive. The perimeter insulation must also
be protected from ultraviolet light exposure
and physical damage. On polyisocyanurate
or spray urethane, a protective coating should
be installed that is durable and strong
enough to avoid puncture from backfill. The
slab edge insulation must have a resistance
to water absorption (.3 percent) and a vapor
transmission rate of no more than 2.0
perm/inch. The energy budget for Mountain
Figure 3.3 Slab Floor Construction
Home AFB requires a minimum slab
insulation value of R-10 for two feet or
downward to the bottom of the slab. See Figure 3.3 for standard slab floor construction.
Walls. Framed walls must meet or exceed the net R-19 requirements in the energy
budget. The R-19 requirements are generally met using 2 by 6 inch wood framed walls
on 16 inch centers. The insulation (R-19 with a vapor barrier next to finished inside walls)
used in walls to prevent the leakage of heat is equivalent to approximately 14 inches of
solid pine, 58 layers of ¼ inch paneling, or 90 inches of common brick. When using
conventional fiberglass batts in 2 by 6 inch walls, some compression occurs reducing the
insulation R-Values from 19.0 to 17.8. However, the net wall R-Value is increased by
exterior sheathing, interior gypsum board, and interior air film to a nominal value of R-19.
R-21 batts are presently available that fit into a 2 by 6 inch wall cavity (5.5 inches) without
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compression. When coupled with 1 inch polystyrene sheathing, an R-Value of 26 is
produced. R-19 walls are also attained using 2 by 4 inch framing on 16 inch centers with
R-13 batts and R-4.61 insulated sheathing. Assemblies for likely wall combinations are
provided in Figures 3.4, 3.5, and 3.6.
Figure 3.4: R-19
Standard Wall
Figure 3.5: R-19
Equivalent Wall
Figure 3.6: R-21
Standard Wall
Ceilings. Ceilings, or roofs separating conditioned from unconditioned spaces, must be
insulated to a net value of at least R-30. The thermal R-Value of ceiling insulation of R-30
and R-38 is equivalent to approximately 16 layers of ceiling tile, 30 inches of solid wood,
or 84 layers of gypsum board.
Ceiling insulation is achieved through a variety of insulation types which usually include
batt, blanket, loose fill, and rigid insulation. Batt and blanket insulation should be installed
between joists or trusses and extend the full depth of the joists or trusses. If a higher RValue is desired, the batts or blankets should be placed across or staggered above the
underlying insulation. Loose insulation is usually blown into an attic and generally has the
advantage in ease of application over batt insulation. Rigid insulation offers a relative
advantage in having higher R-Values per inch of depth and structural integrity. Rigid
insulation is useful in providing insulation for attic access doors and as a baffle around
the attic perimeter when using blown-in insulation.
Ceiling insulation should extend far enough to cover the top plate of the exterior walls.
However, care should be taken to ensure that air flow from eave vents is not blocked.
Blockage of eave vents could result in moisture buildup in the attic on the underside of
the ceiling insulation. Moisture in the ceiling could result in structural damage, as well as
compression and loss of effectiveness of the insulation. Assemblies for ceilings with
insulation values of R-30 and R-38 are shown in Figures 3.7 and 3.8.
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Figure 3.8: R-38
Standard Ceiling
Figure 3.7: R-30
Standard Ceiling
Doors and Windows. Emphasis on energy efficiency for doors and windows (glazing)
began in the energy crises of the 1970’s. As with other assemblies, heat flow through
windows and doors is expressed in terms of U-Value, or the reciprocal R-Value. A higher
R-Value or lower U-Value indicates better thermal insulation capabilities. Single pane
windows have R-Values of approximately .9 (U-Value of 1.12). Double pane windows
improve R-Values to about 2.0. Triple glazing, or gas-filled double pane windows,
generate R-Values of about 4.0. Low-E, or low-emissivity glass, is effective in reducing
energy losses due to radiant heat transfer which comprises one-half to two-thirds of total
window energy loss. Low-E glass, combined with several innovations such as double
glazing, argon gas, and improved spacing, produces a one-inch thick window with an RValue of 8. While this figure is still substantially below wall R-Values, a new double pane
window filled with tiny glass beads and using existing low-E features has been developed
and is reported to give an R-Value of 16.
Minimum standards for Mountain Home AFB require windows to be low-E, argon-filled
with insulated aluminum or vinyl clad wood frames. The allowable infiltration rate for
manufactured doors is .37 cfm/sf of door area; for windows, the maximum rate is .37
cfm/ft of operable sash crack. The total window area expected is 12 percent with a
maximum allowance of 17 percent. Windows facing east and west should be limited to
2.0 to 3.0 percent of the total floor area to minimize excessive summer solar heating. In
order to meet the energy budget, the maximum U-Value allowed for windows is .65.
Window areas in doors must be counted as part of the total fenestration or window area.
Windows must also be certified by manufacturers regarding specific infiltration and
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exfiltration ratings. R-Values and cost factors for select door types are presented in Table
3.3.
Door
Construction
Hollow Core Wood
Hollow Core Wood with Storm Door
Solid Wood
Solid Wood with Storm Door
Metal-polystyrene Core
Metal-urethane Core
R-Value
cost
Index
1.0
1.5
2.3
3.5
7.5
13.5
1.0
1.9
1.2
2.1
1.3
1.5
Table 3.3: R-Value and Cost index for Select Door Construction
Infiltration
Heat loss in the typical home due to infiltration is estimated to account for about 30 to 40
percent of a home’s total heating and cooling requirement. Properly installed air
infiltration measures will significantly reduce energy consumption and minimize moisture
buildup in insulation areas of the building envelope. Table 3.4 shows several infiltration
reduction measures and their relation to the infiltration level.
Infiltration
Level
Air Changes
Per Hour
Infiltration Reduction
Measures
Average
(15 Points or Less)
.8 - 1.0
Standard Infiltration Measures
(Caulk and Seal All Envelope Openings)
Tight
(15 - 35 Points)
Average Infiltration Level Practices Plus:
Exterior air infiltration barrier
Continuous vapor retarder sheet
Infiltration barrier and vapor retarder combined
Foam sealed outlets and switches
Windows and doors with certified infiltration rates
No or insulated ceiling recessed light fixtures
All duct work located within conditioned space
Sealed and taped duct work
Non-cornbusting heating equipment
Storm doors
l
.6 - .79
l
l
l
l
l
Very Tight
(Over 35 Points)
.35 - .49
l
l
l
l
Minimum Required
.35
ASHRAE Recommended Standard
Table 3.4: Infiltration Reduction Measures
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The term “points” in the infiltration level column relate to values assigned to specific
infiltration reduction measures used to evaluate prototype housing submitted by the
contractor. More information about the measurement of infiltration levels is included in
Chapter Four.
Should validation of the infiltration reduction measures be required by field testing,
procedures outlined in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) publication
E 779-87, Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization,
will serve as the standard. ASTM E 779-87 describes a standardized procedure for
measuring air-leakage rates through a building envelope under controlled pressurization
and de-pressurization. In general, a fan or blower is attached to the building envelope
using a door, window or other suitable opening. The fan is turned on, and a range of
induced pressure differentials are established between the inside and outside of the
dwelling. Typically, air flow, in cubic feet per minute, is measured at pressure differentials
of 0.05 to 0.30 inches H2O depending on the capacity of the air handling equipment and
other parameters. From data taken during the test, an overall air change per hour (ACH)
figure can be established--generally the air flow (in ACH) at 0.20 inches H2O divided by
20.
Also, the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) publication 119-1988, Air Leakage Performance for Detached Single-Family
Residential Buildings, provides performance requirements for air leakage of residential
buildings to reduce the air infiltration load.
Infiltration can be significantly influenced by air and vapor barriers. Although each
influences infiltration, their purposes are significantly different. Air barriers function to limit
the flow of air into or out of a building. Vapor barriers serve to limit moisture flowing from
the conditioned space into the building envelope. Air barriers should be placed over the
inside face of frame members in the ceiling, and either inside or outside of the framing
in exterior walls. If used also as a vapor barrier, air barriers must be placed between the
insulation and interior wall gypsum to meet material requirements for vapor barriers.
For most construction applications, continuous polyethylene sheet or wallboard with foil
backing meets vapor barrier requirements. An older method for providing an unbroken
vapor barrier was to use a polyethylene sheet. More current practices emphasize sealing
electrical and plumbing openings in the top plate and holes around ceiling fans and
fixtures. Kraft paper backed batt insulation forms a satisfactory vapor barrier if properly
installed and the paper on the batt meets vapor rating requirements. Batts in framing
cavities should be fastened to the face of the conditioned side of the framing member
rather than the sides, as is common practice. The batt ends should also be fastened in
a similar manner to ensure a continuous barrier around the wall cavity.
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Ventilation
Ventilation has a variety of impacts on residential energy consumption. Ventilation plays
a major role in eliminating moisture buildup in and around the building envelope, and
enhancing air quality. In attics, crawl spaces, and walls, adequate ventilation can
eliminate moisture buildup which can lead to structural or insulation damage. Ventilation
in attic spaces can effectively lower summer cooling costs by as much as 10 percent.
For example, thermostatically-controlled attic ventilation systems are a key feature of the
highly energy-efficient Florida homes identified in Section 3.3. Other important aspects
of the ventilation issue are living space cooling and air quality control.
Ventilation can be an important source of living space cooling under optimal climatic
conditions. In climates noted for clear skies, low humidity, and relatively large nocturnal
temperature changes, natural or mechanical ventilation (also called a whole house fan)
can minimize or replace seasonal mechanical cooling, and operates at about 10 percent
of the cost of mechanical air conditioning. Climatic conditions experienced at Mountain
Home AFB support the whole house fan concept. Additionally, natural ventilation, while
generally not reliable due to its dependency on surface air flow, should be a part of the
design consideration and included as a cooling and ventilation option for occupants to
use.
Ventilation also plays a particularly important role in air quality that is usually counter to
ECMs. On one hand, energy conservation is significantly aided by limiting infiltration, and
super energy-efficient homes strictly limit infiltration as an energy saving technique. On
the other hand, adequate ventilation (partially achieved through infiltration) is necessary
to minimize contaminants and provide sufficient air quality. In very tightly constructed
homes, an energy recovery ventilator (ERV) offers a solution when used in connection
with a contamination sensor. The sensor activates the ERV which draws out conditioned
but contaminated air, which is then used to heat or cool incoming air as the season
requires. In homes with greater infiltration rates, properly designed local exhaust fans in
the kitchens and baths coupled with correctly sized central heating and air conditioning
systems are highly capable of ensuring adequate air quality. A minimum of .35 air
changes per hour is required in housing planned for Mountain Home AFB.
3.3.2 Mechanical Equipment
Natural gas heating with electric air conditioning has been identified as the type of heating
and air conditioning systems acceptable to meet the energy budget requirements in this
Manual. Natural gas heating amply meets energy budget requirements, as well as
general energy design considerations. As a minimum, contractors will ensure the
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following energy efficiency standards for residential space conditioning systems are
included as part of their proposals.
Space Conditioning Requirements
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Heating and cooling load calculations
Equipment sized in accordance with load calculations
Equipment certification with DOE Appliance Efficiency Standards
Ducts installed, sealed, and externally insulated to a minimum level of R-7
Equipment installed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions
Pilotless ignition for gas-fired equipment
Setback thermostats
Minimum equipment efficiencies
Damper controls on exhaust systems
Central gas furnaces with minimum AFUE of at least 90 percent
Central air conditioners with capacities less than 65,000 Btus per hour require a
minimum SEER of 10.0
Two-story units require separate thermostat controls for upstairs and downstairs
Mechanical Equipment Controls
A key element in residential energy conservation is the lifestyle of the occupants.
Adjusting the thermostat to accommodate departures from a residence, such as daily
work and school schedules and sleeping periods at night, can result in energy savings
of 10 to 20 percent. Automated controls make the temperature adjustments convenient,
and can be a cost effective ECMs. This Manual includes provisions for setback
thermostats on residential heating and cooling systems. Also required is a clock
mechanism that turns off the system during periods of non-use, and allows the occupants
at least two periods in 24 hours to automatically turn up or turn down the thermostat
setting.
3.3.3 Domestic Hot Water
For the two types of residences identified in the RFP, energy consumption for domestic
hot water (DHW) is projected to consume approximately one-half the total energy
requirement for heating and cooling. Figure 2.1 in Chapter Two provides a projection of
total energy use in Mountain Home AFB housing. DHW, or the water produced by the
hot water heater, consumes 20 percent of the total requirement; heating and cooling are
projected to generate 44 percent of total demand.
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In general, domestic hot water heaters should have either an R-12 external insulation
blanket or be certified by the DOE as not requiring a blanket. DHW piping also requires
insulation from R-4 to R-6 depending on the pipe diameter. For domestic hot water pipe,
diameters less than 2 inches use R-4. R-6 is used for diameters over 2 inches. Cooling
system piping used with temperatures below 55°F must be similarly insulated.
3.4 Solar Applications
The energy crises of the 1970’s had several major and long lasting impacts. Perhaps the
most immediate was a keen sense of public awareness of the need to conserve energy,
in particular non-renewable resources. For a substantial period of time during the 1970’s,
the public was faced with the distinct possibility of disruption of critical petroleum imports.
The cost of all energy sources rose dramatically. In the 1960’s, residential ECMs were
not a major factor in home design, and in many areas even minimal wall or ceiling
insulation was not used. Resistance strip heating was commonplace. During the 1970’s,
energy costs soared overnight and so did average monthly utility costs. Heating bills
from $200 to $400 per month were not at all unusual in areas of the North and Northeast.
From the sense of awareness and concern of the 1970’s, a need arose to find ways to
save energy in residential buildings. As a result, considerable effort was placed on ECMs
and solar applications, and residential design and construction techniques were changed
in a fundamental way. The energy-efficient homes cited in Chapter Three underscore the
truly significant advances made in residential energy conservation made over the last 20
years.
Solar Applications are described below emphasizing passive solar design. As in Section
3.3, Conventional Design Considerations, solar energy conservation applications that are
practical, reliable, and cost effective are highlighted.
3.4.1 Passive Solar Considerations
Passive solar heating deals primarily with the direct gain of energy as the sun’s rays pass
through glass and warm interior surfaces. These interior surfaces store energy
throughout the day, then release the stored energy at night. In contrast, active solar
heating uses collectors and separate storage volumes to provide heating over time. In
passive solar heating applications, the major consideration involves ways to allow solar
radiation to enter the building envelope in the winter and exclude it in the summer. Other
considerations involve the design and placement of thermal mass areas to optimize the
storage and release of energy. The key factors of site planning and interior design are
indispensable elements in passive solar applications.
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3.4.2 Site Planning
Properly orienting a residence on a site to take advantage of passive solar opportunities
can substantially reduce energy consumption. The long axis of the house should be
oriented in an east-west fashion, with principal wall areas facing north and major glass
areas facing south. This orientation will maximize exposure to the winter sun, as well as
minimize the effects of the summer sun.
During the summer, the sun rises at a low angle providing strong heating to the east
facing of the residence. As the sun rises, it assumes an almost vertical position at solar
noon. With adequate roof overhang and internal shading, the effects of the summer sun
on the south side windows can be effectively controlled. During the afternoon, the west
facing of the house receives full solar exposure. Figure 3.9 shows the relative angles of
the sun in the summer and in the winter.
Winter Sun Angle
Summer Sun Angie
Figure 3.9: Summer and Winter Sun Angles for Southern Idaho
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During the winter, the sun remains relatively low on the horizon and moves through the
solar noon providing extensive direct sunlight to the south side of the building. Figure
3.10 shows the relative influence of sun angle on solar gain.
Figure 3.10: Solar Gain in Summer and Winter in Southern Idaho
Solar collection apertures should be free from shadows from other buildings or structures
that would reduce solar access in the winter. However, vegetation in the form of
deciduous trees can provide effective summer shading for solar apertures, particularly
east and west facings. In the winter, the deciduous trees loose their leaves allowing
relatively unimpeded solar access to the building.
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3.4.3 Interior Design
Interior design is a critical element in determining passive solar effectiveness. The
following three elements of interior design - thermal mass, interior zones, and solar
aperture design - are examined from a passive solar standpoint.
Thermal Mass
Thermal mass serves to store energy as a building is warmed, and then releases that
energy as the building cools. Thermal mass acts as a moderator by slowing internal
temperature variations, thereby reducing energy requirements. In passive solar designs,
thermal mass for heating purposes must be exposed to sufficient direct or indirect
sunlight to be effective. Therefore, the location, shape, and material content of the
thermal mass must be carefully selected. Typical thermal mass materials include
concrete, tile, brick, or other materials with high interior mass capacity ratings. Examples
of thermal mass are shown in Figure 3.11.
Figure 3.11: Examples of Thermal Mass
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The amount of thermal mass required for effective passive solar residences varies with
individual design. However, as a general rule for slab floor construction, thermal mass
should be equivalent to 25 percent of the ground floor area of the building. For raised
construction, thermal mass should be equivalent to 10 percent of the ground floor area.
Thermal mass walls are most effective with a high surface thermal absorptivity (greater
than 80 percent).
Interior Zones
The effective design of passive solar heating systems must consider heat transfer
problems associated with interior thermal zones. Interior thermal zones are generally
formed by walls that separate rooms, thereby causing temperature differentials. These
temperature differentials can cause problems with occupant comfort unless adequate
design consideration is given to heat transfer methods such as window location, zonal
heat coupling, and thermal mass considerations.
Solar Aperture Design
Solar aperture design deals primarily with controlling solar access to the building interior.
In regard to winter heating situations, the objective of aperture design is to maximize solar
contact with thermal mass and selectively warm interior surfaces. In the summer, effective
aperture design limits solar access, allowing thermal mass to slow the warming process
and provide a comfortable living space on an otherwise warm day. The principal
considerations in aperture design deal with fenestration features that provide solar access
to thermal mass areas, and the placement of thermal mass to take full advantage of solar
heating.
Direct Gain Windows. Direct gain windows are integral to the passive solar process with
size, type, and location being the primary variables. For passive solar design homes, the
minimum south facing area is 6.4 percent, and the maximum total non-south facing area
is 9.6 percent. The maximum U-Value for direct gain windows is 1.10. Direct gain
windows should be located to maximize thermal zoning and thermal mass design. Single
pane windows are recommended for direct solar gain applications.
Daylighting. Daylighting refers to the sunlight that enters solar apertures in the solar
heating process. This beneficial side effect of passive solar design can also be an
effective ECM in reducing costs associated with lighting.
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In summary, Chapter Three contains information about ECMs that are applicable to the
residential housing identified in the RFP. In Chapter Four, information is presented on the
computation of points to be used in the evaluation of each housing prototype submitted.
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Chapter Four
Energy Calculation Procedures
4.1 Overview
This chapter provides information on the procedures to determine compliance with the
energy budget established in Chapter Two. The procedure to determine compliance is
based primarily on completion of a point system worksheet which is attached at the end
of this chapter. The energy budget and points system worksheets were compiled using
COSTSAFR and CAPS computer programs developed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory
under contract with the DOE. Both programs were developed for use by federal agencies
as a part of the DOE’S Interim Energy Conservation Mandatory Performance Standards
for New Federal Residential Buildings. The forms used to determine compliance will
hereafter be referred to as the “point system.”
Contractors must complete the worksheets for each prototype residence submitted for
consideration. Designers select ECMs that earn credit in the points system. ECMs
include insulation levels, window type and area, infiltration levels, HVAC equipment, and
water heating. The cumulative points from all ECMs must equal or exceed a preestablished required point total to comply with the standard.
4.2 Definition of Points
Points are proportional to dollars of life cycle energy savings, and are relative to the worst
(least energy efficient) level for each ECM. For example, a point total of 53 indicates that
the prototype being considered generates a life cycle cost saving of $5,300 in currentyear dollars over the same prototype with minimum level ECMs. The absolute value of
the points for any ECM must be taken in relative, marginal context. For example, the
points awarded to foundation measures tend to be much higher than the points awarded
to ceiling and wall insulation because floor measures are compared to the very inefficient
minimum level of R-O (no insulation). In contrast, the minimum level for ceiling and wall
insulation is R-11. The energy savings relative to R-O insulation are much larger than the
energy savings relative to R-11 insulation. However, the difference in points for the
foundation ECMs may be small. Therefore, the gain in points for increasing the
foundation conservation levels may have little impact on the overall point total. The least
energy-efficient levels for all components always have points equal to 0.0. For Mountain
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Home AFB, there are two categories of residences identified for points computation:
Single-Family Ranch Style Houses, and Two-Story Duplex Houses.
Please note that negative numbers are possible for some, ECMs. For example, heatabsorbing glass (Section F of the point system) and reflective glass (Section G of the
point system) can have negative points for heating because they negate potential solar
heating benefits of clear glass.
4.3 Structure of Point System
The ECMs in the point system can be thought of as two independent groups. The
principal group includes heating and cooling ECMs. This group contains space
conditioning measures (Sections A through N) and HVAC equipment measures (Section
0). The space conditioning ECMs consist of the envelope or building shell measures,
and are modified in the HVAC section to account for HVAC efficiency. Therefore, a
change in points for any envelope ECM does not directly translate to an equal change
in total points. The secondary group of ECMs includes DHW. A measure from each of
Sections A, B, C, D, and E must always be chosen. All other space conditioning
categories (Sections F through N) are optional, unless specified otherwise by the Air
Force.
The point system begins with the ceiling, wall, and floor insulation levels (Sections A, B,
and C, respectively). In Section B, either the wood frame wall or thermal mass wall
measure should be selected. Section D covers infiltration (leakage of air into the building)
which is based on average, tight, or very tight construction. Appendix A contains an
infiltration worksheet which should be used to determine infiltration levels. Section E
covers the window points, and is based on three factors: window area, glazing layers,
and sash type.
Sections F through L cover various window measures that can be used to modify the
absolute contribution of the windows to the point total. The sun tempered measure
(Section I) accounts for window orientations more favorable than the default, which
assumes that windows are equally distributed. Sections J, K, and L present points for
moveable night insulation for windows. Section M is for sunspaces, and Section N is for
light colored roofs.
Section O uses the heating and cooling total points from Sections A through N, Space
Conditioning Total, in equations for the HVAC equipment to determine the Total Heating
and Cooling Points.
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The DHW ECMs are independent of all other ECMs. Their points are combined with the
Total Heating and Cooling Points in the calculation of TOTAL POINTS.
4.4 Interpolating Between Energy Conservation Measures
ECMs that fall between levels in the point system can be awarded points through
standard interpolation techniques. For example, if you propose a wall insulation level of
R-16 and only R-13 and R-19 appear in the point system, you can linearly interpolate to
calculate the appropriate points. In this case, an R-16 wall is the average of the point
values for R-13 and R-19.
4.5 Compliance with the Energy Budget
The total points are calculated based on the selections you make. If the calculated total
equals or exceeds the required points total, the proposed design complies with the
energy budget. If the calculated total is less than the required total, you must go back
to the design measures and decide which one(s) to tighten. This process continues until
the revised point total equals or exceeds the required total.
4.6 Point System
The point system is a form generated by the DO E (and modified by Delta Research
Corporation). The form is completed by the contractor to show compliance with the
energy budget developed specifically for Mountain Home AFB. You must prepare a
separate six-page form for each allowable housing type (refer to the RFP). Circle the
specific ECMs incorporated in your design, and copy the points assigned to these levels
in the appropriate space on the form. Add up the points to obtain the point total for the
proposed design.
The proposed design must satisfy the energy budget. If your design does not meet or
exceed the energy budget, evaluate the design, determine which elements of the
proposed design are causing poor performance, and redesign the unit.
REMEMBER TO COMPLETE THE SIX-PAGE FORM FOR EACH HOUSING UNIT TYPE.
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4.7 Point System Instructions
For wall insulation, either wood frame walls or thermal mass walls may be selected for
site-built houses. The points for the thermal mass wall ECM depend on the R-value of
the insulation, the heat capacity of the heavyweight material, and the location of the
insulation.
In Section E of the example form, the window area is the percentage of window area as
a fraction of the total conditioned floor area. For example, a house with 1,000
conditioned square feet and 120 square feet of window area has a 12% window area.
The sash type can either be aluminum with thermal break, or wood/vinyl (vinyl is
considered to be equivalent to wood). Sections F through L cover window measures that
can then be used to modify the absolute contribution of the windows to the point total.
Window area, glazing layers, and sash type in these sections must be consistent with
those selected in Section E.
In Section I of the example form, the points are determined for sun tempered designs by
completing three equations for both heating and cooling. Note that this section is
completed in addition to Section E, only if the window orientation is not evenly divided
among the four cardinal directions. In Equation A of Section I, the area of each
orientation is entered as a fraction of the total window area. For example, if 20% of the
windows are on the north side, then the entry above “N” is 0.20. In Equation B of Section
I, the quantity “X” calculated in Equation A is multiplied by the total window area
percentage and the shading coefficient (SC). The total window area percentage is
entered as a fraction of one. For example, if the total window area is 10% of the heated
floor area, then the entry above “%AREA” is 0.10. If the actual shading coefficients are
not available from manufacturers’ data, use the data in Table 4.1, Window Shading
Coefficients.
Window Shading Coefficients
Single
Layers Double
Triple
Clear
1.00
0.88
0.79
Heat-Absorbing
0.77
0.64
0.56
Reflective
0.40
0.31
0.30
Low-E
-
0.78
0.70
Glass Type
Table 4.1: Window Shading Coefficients
Equation C of Section I uses the quantity "Z" from Equation B in two different locations.
By using this equation, you can determine the heating and cooling points for the sun
tempered section.
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NOTE: Totals for Sections A through N are entered on page 5 under S p a c e
Conditioning Total. Add the heating and cooling points from the first four pages of the
example form and the top of page 5 to get a separate total for heating and cooling.
Section O uses the Space Conditioning Total for heating and cooling in equations for the
HVAC equipment to determine the Total Heating and Cooling Points.
In Section O, first enter the appropriate space conditioning total in the parentheses in
Step A (heating) and Step C (cooling). Complete the equations in Steps A and C, and
insert the results in the parentheses above the letters “X” and “Y” in Steps B and D,
respectively. The efficiency of the heating and cooling equipment must also be entered
in Steps B and D. In Section O, use the AFUE and SEER values from the Federal Energy
Label, which is required for all residential furnaces, and air conditioners.
You may choose any of the different types of heating equipment listed in Step B. It is
recommended that all allowable equipment be tried and the heating points compared.
Equipment with higher fuel costs will often make it extremely difficult to meet the required
point total.
The numbers obtained from Steps B and D for both heating and cooling in Section O are
the Total Heating and Cooling Points, and are rewritten at the bottom of page 5 of the
point system form. The Total Heating and Cooling Points on the bottom of page 5 are
only the points from Section 0.
The DHW point system on page 6 applies to all equipment types. The equations for the
DHW heaters are based on the number of bedrooms in each unit. To calculate the points
for this page, enter the Energy Factor in the blank above “EF” on the appropriate line.
The DHW heater points are added and the total is entered in the space at the middle of
page 6.
To determine the TOTAL POlNTS on page 6, copy the heating point total and the cooling
point total from the bottom of page 5 into the appropriate blanks. Also, copy the TOTAL
DHW from page 6. Calculate the TOTAL POINTS by adding the three values. The TOTAL
POINTS must be equal to or greater than the MINIMUM REQUIRED POINT TOTAL shown
just beneath the TOTAL POINTS. Note that the required points vary with the number of
bedrooms because of varying hot water usage. If the points are less than the MINIMUM
REQUIRED POINT TOTAL, you must make adjustments by changing some of the ECM
levels to meet the criteria. If the points are greater than the minimum total, you can use
the selected ECMs, or adjust the ECMs to lower costs.
The EST/MATED UNIT ENERGY COST over 25 years is calculated and appears at the
bottom of page 6. Enter the conditioned floor area in square feet. The EST/MATED UNIT
ENERGY COST is shown in units of hundreds of dollars.
4-5
Residential Energy Evaluation Manual (REEM)
Mountain Home Air Force Base
4.8 Point System Example
In order to better illustrate how the point system form is completed, following is an
example of ECM categories and values. Compare these ECM values against the example
point system form on the following pages.
A
Ceiling Insulation
. . . R-30
B
Wall Insulation
. . . R-19
C
Floor Type & Insulation
. . . slab on grade: R-10 for 2 Ft.
D
Infiltration
. . . average
E
Window Type and Area
. . . double glass
. . . aluminum sash + thermal break
. . . 12% window area
F,G,H
Heat-Absorbing, Reflective,
or Low-Emissivity Glass
. . . no
I
Sun Tempered Design
. . . yes
J,K,L
R-1, R-3, R-5
Moveable Insulation
. . . no
M
Sunspace
. . . no
N
Light Roof Color
. . . no
O
HVAC Equipment
Heating Equipment
. . . natural gas furnace, AFUE 0.90
Cooling Equipment
. . . air conditioner, SEER, 10.0
DHW Heater
. . . gas, Energy Factor 0.60
4-6
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single-Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
Design #:
Unit Type:
Proposer:
Project Title: Mountain Home AFB REEM
pg. 1
1
E XAMPLE
A: CEILING INSULATION POINTS
Heating
Cooling
6.3
6.6
0.6
0.9
R-49
R-60
Points for A:
Heating
El: WALL INSULATION POINTS (Select either Wood Frame or Thermal Mass Walls)
Wood Frame Walls
Heating
Cooling
3.7
4.1
0.2
0.2
R-24
R-26
Points for B:
Heating
Cooling
Thermal Mass Walls (Outside, Inside, Mixed: location of insulation)
R-8
R-4
R-20
R-16
R-12
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
4
Outside -13.6
Inside
-13.6
Mixed
-13.2
-0.8
-1.3
-1.3
-3.3
-3.3
-3.0
0.3
-0.1
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.3
2.3
2.2
2.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
3.4
3.4
3.6
0.7
0.2
0.5
6
Outside -13.4
Inside
-13.4
Mixed
-13.0
-0.4
-1.0
-0.8
-3.2
-3.2
-3.0
0.5
-0.0
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.1
0.4
2.3
2.3
2.5
0.8
0.2
0.5
3.5
3.4
3.6
0.8
0.2
0.5
8
Outside -13.2
Inside
-13.3
Mixed
-12.9
-0.1
-0.8
-0.5
-3.1
-3.2
-2.9
0.7
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.5
2.4
2.3
2.5
0.9
0.2
0.5
3.5
3.4
3.6
0.9
0.2
0.5
10
Outside -13.2
Inside
-13.2
Mixed
-12.8
0.1
-0.6
-0.2
-3.0
-3.1
-2.8
0.8
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.9
0.2
0.6
2.4
2.3
2.6
0.9
0.2
0.6
3.5
3.4
3.7
0.9
0.2
0.6
12
Outside -13.1
Inside
-13.1
Mixed
-12.8
0.3
-0.5
0.0
-3.0
-3.1
-2.8
0.9
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.6
2.5
2.3
2.6
1.0
0.3
0.6
3.6
3.4
3.7
1.0
0.2
0.6
14
Outside -13.0
Inside
-13.0
Mixed
-12.7
0.4
-0.3
0.2
-3.0
-3.1
-2.8
1.0
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.8
1.0
0.3
0.6
2.5
2.3
2.6
1.0
0.3
0.6
3.6
3.4
3.7
1.0
0.2
0.6
Heat Capacity
Points for B:
0
Heating
0
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single-Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 2
C: FLOOR INSULATION POINTS
Heating
Cooling
Basements
Not Applicable
Crawl Space
Not Applicable
Slab on Grade
Points for C:
Heating
Cooling
Heating
Cooling
D: INFILTRATION POINTS
Heating
Cooling
11.0
0.1
Very Tight
Points for D:
E: WINDOW TYPE AND AREA ("10%" = 10% of heated floor area)
Window Area:
10%
H
Single Glass
Alum.
NA
AL & TB
NA
Wood/Vinyl NA
Double Glass
Alum.
NA
AL & TB
11.0
Wood/Vinyl
11.7
Triple Glass
Alum.
NA
AL & TB
12.3
Wood/Vinyl
12.9
12%
H-C
C
16%
14%
20%
18%
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.3
3.3
NA
NA
11.6
2.9
NA
10.7
11.5
NA
2.4
2.4
NA
10.4
11.4
NA
1.9
2.0
NA
10.0
11.1
NA
1.4
1.4
NA
9.7
10.9
NA
0.9
0.9
NA
3.6
3.6
NA
12.5
13.2
NA
3.2
3.2
NA
12.5
13.4
NA
2.8
2.8
NA
12.6
13.6
NA
2.4
2.4
NA
12.6
13.7
NA
1.9
1.9
NA
12.5
13.8
NA
1.5
1.5
Points for E:
Heating
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single-Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 3
F: HEAT-ABSORBING GLASS (“10%” = 10% of heated floor area)
Window Area:
12%
10%
14%
H
C
H
C
H
C
Single
Glass
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Double Glass -1.1
0.8
-1.3
1.0
-1.4
1.2
Triple Glass
-1.2
0.7
-1.4
0.9
-1.5
1.0
16%
H
C
NA
NA
-1.4
1.4
-1.6
1.2
18%
H
C
NA
NA
-1.5
1.6
-1.7
1.4
20%
H
NA
-1.5
-1.7
C
NA
1.8
1.6
Points for F:
Heating Cooling
G: REFLECTIVE GLASS ("10%" = 10% of heated floor area)
12%
10%
H
C
H
C
Single
Glass
NA
NA
NA
NA
Double Glass -2.6
1.7
-3.0
2.0
Triple Glass
-2.9
1.4
-3.3
1.8
Window Area:
16%
14%
H
NA
-3.2
-3.7
C
NA
2.5
2.1
H
NA
-3.4
-4.0
18%
C
NA
2.9
2.5
H
NA
-3.6
-4.3
20%
C
NA
3.4
2.9
H
NA
-3.7
-4.5
C
NA
3.9
3.3
Points for G:
Heating Cooling
H: LOW-E GLASS ("10%" = 10% of heated floor area)
Window Area:
12%
10%
H
C
Single
Glass
NA
NA
Double Glass 1.9
0.4
Triple Glass
0.8
0.3
H
NA
0.9
16%
14%
C
NA
H
NA
2.7
1.1
0.4
C
NA
0.6
0.5
H
NA
3.2
1.4
20%
18%
C
NA
0.7
0.6
H
NA
3.6
1.6
C
NA
0.8
0.6
H
NA
4.1
1.8
C
NA
0.9
0.7
Points for H :
Heating
I: SUN TEMPERED (Calculate points by using equations A, B and C)
Heating Points
A: (Enter fraction of total window area for the 4 orientations: N, E, S, & W)
( 49.6 x ___ + 97.2 x ___
N
E
+151.0 x___ + 79.7 x___) - (
W
S
94.4 ) = ___
X
B: (%Area = 0.10 for window area, 10% of heated floor area)
X ___ x _______ x 1.54 = ____
______
X
SC
C: ___
Z
%AREA
Z
x [ 0.647 + ( 0.005 x ____ ) ] =
Z
0
H
Cooling Points
A: (Enter fraction of total window area for the 4 orientations: N, E, S, & W)
( -10.3____ x -21.2 x ____ -20.9 _____ x -28.3 x ____ ) + ( 20.2 ) = ____
E
N
W
X
S
B: (%Area = 0.10 for window area, 10% of heated floor area)
x
x
X
C: ____
Z
SC
_____ x 1.54 = _____
%AREA
Z
x [ 0.487 + (0.043 x ____ ) ] =
Z
0
C
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single-Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
J: R-1 MOVEABLE INSULATION ("10%" = 10% of heated floor area)
No cooling points for moveable insulation
Window Area:
Single Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Double Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Triple Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
10%
H
12%
H
14%
H
16%
H
18%
H
20%
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.7
0.6
NA
0.8
0.7
NA
1.0
0.8
NA
1.1
1.0
NA
1.3
1.1
NA
1.4
1.2
NA
0.4
0.3
NA
0.5
0.4
NA
0.6
0.4
NA
0.6
0.5
NA
0.7
0.5
NA
0.8
0.6
Points for J:
Heating
K: R-3 MOVEABLE INSULATION (“10%” = 10% of heated floor area)
No cooling points for moveable insulation
Window Area:
10%
H
Single Glass
Alum.
NA
AL & TB
NA
Wood/Vinyl NA
Double Glass
Alum.
NA
AL & TB
1.3
Wood/Vinyl
1.1
Triple Glass
Alum.
NA
AL & TB
0.8
Wood/Vinyl
0.6
12%
H
14%
H
16%
H
18%
H
20%
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.6
1.3
NA
1.8
1.5
NA
2.1
1.8
NA
2.3
2.0
NA
2.6
2.2
NA
1.0
0.7
NA
1.1
0.8
NA
1.3
1.0
NA
1.4
1.1
NA
1.6
1.2
Points for K:
Heating
L: R-5 MOVEABLE INSULATION ("10%" = 10% of heated floor area)
No cooling points for moveable insulation
Window Area:
Single Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Double Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Triple Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
10%
H
12%
H
14%
H
16%
H
18%
H
20%
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.5
1.3
NA
1.8
1.6
NA
2.1
1.8
NA
2.4
2.1
NA
2.7
2.3
NA
3.0
2.6
NA
1.0
0.8
NA
1.2
1.0
NA
1.4
1.1
NA
1.6
1.3
NA
1.8
1.4
NA
2.0
1.6
Points for L:
Heating
pg. 4
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single-Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 5
M: SUNSPACES (No cooling points for sunspaces)
w/ Glass Roof
and Single Glass: 7.8
and Double Glass: 15.5
w/ Solid Roof
and Single Glass:
and Double Glass:
3.2
7.8
Heating:
N: LIGHT ROOF COLOR (No heating points for roof color)
Cooling:
For roof R-values below R-30
For roof R-values R-30 and above
0.0
0.0
Points:
Cooling
SPACE CONDITIONING TOTAL (Total Sections A through N)
HEATING COOLING
O: HVAC EQUIPMENT
Insert SPACE CONDITIONING TOTAL for HEATING in the blank provided in equation A.
Note: Set all negative values for X to 0.0
B:
Oil furnaces and boilers: DOES NOT APPLY
Natural gas furnace and boilers:
LPG furnaces and boilers: DOES NOT APPLY
Electric furnaces and baseboards: DOES NOT APPLY
Electric heat pumps: DOES NOT APPLY
Insert SPACE CONDITIONING TOTAL for COOLING in the blank provided in equation C.
Note: Set all negative values for Y to 0.0.
TOTAL HEATING AND COOLING POINTS
(Rewrite selected points from section 0.)
Heating
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single-Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 6
GAS DHW HEATERS (Insert Energy Factors):
2 BR Units:
10.0 - [ 5.5/
3 BR Units:
18.1 - [ 10.0 / (
) ] =
) ] =
4 BR Units: 22.1 - [ 12.2 / (
EF
DHW points
ELECTRIC DHW HEATERS: DOES NOT APPLY
TOTAL DHW HEATER POINTS
TOTAL POINTS:
DHW TOTAL
(from pg. 6)
HEATING TOTAL
(from bottom of pg. 5)
COOLING TOTAL
(from bottom of pg. 5)
TOTAL POINTS
MINIMUM REQUIRED POINT TOTAL
2-BR Units: 64
3-BR Units: 65
4-BR Units: 65
ESTIMATED UNIT ENERGY COST (for information only): This provides an estimate of the energy cost
over a 25-year life cycle for one unit (estimate given in hundreds of $).
heating &
cooling
points
conditioned
floor
area
DHW Points
(hundreds of $)
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single-Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
Project Title: Mountain Home AFB REEM
pg. 1
Design #:
Unit Type:
Proposer:
A: CEILING INSULATION POINTS
Heating
Cooling
4.8
5.7
6.3
6.8
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
R-30
R-38
R-49
R-60
Points for A:
Heating
Cooling
B: WALL INSULATION POINTS (Select either Wood Frame or Thermal Mass Walls)
Wood Frame Walls
Heating
2.5
3.7
4.1
R-19
R-24
R-26
Cooling
0.1
0.2
0.2
Points for B:
Heating
Cooling
Thermal Mass Walls (Outside, Inside, Mixed: location of insulation)
R-4
R-16
R-12
R-8
R-20
H
C
H
C
H
C
0.3
-0.1
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.3
2.3
2.2
2.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
3.4
3.4
3.6
0.7
0.2
0.5
-3.2
-3.2
-3.0
0.5
-0.0
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.1
0.4
2.3
2.3
2.5
0.8
0.2
0.5
3.5
3.4
3.6
0.8
0.2
0.5
-0.8
-0.5
-3.1
-3.2
-2.9
0.7
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.5
2.4
2.3
2.5
0.9
0.2
0.5
3.5
3.4
3.6
0.9
0.2
0.5
Outside -13.2
Inside
-13.2
Mixed
-12.8
0.1
-0.6
-0.2
-3.0
-3.1
-2.8
0.8
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.9
0.2
0.6
2.4
2.3
2.6
0.9
0.2
0.6
3.5
3.4
3.7
0.9
0.2
0.6
12
Outside -13.1
Inside
-13.1
Mixed
-12.8
0.3
-0.5
0.0
-3.0
-3.1
-2.8
0.9
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.6
2.5
2.3
2.6
1.0
0.3
0.6
3.6
3.4
3.7
1.0
0.2
0.6
14
Outside -13.0
Inside
-13.0
Mixed
-12.7
0.4
-0.3
0.2
-3.0
-3.1
-2.8
1.0
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.8
1.0
0.3
0.6
2.5
2.3
2.6
1.0
0.3
0.6
3.6
3.4
3.7
1.0
0.2
0.6
H
C
H
C
4
Outside -13.6
Inside
-13.6
Mixed
-13.2
-0.8
-1.3
-1.3
-3.3
-3.3
-3.0
6
Outside -13.4
Inside
-13.4
Mixed
-13.0
-0.4
-1.0
-0.8
-0.1
8
Outside -13.2
Inside
-13.3
Mixed
-12.9
10
Heat Capacity
Points for B:
Heating
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single-Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 2
C: FLOOR INSULATION POINTS
Heating
Cooling
Basements
Not Applicable
Crawl Space
Not Applicable
Slab on Grade
R-10 (2FT)
28.0
R-5 (4FT)
28.4
R-10 (4FT) 29.5
5.0
5.1
5.1
Points for C:
Heating
Cooling
Heating
Cooling
D: INFILTRATION POINTS
Average
Tight
Very Tight
Heating
0.0
5.5
11.0
Cooling
0.0
0.1
0.1
Points for D:
E: WINDOW TYPE AND AREA ("10% = 10% of heated floor area)
Window Area:
Single Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Double Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Triple Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
12%
10%
14%
16%
18%
20%
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
11.0
11.7
NA
3.3
3.3
NA
10.9
11.6
NA
2.9
2.9
NA
10.7
11.5
NA
2.4
2.4
NA
10.4
11.4
NA
1.9
2.0
NA
10.0
11.1
NA
1.4
1.4
NA
9.7
10.9
NA
0.9
0.9
NA
12.3
12.9
NA
3.6
3.6
NA
12.5
13.2
NA
3.2
3.2
NA
12.5
13.4
NA
2.8
2.8
NA
12.6
13.6
NA
2.4
2.4
NA
12.6
13.7
NA
1.9
1.9
NA
12.5
13.8
NA
1.5
1.5
Points for E:
Heating
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 3
F: HEAT-ABSORBING GLASS (“10%” = 10% of heated floor area)
Window Area:
12%
10%
H
NA
-1.1
-1.2
Single Glass
Double Glass
Triple Glass
C
NA
0.8
0.7
H
NA
-1.3
-1.4
H
NA
-1.4
-1.5
20%
C
H
C
NA
NA
NA
1.6 -1.5 1.8
1.4
-1.7
1.6
18%
16%
14%
C
NA
1.0
0.9
C
NA
1.2
1.0
H
NA
-1.4
-1.6
C
NA
1.4
1.2
H
NA
-1.5
-1.7
Points for F:
Heating
Cooling
G: REFLECTIVE GLASS ("10%" = 10% of heated floor area)
10%
12%
H
C
H
C
Single
Glass
NA
NA
NA
NA
Double Glass -2.6
1.7
-3.0
2.0
Triple Glass
-2.9
1.4
-3.3
1.8
H
NA
-3.2
-3.7
H
NA
-3.4
-4.0
C
NA
2.5
2.1
20%
18%
16%
14%
Window Area:
C
NA
2.9
2.5
H
NA
-3.6
-4.3
C
NA
3.4
2.9
H
NA
-3.7
-4.5
C
NA
3.9
3.3
Points for G:
Heating
Cooling
H: LOW-E GLASS ("10%" = 10% of heated floor area)
Window Area:
12%
H-C
NA
NA
2.3
0.5
0.4
0.9
10%
H
C
Single
Glass
NA
NA
Double Glass 1.9
0.4
Triple Glass
0.3
0.8
H
NA
3.2
1.4
C
NA
0.6
0.5
C
NA
0.7
0.6
20%
18%
16%
14%
H
NA
2.7
1.1
H
NA
3.6
1.6
C
NA
0.8
0.6
H
C
NA
NA
4.1
0.9
1.8
0.7
Points for H:
Heating
I: SUN TEMPERED (Calculate points by using equations A, B and C)
Heating Points
A: (Enter fraction of total window area for the 4 orientations: N, E, S, & W)
+ 151.0 x
+ 97.2 x
(49.6 x
+ 79.7 x
E
N
)
- (94.4) =
X
W
S
B: (%Area = 0.10 for window area, 10% of heated floor area)
x
X
C:
x 1.54 =
x
SC
Z
%AREA
x [ 0.647 + ( 0.005 x -
)]=
Z
Z
H
Cooling Points
A: (Enter fraction of total window area for the 4 orientations: N, E, S, & W)
21.2 x
( -10.3 x
N
20.9 x
) + ( 20.2 ) =
-28.3 x
S
E
W
B: (%Area = 0.10 for window area, 10% of heated floor area)
x
X
x 1.54 =
x
SC
%AREA
z
)]=
x [ 0.487 + ( 0.043 x
C:
Z
Z
C
X
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single-Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
J: R-1 MOVEABLE INSULATION ("10%" = 10% of heated floor area)
No cooling points for moveable insulation
Window Area:
Single Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Double Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Triple Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
10%
H
12%
H
14%
H
16%
H
18%
H
20%
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.7
0.6
NA
0.8
0.7
NA
1.0
0.8
NA
1.1
1.0
NA
1.3
1.1
NA
1.4
1.2
NA
0.4
0.3
NA
0.5
0.4
NA
0.6
0.4
NA
0.6
0.5
NA
0.7
0.5
NA
0.8
0.6
Points for J:
Heating
K: R-3 MOVEABLE INSULATION (“10%” = 10% of heated floor area)
No cooling points for moveable insulation
Window Area:
10%
H
Single Glass
Alum.
NA
AL & TB
NA
Wood/Vinyl NA
Double Glass
Alum.
NA
AL & TB
1.3
Wood/Vinyl
1.1
Triple Glass
Alum.
NA
AL & TB
0.8
Wood/Vinyl
0.6
12%
H
14%
H
16%
H
18%
H
20%
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.6
1.3
NA
1.8
1.5
NA
2.1
1.8
NA
2.3
2.0
NA
2.6
2.2
NA
1.0
0.7
NA
1.1
0.8
NA
1.3
1.0
NA
1.4
1.1
NA
1.6
1.2
Points for K:
Heating
L: R-5 MOVEABLE INSULATION ("10%" = 10% of heated floor area)
No cooling points for moveable insulation
Window Area:
Single Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Double Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Triple Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
10%
H
12%
H
14%
H
16%
H
18%
H
20%
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.5
1.3
NA
1.8
1.6
NA
2.1
1.8
NA
2.4
2.1
NA
2.7
2.3
NA
3.0
2.6
NA
1.0
0.8
NA
1.2
1.0
NA
NA
1.6
1.3
NA
1.8
1.4
NA
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.1
Points for L:
Heating
pg. 4
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 5
M: SUNSPACES (No cooling points for sunspaces)
w/ Solid Roof
and Single Glass:
and Double Glass:
w/ Glass Roof
and Single Glass:
7.8
and Double Glass: 15.5
3.2
7.8
Heating:
(________________) = x 0.01 x (___________________) = ______
factor from above
sunspace length (ft)
H
N: LIGHT ROOF COLOR (No heating points for roof color)
Cooling:
For roof R-values below R-30
For roof R-values R-30 and above
0.0
0.0
Points:
Cooling
SPACE CONDITIONING TOTAL (Total Sections A through N)
===== ======
HEATING COOLING
O: HVAC EQUIPMENT
Insert SPACE CONDITIONING TOTAL for HEATING in the blank provided in equation A.
A:
119 - [ 1.546 x (_____________) ] = ________
H E A T I N G
X
Note: Set all negative values for X to 0.0
B:
Oil furnaces and boilers: DOES NOT APPLY
Natural gas furnace and boilers:
77 - [ 0.485 x ( _________) / (_______) ] = ________
H
X
AFUE
LPG furnaces and boilers: DOES NOT APPLY
Electric furnaces and baseboards: DOES NOT APPLY
Electric heat pumps: DOES NOT APPLY
Insert SPACE CONDITIONING TOTAL for COOLING in the blank provided in equation C.
C: 26 - [ 2.055 x (________) ] =
COOLING
Y
Note: Set all negative values for Y to 0.0.
D: 14 - [ 4.867 x (
)) / (
Y
=
SEER
TOTAL HEATING AND COOLING POINTS
(Rewrite selected points from section 0.)
C
======== ========
Heating
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Single-Story Ranch Style Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 6
GAS DHW HEATERS (Insert Energy Factors):
2 BR Units: 10.0 - [ 5.5 / (
3 BR Units:
) ] =
18.1 -[ 10.0/(
) ]=
4 BR Units: 22.1 - [ 12.2 / (
) ] =
EF
DHW points
ELECTRIC DHW HEATERS: DOES NOT APPLY
TOTAL DHW HEATER POINTS
============
TOTAL POINTS:
(
============
)
)+(
)+(
=============
============
HEATING TOTAL
(from bottom of pg. 5)
DHW TOTAL
(from pg. 6)
COOLING TOTAL
(from bottom of pg. 5)
=
============
TOTAL POINTS
MINIMUM REQUIRED POINT TOTAL
2-BR Units: 59
3-BR Units: 60
4-BR Units: 60
ESTIMATED UNIT ENERGY COST (for information only): This provides an estimate of the energy cost
over a 25-year life cycle for one unit (estimate given in hundreds of $).
2 BR: [(101 -
)x(
)/1540] + ( 10 -
)
=
3 BR: [(101 -
)x(
)/1540] + (18 -
)
=
4 BR: [(101 -
)x(
)/1540] + (22 -
)
=
heating &
cooling
points
conditioned
floor
area
DHW Points
(hundreds of $)
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Two-Story Duplex Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
Project Title: Mountain Home AFB REEM
pg. 1
Design #:
Unit Type:
Proposer:
A: CEILING INSULATION POINTS
Cooling
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
Heating
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.7
R-30
R-38
R-49
R-60
Points for A:
Cooling
Heating
B: WALL INSULATION POINTS (Select either Wood Frame or Thermal Mass Walls)
Wood Frame Walls
Heating
2.0
3.0
3.3
R-19
R-24
R-26
Cooling
0.2
0.2
0.3
Points for B:
Heating
Cooling
Thermal Mass Walls (Outside, Inside, Mixed: location of insulation)
R-4
Heat Capacity
H
R-12
R-8
C
R-20
R-16
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
4
Outside -11.5
Inside
-11.5
Mixed
-11.2
-0.7
-1.1
-1.1
-2.7
-2.7
-2.4
0.3
-0.2
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.3
1.8
1.8
2.0
0.7
0.2
0.5
2.8
2.7
2.9
0.7
0.3
0.5
6
Outside -11.4
Inside
-11.4
Mixed
-11.0
- 0.3
-0.9
-0.7
-2.6
-2.6
-2.3
0.5
-0.1
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.4
1.9
1.8
2.1
0.8
0.2
0.5
2.8
2.7
3.0
0.8
0.3
0.6
Outside -11.2
Inside
-11.3
Mixed
-10.9
0.0
8
-0.6
- 0.3
-2.5
-2.6
-2.3
0.7
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.5
2.0
1.9
2.1
0.9
0.3
0.6
2.9
2.7
3.0
0.9
0.3
0.6
10
Outside -11.1
Inside
-11.2
Mixed
-10.8
0.3
-0.5
0.0
-2.4
-2.5
-2.2
0.8
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.9
0.2
0.6
2.0
1.9
2.1
1.0
0.3
0.6
2.9
2.8
3.0
1.0
0.3
0.6
12
Outside -11.1
Inside
-11.1
Mixed
-10.8
0.4
- 0.3
0.2
-2.4
-2.5
-2.2
0.9
0.2
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.7
1.0
0.3
0.6
2.0
1.9
2.2
1.0
0.3
0.6
2.9
2.8
3.0
1.0
0.3
0.6
14
Outside -11.0
Inside
-11.0
Mixed
-10.7
0.5
- 0.2
0.3
-2.4
-2.5
-2.2
0.9
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.7
1.0
0.3
0.6
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.0
0.3
0.6
2.9
2.8
3.1
1.0
0.3
0.6
Points for B:
Heating
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Two-Story Duplex Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 2
C: FLOOR INSULATION POINTS
Heating
Cooling
Basements
Not Applicable
Crawl Space
Not Applicable
Slab on Grade
R-10 (2FT)
R-5 (4FT)
R-10 (4FT)
10.0
10.2
10.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
Points for C:
Heating
Cooling
Heating
Cooling
D: INFILTRATION POINTS
Average
Tight
Very Tight
Cooling
0.0
0.1
0.1
Heating
0.0
4.1
8.2
Points for D:
E: WINDOW TYPE AND AREA (“10%” = 10% of heated floor area)
Window Area:
Single Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Double Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Triple Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
10%
12%
16%
14%
18%
20%
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7.9
8.3
NA
3.2
3.2
NA
7.7
8.3
NA
2.3
2.3
NA
7.6
8.3
NA
2.0
2.0
NA
7.5
8.2
NA
1.6
1.6
NA
7.3
8.2
NA
1.3
1.3
NA
7.1
8.1
NA
0.9
0.9
NA
8.5
8.9
NA
3.3
3.3
NA
8.9
9.5
NA
2.5
2.5
NA
9.0
9.7
NA
2.2
2.2
NA
9.1
9.9
NA
1.9
1.9
NA
9.2
10.1
NA
1.6
1.6
NA
9.2
10.2
NA
1.3
1.3
Points for E:
Heating
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Two-Story Duplex Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 3
F: HEAT-ABSORBING GLASS ("10%" = 10% of heated floor area)
Window Area:
10%
18%
12%
14%
16%
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H-C
Single
Glass
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
-1.4
1.2
-1.2
0.9
-1.3
1.0
0.6
-1.1
0.7
Double Glass -1.0
1.0
-1.3
0.8
-1.4
0.9 -1.5
-1.0
0.5
-1.2
0.6
Triple Glass
20%
H
NA
-1.4
-1.6
C
NA
1.3
1.2
Points for F:
Heating
Cooling
G: REFLECTIVE GLASS (‘10%” = 10% of heated floor area)
Window Area:
10%
12%
H
C
H
C
Single
Glass
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.2
-2.5
1.5
Double Glass -2.2
1.1
-2.7
1.3
-2.4
Triple Glass
16%
14%
H
NA
-2.8
-3.1
C
NA
1.8
1.6
H
NA
-3.0
-3.4
18%
C
NA
2.1
1.9
H
NA
-3.2
-3.7
20%
C
NA
2.5
2.1
H
NA
-3.4
-4.0
C
NA
2.8
2.4
Points for G:
Heating
Cooling
H: LOW-E GLASS (“10%” = 10% of heated floor area)
Window Area:
10%
H
C
Single
Glass
NA
NA
Double Glass 1.4
0.3
Triple Glass
0.6
0.2
16%
14%
12%
H-C
NA
NA
1.7
0.4
0.7
0.3
H
NA
2.1
0.8
C
NA
0.4
0.3
H
NA
2.4
1.0
C
NA
0.5
0.4
18%
H-C
NA
NA
2.7
0.6
1.1
0.5
20%
H
NA
3.1
1.3
C
NA
0.7
0.5
Points for H:
Heating
I: SUN TEMPERED (Calculate points by using equations A, B and C)
Heating Points
A: (Enter fraction of total window area for the 4 orientations: N, E, S, & W)
( 49.6 x
+ 97.2 x
+ 79.7 x
+ 151.0 x
E
N
S
) - (94.4) =
W
X
B: (%Area = 0.10 for window area, 10% of heated floor area)
x 1.20 =
x
x
X
SC
%AREA
Z
C: _____ x 0.647 + ( 0.005 x
Z
) ] =
H
Z
Cooling Points
A: (Enter fraction of total window area for the 4 orientations: N, E, S, & W)
( -10.3 x
-21.2 x
N
-28.3 x
-20.9 x
E
S
) + ( 20.2 ) =
W
B: (%Area = 0.10 for window area, 10% of heated floor area)
x
X
C:
x
x 1.20 =
SC %AREA
Z
x [ 0.487 + ( 0.043 x
Z
)]=
Z
C
X
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Two-Story Duplex Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
J: R-1 MOVEABLE INSULATlON (“10%” = 10% of heated floor area)
No cooling points for moveable insulation
Window Area:
Single Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Double Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Triple Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
10%
H
12%
H
14%
H
16%
H
18%
H
20%
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.5
0.5
NA
0.7
0.6
NA
0.8
0.7
NA
0.9
0.7
NA
1.0
0.8
NA
1.1
0.9
NA
0.3
0.2
NA
0.4
0.3
NA
0.4
0.3
NA
0.5
0.4
NA
0.6
0.4
NA
0.6
0.5
Points for J:
Heating
K: R-3 MOVEABLE INSULATION (“10%” = 10% of heated floor area)
No cooling points for moveable insulation
Window Area:
Single Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Double Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Triple Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
10%
H
12%
H
14%
H
16%
H
18%
H
20%
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.0
0.9
NA
1.2
1.0
NA
1.4
1.2
NA
1.6
1.4
NA
1.8
1.5
NA
2.0
1.7
NA
0.6
0.5
NA
0.7
0.6
NA
0.9
0.7
NA
1.0
0.7
NA
1.1
0.8
NA
1.2
0.9
Points for K:
Heating
L: R-5 MOVEABLE INSULATION (“10%” = 10% of heated floor area)
No cooling points for moveable insulation
Window Area:
Single Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Double Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
Triple Glass
Alum.
AL & TB
Wood/Vinyl
10%
H
12%
H
14%
H
16%
H
18%
H
20%
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.2
1.0
NA
1.4
1.2
NA
1.6
1.4
NA
1.9
1.6
NA
2.1
1.8
NA
2.3
2.0
NA
0.8
0.6
NA
0.9
0.7
NA
1.1
0.9
NA
1.2
1.0
NA
1.4
1.1
NA
1.6
1.2
Points for L:
Heating
pg. 4
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Two-Story Duplex Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 5
M: SUNSPACES (No cooling points for sunspaces)
w/ Glass Roof
and Single Glass:
7.8
and Double Glass: 15.5
w/ Solid Roof
and Single Glass: 3.2
and Double Glass: 7.8
Heating:
(__________________) x 0.01 x (____________________) = _________
sunspace length (ft)
H
factor from above
N: LIGHT ROOF COLOR (No heating points for roof color)
Cooling:
For roof R-values below R-30
For roof R-values R-30 and above
0.0
0.0
Points:
Cooling
SPACE CONDITIONING TOTAL (Total Sections A through N)
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -HEATING COOLING
O: HVAC EQUIPMENT
Insert SPACE CONDITIONING TOTAL for HEATING in the blank provided in equation A.
A: 67 - [ 1.546x(
)] =
HEATING
X
Note: Set all negative values for X to 0.0
B:
Oil furnaces and boilers: DOES NOT APPLY
Natural gas furnace and boilers:
44 - [ 0.485x (
) / (
) ] =
X
AFUE
H
LPG furnaces and boilers: DOES NOT APPLY
Electric furnaces and baseboards: DOES NOT APPLY
Electric heat pumps: DOES NOT APPLY
Insert SPACE CONDITIONING TOTAL for COOLING in the blank provided in equation C.
C: 18 - [ 2.055 x (_______) ] =
COOLING
Y
Note: Set all negative values for Y to 0.0.
)/( )
D: 10 - [ 4.867 x (
Y
SEER
TOTAL HEATING AND COOLING POINTS
(Rewrite selected points from section 0)
= _____
C
====== ======
Heating
Cooling
POINT SYSTEM FOR: Two-Story Duplex Houses
FEDERAL HOUSING PROCUREMENT FOR MOUNTAIN HOME AFB, ID
(continued)
pg. 6
GAS DHW HEATERS (Insert Energy Factors):
2 BR Units: 10.4 - [ 5.5 / (
) ] =
DHW points
EF
3 BR Units: 18.1 - [ 10.0 / (
)]=
EF
DHW points
EF
) ]=
DHW points
4 BR Units: 22.1 - [ 12.2/ (
ELECTRIC DHW HEATERS: DOES NOT APPLY
============
TOTAL DHW HEATER POINTS
TOTAL POINTS:
(
) =
) + ( ============ ) + (
==========
===========
============
HEATING TOTAL
(from bottom of pg. 5)
DHW TOTAL
(from pg. 6)
COOLING TOTAL
(from bottom of pg. 5)
TOTAL POINTS
MINIMUM REQUIRED POINT TOTAL
2-BR Units: 31
3-BR Units: 32
4-BR Units: 32
ESTIMATED UNIT ENERGY COST (for information only): This provides an estimate of the energy cost
over a 25-year Recycle for one unit (estimate given in hundreds of $).
2 BR: [( 63 -
) x (
)/1200](10 -
3 BR: [( 63 -
)x (
)/1200]+(22 -
4 BR: [(63-
) =
)
==========
= ===========
)x(
)/1200]+(22) = ===========
(hundreds of $)
DHW Points
heating & conditioned
cooling
floor
area
points
Residential Energy Evaluation Manual (REEM)
Mountain Home Air Force Base
REFERENCES
Braunstein, Leslie. “Energy Efficient Mortgages: A Utility Perspective.” Public Utilities
Fortnightly, July 1, 1992.
Conover, David R. “Meeting the Energy Challenge.” The Building Official and Code
Administrator, March/April 1991.
D’Alessandris, David. “Household Energy Use and Cost.” Housing Economics, May
1991.
Department of Energy. Code of Federal Regulations, January 1992.
Everett, John G. “Conservation Through Fenestration - Energy Efficient Windows.”
Construction Business Review, September/October 1991.
Federal Register. Part II Department of Energy, Office of Conservation and Renewable
Energy, 10 CFR Part 435, Mandatory Energy Conservation Standards for New
Federal Residential Buildings; Notice of Proposed Interim Rule and Public Hearings
and Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) on Proposed Energy Conservation
Standards for New Federal Residential Buildings, Volume 51, No. 161. August 20,
1986.
Federal Register. Part II Department of Energy, Office of Conservation and Renewable
Energy, 10 CFR Part 435, Energy Conservation Mandatory Performance Standards
for New Federal Residential Buildings; Final Interim Rule and Proposed
Modification of Final Interim Rule, Volume 53, No. 165. August 25, 1988.
Federal Register. Department of Energy, Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy,
10 CFR Part 435, (Docket No. CAS-RM-79-112-B), Energy Conservation Mandatory
Performance Standards for New Federal Residential Buildings; Amendments to
Interim Standards. Agency: Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy, DOE.
Action: Final Rule, Volume 56, No. 21. January 31, 1991.
“Florida Builder Sells Homes with Energy Efficiency.” Nation’s Business News, May 18,
1992.
Guiney, William T. “Spray-Applied Radiant Barriers.“ Roofing/Siding/Insulation, March
1992.
R-1
Residential Energy Evaluation Manual (REEM)
Mountain Home Air Force Base
REFERENCES (continued)
Johnson, Arthur W.
“Saving Home Energy:
Roofing/Siding/Insulation, February 1991.
Where and How Much?”
Jones, David A. “Tight as a Drum.” Builder, March 1992.
Lee, A.D. and R.G. Lucas. Point System User’s Guide, Paper Point System and
Computerized Automated Point System (CAPS), Version 1.1. U.S. Department of
Energy, July 1991. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy by Pacific
Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington.
Lippiatt, Barbara C. Energy Prices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
1993. U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National
Institution of Standards and Technology, October 1992.
McGuinness, Stein and Reynolds. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings,
Sixth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1980.
Meier, Alan and Leo Rainer. “Computing Energy Savings: A Software Overview.” Home
Energy, September/October 1991.
Morron, Tom. “Finding the Best Ways to Increase Energy Efficiency.” Building Operating
Management, March 1990.
North American insulation Manufacturers Association, Inc. Model Energy Code, Thermal
Envelope Compliance Guide for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, January 1992.
Prepared for the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association, Inc. by the
National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards and Steven Winter
Associates, Inc.
Rue, Richard. “Energy-Saving Tips for the Residential Market.” Roofing/Siding/Insulation,
August 1991.
Smith, Emily T. “Home is Where the Savings Are.” Business Week, September 16, 1991.
‘Techniques: Under Steep Roofing.” Progressive Architecture, May 1991.
“Ten Tough Energy Questions.” The Journal of Light Construction, August 1990.
R-2
Residential Energy Evaluation Manual (REEM)
Mountain Home Air Force Base
REFERENCES (continued)
The Trane Company. Trane Air Conditioning Manual, McGill/Jensen, Inc., St. Paul,
Minnesota, 1981.
United States Gypsum Company. Gypsum Construction Handbook, Second Edition,
1982.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of
Economic Analysis. Survey of Current Business, Volume 72, Number 7, July 1992.
U.S. Department of Energy. Title 70 - Energy, Chapter 77 - Department of Energy,
Subchapter D - Energy Conservation, Part 430 - Energy Conservation Program for
Consumer Products, Energy Policy and Conservation Act (Public Law 94-163) as
Amended by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (Public Law 100-12).
U.S. Department of Energy. Conservation Optimization Standard for Savings in Federal
Residences (COSTSAFR), COSTSAFR 3.1 - User’s Manual, Interim Energy
Conservation Mandatory Performance Standards for New Federal Residential
Buildings, July 1991. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy by Pacific
Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington.
‘Why the Energy-Efficient-Building Explosion Didn’t Happen.” Air Conditioning, Heating
and Refrigeration News, January 27, 1992.
R-3
APPENDIX
SUPPLEMENTAL COMPLIANCE FORMS
This Appendix contains three additional work sheets intended to supplement the point
system. These work sheets can be photocopied and attached with the completed paper
point system or the Computerized Automated Point System (CAPS) compliance printout.
The Infiltration Point Table is required to detail the specific infiltration control measures
and to verify the infiltration selection in the point system. The Thermal Mass Wall Work
Sheet must be completed if credit is taken for heavyweight construction in the walls. The
Estimated Total Project Energy Cost Form combines energy cost information for different
prototypes.
A.1
USING THE INFILTRATION POINT TABLE
The Infiltration Point Table is completed by selecting infiltration control measures and
summing the points obtained. This table demonstrates that the proposed design meets
the criteria for either “AVERAGE”, “TIGHT”, or “VERY TIGHT” infiltration control designs
based on the following criteria:
Very Tight:
minimum of 35 points on the point scale; an air-to-air heat
exchanger is required
Tight:
minimum of 15 points on the point scale
Average:
fewer than 15 points on the point scale.
The first four construction measures in the Infiltration Point Table are required, and a
check should be entered in the blank line next to these measures. If they are not
installed, your design does not comply. The completed table should be photocopied and
attached to the compliance forms.
A.2
USING THE THERMAL MASS WALL WORK SHEET
This work sheet is used to calculate the heat capacity and R-value for walls with massive
2
construction. Heat capacity has the units of Btu/ft -°F. Section 2 contains information on
thermal mass walls and common properties for wall materials.
Sum the R-values for all layers of material from outside to inside to calculate the total wall
R-value. Sum the heat capacities for the layers of massive materials to determine total
heat capacity per square foot of wall area. If the units of R-values and heat capacities are
per inch thickness, be sure to multiply them by the material thickness before entering
them in the work sheet.
A.1
A.3
USING THE ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT ENERGY COST FORM
This form can be photocopied and filled out by the contractor upon completion of the
paper point system or CAPS compliance form. Its purpose is to sum the Estimated Unit
Energy Costs for all proposed building types. The Estimated Unit Energy Cost is
calculated on page 6 of the paper point system or produced automatically in the CAPS
output file. The number obtained in the paper point system is in hundreds of dollars.
Multiply this cost by the number of housing units to obtain the total life-cycle energy cost.
If more than one building type is planned, the totals for each type are added together to
determine the Estimated Total Project Energy Cost at the bottom of the page.
A.2
INFILTRATION POINT TABLE
Put a check by the required measures to indicate they will be included. Circle points for
selected optional measures. Add the points and attach this table to the compliance
forms. The total points determine the infiltration level.
Required Construction Measures
All doors and windows caulked and
weatherstripped.
Check
Optional Construction Measures
All electrical outlets and switches
in exterior walls gasketed with foam
inserts (0 points if credit taken for
an air infiltration barrier or
continuous vapor retarder).
Cover, caulk, seal, or weatherstrip
all envelope joints around windows,
between wall panels, and between
floor/wall and wall/ceiling surfaces.
Cover, caulk, seal or weatherstrip
all envelope penetrations for plumbing,
space conditioning ducts, electricity,
telephone, and utility services.
Provide backdraft or automatic dampers
on all exhaust systems.
Optional Construction Measures
Points
Select no more than one of the following
three measures
a) Continuous air infiltration barrier
installed on exterior side of
exterior walls, with all joints in
the barrier and all penetrations through
the barrier sealed: barrier must cover
all joints in the building envelope,
from sill to top plate, and must act
as a gasket or be sealed to all window
and door frames.
13
b) Continuous vapor retarder sheet
(e.g., polyethylene sheeting) installed
on heated-in-winter side of exterior
walls, sealed at all penetrations
(electrical outlets, window and door
frames); retarder must be continuous
over all envelope joints and junctions
(corners, band joist, interior partition
meeting exterior wall, etc.), and must
be lapped and sealed with acoustical
sealant at all retarder joints;
electrical outlets and switches in
exterior wall must be gasketed with
foam inserts, or of a proven airtight
design.
13
c) Air infiltration barrier (item a
above) plus a vapor retarder sheet
(item b above).
20
TOTAL POINTS = __________
Circle Applicable Infiltration Level
Average:
less than 15 points
Tight:
15 to 35 points
Very Tight:
35 points plus heat exchanger.
A.3
Points
1
Interior partitions, duct drops and
cabinet soffits framed after
installation of continuous vapor
barriers (e.g., polyethylene sheeting)
and continuous drywall on ceiling.
4
No recessed lighting fixtures installed
in ceilings between conditioned or
unconditioned spaces, or specification
of "IC" (insulated ceiling) recessed
light fixtures.
3
Windows and doors certified to have
infiltration rates equal to or less
than 0.25 cfm per foot of crack
(windows) or per square foot (doors).
3
Windows and doors certified to have
infiltration rates from 0.26 to 0.34
cfm per foot of crack (windows) or
per square foot (doors).
2
Windows and doors certified to have
infiltration rates from 0.35 to 0.5
cfm per foot of crack (windows) or
per square foot (doors).
1
Storm doors and windows provided.
1
Specification of non-ducted space
conditioning system (e.g., electric
baseboard, hydronic), or location of
all ductwork within conditioned space.
10
Sealed and taped ductwork specified
for all supply and return air ducts
located in unconditioned space, if a
duct system is used.
5
Specification of non-combustion heating
equipment (electric furnace or heat
pump), or sealed combustion furnace,
(for gas or oil heating systems); or
location of combustion furnace in
unconditioned space.
2
THERMAL MASS WALL WORK SHEET
WALL R-VALUE
Add layer R-values to determine total wall R-value.
Layer
1
Material
R-value (hour*ft2*°F/Btu)
Outside air film
0.17
2
3
4
5
6
7
Inside air film
+ 0.68
=
Total Wall R-value
HEAT CAPACITY OF MASSIVE MATERIAL
Add massive material heat capacities to determine total heat capacity.
Massive Material
2 o
Heat Capacity (Btu/ft * F)
+
Heat Capacity Per Square Foot
of Wall Area of Massive Material
A.4
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT ENERGY COST
Proposer:
RFP #
Design #1:
Unit
Type
Design #2:
Building
Type
Number
of Units
Design #3:
Building
Type
Design #4:
Estimated Unit
Energy Cost
Number
of Units
Design #5:
Building
Type
Design #6:
=
x
Building
Type
Design #7:
=
Building
Type
Design #8:
=
x
Building
Type
Number
of Units
Estimated Unit
Energy Cost
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT ENERGY COST =
A.5
Type ($)
Total
Estimated Unit
Energy Cost
Number
of Units
;
Unit
Type
=
x
Building
Type
Type ($)
Total
Estimated Unit
Energy Cost
Number
of Units
;
Unit
Type
Type ($)
Total
Estimated Unit
Energy Cost
Number
of Units
;
Unit
Type
Type ($)
Total
Estimated Unit
Energy Cost
Number
of Units
;
Unit
Type
($)
Type
Total
=
;
Unit
Type
Type ($)
Total
=
x
Building
Type
Unit
Type
=
Estimated Unit
Energy Cost
Number
of Units
;
Type ($)
Total
Estimated Unit
Energy Cost
x
;
Unit
Type
=
x
;
($)
Type
Total
($)